HYPLBKWBCHI.BI.Wje
^3307593356
V
61sT CONGRESS "I Q-R \r A T F / DOCUMENT
Sd Session } I No. 633
_ , : —
KEPOUTS OF\THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES
(IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS)
PART 8: LEATHER MANUFACTURING
PART 9: BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING
PART 10: GLOVE MANUFACTURING
PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
JUNE 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration
and ordered to be printed, with illustrations
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
J> V
1911
61sT CONGRESS 1 SENATE (
2d Session ( I
REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES
(IN TWENTY-FIVE PARTS)
PART 8: LEATHER MANUFACTURING
PART 9: BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING
PART 10: GLOVE MANUFACTURING
PRESENTED BY MR. DILLINGHAM
JUNE 15, 1910. — Referred to the Committee on Immigration
and ordered to be printed, with illustrations
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1911
THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LIBRARY
..•-•
ABTOR, LENOX AND
riLDCN fOL'MPATIONS.
R 1913
THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Senator WILLIAM P. DILLINGHAM,
Chairman.
Senator HENRY CABOT LODGE.
Senator ASBURY C. LATIMER.O
Senator ANSELM J. McL/AURiN.b
Senator LE ROY PERCY. c
Representative BENJAMIN F. HOWELL.
Representative WILLIAM S. BENNET.
Representative JOHN L. BURNETT.
Mr. CHARLES P. NEILL.
Mr. JEREMIAH W. JENKS.
Mr. WILLIAM R. WHEELER.
"X Secretaries:
MORTON E. CRANE. W. W. HUSBAND.
•C. S. ATKINSON.
Chief Statistician :
FRED C. CROXTON.
\\\\
Extract from act of Congress of February 20, 1907, creating and defining the duties of the
Immigration Commission.
That a commission is hereby created, consisting of three Senators, to be appointed
by the President of the Senate, and three Members of the House of Representatives,
to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, and three persons
to be appointed by the President of the United States. Said commission shall make
full inquiry, examination, and investigation, by subcommittee or otherwise, into the
subject of immigration. For the purpose of said inquiry, examination, and investi-
gation said commission is authorized to send for persons and papers, make all neces-
sary travel, either in the United States or any foreign country, and, through the
chairman of the commission, or any member thereof, to administer oaths and to
examine witnesses and papers respecting all matters pertaining to the subject, and
to employ necessary clerical and other assistance. Said commission shall report to
Congress the conclusions reached by it, and make such recommendations as in its
judgment may seem proper. Such sums of money as may be necessary for the said
inquiry, examination, and investigation are hereby appropriated and authorized to
be paid out of the "immigrant fund " on the certificate of the chairman of said com-
mission, including all expenses of the commissioners, and a reasonable compensation,
to be fixed by the President of the United States, for those members of the commis-
sion who are not Members of Congress ; * * *.
a Died February 20, 1908.
& Appointed to succeed Mr. Latimer, February 25, 1908.
c Appointed to succeed Mr. McLaurin, March 16, 1910.
Died December 22, 1909.
ii
LIST OF REPORTS OF THE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION.
Volumes 1 and 2. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission, with Conclusions and Recom-
mendations and Views of the Minority. (These volumes include the Commission's complete reports
on the following subjects: Immigration Conditions in Hawaii; Immigration and Insanity; Immi-
grants in Charity Hospitals; Alien Seamen and Stowaways; Contract Labor and Induced and Assisted
Immigration; The Greek Padrone System in the United States; Peonage.) (S. Doc. No. 747, 61st
Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 3. Statistical Review of Immigration, 1819-1910— Distribution of Immigrants, 1850-1900. (S. Doc.
No. 756, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 4. Emigration Conditions in Europe. (S. Doc. No. 748, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 5. Dictionary of Races or Peoples. (S. Doc. No. 662, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 6 and 7. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 1, Bituminous Coal Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
2d sess.)
Volumes 8 and 9. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 2, Iron and Steel Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, (ilst
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 10. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 3, Cotton Goods Manufacturing in the North Atlantic States—
Pt. 4, Woolen and Worsted Goods Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 11. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 5, Silk Goods Manufacturing and Dyeing— Pt. 6, Clothing
Manufacturing— Pt. 7, Collar, Cuff, and Shirt Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 12. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 8, Leather Manufacturing — Pt. 9, Boot and Shoe Manufac-
turing—Pt. 10, Glove Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 13. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 11, Slaughtering and Meat Packing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st
Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 14. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 12, Glass Manufacturing— Pt. 13, Agricultural Implement
and Vehicle Manufacturing. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 15. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 14, Cigar and Tobacco Manufacturing— Pt. 15, Furniture Man-
ufacturing—Pt. 16, Sugar Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2J sess.)
Volume 16. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 17, Copper Mining and Smelting — Pt. 18, Iron Ore Mining—
Pt. 19, Anthracite Coal Mining— Pt. 20, Oil Refining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 17. Immigrants in Industries: Pt.21, Diversified Industries, Vol. I. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong.,
2d sess.)
Volume 18. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 21, Diversified Industries, Vol. II— Pt. 22, The Floating Immi-
grant Labor Supply. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 19 and 20. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 23, Summary Report on Immigrants in Manufacturing
and Mining. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 21 and 22. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 24, Recent Immigrants in Agriculture. (S. Doc. No.
633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 23-25. Immigrants in Industries: Pt. 25, Japanese and Other Immigrant Races in the Pacific
Coast and Rocky Mountain States. (S. Doc. No. 633, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 26 and 27. Immigrants in Cities. (S. Doc. No. 338, Olst Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 28. Occupations of the First and Second Generations of Immigrants in the United States— Fe-
cundity of Immigrant Women. (S. Doc. No. 282, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volumes 29-33. The Children of Immigrants in Schools. (S. Doc. No. 749, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volumes 34 and 35. Immigrants as Charity Seekers. (S. Doc. No. 665, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 36. Immigration and Crime. (S. Doc. No. 750, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 37. Steerage Conditions — Importation and Harboring of Women for Immoral Purposes — Immi-
grant Homes and Aid Societies— Immigrant Banks. (S. Doc. No. 753, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 38. Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (S. Doc. No. 208, 61st Cong., 2d sess.)
Volume 39. Federal Immigration Legislation— Digest of Immigration Decisions — Steerage Legislation,
1819-1908— State Immigration and Alien Laws. (S. Doc. No. 758, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 40. The Immigration Situation in Other Countries: Canada — Australia— New Zealand — Argen-
tina—Brazil. (S. Doc. No. 761, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 41. Statements and Recommendations Submitted by Societies and Organizations Interested in
the Subject of Immigration. (S. Doc. No. 764, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Volume 42. Index of Reports of the Immigration Commission. (S. Doc. No. 785, 61st Cong., 3d sess.)
Ill
CONTENTS.
LEATHER MANUFACTURING,
Page.
Introduction 1
Racial displacements 13
Economic status - - 35
Working conditions 61
Housing and living conditions 63
Salient characteristics 79
General progress and assimilation 99
General tables Ill
General explanation of tables 113
List of text tables 195
List of general tables 199
List of charts 201
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING,
Part I. — General survey of the boot and shoe manufacturing industry:
Introduction 211
Racial displacements 225
Economic status 241
Working conditions 271
Housing and living conditions 275
Salient characteristics 289
General progress and assimilation 309
Part II. — Boot and shoe manufacturing industry in the East:
General survey —
Introduction 325
Racial displacements 327
Economic status 333
Salient characteristics , 343
General progress and assimilation 355
Representative Community A—
Introduction 361
Racial displacements 367
Economic status 373
Working conditions - 397
Housing and living conditions 401
Salient characteristics 417
General progress and assimilation 435
Representative Community B —
Introduction 445
Racial displacements 449
Economic status 455
Working conditions 471
Housing and living conditions 475
Salient characteristics 485
General progress and assimilation 491
Part III. — Boot and shoe manufacturing industry in the Middle We.«t:
Introduction 497
Racial displacements 499
VI Contents.
Part III.— Boot and shoe manufacturing industry in the Middle West— Con. Page.
Economic status — 5Ck
Salient characteristics 509
General progress and assimilation 517
General tables 519
General explanation of tables
List of text tables 753
List of general tables 765
List of charts 772
GLOVE MANUFACTURING,
Introduction 777
Racial displacements
Economic status - 789
Working conditions —
Housing and living conditions
Salient characteristics 817
General progress and assimilation 829
General tables 837
General explanation of tables
List of text tables
List of general tables
PART 8.-THE LEATHER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.
VII
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES.
LEATHER MANUFACTURING.
This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by W. Jett
Lauck, superintendent of agents, forms part of the general report of the Immigration
Commission on immigrants in industries.
VIII
LEATHER MANUFACTURING.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Explanation of study
Growth of the industry
Increase in the number of employees
Territory included in the investigation
Households studied
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured . . .
Employees for whom information was secured 5
Preparation of the report 11
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration to the industry 13
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households
Racial classification of employees at the present time 29
CHAPTER III.— Economic status:
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied ... 35
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United
States
General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied . .
General occupation of women at the present time in the households studied .
The first and second generations compared 41
Occupations entered in the industry
Weekly earnings -
Relation between period of residence and earning ability 46
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 48
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . . 50
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 51
Annual family income 52
Wives at work . 53
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of
keeping boarders or lodgers 54
Sources of family income 56
Relative importance of the different sources of family income 58
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Regularity of employment 61
The immigrant and organized labor 62
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Rent in its relation to standard of living 63
Boarders and lodgers 67
Size of apartments occupied
Size of households studied 70
Congestion 71
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 79
Conjugal condition
Visits abroad
Age classification of employees and members of their households 94
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Ownership of homes
Status of children in the households studied 100
Citizenship 101
Ability to speak English 103
General tables HI
General explanation of tables 113
List of text tables
List of general tables 199
IX
THE LEATHER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Explanation of study — Growth of the industry — Increase in the number of employees-
Territory included in the investigation — Households studied — Members of house-
holds for whom detailed information was secured — Employees for whom information
was secured — Preparation of the report — [Text Tables 1 to 9 and General Tables
1 to 7].
EXPLANATION OF STUDY.
The following study of the leather-manufacturing industry includes
all establishments engaged in the preparation of tanned, curried,
and finished leather products. It does not include any establish-
ments which use leather of any description as raw material for the
manufacture of further products, such as harness or boots and shoes.
GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY.
During the past forty years the leather-manufacturing industry
of the United States has had a constant and rapid growth. The
capital invested was $242,584,254 and the value of the annual output
was $252,620,986 in the year 1905, as contrasted with a capital
commitment of only $61,124,812 and a yearly production to the
value of $157,237,597 in 1870. The following 'table sets forth in a
summary form the expansion of the industry in the country as a
whole during the period 1870-1905, and its status in the year 1905
in the principal leather manufacturing States:
TABLE 1. — Growth of the leather manufacturing industry in the United States, 1870-1905,
and status in principal leather manufacturing States in 1905.
[Compiled from United States Census Special Reports, Manufactures, 1905, Part 3. Table 1, p. 257, and
Table 12, pp. 278-281 and 284-287.]
State.
Year.
Number
of active
establish-
ments.
Capital.
Value of
products.
United States . .
1905
1,049
$242 584 254
8252 620 986
1900
1890
1880
1870
1,306
1,787
5,628
7,569
173,977,421
98,088,698
73,383,911
61,124,812
204,038,127
172,136,092
200, 264, 944
157, 237, 597
California
1905
49
(1,308,078
8,072,257
Delaware .
1905
20
(1,1145,852
10, 250, 842
Massachusetts
1905
132
27,070,206
33,352,999
Michigan
1905
25
6,860,797
9, 340, 349
New Jersey
1905
73
12 492 373
21 495 329
Pennsylvania. .
1905
205
72 972 114
69,427 852
Wisconsin
1905
33
30, 409, 164
25, 845, 123
All other States..
1905
512
79, 765, 670
74 836,235
The Immigration Commission.
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES.
From the standpoint of recent immigration the most significant
feature of the expansion of the industry consists in the enlargement
of the operating forces and the necessary employment of immigrant
labor because of the inadequacy of the native labor supply. The
increase in the number of the employees in the United States during
the period 1870-1905, and the average number of wage-earners in
the principal leather manufacturing States in 1905 who were engaged
in the manufacturing industry may be quickly seen from the table
which immediately follows:
TABLE 2. — Average number of wage-earners engaged in leather manufacturing in the
United States, 1870-1905, and in the principal leather manufacturing States in 1905.
[Compiled from United States Census Special Reports, Manufactures, 1905, Fart 3. Table 1, p. 257, and
Table 1-', pp. 278-281 and 284-287.]
State.
Year.
Average number of wage-earners.
Total.
Men, 16
years and
over.
Women, 16
years and
over.
Children
under 16
years.
United States
1905
1900
1890
1880
1870
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
57,239
52,109
42,392
40,282
35,243
54,517
50,402
41,733
39,081
34,423
1,814
1,173
264
475
353
908
534
395
726
467
California
1,515
2,836
9,074
1,747
4,953
14,413
5, 556
17,145
1,512
1,925
8,950
1,710
4,817
13,328
5,386
16,889
1
812
76
4
38
578
119
186
2
99
48
33
98
507
51
70
Delaware
Massachusetts
Michigan
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
\V isconsin
All other States
TERRITORY INCLUDED IN THE INVESTIGATION.
During the investigation of the industry information was secured
from the territory east of the Mississippi and north of the Potomac
rivers. Employees were studied throughout this section, special
emphasis being placed upon the tanneries of Wisconsin and Pennsyl-
vania and the leather-finishing establishments of Delaware, Penn-
sylvania, and Massachusetts. The household study including house-
holds the heads of which were engaged in leather manufacturing was
confined principally to the States of Delaware, Massachusetts, and
Pennsylvania.
Leather Manufacturing.
3
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
In connection with the industry a total of 362 households were
studied, which, according to general nativity and race of head of
household, were as follows:
TABLE 3. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
iton.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father,
White
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
8.0
6.6
8.3
1.1
8.3
1.7
9.7
8.6
2.8
Foreign-born,— Continued.
Polish
90
22
1
50
24.9
6.1
.3
13.8
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
Irish
Grand total ... .
Foreign-born:
362
100.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
German
54
83
279
14.9
22.9
77.1
Greek
Irish
Total native-born
Italian South
Total foreign-born
Lithuanian
MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS
SECURED.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the persons in the households studied and persons
for whom detailed information was secured :
TABLE 4. — Persons in households studied and persons for ivhom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Persons in house-
holds.
Persons for whom
detailed informa-
tion was secured.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father, White
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
123
102
157
11
154
22
202
204
59
515
121
14
446
5.8
4.8
7.4
.5
7.2
1.0
9.5
9.6
2.8
24.2
5.7
.7
20.9
122
102
155
11
154
22
200
195
41
476
78
2
446
6.1
5.1
7.7
.5
7.7
1.1
10.0
9.7
2.0
23.8
3.9
.1
22.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
Greek
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
Grand total
362
2,130
100.0
2,004
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
54
83
279
259
382
1,748
12.2
17.9
82.1
257
379
1,625
12.8
18.9
81.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The Immigration Commission.
The following table sets forth, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the sex of persons in the households studied for whom
detailed information was secured :
TABLE 5. — Sex of persons for ivhom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-bom of native father White
58
45
75
5
82
16
97
108
22
264
43
1
446
64
57
80
6
72
6
103
87
19
212
"35
1
122
102
155
11
154
22
200
195
41
476
78
2
446
47.5
44.1
48.4
(a)
53.2
72.7
48.5
55.4
53.7
55.5
55.1
(a)
100.0
52.5
55.9
51.6
(0)
46.8
27.3
51.5
44.6
46.3
44.5
44.9
(a)
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
Greek
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
Grand total
1 .L'ti'J
742
2,004
63.0
37.0
Total native-born of foreign father
120
178
1,084
137
201
541
257
379
1,625
46.7
47.0
66.7
53.3
53.0
33.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing 10 small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing.
The table below shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the persons for whom detailed information was secured
in the households studied :
TABLE 6. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
122
155
1
1
5
2
53
1
92
41
8
97
11
277
1
1
5
2
121
2
172
63
17
201
28
1
13
2
4
64
21
65
2
128
24
274
1
49
2
442
9.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
5.4
.1
.6.3
1.7
.7
8.2
1.3
.1
.6
.0
.1
.0
2.9
1.3
3.6
.0
6.8
1.1
12.6
.1
2.1
.2
.0
35.0
20.9
.1
.1
.7
.3
7.1
.1
12.4
5.5
1.1
13.1
1.5
.0
.7
.1
.1
.5
3.6
.7
5.3
.3
5.7
1.3
15.5
.0
3.1
.0
.1
.0
13.8
(a)
(0)
.2
.1
6.0
.1
8.6
3.1
.8
10.0
1.4
(a)
.6
(a)
.2
3.2
1.0
4.2
.1
6.4
1.2
13.7
(a)
2.4
.1
(a)
22.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Armenian
Dutch
English
French .
German
68
1
80
22
9
104
17
1
8
Greek
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian . .
Polish
Slovak
Syrian
Foreign-born:
Armenian
5
1
•j
4
27
5
39
2
42
10
115
Canadian (other than French)
Danish
1
English
German . ...
37
10
46
Greek
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
86
14
159
1
26
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Roumanian . .
Slovak
23
Swedish
Syrian
1
Turkish
442
Grand total
1,262
742
2,004
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
302
424
838
312
467
275
614
891
1,113
23.9
33.6
66.4
42.0
62.9
37.1
30.6
44.5
55.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
Detailed information was secured for 12,839 employees of the
leather-manufacturing industry, of which number 9,480 were in
establishments of the East and 3,359 in those of the Middle West.
The following table shows, by sex, the number and percentage of
6
The Immigration Commission.
employees of each race for whom information was secured in the
Middle and New England States:
TABLE 7. — Employees for ivhom information was secured, by sex and general nativity and
race — East.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,900
49
199
2,099
49
21.5
.6
30.1
.0
22.1
.5
Negro .
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
17
1
23
1
4
63
17
564
444
15
1
2
60
23
54
21
4
1
7
73
22
11
31
18
7
2
19
1
51
1
41
461
229
63
35
245
327
343
185
44
178
1
4
2,000
33
159
13
9
6
501
60
323
1
14
1
18
1
17
1
18
1
42
1
4
67
19
627
516
32
1
2
89
24
56
21
4
1
7
73
22
11
54
23
7
2
19
1
54
1
44
466
231
64
36
252
332
356
195
44
178
1
5
2,149
33
180
14
11
6
501
60
323
1
14
1
18
1
17
.2
(a)
.3
(a)
(a)
. /
.2
e'.4
5.0
.2
(a)
(a)
'.3
.6
.2
(0)
(a)
.1
.8
.2
.1
.4
.2
.1
(a)
.2
00
.6
(0).5
5.2
2.6
.7
.4
2.8
3.7
3.9
2.1
.5
2.0
(a)
(a)
22.7
.4
1.8
.1
.1
.1
5.7
.7
3.7
(0).2
(a).2
(fl).2
.2
.0
2.9
.0
.0
.6
.3
9.5
10.9
2.6
.0
.0
4.4
.2
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.5
.8
.3
.2
.2
1.1
.8
2.0
1.5
.0
.0
.0
.2
22.5
.0
3.2
.2
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
(a)
00 '
(0>.7
.2
6.6
5.4
.3
00
(0).9
.3
.6
.2
00
00
.1
.8
.2
.1
.6
.2
.1
(0).2
'''.a
(0).5
4.9
2.4
.7
.4
2.7
3.5
3.8
2.1
.5
1.9
(fl).l
22.7
.3
1.9
.1
.1
.1
5.3
.6
3.4
(fl).l
(0).2
00
.2
Belgium
Canada
19
Cuba .
Denmark
England
4
2
63
72
17
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
29
1
2
Scotland .
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
South America (country not specified) .
Foreign-born:
Albanian . .
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian .
Canadian, French
23
5
Canadian Other
Croatian
Dalmatian . .
Danish
Dutch
English
3
Flemish
French
3
5
2
1
1
7
5
13
10
German . ...
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian . .
Magyar
Montenegrin .
Norwegian
1
149
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
21
1
2
Ruthenian...
Scotch
Servian .......
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified) ...
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
8,819
661
9,480
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
1.315
3,264
5,555
210
409
252
1,525
3,673
5,807
14.9
37.0
63.0
31.8
61.9
38.1
16.1
38.7
61.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Leather Manufacturing.
The table which immediately follows shows, by sex, the number
and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was
secured in the Middle West :
TABLE 8. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — Middle West.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White. . .
69
1
9
2
1
6
4
331
8
4
4
17
2
1
1
55
7
1
7
162
3
6
4
1
677
382
21
7
8
1
28
11
84
1
1
597
12
26
2
6
130
383
4
2
» 0
1
5
15
84
1
10
2
1
6
4
421 i
8
4
4
17
2
1
1
56
7
1
7
172
3
8
5
1
695
385
21
7
8
1
28
11
98
1
1
650
15
27
2
6
131
425
4
2
4
1
5
2.2
(«)
.3
. 1
(")
.2
.1
10.7
.3
. 1
.1
.5
.1
(«)
(a)
1.8
.2
(a)
.2
5.2
. 1
2
!i
(a)
21.9
12.3
.7
.2
.3
(«)
.9
.4
2.7
CO
00
19.3
.4
.8
.1
.2
4.2
12.4
.1
.1
.1
(a)
.2
5.7
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
36.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
3.8
.0
.8
.4
.0
6.9
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
5.3
.0
.0
20.2
1. 1
.4
.0
.0
.4
16.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
2.5
(a)
.3
.1
(a)
.2
.1
12.7
.2
.1
.1
.5
.1
(«)
(")
1.7
.2
(°)
.2
5.1
.1
.2
.1
00
20.7
11.5
.6
.2
.2
«
.8
.3
2.9
(?)
(a)
19.4
.4
.8
.1
.2
3.9
12.7
.1
.1
.1
00
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary .
1
Canada
Denmark ..
England
France
Germany
95
Ireland
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian . .
1
Bulgarian
Canadian French
Canadian, father
Croatian . . ...
10
Danish
Dutch
2
1
English
Finnish
German
18
3
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
14
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Polish
53
3
1
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
1
42
Slovenian
Swedish
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified)
2
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
3.097
2fi2
3.359
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Tot'il native-born
390
459
2,638
96
111
151
486
570
2,789
12.6
14.8
85.2
36.6
42.4
57.6
14.5
17.0
83.0
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
48296°— VOL 12—11-
8
The Immigration Commission.
The following table and charts show, by sex, the number and
percentage of employees of each race for whom information was
secured in both the East and Middle West:
TABLE 9. — Employees of each race for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,909
49
1
26
1
25
1
5
09
21
895
452
15
5
6
77
25
55
21
4
1
7
74
77
18
32
25
109
2
22
7
55
1
1
41
1,138
611.
84
42
253
328
371
196
M~-
214
2,183
49
1
28
1
44
1
"5
73
23
1,053
524
32
5
6
106
26
57
21
4
1
7
74
78
18
55
30
179
2
22
9
59
1
1
44
1, 161
616
85
43
260
333
~"38T
206
41
276
2
6
2,799
48
207
16
11
12
632
485
327
1
16
1
22
2
22
16.5
.4
00
.2
00
2
oo '
(a) •
.6
n
7^5
3.8
.1
00
.1
.6
_2
.5
2
00 '
(a)
.1
.6
.6
.2
.3
2
L4
00
.2
.1
.5
(a)
00
.3
9.6
5.1
.7
.4
2.1
2.8.
3.1
1.6
.4
2.2
00
00
21.8
.4
1.6
.1
.1
.1
5.3
3.7
2.7
(a)
.1
(a)
.2
(a)
.2
23.2
.0
.0
.2
.0
2.1
.0
.0
.4
.2
17.1
7.8
1.8
.0
.0
3.1
.1
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
2.5
.5
1.1
.0
.0
.2
.4
.0
.0
.3
2i5
.5
.1
.1
.8
.5
1.4-
1.1-1
.0
1.5
.0
.1
21.9
.3
2.4
.1
.2
.0
.1
4.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
17.0
.4
(a)
.2
00
.3
(a)
(a)
.6
.2
8.2
4.1
.2
(a)
(a)
.8
.2
.4
.2
00
-*&Zr
.1
.6
.6
.1
.4
.2.
1.4
00
.2
.1
.5
(a)
oo •
.3
9.0
4.8
.7
.3
, 2.0
2.6
3.0
1.6
.3
2.1.
00
(a)
21.8
.4
It 6
.1
.1
.1
.4.9
3.8
2.5
00
00
.2
00
.2
Negro.
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary
2
"l9
Belgium
Canada
Cuba
Denmark
England
4
2
158
72
17
France . . .
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
29
1
2
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
South America (country not specified) .
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
2.3
5
10
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Dalmatian .
Danish.. . ...
Dutch
2
4
English
Finnish
Flemish
French
3
23
5
1
1
7
5
13
10
German.
Greek. .
Hebrew, Russian. .
Hebrew, Other. . . .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. . . .
Lithuanian
Macedonian.
Magyar
• 2G2
2
5
2,597
45
185
15
9
12
631
443
327
i
16
1
20
2
22
14
Montenegrin
Norwegian..
1
202
3
22
1
2
Polish
Roumanian
Russian.
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
1
42
Slovenian..
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified)
2
Belgian race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
11,916
923
12,839
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father...
1,705
3,723
8,193
306
520
403
2,011
4,243
8,596
14.3
31.2
68.8
33.2
56.3
43.7
15.7
33.0
67.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. . . .
Less than 0.05 per cent.
Leather Manufacturing.
9
'1
••s
e
s
i^a
o
1
1
«£
e°
1
10
The Immigration Commission.
o
s
o)
O
O
<D
o
o
rt
o
o
(O
~ar
V
id
ice
g
can.
^
gx
"•t
ufei
i'4
Is?
>l
f<>
ZIP
g
.1.
1.1
^
(£
0
<
cc
IU
z
u
u>
^
!<
cC
o
CD
I
Id
>
Q>
P
oi
ZuJ
y u
Q
Z
<<§^
^irjQ'S
^^
*tir>u
UJ
cc
O
U.
< CD
Leather Manufacturing. 11
PREPARATION OF THE REPORT.
In preparing the data for publication all the statistical data, with
some exceptions, have been brought together into text tabulations of
the industry as a whole without regard to geographical lines. The
exceptions are four in number, separate tables having been prepared
for the East and the Middle West, showing the racial composition of the
operating forces, the period of residence, and the political condition
of foreign-born employees. On the other hand, the historical and
descriptive material is presented with reference to the geographical
distribution of the industry and is designed to be iUustrative or
representative of conditions in various sections of the country.
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of Immigration — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born
employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at
the present time — [Text Tables 10 to 20 and General Tables 8 to 9].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.
Data showing in detail the history of immigration to the leather
tanning and finishing industry in the States of Delaware, Massachu-
setts, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, and in the country as a whole,
is, unfortunately, unavailable. The racial composition of the working
force at the census periods of 1880, 1890, and 1900 is, however, indi-
cated by the reports of the Census Office. From the census figures
it is possible to determine, in a general way, the movement of immi-
grant labor to the industry.
The following table classifies the employees of the leather tanning
and finishing industry hi 1880, by country of birth:
TABLE 10. — Number of leather workers in the United States and in selected States, by
country of birth, 1880.
[Compiled from United States Census Report, 1880, Population.]
Country of birth.
Delaware.
Massachu-
setts.
Pennsyl-
vania.
Wisconsin.
United
States.
United States
440
3,512
3,811
364
16,193
Ireland
92
2,986
777
41
6 027
Germany
12
134
871
623
4,112
Great Britain
14
203
101
16
945
Sweden and Norway
3
18
254
17
437
British America
1
435
22
14
1,165
Other countries
1
68
184
58
963
Total
563
7 356
6,020
1,133
29.842
In 1880 the total number of leather tanning and finishing employees
in the United States was 29,842. There were 563 employees in Del-
aware, 7,356 in Massachusetts, 6,020 in Pennsylvania, and 1,133 in
Wisconsin. Of the total number of employees in the United States,
16, 193, or more than one-half, were native-born. Persons of Irish and
German birth, in the order mentioned, had the largest representation
among the foreign-born. It will be noted that the proportion of
employees of native birth was smaller in Massachusetts than in either
Pennsylvania or Delaware, and much smaller in Wisconsin than in
any of the other States for which figures are given. In Wisconsin
less than one-third of all the employees were native-born. In Mas-
sachusetts the Irish and in Wisconsin the Germans had a much larger
representation than persons of any of the other races. In Pennsyl-
13
14
The Immigration Commission.
variia there was a slightly larger number of German than of Irish
employees. While the census classification did not include the
figures for natives of any of the countries of southern or eastern
Europe, it is clear from the returns for " Other countries" that per-
sons from these countries were not employed in this industry to any
extent in 1880.
The next table presented shows the composition of the working
force in 1890. In this table workers are classified by general nativity
and by country of birth.
TABLE 11.— Number of leather workers in the United States and in selected States, by
general nativity and country of birth, 1890.
[Compiled from United States Census Report, 1890, Occupations.]
General nativity and country of birth.
Delaware.^
Massachu-
setts.o
Pennsyl-
vania.a
Wiscon-
sin.a
United
States.6
Native white:
JN ati ve parents ....
332
1,801
2,498
95
10. 539
Foreign parents
333
2,195
1,659
352
8,986
Foreign white
268
4,885
2,944
1,493
18, 669
Total colored
75
42
68
1,138
Grand total
1.008
8,923
7,169
1,940
39,332
Foreign-born, by country of birth:
Canada, English
1
479
42
24
988
Canada French
381
11
1
616
Denmark
30
50
24
223
Germany
59
179
1,132
1,136
6,202
Great Britain
23
323
161
31
1,345
Ireland
167
3, 233
612
52
6,227
Sweden and Norway . .
3
140
471
54
1,131
Other countries
15
124
465
171
1,982
Males only.
IVmiilcs.
In the ten years between 1880 and 1890 the total number of per-
sons employed in the leather tanning and finishing industry in the
United States increased by about one -third. There were, in 1890,
39,332 employees in the country as a whole — 1,008 in Delaware,
8,923 in Massachusetts, 7,169 in Pennsylvania, and 1,940 in Wiscon-
sin. Of the employees reported for the country as a whole, 10,539
were native whites of native parents, 8,986 were native whites of
foreign parents, 18,669 were foreign whites, and 1,138 were colored.
It will be noted that the proportion of foreign-born employees had
not increased considerably since the census of 1880. The proportion
of foreign-born employees was largest in Wisconsin, second largest in
Massachusetts, and smallest in Delaware. Among the foreign-born
persons of Irish and German birth were, as in the preceding census,
present in the largest numbers. A very large proportion of the
foreign-born employees in Massachusetts were of Irish birth and a
very large proportion of those in Wisconsin were of German birth.
In Pennsylvania persons of German birth were at this census, present
in much larger number than persons of Irish birth. None of the
countries of southern or eastern Europe are included in the census
classification, and the proportion of employees reported under " Other
countries" is very small.
The next table presented shows the racial classification of the
employees of the leather tanning and finishing industry for 1900.
Leather Manufacturing.
15
TABLE 12. — Number of leather workers in the United States and in selected States, by
general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900.
[Compiled from United States Census Report, 1900, Occupations.]
General nativity and country of birth of
parents.
Delaware.
Massachu-
setts.
Pennsyl-
vania.
Wisconsin.
•
United
States.
Native white:
Native parents
547
1,127
2,891
162
10, 435
Foreign parents
557
2,194
2,114
910
11,226
559
3,948
3,667
2,710
19,909
74
58
19
2
1,114
Grand total
1,737
7,327
8,691
3,784
42,684
Persons of native parentage
621
1,180
2,910
164
11,515
Persons having either both parents born as
specified or 1 parent born as specified
and 1 parent native-born:
Austria-Hungary
19
29
493
174
1,540
Canada English
4
377
51
31
784
Canada French
1
593
18
10
866
Germany
144
151
2,077
2,006
9,658
Great Britain
43
314
205
40
1,606
538
3,776
1,105
97
8,841
]taly
16
25
G5
43
305
Poland
263
136
861
1,257
3,124
Russia
12
79
147
61
546
Scandinavia
5
153
400
160
882
Other countries
34
307
246
87
1,792
Person** of mixed foreign parentage.
37
207
113
29
850
In the above table employees are classified by general nativity and
by country of birth of parents, instead of by general nativity and
country of birth, as in the preceding table. .There were, in 1900,
42,684 employees of the industry in the United States, 1,737 in
Delaware, 7,327 in Massachusetts, 8,691 in Pennsylvania, and 3,784
in Wisconsin. Of the employees in the country as a whole, 19,909
were foreign-born whites, 1 1,226 were native whites of foreign parents,
10,435 were native whites of native parents, and 1,114 were colored.
It will be noted that the proportion of foreign-born employees was
about the same as at the two preceding censuses. The proportion
of foreign-born employees was larger in Wisconsin and Massachusetts
than in Pennsylvania or Delaware. Among the employees of foreign
parentage those having one or both parents born in Ireland had,
by far, the largest representation. Persons of Polish, German,
British, Austro-Hungarian, Scandinavian, and Canadian parentage
were present in considerable numbers. There was also a considerable
proportion of employees whose parents were born in Russia, Italy, and
in countries not specified.
From the above series of tables, it is apparent that immigrants
from the countries of southern and eastern Europe did not begin to
find employment in the leather tanning and finishing industry until
some time in the decade 1890-1900. In 1900 there was a consider-
able proportion of recent immigrants employed in the industry.
The racial movements to the industry may be best presented by-
setting forth the history of immigration to the more important divi-
sions4 of the industry in representative leather-manufacturing local-
ities. This is briefly done in the following pages.
16 The Immigration Commission.
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
The history of immigration to the leather-tanning industry in
western Pennsylvania may be best understood by reviewing, briefly,
the history of immigration to several representative tanneries located
in the northwestern part of the State, which may be designated con-
secutively by numbers.
Tannery No. 1 began operations in 1867 with a force composed
almost entirely of Irish, the remainder being a few Americans,
Swedes, and Swiss. 'At present 60 men — a normal force — are em-
ployed, distributed among the various races, as follows: Swedes 32,
Swiss 11, Poles 6, Slovaks 5, Irish 3, Italians 2, English 1. From the
beginning the Swedes and Swiss increased in numbers, while the
Americans have been entirely displaced and the Irish practically so.
The Poles and Slovaks were first employed in 1903, but have made
little headway in this tannery, as will be noted from the present
racial composition of the force. The two Italians and one English-
man mentioned above have only been employed at the tannery for a
very short time.
Tannery No. 2 was established in 1871, and like tannery No. 1, its
first employees were Irish, Swedes, and Swiss, and a few Americans,
the Irish largely predominating. This tannery employs 240 men,
and the per cent of each race represented at present is as follows:
Italians 40, Swedes 20, Poles 15, Swiss 10, Macedonians 10, Belgians,
Germans, and Irish 5. Twenty years ago the Swedes constituted
almost the entire force. It was not until 1897 that the Poles were
employed. They were followed in 1901 by the Italians, who have
since gained rapidly in numbers. The Belgians were first employed
in 1902 and the Macedonians in 1905-6.
Tannery No. 3, employing about 130 men, was established in
1867, and its first employees were Irish, Swedes, a few Germans and
Danes, together with a few Americans. At present the force is com-
posed of 2 Americans, one an engineer, the other a carpenter; 25
Swedes; 20 Poles; and the remainder Slovaks. The Irish and the
few Germans and Danes have all been displaced. The Poles entered
this tannery in 1885 and the Slovaks in 1887.
Tannery No. 4, employing a force of 80 men, was started with
Irish and Swede employees in 1897. At the present time the follow-
ing races are represented: Slovaks and Poles (mostly Slovaks) 48,
Swedes 12, French 12, Macedonians 7, and Irish 1. The Slovaks and
Poles were first employed in 1890, the French in 1908, and the Mace-
donians within the last two years. At this tannery the Irish were
displaced by the Swedes, who, in turn, are being displaced by the
other races above mentioned.
Tannery No. 5, although employing only 60 men, has been in
operation since 1860, its first employees being Irish, Germans, and a
few Swedes. As in other plants, the Irish and Germans were dis-
placed by the Swedes. In recent years the number of Swedes has
gradually decreased, and they have been supplanted by the Slovaks,
oles, and Italians, mostly Slovaks and Poles, in this particular tan-
nery. The races employed at present are represented as follows: Slo-
vaks 40, Poles 12, Swedes 7, and Italians 1. The Slovaks were em-
ployed here as early as 1885, while the Poles were not employed until
1892. The one representative of the Italian race was employed in
1906.
Leather Manufacturing. 17
PHILADELPHIA, PA.
The employment of recent immigrants in the glazed kid industry
at Philadelphia began not more than twelve or fifteen years ago.
Seventeen or eighteen years ago the chrome process of tanning was
perfected and rapidly displaced the old sumac process. The new
process was much quicker and cheaper than the old, and required
but little skilled labor in most of its stages. As a result, large fac-
tories were erected and the industry expanded enormously within a
few years. Poles, Slovaks, Magyars, South Italians, and a few
Armenians, Greeks, and other recent immigrants supplied the addi-
tional labor required. At the wages offered not enough other laborers
could be secured.
Previous to this change the workmen were practically all Americans,
Irish, and Germans. The Poles seem to have been about the first
of the more recent immigrants to be employed, but they were so
quickly followed by the others that there was practically no difference
in the time of employment of workers of the various races of recent
immigration. At the present time probably 50 per cent of the
employees are Irish and Americans, with the other 50 per cent divided
among Poles, Magyars, Slovaks, South Italians, and a few repre-
sentatives of other foreign races. The Poles predominate among the
foreigners.
Before the chrome tanning process was introduced the Germans
were the chief labor supply for the lime-house and beam-house work.
To-day this work is done chiefly by the Poles, and there are prac-
tically no German laborers in any department of the industry. The
Germans went into other lines of work that paid better. In all
branches of the industry the Irish and Americans have left the wet,
heavy, and dirty occupations, as, for example, those of the beam
house, lime house, flushing department, tanning house, coloring house,
the staking, perching, and seasoning rooms, and their places have
been taken by the recent immigrants. Like the Germans, the Irish
and American former employees have found better-paying occupa-
tions. Many work as conductors and motormen on the street cars,
in machine shops, or are in business for themselves. In the better
paid and more agreeable grades of work in the glazed-kid industry
the Irish and Americans have not disappeared as yet, but are gradually
dropping out. It seems probable that, if present tendencies con-
tinue, the industry, within the next few years, will be wholly in the
hands of the recent immigrants.
WILMINGTON, DEL.
The history of immigration to the leather tanning and finishing
industry at Wilmington, Del., may be divided, in a general way, into
two periods. In the first period, which had its beginning forty or
more years ago, the immigrants were chiefly Germans and Scandi-
navians. Immigration of this class decreased after the introduction
of machinery in the industry about fifteen years ago and has now
practically ceased. The second period, during which Poles and
Italians have been the most numerous immigrants, began about
twenty years ago.
18 The Immigration Commission.
The line of separation between the two periods referred to was the
introduction of machinery, by reason of which skilled native, German,
and Scandinavian workers were supplanted by cheaper Polish laborers
and, to a slight extent, by Italian laborers. From the information
secured from the laborers it appears that machinery was introduced
for the purpose of breaking up Knights of Labor, and that, as cheaper
labor was thus made possible, immigrants of the races of southern
and eastern Europe gradually took the place of the former skilled
workers.
Briefly summarized, the following are the principal changes in labor
conditions brought about through the use of machinery: (1) Calf-kid
finishers, employed twenty years ago as hand workers at from $16
to $22 per week, were supplanted gradually by machine glazed-kid
workers. (2) Hand shavers, formerly employed at from $30 to $50
per week, were supplanted by machine shavers paid at the rate of $1 1
per week. One machine shaver does the work of from 6 to 8 hand
shavers, and the machines are operated by women. By 1901 or
1902 practically all skilled hand shavers were supplanted. (3) Stak-
ing machines were introduced in 1893 and 1894 and supplanted
all hand staking. (4) Glazing machines were introduced about
twenty years ago. Men glazers were at first employed on the
machines, but when the French side machine was introduced a few
years later, women largely took the place of men. (5) The use of
machinery in the above occupations and in a few other minor occu-
pations has had the further result of increasing the demand for a
supply of cheap labor to handle the product. This increase has
taken place chiefly in the occupations of seasoning, putting out,
hanging skins in the lofts, striking out, and in the work done in steam
rooms and beam houses.
In the days of the hand- working plants the majority of the work-
men were natives, while the remainder were, for the most part,
Germans, Scandinavians, and Irish. All the employees were skilled
workers, and were under a union and apprentice system. With the
introduction of machinery, however, skilled laborers were supplanted,
the unions were broken up, and the apprentice system was abolished.
At present about 50 per cent of the employees are foreign-born.
The majority of the foreign-born workers are Poles. Both men and
women and, to some extent, girls of this race are employed in the
industry. Italians are employed to a less extent than the Poles, and,
while definite information upon this point is not available, workers
of other foreign races are probably present in smaller numbers.
Although both Poles and Italians began coming into the leather
factories about twenty years ago, the majority of employees of these
races entered the factories a few years later, as the demand for
unskilled labor increased. The proportion of foreign labor, according
to the opinion of the superintendents of the factories, has not varied
to any degree in the last ten years, but the total number of laborers
has increased with the growth and expansion of the factories.
The Poles have entered, to a slight extent, the skilled occupations
that have survived the introduction of machinery, and there are
several instances of Polish foremen in the striking-out, putting-out,
and steam rooms. In general, however, it is not considered necessary
to employ immigrant foremen, except for the supervision of "gangs."
Leather Manufacturing. 19
Polish and Italian girls are employed in seasoning and Polish boys
work in the lofts hanging skins. Very few skilled immigrant women
are employed in the industry. In one factory, for example, women
are employed as glazers, knee stakers, and hand putters-out, but
there is only one Polish woman among their number. In the rough
work, such as cleaning up, handling and loading the materials and
the products, etc., immigrant men, chiefly Italians and Poles, are
employed in the place of the native, Irish, and Scandinavian laborers
employed in the days of hand plants.
It is claimed by the native-born laborers and those of the races
of old immigration that the employment of recent immigrants has
resulted in the reduction of wages, and the feeling of resentment
against the "cheap immigrant" has never died out. On the other
hand, it is claimed by the superintendents of the largest plants for
which data were secured, that wages have increased in the various
occupations, although the high wages paid to several classes of
skilled hand workers have been done away with as a result of the
introduction of machinery.
NEW ENGLAND.
A further insight into the racial changes in the operating forces of
the East may be obtained from an account of the history of the em-
ployment in a representative establishment in New England. These
establishments are designated by number. Plant No. 1 has been in oper-
ation about twenty-five years. The output, which, at the beginning,
was 25 dozen skins daily, has increased to 1,200 skins daily. It is
stated that the first employees were Irish and Irish Americans, with a
few Swedes and Germans. Workmen of Armenian race entered the
establishment about thirteen or fourteen years ago, and were followed,
three years later, by Polish and Lithuanian workers. Within the past
three or four years some 25 or 30 clerks have been employed. The
change in the racial composition of the working force is said to have
been due to labor difficulties. At the present time the native-born
employees and those of the races of old immigration hold the better
paid positions. American workmen will not undertake the lower
grades of wTork except in cases of extreme need. For this reason,
there is no friction between the old employees and the immigrants.
The displaced employees have, in most cases, gone to work in shoe
shops. It is said that the immigrant workers in the establishment,
after saving a little money and acquiring some experience, usually
leave and secure employment in the shoe shops. Their places are
then filled by immigrants of later arrival in the country or in the
community.
Establishment No. 2 is engaged in tanning hides and manufactur-
ing kid. The total number of employees is between 270 and 280.
The first employees at the establishment were either Americans or
Irish. Each man performed all the operations connected with the
manufacture of the goods and it took three years for a man to learn
the business. As the industry grew and machinery came into use, it
became possible to replace the American and Irish workers with
recent immigrants who would work for much smaller compensation.
The old employees gradually left the tannery and went into the shoe
shops of the city, while immigrants took all the positions in the tan-
20 The Immigration Commission.
nery with the exception of those of foremen and instructors. Arme-
nians were the first immigrants employed in the establishment and
wore followed by Lithuanians, Poles, and Hebrews. Since their arrival
in the community about five years ago, Greeks have been employed
in the industry. It is said that t le employees of this race are not
in favor with the employers. At all times the change from race to
race has been gradual and no friction between the races has resulted.
MILWAUKEE, WIS.
The tanning of leather in Milwaukee, Wis., which began about sixty
years ago, has steadily expanded until at present it is considered
among the most important of the city's industries. The racial move-
ments to this locality may be considered as largely representative of
the situation in the Middle West. Because of the large German pop-
ulation of Milwaukee the representatives of this race, as might be ex-
pected, have played a most important part not only in the develop-
ment of the tanning industry but in the development of its many
other industries as well. As the city developed and various indus-
tries were started, the employment of many additional men became
necessary. In the natural order of things, this development at-
tracted to Milwaukee a large number of outsiders, many of whom were
from southern and eastern European countries. A new and differ-
ent supply of labor was therefore created, and while employment of
the more recent immigrants, in the tanning industry, attracted very
little attention at first, it soon became apparent that a change in the
racial composition of the force had taken place. The employ-
ment of the more recent immigrants has continued for one reason or
another until to-day they have become the most important factor in
the operation of the various tanneries in this locality. Of course, the
same percentage of each race will not be found in all tanneries. This
situation in Milwaukee, as in all other large cities, is due in a very
large measure to the location of the plant, for the tendency of the more
recent immigrant is to take up his abode with others of his own race.
This results in the building up of colonies among the different races,
and these are almost invariaoly established near some industrial
plant. This accounts for the fact that some particular race predomi-
nates in one plant, while in another the representatives of this race
may not be employed at all. The Germans, Irish, Americans, a few
English and Scotch were the first employees in the tanning industry
in Milwaukee, with the Germans largely predominating. In all, about
18 different races are represented in this industry at the present time,
but not one-half have become a factor in the operation of any of
the tanneries. The foreign races now a factor are the Germans,
Poles, Greeks, Slovaks, Croatians, Lithuanians, Magyars, and Rus-
sians. From one to a dozen persons of each of the following races are
employed in one of the largest tanneries: Italians, Swiss, Swedes,
Danes, Bohemians, Finns, Dutch, and Bulgarians.
The Poles were the first of the more recent immigrants to secure
employment in this industry. Their employment to any extent
first occurred in 1870. In 1877-1878 they were strongly represented
and have continued so until now, although there has been quite a fall-
ing off at various times. The Russian Poles (called Russians by the
employers) entered the industry in 1885; Italians in 1890; Croatians,
Leather Manufacturing.
21
Magyars, and Slovaks in 1892; and Lithuanians and Greeks in large
numbers in 1903, although a few of the latter were employed in
1898-1899. Representatives of other races have been employed from
time to time, but in such small numbers that their employment has
attracted little or no attention.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.
The character of recent and past immigration to the industry
may also be seen in the following series of tables showing the period
of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households. Length of residence in this country
and period of employment in the industry are not necessarily identi-
cal, but as a rule they approximate each other. The first table
submitted, which immediately follows, shows, by sex and race, the
percentage of foreign-born employees in the East who had been in
the United States each specified number of years:
TABLE 13. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — East.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
German
457
227
243
327
342
182
178
1,984
154
500
323
6.0
90.3
4.1
50.5
52.0
51.1
51.1
43.0
58.4
48.8
6.2
11.6
7.9
8.2
34.6
33.0
27.5
30.3
29.8
29.2
29.8
6.8
4.8
.9
5.3
7. 6
6.1
13.2
7.9
10.2
3.2
9.4
5.3
16.0
.0
11.1
5.2
5.8
7.7
5. 0
9.7
6.5
5.0
21.1
61.1
.9
71.2
2.1
2.9
.5
5.1
7.2
2.6
7.0
60.7
Greek
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
5,511
40.4
24.4
7.9
9.4
17.9
FEMALE.
German
5
0 0
0 0
20 0
20 0
60 0
Greek.
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish. ...
7
14.3
28.6
28.0
14.3
14.3
Italian, North
5
60 0
0
0
40 0
o
Italian, South
13
53.8
23.1
15.4
7.7
0
Lithuanian
10
90.0
10.0
.0
.0
.0
Polish
147
71 4
15 6
6 1
5 4
1 4
Russian
20
95.0
5.0
.0
0
0
Total. ...
248
60. 1
14 9
9 7
Q 3
6 0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
22
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 13. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — East — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
German.
462"
229
250
332
355
192
178
2, 131
174
500
323
6.5
' 90.4
4.4
50.6
52.1
53.1
51.1
45.0
02.6
48.8
6.2
11.5
7.9
8.8
34.0
32.7
20.6
30.3
28.9
26.4
29.8
6.8
5.0
.9
6.0
7.5
6.5
12.5
7.9
9.9
2.9
9.4
5.3
16.0
.0
11.2
5.7
5.9
7.3
5.6
9.4
5.7
5.0
21.1
61.0
.9
69.6
2.1
2.8
.5
5.1
6.8
2.3
7.0
60.7
Greek. . ..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar ...
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish... .
Total
5,759
41.2
23.9
8.0
9.4
17.4
Of the 5,759 persons reporting complete data, 41.2 per cent have
been in the United States under five years; 23.9 per cent have been
here from five to nine years; 17.4 per cent have been here for twenty
or more years, and less than 20 per cent from ten to nineteen years.
When compared with the males, the females show a much larger pro-
portion who have been here under fifteen years. Of the males, 40.4
per cent have been in this country under five years and 17.9 per cent
have been here for twenty years or over. Of the Greek males 90.3
per cent have been here under five years. This is the largest propor-
tion of any race, the next largest being that shown by the Russian,
58.4 per cent. The North and South Italians, Lithuanians and Magyars
show proportions between 50 and 52 per cent who have been in this
country under five years. The North Italians show the largest pro-
portion of males who have been in this country from five to nine years
and the Swedes show the smallest proportion. Slightly more than 20
per cent of the Swedes have been in the United States from fifteen
to nineteen years. The Irish and German are the only other races
that report as high as 10 per cent of males who have lived in
this country from fifteen to nineteen years. Nearly 75 per cent of
the Irish and between 60 and 65 per cent of the Germans and Swedes
have been here for twenty or more years. Each other race shows a
proportion less than 10 per cent. None of the German females report-
ing have lived in this country for less than ten years. Of the Rus-
sians 95 per cent, and of the Lithuanians 90 per cent, have lived in
this country under five years. The Irish show the largest proportion
of females who have lived here for from five to nine years. The pro-
portion is 28.6 per cent and a similar proportion is shown of females
whose residence in this country has been for from ten to fourteen
years. None of the Lithuanians or Russians reporting have lived
here for fifteen years or over. The Germans show the largest pro-
portion who have lived here for twenty or more years. The Irish
show 14.3 per cent and the Poles 1.4 per cent. Each of the other
races reports zero.
The following table shows, by sex and race, the percentage of foreign-
born employees in the Middle West who had been in the United
States each specified number of years.
Leather Manufacturing.
23
TABLE 14. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United Stales each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Middle West.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent hi United States each specified number of
years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Croatian
158
674
380
83
594
130
376
94.3
15.0
83.4
75.9
31.5
72.3
72.1
5.1
9.9
15.8
19.3
17.8
23.1
2C.9
0.0
2.4
.5
1.2
5.4
.0
.8
0.6
18.4
.0
2.4
23.9
2.3
.0
0.0
54.3
.3
1.2
21.4
2.3
.3
German
Greek
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
2,618
48.8
16.7
2.6
11.3
20.6
FEMALE.
Croatian
10
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
German
18
27.8
5.6
16.7
22.2
27.8
Greek
3
(a)
(°)
(0)
(a)
(a)
Maervar
14
92.9
7.1
.0
.0
.0
Polish
48
52.1
14.6
2.1
20.8
10.4
Slovak
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovenian
40
95.0
5.0
.0
.0
.0
Total
144
71.5
7.6
2.8
11.1
6.9
TOTAL.
Croatian .
168
94.6
4.8
0.0
0.6
0.0
German
692
15.3
9.8
2.7
18.5
53.6
Greek .
383
83.6
15.7
.5
.0
.3
Maevar
97
78.4
17.5
1.0
2.1
1.0
Polish
642
33.0
17.6
5.1
23.7
20.6
Slovak
131
72.5
22.9
.0
2.3
2.3
Slovenian .
416
74.3
24.8
.7
.0
.2
Total
2,762
50.0
16.3
2.6
11.3
19.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 2,762 employees in this industry for whom information was
secured, 50 per cent had been in the United States under five years,
16.3 per cent from five to nine years, 2.6 per cent from ten to fourteen
years, 11.3 per cent from 15 to 19 years, and 19.8 per cent have been
in this country twenty years or over. The table shows the Croatian
employees to be of very recent immigration, 94.6 per cent of those
reporting having been in the United States under five years. The
Greek employees also show a considerable proportion having this
period of residence. The Magyar, Slovenian, and Slovak employees
follow in the order named, all snowing over 70 per cent who have been
in this country under five years. The Poles show over 30 per cent
having this period of residence and the German employees only 15.3
per cent. The Slovenian employees show the highest percentage
and the Croatians the lowest of employees who have been in the United
States from five to nine years. The Poles the highest percentage, as
48296°— VOL 12—11 3
24
The Immigration Commission.
contrasted with none of the Croatians or the Slovak employees, who
have been in the United States from ten to fourteen years. The
Poles also show the highest percentage having a residence of from fifteen
to nineteen years, while none of the Greeks or Slovenians have been in
this country for this period of time. The German employees show
over 50 per cent with a residence of twenty years or over, as contrasted
with less than 1 per cent of the Greeks and Slovenians and none of the
Croatians who have been in the United States this length of time.
The following tables and chart set forth, by sex and race, the per-
centage of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number of years. In the first table the figures for the most recent
immigrants — those in the United States less than five years — are
presented in detail:
TABLE 15. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year,
2 years, etc., by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
maJe for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with SO or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Croatian
165
1,131
607
83
251
328
370
193
261
2,578
180
630
432
327
4.2
.6
3.8
4.8
.4
5.5
4.1
2.6
7.7
3.7
6.7
5.1
4.9
.9
20.0
1.9
18.6
9.6
.8
4.3
4.3
5.2
7.7
3.4
8.3
3.5
8.6
.6
49.7
4.8
33.1
8.4
1.2
14.3
14.6
18.1
20.3
14.5
24.4
18.9
•_•:, '.i
2.1
13.9
2.7
20.6
4.8
.8
17.7
15.1
14.0
11.5
11.0
14.4
i:>. 1
13.7
2.4
6.1
1.6
9.9
10.8
.8
8.5
14.1
9.8
11.9
7.7
6.7
11.1
16.7
.3
5.5
10.6
12.9
30.1
8.0
34.5
33.2
28.0
26.8
27.1
27.8
28.4
28.0
6.7
0.0
3.4
.7
8.4
5.6
7.6
6.5
14.5
5.7
9.1
3.3
7.5
1.9
5.2
0.6
17.4
.0
12.0
11.6
5.5
5.4
7.3
4.6
13.0
6.1
4.4
.2
20.8
0.0
57.0
. 5
10.8
70.9
2.1
2.7
.5
3.8
10.5
2.2
6.0
.2
60.9
German. .
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Russian. . .
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Total
8,129
3.5
5.4
15.8
10.8
7.6
LM.d
6.2
10.0
18.8
FEMALE.
Croatian
10
23
5
1
7
5
13
10
14
195
21
1
40
40.0
8.7
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
42.9
9.2
47.6
(a)
22.5
10.0
.0
60.0
(a)
.0
.0
7.7
.0
14.3
8.2
9.5
(a)
15.0
40.0
13.0
20.0
(a)
14.3
40.0
7.7
10.0
14.3
23.6
19.0
(a)
47.5
10.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
20.0
23.1
60.0
14.3
9.7
14.3
(a)
7.5
0.0
.0
20.0
(a)
.0
.0
15.4
20.0
7.1
15.9
4.8
(a)
2.5
0.0
4.3
.0
(a)
28.6
.0
23.1
10.0
7.1
15.4
4.8
(a)
5.0
0.0
17.4
.0
(a)
28.6
.0
15.4
.0
.0
5.1
.0
(<0
.0
0.0
21.7
.0
(a)
14.3
40.0
7.7
.0
.0
9.2
.0
(a?o
0.0
34.8
.0
(")
14.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.6
.0
(a)o
German. .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magvar .. . ...
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Total
392
13.0
7.9
22.4
10.5
10.5
12. 2
7.1
9.9
6.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing.
25
TABLE 15. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year,
2 years, etc., by sex and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Percent in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Croatian
175
1,154
612
84
258
333
383
203
275
2,773
201
631
472
327
6.3
.8
3.8
4.8
.4
5.4
3.9
2.5
9.5
4.1
10.9
5.2
6.4
.9
19.4
1.8
19.0
9.5
.8
4.2
4.4
4.9
8.0
3.8
8.5
3.5
9.1
.6
49.1
4.9
33.0
8.3
1.6
14.7
14.4
17.7
20.0
15.2
23.9
18.9
27.8
2.1
13.7
2.7
20.4
4.8
.8
17.7
15.4
16.3
11.6
10.9
14.4
15.1
13.1
2.4
5.7
1.6
10.0
10.7
.8
8.4
14.1
10.3
11.6
8.3
6.5
11.1
15.5
.3
5.1
10.5
12.7
31.0
8.5
33.9
32.9
27.1
25.8
26.3
25.4
28.4
26.1
6.7
0.0
3.6
.7
8.3
6.2
7.5
6.8
13.8
25.5
8.8
3.0
7.4
1.7
5.2
0.6
17.5
.0
11.9
11.6
6.0
5.5
6.9
4.4
12.7
5.5
4.4
.2
20.8
0.0
56.6
.5
10.7
63.4
2.1
2.6
.5
3.6
10.0
2.0
6.0
.2
60.9
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Total
8.521
4.0
5.5
16.1
10.7
7.7
21.5
6.2
10.0
18.2
TABLE 16. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made
for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total,
however, is for all foreign-born.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of
years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Croatian
165
1,131
607
83
251
328
370
193
261
2,578
180
630
432
327
93.9
11.6
86.0
38.6
4.0
50.3
52.2
49.7
59.0
40.3
60.6
53.7
69.7
6.4
5.5
10.6
12.9
30.1
8.0
34.5
33.2
28.0
26.8
27.1
27.8
28.4
28.0
6.7
0.0
3.4
.7
8.4
5.6
7.6
6.5
14.5
5.7
9.1
3.3
7.5
1.9
5.2
0.6
17.4
.0
12.0
11.6
5.5
5.4
7.3
4.6
13.0
6.1
4.4
.2
20.8
0.0
57.0
.5
10.8
70.9
2.1
2.7
.5
3.8
10.5
2.2
6.0
.2
60.9
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian .
Magvar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Total
8,129
43.1
21.9
6.2
10.0
18.8
FEMALE.
Croatian
10
100 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
German
23
21.7
4 3
17 4
21 7
34 8
Greek
5
100 0
0
0
o
o
Hebrew, Russian
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish . . .
7
14 3
28 6
28 6
14 3
14 3
Italian, North
5
60 0
o
0
40 0
o
Italian, South
13
53 8
23 1
15 4
7 7
o
Lithuanian
10
90 0
10 0
0
o
o
Magvar
14
92 9
7 1
o
o
o
Polish
195
66 7
15 4
5 1
9 2
3 6
Russian
21
95.2
4 8
0
o
o
Slovak. .
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovenian
40
95 0
5 0
o
' o
' o
Total
392
64 3
12 2
7 1
9 9
6 4
a Not computed, owing to srmill number involved.
26
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 16. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
t
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of
years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Croatian ....
175
1,154
612
84
258
333
;;s:;
203
275
2.773
201
631
472
327
94.3
11.8
86.1
38.1
4.3
50.5
52.2
51.7
60.7
42.2
64.2
53.7
71.8
6.4
5.1
10.5
12.7
31.0
8.5
33.9
32.9
27.1
25.8
20. 3
25.4
28.4
26. 1
6.7
0.0
3.6
.7
8.3
6.2
7.5
6.8
13.8
5.5
8.8
3.0
7.4
1.7
5.2
0.6
17.5
.0
11.9
11.6
6.0
5.5
6.9
4.4
12.7
5.5
4.4
.2
20.8
0.0
56.6
.5
10.7
69.4
2.1
2.6
.5
3.6
10.0
2.0
6.0
.2
60.9
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish...
Russian
Slovak. .
Slovenian . . .
Swedish
Total. . . .
8,521
44.1
21.5
6.2
10.0
18.2
These tables present information concerning 8,521 foreign-born
employees engaged in the industry. Of this number 44.1 per cent
have been in the United States under five years, the males reporting
43.1 per cent with this length of residence, as compared with 64.3 per
cent of the females. Of the males 3.5 per cent have been in the United
States under one year, while 5.4, 15.8, 10.8, and 7.6 per cent have
been in the United States one, two, three, and four years, respectively.
As compared with these proportions the females show 13 per cent
have 'been in the United States under one year, while 7.9, 22.4, 10.5,
and 10.5 per cent have been in the United States one, two, three, and
four years, respectively.
Considering the males in each residence group under five years, it
will be noted that the proportions of the older as contrasted with
the proportions of the more recent immigrant races are in each
instance very low. However, the difference in proportions is less
marked among those with a residence of less than one year than
among those with a residence of one, two, three, or four years. The
Croatians show the largest proportions with a residence of one and
two years, the Greeks the largest proportion with a residence of three
years, and the Slovenians the largest proportion with a residence of
four years. The Swedes report the smallest proportions with a
residence of one and four years, and the Irish the smallest propor-
tions with a residence of two and three years.
Twenty-one and five-tenths per cent have been in the United States
from five to nine years, 6.2 per cent from ten to fourteen, 10 per
cent from fifteen to nineteen, and 18.2 per cent twenty years or
over. The proportion of all foreign-born males in each period of
residence varies only slightly from the proportion shown in the total
for both males and females. Of those with a residence of less than
five years the figure is larger for the females than the total for males
and females, while of females with a residence of from five to nine, and
twenty years or over, the proportions are considerably below the total
Leather Manufacturing.
27
•O
CC
I
.9
W>
5)
t>
I
O
A
.0
§
I
1
§
-6
« w>
e -9
&, K
S
<a
I
0
o
CR
fe
O
^ -^ — ^^ WM •* **^
-J>UJ(/)>>
I I 1" ~~ *-*
tf) — ' •*- (D i if) O Q
~ < J t < a D J -i
_t!l_l5CLIKW(/l
28 The Immigration Commission.
of both, sexes. Of those with a residence of from ten to fourteen and
from fifteen to nineteen years, the proportions vary only slightly from
the figures shown in the total for both males and females. As com-
pared with the races of recent immigration, the males of the older
immigrant races show extremely small proportions with a residence
of less than five years. Practically the same statement as regards
those with a residence of less than five applies to those with a residence
of from five to nine years. The Lithuanians alone show a proportion
with a residence of from ten to fourteen years in excess of 10 per
cent, while 0.7 per cent is shown by the Greeks, the Croatians report-
ing no males in this period of residence. Of those with a residence of
from fifteen to nineteen years, the Swedes, with 20.8 per cent, show
a larger proportion than is shown by any other race. As compared
with the Irish, Germans, and Swedes, the proportions of the more
recent immigrants, with a residence of twenty years or over are
very small. ,
All Croatian and Greek females have been in the United States
under five years while, as with the males, the proportions of Irish
and German females with this period of residence are very much
below the proportions shown by the more recent immigrant races.
On the other hand, of those with a residence of from five to nine and
from ten to fourteen years, the Irish, with 28.6 per cent in each period,
report the largest proportions. Both the South Italians and Poles
show a smaller proportion than the Irish and the Germans, with a
residence of from fifteen to nineteen years. The proportion of Germans
with a residence of twenty years or over in the United States largely
exceeds that of the Irish. Compared with either the Germans or
Irish, the proportion of Poles with this length of residence is very low.
Among the females the Slovenians with 22.5 per cent show a
larger proportion than do the Poles or Germans with a residence of
less than one year. But the proportion of the Slovenians is much
below that shown by the Croatians, Magyars, or Russians, the last
named reporting 47.6 per cent. Of those with a residence of one
year the Greeks, with 60 per cent, show the largest proportion, the
figures of the other races being extremely low in comparison. The
Slovenians show 47.5 per cent with a residence of two years in the
United States, and are closely followed by the Croatians and North
Italians, each with 40 per cent. The largest proportion of Lithuanian
females, or 60 per cent, have been in the United States but three years.
Most nearly approaching this large proportion, with this period of
residence, come the South Italians, with 23.1 per cent, a proportion
slightly in excess of that shown by the North Italians and consider-
ably in excess of that shown by the Magyars, Russians, Croatians,
Poles, or Slovenians. The proportions of Magyars, Russians, and
Slovenians, with a residence of four years, are considerably smaller
than the proportions of the other races. Of those with a residence
of from fifteen to nineteen years, the North Italians, with 40.0 per
cent, show a much larger proportion than do the Germans or Irish,
and a very much larger proportion than do the Poles or South Ital-
ians. The proportions shown in the total remain practically the same
as those of the males.
Leather Manufacturing.
29
The final table presented in this connection shows, by race of indi-
vidual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the households
studied, who had been in the United States each specified number
of years.
TABLE 17. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by race of individval.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
}By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
German
63
21
84
127
24
272
49
442
0.0
61.9
14.3
46.5
33.3
30.5
28.6
96.8
15.9
100.0
25.0
70.9
62.5
65.4
75.5
100.0
30.2
100.0
46.4
94.5
100.0
89.7
91.8
100.0
Greek
Irish .
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak. .
Turkish
Total .
1,108
56.8
74.8
87.8
Of the 1,108 foreign-born persons for whom information was
obtained in the household study, 56.8 per cent have been in, the
United States under five years and 74.8 per cent under ten years,
while 12.2 per cent have been in the United States twenty years or
over. None of the Germans, and only 14.3 per cent of the Irish, as
compared with 96.8 per cent of the Turks, have been in the United
States under five years. The Greeks report the next largest pro-
portion, who have been in the United States less than five years, and
they, in turn, are followed by the South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles,
and Slovaks. As regards those who have been in the United States
under ten years, both the Greeks and Turks report 100 percent, while
the smallest proportions with this period of residence are shown by
the Germans ancl Irish. Of those who have been in the United States
under twenty years, the Lithuanians, in addition to the Greeks and
Turks, report 100 per cent, while the smallest proportion, or 30.2 per
cent, is shown by the Germans.
RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
The series of tabulations next presented exhibits the racial compo-
sition of the operating forces of the industry at the present time. In
the table following the racial make-up of employees in the East for
wham information was received is set forth.
30
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 18. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — East.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
. White . ...
1,900
49
17
1
23
1
4
63
17
564
444
15
1
2
60
23
54
21
4
1
7
73
22
11
31
18
7
2
19
1
51
1
41
461
229
63
35
245
327
343
185
44
178
1
4
2,000
33
159
13
9
6
501
60
323
1
14
1
18
1
17
199
2,099
49
18
1
42
1
4
67
19
627
516
32
1
2
89
24
56
21
4
1
7
73
22
11
54
23
7
2
19
1
54
1
44
466
231
64
36
252
332
356
195
44
178
1
5
2,149
33
180
14
11
6
501
60
323
1
14
1
18
1
17
21.5
.6
2
(a)
.3
(«)
(a)
'.2
6.4
5.0
.2
(a)
(a)
'.3
.6
.2
(a)
(a)
.1
.8
.2
.1
.4
.2
.1
(a)
.2
(a)
.6
(a)
.5
5.2
2.6
.7
.4
2.8
3.7
3.9
2.1
.5
2.0
(°)
(a)
22.7
.4
1.8
.1
.1
.1
5.7
.7
3.7
(a)
.2
(a)
.2
(»)
.2
30.1
.0
.2
.0
2.9
.0
.0
.6
.3
9.5
10.9
2.6
.0
.0
4.4
.2
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.5
.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
.0
.5
.8
.3
.2
.2
1.1
.8
2.0
1.5
.0
.0
.0
.2
22.5
.0
3.2
.2
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
22.1
.5
.2
(a)
.4
(a)
(0)
.7
.2
6.6
5.4
.3
(«)
(«)
.9
.3
.6
.2
(«)
(«)
.1
.8
.2
.1
.6
.2
w :2
(<*)
.6
(a)
.5
4.9
2.4
.7
.4
2.7
3.5
3.8
2.1
.5
1.9
(a)
.1
22.7
.3
1.9
.1
.1
.1
5.3
.6
3.4
(a)
(a)
.2
(a)
.2
Negro....
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
1
Belgium.
Canada
19
Cuba
Denmark
England
4
2
63
72
17
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
29
1
2
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland. .
Wales
South America (country not specified).
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
23
5
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Dalmatian
Danish
Dutch
English
3
Flemish
French
3
5
2
1
1
7
5
13
10
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Montenegrin
Norwegian
1
149
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
21
1
2
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish. .
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified) . .
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
8,819
661
'.), ISO
100.00
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
1,315
3,264
5,555
210
409
252
1,525
3,673
5,807
14.9
37.0
63.0
31.8
61.9
38.1
16.1
38.7
61.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Less than 0.05 per cent.
Leather Manufacturing.
31
Of the 9,480 employees for whom information was secured, 63 per
cent of the males and 38.1 per cent of the females are foreign-born,
14.9 per cent of the males and 31.8 per cent of the females are native-
born of foreign father, 21.5 per cent of the males and 30.1 per cent
of the females are native whites born of native father, and 6 per cent
of the males and none of the females are native negroes born of native
father. Male employees whose fathers were born in Germany and
Ireland, and female employees whose fathers were born in Ireland,
Germany, and Russia have the largest representation, in the order
mentioned. The principal race groups of the foreign-born are, in the
case of the males, the Poles, Slovaks, Germans, South Italians, North
Italians, and Swedes, and in the case of the females the Poles, French
Canadians, and Russians. It will be noted that the Poles, both males
and females, have a much larger representation among the employees
than have the persons of any other race.
The following table shows, by sex, the number and percentage of
employees of each race for whom information was secured in the
Middle West.
TABLE 19. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — Middle West.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per crnt distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White.
09
1
9
2
1
6
4
331
8
4
4
17
2
1
1
55
7
1
162
3
6
4
1
677
382
21
7
8
1
28
11
84
1
1
597
12
26
2
15
84
1
10
2
1
6
4
426
8
4
4
17
2
1
1
56
7
1
7
172
3
8
5
1
695
385
21
7
8
1
28
11
98
1
1
650
15
27
2
2.2
(<0
.3
.1
(a)
.2
.1
10.7
.3
.1
.1
.5
.1
(«)
(a)
1.8
.2
(0).2
5.2
.1
.2
, -1
(a)
21.9
12.3
.7
.2
.3
(a)
.9
.4
2.7
(a)
(a)
19.3
.4
.8
.1
5.7
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
36.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
3.8
.0
.8
.4
.0
6.9
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
5.3
.0
.0
20.2
1.1
.4
.0
2.5
(*)
.3
.1
(a)
.2
.1
12.7
.2
.1
.1
.5
.1
(a)
(a)
1.7
.2
(a)
2
5!l
.1
a
'.\
(«)
20.7
11.5
.6
.2
.2
(a)
.8
.3
2.9
(a)
(a)
19.4
.4
.8
.1
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary
1
Canada . .
Denmark
England
France
Germany. . . .
95
Ireland
Netherlands
Norway.
Russia
Scotland .
Sweden . . .
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other.
Croatian
10
Danish
Dutch
2
1
English
Finnish.
German
18
3
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian. ..
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar . . .
14
Montenegrin
Norwegian .
Polish
53
3
1
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian . .
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
32
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 19. — Employees for vonom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — Middle West — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreisjn-born, by race— Con tin noil.
Servian
6
130
383
4
2
2
1
5
6
131
425
4
2
4
1
5
.2
4.2
12.4
.1
.1
.1
(a)
2
.0
.4
16.0
.0
.0
.8
.0
.0
.2
3.9
12.7
.1
.1
.1
(Q).l
Slovak .
1
42
Slovenian
Swedish
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified)
2
Belgian (race not s ecified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
3,037
262
3,359
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father .
390
459
2,638
96
111
151
486
570
2,789
12.6
14.8
85.2
36.6
42.4
57.6
14.5
17.0
83.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Of the 3,359 persons for whom information was secured in the
above table, 3,097 are males and 262 females. Of the males, 85.2 per
cent are foreign-born, 12.6 per cent native-born of foreign father,
and 2.2 per cent white native-born of native father; while of the
females 57.6 per cent are foreign-born, 36.6 per cent native-born of
foreign father, and 5.7 per cent white native-born of native father.
The Germans, Greeks, Poles, and Slovenians constitute by far the
largest proportion of the total number of foreign-born males, while
the Poles and Slovenians constitute the largest proportion of the
total number of foreign-born females. Almost the entire proportion
of native-born of foreign father, both males and females, is composed
of those native-born of German father.
The table which immediately follows exhibits, by sex, the number
and percentage of employees of each race for whom information was
secured in all sections of the territory included in the investigation.
TABLE 20. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White : ..
1,969
49
1
26
1
25
1
5
69
21
895
452
15
5
6
77
214
2,183
49
1
28
1
44
1
5
73
23
1,053
524
32
5
6
106
16.5
.7
(a)
.2
(a)
.2
(a)
(a)
.6
.2
7.5
3.8
.1
(a)
!e
23.2
.0
.0
.2
.0
2.1
.0
.0
.4
.2
17.1
7.8
1.8
.0
.0
3.1
17.0
.4
(a)
.2
(a)
.3
(°)
<«)
.6
.2
8.2
4.1
.2
(a)
(a)
.8
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary
2
Belgium . .
Canada
19
Cuba..
Denmark
England. ..
4
2
158
72
17
France
Germany. . .
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands ......
Norwav
Russia'.
29
Less than 0.05 per cent.
The Immigration Commission.
33
TABLE 20. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
1
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign-father, by country
of birth of father— Continued.
Scotland .
25
55
21
4
1
7
74
77
18
32
25
169
2
22
7
55
1
1
41
1,138
611
84
42
253
328
371
196
44
262
2
5
2,597
45
185
15
9
12
631
443
327
1
16
1
20
2
22
1
2
26
57
21
4
1
7
74
78
18
55
30
179
2
22
9
59
1
1
44
1,161
616
85
43
260
333
384
206
44
276
2
6
2,799
48
207
16
11
12
632
485
327
1
16
1
22
2
22
0.2
.5
(a)"
(a)
.1
.6
.6
.2
.3
.2
1.4
(a)
.2
.1
.5
(a)
(a)
.3
9.6
5.1
.7
.4
2.1
2.8
3.1
1.6
.4
2.2
(a)
(a)
21.8
.4
1.6
.1
.1
.1
5.3
3.7
2.7
(a)
(a)'
.2
00
.2
0.1
o
'.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
2.5
.5
1.1
.0
.0
.2
.4
.0
.0
.3
2.5
.5
.1
.1
.8
.5
1.4
1.1
.0
1.5
.0
.1
21.9
.3
2.4
.1
.2
.0
.1
4.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
0.2
.4
.2
00
(a)
.1
.6
.6
.1
.4
.2
1.4
(a)
2
.1
.5
(a)
(a)
.3
9.0
4.8
.7
.3
2.0
2.6
3.0
1.6
.3
2.1
(a)
(a)
21.8
.4
1.6
.1
.1
.1
4/9
3.8
2.5
(a)
00
.2
(a)
.2
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
South America (country not specified).
Foreign-born, by race:
AJbanian
Armenian.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Bulgarian ....
Canadian, French
23
5
10
Canadian, Other
Croatian. .
Dalmatian
Danish
Dutch .
2
4
English
Finnish
Flemish .
French
3
23
5
1
1
7
5
13
10
German
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish .
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian. . .
Macedonian
Magyar .
14
Montenegrin
Norwegian
1
202
3
22
1
2
Polish .
Roumanian.
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak .
1
42
Slovenian
Swedish . .
Syrian .
Turkish
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified)
2
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
11,916
923
12,839
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
1,705
3,723
8.193
306
520
403
2,011
4,243
S..V.M;
14.3
31.2
68.8
33.2
56.3
43.7
15.7
33.0
67.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
4
The above table shows that information was secured from 12,839
employees in this industry, 67 per cent of whom are of foreign birth,
15.7 per cent are native-born of foreign father, 17 per cent are native-
born whites of native father, and 0.4 per cent are native-born negroes
of native father. Among the employees who are native-born of for-
eign father those whose fathers were born in Germany or Ireland
show 8.2 per cent and 4.1 per cent, respectively, of the total number
of employees for whom information was secured. No employees
whose fathers were born in any other specified country show over 1
per cent. Among the employees of foreign birth the Poles show 21.8
per cent, followed by the German employees with 9 per cent, while
no employees who are of other specified races show over 5 per cent of
the total number of employees for whom information was secured.
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied— Principal
occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General
occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied — General occu-
pation of women at the present time, in the households studied — The first and
second generations compared — Occupations entered in the industry — Weekly earn-
ings— Relation between period of residence and earning ability — Annual earnings
of male heads of families studied — Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over
in the households studied — Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in
the households studied — Annual family income — Wives at work — Relation between
the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers-
Sources of family income — Relative importance of the different sources of family
-[Text Tables 21 to 47 and General Tables 10 to 25].
income-
INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
Before an intelligent conception of the economic status in this
country of the foreign-born employees can be formed, or a com-
parison made with their condition abroad, it is necessary to under-
stand the general industrial condition of the immigrant leather
operatives and the members of their households before they came
to the United States. In this connection, the first table submitted
shows the industrial condition before coming to the United States.
TABLE 21. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
German
20
31
C3
119
21
438
1
15
10
20
37
5
22
3
19
20
09
13
398
1
2
18
12
3
16
5.0
.0
7.9
.8
.0
.5
75.0
32.3
31.7
31.1
23.8
5.0
15.0
61.3
31.7
58.0
61.9
90.9
5.0
6.5
28.6
10.1
14.3
3.7
Irish
Italian, South
5
1
Polish
Slovak
Turkish
2
Total
722
10
124
529
59
1.4
17.2
73.3
8.2
Of the 722 foreign-born males for whom information was obtained,
only 1 .4 per cent were without occupation, while by far the largest
proportion, or 73.3 per cent, worked without wages, the proportion
35
36
The Immigration Commission.
working for wages and for profit before coming to the United States
being 17.2 and 8.2 per cent, respectively. None of the Irish or
Slovaks, less than 1 per cent each of the Poles and Turks, and only
5 and 7.9 per cent of the Germans and South Italians, respectively,
were without occupation abroad. As regards those working for
wages, the Germans, with 75 per cent, show a very much larger
proportion than do any of the other races, the Turks reporting the
smallest proportion, or 5 per cent. The Turks, on the other hand,
report 90.9 per cent who work without wages. This proportion, it
will be noted, is considerably in excess of the proportion shown
by the Slovaks, Irish, or Poles, and largely in excess of the South
Italians or Germans. As regards those working for profit abroad,
the South Italians report a considerably larger proportion than do the
Slovaks or Poles, and a much larger proportion than do the Irish,
Germans, or Turks.
The following table analyzes further the general industrial groups
in the one immediately preceding and shows, by race of individual,
the occupations while abroad of foreign-born males, in the house-
holds studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming:
TABLE 22. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, isfor all foreign-horn.]
e
A
Per cent work-
Per cent
o
3
Per cent working for wages.
ing without
working for
q<3
§
o
+3
wages.
profit.
Race of individual.
OT3
||
2
I
o
.a
;-
CO
1
3
gd
i
i
1
1 .
O m
3
O K
I- ft
4d
a
ft
a
-2
-S.~
4d
^ C
,0
sl
CO
f-«
u c
,0
a
o
g
k*
.c 2
a
i S
0 ft
"3
6
lift
"3
a
0 ft
•3
3
V
3
O
2 8
c
t-H
a
o
EH
a
d
i — i
0
EH
OJ
PH
a
o
EH
German
20
5.0
10.0
0 0
45.0
?,0 0
0.0
75.0
10.0
ft 0
15.0
0 0
ft 0
ft 0
Irish .
31
.0
16.1
1? Q
0
0
3 ?
32.3
58.1
3 ?
61.3
6 ft
0
6 ">
Italian, South
63
7.9
19.0
0
4 8
4 8
3 ?,
31.7
25.4
6 3
31.7
14 3
14 3
•?8 6
Polish
119
.8
19.3
8
0
1 7
q 9
31.1
58.0
0
58.0
q 9
S
10 1
Slovak
21
.0
19.0
0
0
0
4 8
23.8
61.9
0
61.9
14 3
0
14 3
Turkish .
438
.5
4.8
0
0
0
2
5.0
90.9
0
90.9
3 7
0
3 7
Total
722
1.4
10.9
. 7
1.8
1.4
2.4
17.2
72.3
1.0
73.3
6.4
1.8
8.2
The above table shows that of 722 foreign-born males who were
16 years of age or over at the time of coming to the United States,
10.9 per cent were farm laborers, 0.7 per cent were general laborers,
1.8 per cent were leather factory operatives, 1.4 per cent were in hand
trades, and 2.4 per cent were in other occupations. Those in the
industries just enumerated were working for wages, the total propor-
tion thus engaged being 17.2 per cent. Seventy-two and three-tenths
per cent were farm laborers and 1 per cent were in other occupations
working for wages, while 6.4 per cent were farmers and 1.8 per cent
were in other occupations working for profit. Of the foreign-
born male employees who were working for wages before coming to
the United States the South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks show 19 per
cent or over, the Irish over 16 per cent, the Germans 10 per cent,
Leather Manufacturing.
37
and the Turks only 4.8 per cent who were farm laborers. The
Irish show the highest percentage who were general laborers, the
German and South Italian employees show 45 per cent and 4.8 per
cent, respectively, as contrasted with no employees of other specified
races who were leather factory operatives, the Germans the highest
percentage who were in hand trades, and the Poles the highest per-
centage who were in other occupations. Of the employees who were
working without wages, the Turks show the highest percentage and
the Germans the lowest percentage who were farm laborers, and the
South Italians the highest percentage who were in other occupations,
while none of the Poles, Slovaks, and Turks were thus engaged. Of
the foreign-born male employees who were working for profit before
coming to the United States, the South Italians and Slovaks show the
highest percentage who were farmers and the South Italians the high-
est percentage who were engaged in other occupations. The South
Italians also show the highest percentage who were without occupa-
tion before coming to this country.
In the table next presented, the industrial condition while abroad
of foreign-born females, in the households studied, who were 16 years
of age or over at time of coming to the United States is set forth,
o CJ '
according to race of individual.
TABLE 23. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STVDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without,
wages.
Work-
ins; for
profit.
Irish
28
26
85
23
21
20
2
2
15
3
2
49
82.1
80.8
23.5
7.1
7.7
17.6
10.7
7.7
57.6
0.0
3.8
1.2
Italian, South
1
1
Polish.
Total
195
94
34
65
2
48.2
17.4
33.3
1.0
The above table shows that of the 195 foreign-born females for
whom information was obtained, 48.2 per cent were without occupa-
tion, 17.4 per cent worked for wages, 33.3 per cent without wages,
and 1 per cent for profit before coming to the United States. As
compared with the Irish and South Italians, the proportion of Poles
without occupation before coming to the United States is very low.
On the other hand, the Poles show that a slightly larger proportion
worked for wages and a very much larger proportion without wages
than is shown by either the Irish or South Italians. None of the
Irish and only a very small proportion of South Italians and Poles
worked for profit. As between the Irish and South Italians it will
be noted that the proportions without occupation and those working
for wages and without wages are similar.
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation
abroad of foreign-born females in the households studied who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States:
TABLE 24. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
•were 16 years of age or over at time of coining, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
{This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
1
M
occupa-
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent
working without
wages.
Per cent
working for
profit.
.Soj
43
Race of individual.
£«
0^
at ®
Id
" 2
w
1
.2
4-3
>»
§g5
I .
« "q>
R
|
3
i
3
0
IH a)
£~
0
M fl)
^3?
0 vi
s
o 33
O W
t- ft
01
+9
d
fl
03
)-* ^
"T'-S
C t-.*
fefe
1
fc2
CO
sj
.0
0
3
o
h
S
oS
•d «
Is.
^•o
SP
•S 03
0 ft
*3
1
5ts
o ft
3
cu
5tS
0 ft
T?
fc
a)
PH
03
ft
a
^H
« °
a
o
ft
a
o
C3
a
o
EH
Irish
28
82.1
0 0
7.1
n n
0 0
0 0
7 1
10 7
0 0
10 7
0 0
0 0
n n
Italian, South
26
80 8
:•! s
3 81 0
o
o
7 7
7 7
o
7 7
n
0 C
30
Polish
85
23.5
10 6
7 1| 0
o
n
17 6
57 6
o
57 6
n
1 9
1 9
Total
195
48.2
8.2
9.2
.0
.0
.0
17.4
33.3
.0
33.3
.0
1.0
1.0
Eight and two-tenths per cent of the total number were farm
laborers and 9.2 per cent were employed in domestic service, working
for wages, while 33.3 per cent of the total number were farm laborers
working without wages; the proportion 1.0 per cent of the total num-
ber were employed other than as farmers working for profit. It is
apparent from the above table that not one of the Irish, South Italian,
or Polish females had had previous knowledge of the industry in which
they are now employed. All of the Irish who worked for wages
abroad were in domestic service. Equal proportions of the South
Italians were employed in this occupation and as farm laborers,
while the proportion of Poles employed as farm laborers slightly
exceeds the proportion employed in domestic service. Among those
working without wages, none of whom were employed other than as
farm laborers, it will be noted that the proportion of Irish and South
Italians as compared with the proportion of Poles is extremely low.
Of those working for profit the South Italians and Poles show a
small proportion each in occupations other than as farmers.
Leather Manufacturing.
39
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATIOX OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING
TO THE UNITED STATES.
The table which immediately follows sets forth, by race, the per-
centage of foreign-born male employees for whom information was
received who were in each specified occupation before coming to the
United States:
TABLE 25. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before
coming to the United /States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who were engaged in-
Leather
tanning.
Other
manufac-
turing.
Farming
or farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Croat ian
160
828
482
153
300
336
159
246
2,110
159
585
408
286
3.8
16.4
.8
2.6
2.0
4.2
.6
8.9
1.5
5.7
2.7
9.6
3.5
4.4
10.3
2.5
6.5
3.0
4.2
1.9
4.1
5.1
3.8
3.8
7.6
8.7
71.3
36.4
40.7
65.4
63.0
49.1
83.0
51.6
68.9
68.6
72.3
54.4
61.5
5.0
11.4
13.5
9.2
9.3
12.8
3.1
18.3
10.8
17.0
9.4
6.9
4.5
5.6
11.7
12.2
1.3
13.7
18.2
6.3
7.3
7.2
1.9
8.2
10.8
9.4
2.5
3.4
20.5
3.3
3.3
1.2
1.3
3.3
. 7
1.3
1.2
2.2
1.0
7.5
10.5
9.8
11.8
5.7
10.4
3.8
6.5
5.9
1.9
2.4
8.6
11.2
German
Greek
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Total
6,700
G.O
5.8
58.1
10.1
9.5
3.4
7.0
Of the 6,700 male employees in this industry, 58.1 per cent were
engaged in farming or farm labor prior to coming to the United
States. Only 6 per cent were engaged in the industry in which they
are now employed and 5.8 per cent in other manufacturing. Of the
remainder, 23 per cent were engaged in general labor, hand trades,
and trade, and 7 per cent in occupations not specified. Each race,
except the German, Greek, and South Italian, shows over 50 per cent
of their number to have been either farmers or employed as farm
laborers, while the German is the only race showing as high as 10
per cent to have been engaged in the leather industry. It should be
noted that the Greeks, as compared with the other races, show a
higher proportion who were engaged in trade.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
In order to make possible a direct comparison of the industrial
status of the immigrant employees hi the leather industry in this
country with their industrial training and experience abroad, tabula-
tions are presented which exhibit the general occupation of the
male and female members of the households studied at the present
48296°— VOL 12—11—4
40
The Immigration Commission.
time. The first table shows, by general nativity and race of individual,
the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the house-
holds studied:
TABLE 26. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent—
In leather.
Otherwise
employed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father, White
59
49
42
37
42
84
147
23
442
67.8
71.4
78.6
89.2
92.9
63.1
86.4
100.0
72.6
28.8
28.6
19.0
10.8
7.1
35.7
12.9
.0
9.5
3.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.7
.0
17.9
0.0
.0
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish . .
Italian South
Polish
Slovak .. ...
Turkish
Grand total .
974
76.5
14.6
8.7
.2
Total native-born of foreign father
104
163
811
75.0
72.4
77.3
24.0
25.8
12.3
.0
1.2
10.2
1.0
.6
.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Of the 974 males for whom information was secured 76.5 per cent
are in the leather industry, 14.6 per cent otherwise employed, 8.7 per
cent at home, and only a fraction of 1 per cent at school. The pro-
portion of individuals employed in the leather industry is largest for
the foreign-born, second largest for the native-born of foreign father,
and smallest for the native-born of native father, while the propor-
tion otherwise employed is largest for the native-born of native father,
somewhat smaller for the native-born of foreign father, and very
much smaller for the foreign-born. A much larger proportion, 10.2
per cent, of the foreign-born than of the native-born of native father,
3.4 per cent, are at home. None of the native-born of foreign father
are so reported. Of the foreign-born, the Slovaks, Irish, and Ger-
mans have the largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion
of individuals in the leather industry, while none of the Slovaks and
a much larger proportion of South Italians than of the individuals
of any other race are otherwise employed, and none of the Irish,
Germans, or Slovaks and a much larger proportion of the Turks
than of the South Italians or Poles are at home.
Leather Manufacturing.
41
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table following shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in
the households studied:
TABLE 27. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Per cent —
General nativity and race of individual.
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
In domes-
tic and
personal
service.
In trade.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At
school.
Native-born of native father, White.
72
6.9
4.2
20.8
65.3
2.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
48
2.1
6.3
25.0
62.5
4.2
Foreign-born:
German.
26
3.8
.0
7.7
88.5
.•
Irish
37
.0
2.7
2.7
94.6
.0
Italian, South
36
.0
2.8
5.6
91.7
.0
Polish
106
.0
.0
7.5
92.5
.9
Slovak
21
.0
4.8
4.8
90.5
.*
Grand total
409
2.2
2.2
13.2
81.4
1.0
Total native-born of foreign-father
83
2.4
3.6
28.9
62.7
2.4
Total native-born
loo
4.5
3.9
25.2
63.9
2.6
Total foreign-born
254
.8
1.2
5.9
92.1
.6
From the data presented in the above table it appears that 81.4
per cent of the females 16 years of age or over for whom information
was secured, are at home, and that 13.2 percent are in employments
not specified, and only a very small proportion in domestic and per-
sonal service, in trade, or at school. The proportion of individuals
at home is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the
native-born of native father, and smallest for the native-born of
foreign father, while the proportion of individuals in employments not
specified is much larger for the native-born of foreign father and the
native-born of native father than for the foreign-born. Of the
foreign-born the Irish have the largest and the Germans the smallest
proportion of individuals reported at home.
THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS COMPARED.
The table next submitted affords a basis for comparing the general
industrial tendencies of the first and second generations in the house-
holds studied, which shows, by general nativity and race of father
and by birthplace of individual, the percentage of males 16 years of
age or over in the households studied who were in the leather industry.
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 28. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the leather industry, by
general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Per<
:ent —
General nativity and race of father.
individual.
employed.
In leather
industry.
Otherwise
employed.
Native-born White..
United States .
57
70.2
29.8
Foreign-born German
United States.
49
71.4
28.6
A 1 Toad
37
89.2
10.8
Irish
UniU'cl Stales.
«
80.5
19.5
Abroad . .
42
92.9
7.1
The preceding table shows that of those born in the United States
whose fathers are native-born whites, 70.2 per cent are engaged in the
leather industry, leaving 29.8 per cent who are otherwise employed.
Practically the same proportion of those born in the United States
whose fathers are German are so engaged, while those born abroad
of German fathers show a larger proportion engaged in the leather
industry. The proportion of those native-born of Irish fathers who
are employed in the leather industry is slightly smaller than those
born abroad of German fathers or those born abroad of Irish fathers,
who show the maximum proportion employed in the leather
industry.
OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE INDUSTRY.
The occupations entered by recent immigrants as well as those
entered by older immigrant employees and natives in two New
England tanning and finishing establishments are set forth in the
following tables. These companies which are representative of the
situation in New England are designated as companies Nos. 1 and 2.
TABLE 29. — Number of employees in specified departments and occupations, by race of
individual — Company No. 1.
Departments and occupations.
American, White.
English.
German-American.
Irish- American.
a
.22
'C
h- 1
Scotch.
Canadian, French.
Armenian.
Greek.
Hebrew.
1
3
i— i
Lithuanain.
Polish.
3
o
H
Beam house
1
4
?:
12
6
9
34
Tanning house -
3
1
4
3
11
Putting out
2
9
i
?:
4
18
Trimmers
1
1
14
4
20
1
2
1
3
1
8
Color house
1
1
2
1
1
*
1
9
q
4
6
n
Glazers
?
2
5
1
5
.">
3
i
10
17
51
Buffers
1
1
?,
4
Elevator boys
9
3
Engineers
1
1
1
1
Oiling-ofl '
3
1
2
5
1
12
•\
1
1
3
8
Knee stakers
1
1
1?
4
5
?.l
fieasoners
1
2
8
10
4
4
7
30
1
1
2
1
1
*>1
?1
•}
1
4
ff ight watchman
1
1
Total .
M
7
1
2
31
2
8
93
80
3
?.
32
as
28fl
Leather Manufacturing.
43
TABLE 30. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race of individual —
Company No. 2.
Departments.
American, White.
n
"3>
a
w
German.
i
M
HH
Canadian, French.
Canadian, Other.
Armenian.
Greek.
Hebrew.
Lithuanian.
Polish.
Russian.
Turkish.
3
1
Assorting room ... .
10
2
1
3
4
20
Tanning house. .
3
14
1
fin
4
19
3
99
Seasoning room
3
4
2
39
10
2
60
Drying room
1
15
2
3
•>1
Shaving room
3
6
1
2
12
Beaming room. .
4
3
fi
19
1
42
,1
7
8fi
Staking room
0
2
4
•>
5
23
19
6
0
<i
81
Glazing room
8
1
°7
31
5
6
5
8fl
Oiling room
4
2
9
22
9
fi
9
2
4?
Machine fixers
9
1
3
ft
Black kid room o . .
V>
1
1
14
Shipping room . .
5
1
2
ft
Total
ft\
4
G
33
ry
•}
37
217
2
77
53
10
25
532
Handling finished product.
WEEKLY EARNINGS.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the percentage of male employees who were 18 years of age
or over and who were earning each specified amount each week:
TABLE 31. — Per cent of male employees IS years of age or over earning each specified amount,
per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
So or
over.
$7.50
or
over.
$10 or
over.
S12.50
or
over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or
over.
$20 o*
over.
Native-born of native Oilier,
White.
1,740
771
412
164
1,081
559
2 i
308
L{ ;
238
2,493
172
593
417
2:.:;
$11. 02
12.24
12. 36
9.97
12. 10
9.46
11.66
9.51
'.). 20
9.50
9.71
9.88
9.36
9. £3
10.98
99.8
99.9
99.8
100.0
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.7
LOO.O
1CO.O
99.6
1CO.O
100.0
99.5
100.0
95.9
96.1
96.8
96.3
98.4
75.3
97.8
94. 2
95.1
81.4
98.7
89.5
84.3
96.3
97.6
100.0
57.7
77.4
74.5
56.7
77.7
36. 7
69.5
40.6
27.3
42.0
36.1
49.1
41.3
36.1
63.8
69.2
22.0
39.7
36.7
4.9
32.4
11.3
29.2
1.9
1.6
5.9
5.5
7.7
4.7
3.2
12.7
15.8
12.1
26.2
22.6
2.4
20.2
5.5
16.8
.3
1.4
3.7
3.4
3.6
2.3
1.3
5.5
5.5
4.2
7.1
8.5
.6
5.8
1.1
4.0
.0
.0
.5
.4
.8
.0
.5
1.7
.8
1.8
2.6
4.6
.0
2.6
.0
2.2
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
Native-born of forei cer, by
country of bin h of fatiier:
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
G errnan
Greek.
Irish . . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish.
Grand total
10,912
10.64
99.8
93.0
56.0
17.2
10.0
2.8
1.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
1,449
3,242
7,670
12. 15
11.50
10.27
99.7
99.8
99. 8
95.5
95.7
91.9
74.7
65.1
52.1
36.4
28.2
12.6
23.4
17.1
7.0
7.1
5.5
1.7
3.2
2.4
.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
_ * This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost time from shutdowns or othor causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
44
The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table includes 10,912 males 18 years of age or over
who were employed in the leather industry. Only a very slight propor-
tion of this number earn under $5, while more than 50 per cent earn
$10 or over a week. There are also 17.2 per cent earning $12.50 or
over, 10 per cent earning $15 or over, and only 1.1 per cent earning
as high as $20 a week. There is little difference between the propor-
tions of the nativity groups earning up to $10, while the native-born
of foreign father show a higher proportion than either the native-born
of native father or the foreign-born earning each specified amount
from $10 or over. Of the foreign-born races the Greek, South Italian,
Polish, and Slovenian each show less than 1 per cent earning under
$5, while the proportion earning $7.50 or over a week ranges from
75.3 per cent of the Greeks to 100 per cent of the Swedes. Only the
Germans and Irish show a proportion as high as 25 per cent earning
$12.50 or over, these same races showing the highest proportion earning
$15 or over and $17.50 or over a week. The Magyar is the only race
of more recent immigration showing a proportion earning as high as
$20 a week.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of female employees 18 years of age or
over who were earning each specified amount each week.
TABLE 32. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general natiril;/ and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Per cent earning each specified
amount per week.
So or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White .
162
117
167
87. 13
7.64
5.95
97.5
98. 3
98.8
26.5
54.7
10.8
3.7
6.0
1.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father, Germany
Foreign-born, by race, Polish...
Grand total
712
6.87
98.2
28.9
3.9
Total native-born of foreign father
218
380
332
7.39
7.28
6.39
98.6
98.2
98.2
40.4
34.5
22.6
5.0
4.5
3.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the y. ar.
Of the 712 females studied in the above table 98.2 per cent earn
$5 or over, 28.9 per cent $7.50 or over, and 3.9 per cent $10 or over
per week. As regards the different nativity groups, it is seen that
over 50 per cent of each earn from $5 to $7.50 per week, while the
proportion earning as high as $10 per week does not exceed 5 per cent.
The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of
age who were earning each specified amount each week.
Leather Manufacturing.
45
TABLE 33. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race. *
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
f.This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each speci-
fied amount per week.
$2.50 or
over.
85 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
Native-horn of native father, White
134
98
49
$6. 14
6.43
5.85
100.0
100.0
100.0
81.3
91.8
83.7
26.1
22.4
8.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father, Germany
Foreign-born, by race, Polish
Grand total
441
G.36
99.5
87.8
25.4
Total native-born of foreign father
IX'. 1
325
116
6.63
6.42
6.19
99.5
99.7
99.1
90.5
86.8
90.5
29.6
28.0
18.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This tablo shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
The preceding table includes 441 male employees who are between
the ages of 14 and 18 years. Of this number 99.5 per cent earn $2.50
or over, 87.8 per cent $5 or over, and 25.4 per cent $7.50 or over per
week. While those native-born of native father show 100 per cent,
as compared with 99.5 per cent of those native-born of foreign father
and 99.1 per cent of the foreign-born, earning $2.50 or over per week,
they show only 81 .3 per cent, as compared with 90.5 per cent for each
of the ether nativity groups, earning $5 or over per week. The pro-
portion earning $7.50 or over per week ranges from 18.1 per cent of
the foreign-born to 29.6 per cent of the native-born of foreign father.
The following table snows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of
age, who were earning each specified amount each week:
TABLE 34 . — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race. *
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each
specified amount per
week.
$5 or over.
$7.50 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
50
41
$5.78
5.92
86.0
82.9
12.0
17.1
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father, Germany . . ....
Grand total
182
5.69
89.0
9.9
Total native-born of foreign father
84
134
48
5.83
5.81
5.35
88.1
87.3
93.8
14.3
13.4
.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
46
The Immigration Commission.
The preceding table shows that of 182 females reporting, only 9.9
per cent earn $7.50 or over, while 11 per cent earn less than $5
per week. A comparison between the nativity groups shows that
while the foreign-born report the largest proportion earning $5 or
over per week, they report none earning as high as $7.50, as compared
with 12 per cent and 14.3 per cent of the native-born of native father
and native-born of foreign father, respectively.
RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.
The progress of male employees of foreign birth in industrial effi-
ciency or earning ability after designated periods of residence in the
United States is considered in the next series of tabulations. In the
first table presented the proportions in each period of residence are
arranged under the several races, thus enabling a study to be made of
the male employees of each race.
TABLE 35. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States. *
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]
Race and years in United Si
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
So or
over.
S7.50
or over.
810 or
over.
§12.50
or over.
$15 or
over.
S17.50
or over.
S20or
over.
German:
Under 5
127
114
840
483
09
7
10
18
198
153
107
48
190
123
53
140
991
682
820
315
170
108
294
114
9
17
20
216
100.0
100. 0
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.0
98.2
98.6
71.8
98.6
85.7
90.0
100.0
08.0
90.2
98.1
97.9
93.2
99.2
92.5
97.9
100.0
100.0
80.0
97.8
9G.5
99.1
99.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
51.2
74.6
82.1
•31.5
71.0
57.1
50.0
72.2
70.2
28.8
44.9
68.8
21.6
35.8
28.3
28.6
44.6
51.5
25.0
56.5
72.2
26.0
45.3
50.9
59.9
7C.3
33.3
41.2
65.0
71.8
14.2
21.1
30.7
:./•>
.0
20.0
16.7
30.8
.0
2.8
6.3
2.1
.8
1.9
4.3
4.0
12.1
1.1
0.0
17.2
1.0
5.3
6.5
7.8
24.6
22.2
.0
15.0
17.1
9.4
12.3
2ii. 9
3.3
21.7
.0
20.0
.0
18.2
.0
.9
.0
2.1
.8
.0
3.6
3.1
3.0
.2
1.9
9.1
.6
1.2
3.7
3.4
10.5
11.1
.0
5.0
6.0
2.4
.9
7.0
O
• ^
7.2
.0
.0
.0
4.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.1
.1
2.3
.0
.6
1.9
.7
3.5
11.1
.0
.0
.9
0.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.5
5 to 9. . .
10 or over
Greek:
Under 5
5 to 9
10 or over ....
Irish:
Under 5
5 to 9.
10 or over
Italian, North:
Under 5..
5 to 9...
10 or over
Italian, South:
Under 5... . ...
5 to 9
10 or over . .
Magyar:
Under 5
5to9
10 or over
Polish:
UnderS
5 to 9
10 or over. . ..
Slovak:
Under 5
5 to 9...
10 or over
Slovenian:
Under 5
5 to 9...
10 or over.
Swedish:
Under 5
5 to 9
10 or over
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
With the exception of the proportions shown by the Greek, South
Italian, Polish, and Slovenian, each race studied in the above table
Leather Manufacturing.
reports its entire number as earning $5 or over per week. The
proportion of each race with a period of residence under five years
earning $10 or over per week ranges from 59.9 per cent as shown by
the Slovenians to 21.6 per cent as shown by the South Italians.
With the exception of the Greek, Irish, South Italian, and Slovenian,
each race shows that the proportion earning $10 or over per week
increases with the period of residence. The German, Irish, Magyar,
and Swedish race groups show slight proportions earning $20 or over
per week. The North and South Italians are the only races not show-
ing a proportion earning as high as $17.50 per week.
In the following table the same data are presented as in the table
preceding, but in a different form. This table shows, by race of
individual and length of residence in the United States, the com-
parative earnings each week of foreign-born male employees 18
years of age or over.
TABLE 36. — Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of
age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States *
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years siijce first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]
IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
85 or
over.
87.50 or
over.
§10 or
over.
812.50
or over.
S15 or
over.
$17.50
or over.
S-0 or
over.
German
127
483
10
153
190
140
991
315
294
17
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
100.0
99.3
100.0
97.6
71.8
90.0
90.2
93.2
97.9
80.0
95.2
96.9
100.0
51.2
31.5
50.0
28.8
21.6
28.6
25.0
26.0
59.9
41.2
14.2
7.5
20.0
.0
2.1
4:3
1.1
1.0
7.8
.0
9.4
3.3
20.0
.0
2.1
3.6
.2
.6
3.4
.0
2.4
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.7
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Greek
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South..
Magyar
Polish.
Slovak.
Slovenian
Swedish...
IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
German .
114
100 0
98 2
74 6
21 1
12 3
0 0
0 0
Greek ..
69
100.0
98 6
71 0
39 1
21 7
7 2
o
Irish
18
100 0
100 0
72 2
16 7
0
0
Q
Italian, North
107
LOO 0
98 1
44 9
2 8
'i
o
o
Italian. South
123
100 0
99 2
35 8
8
8
o
o
Magyar
65
100 0
100 0
44 6
4 6
3 1
1 5
1 5
Poiish
682
100 0
93 1
56 5
6 0
1 1
1
o
Slovak..
170
96.5
45 3
5 3
1 2
G
0
Slovenian
114
100 0
99 1
76 3
24 6
10 5
3 5
o
Swedish
20
100 0
100 0
65 0
15 0
5 0
0
o
IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
German..
840
100.0
98 6
82 1
36 7
22 9
7 0
3 3
Greek
7
103.0
85.7
57.1
0
0
.0
.0
Irish. ..
198
ICO 0
98 0
70 •">
30 8
18 2
4 5
9 5
Italian, North..
48
100.0
97 9
68 8
(') 3
0
.0
0
Italian, South
53
98 1
92 5
28 3
1 9
o
o
o
Magyar. .
33
100.0
100 0
51 5
12 1
3 0
0
0
Polish .
820
100 0
97 8
72 2
17 2
9 1
2 3
o
Slovak.
108
100 0
99 1
50 9
6 5
3 7
1 9
o
Slovenian
9
100 0
100 0
33 3
22 2
11 1
11 1
0
Swedish
216
100.0
100 0
71 g
17 i
6 0
9
5
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
48
The Immigration Commission.
The figures in the foregoing table are the same as in the table just
preceding, being grouped differently with regard to period of resi-
dence, in order that a more intensive comparison may be made.
Of those with a period of residence of less than five years in the
United States, the Greek, Polish, and Slovenian are the only races
showing a proportion earning less than $5 per week; of those with a
residence of from five to nine years, none earn less than $5; and of
those with a residence of ten years or over, the South Italian, with
1.9 per cent, is the only race showing a proportion earning under $5.
The Greek with a period of residence under five years is the only
race showing less than 75 per cent earning $7.50 or over per week,
while those of each race in the other two groups show over 85 per
cent. With a few exceptions, the proportion earning each other
specified amount increases with the period of residence. The excep-
tions are due rather to individual than to racial characteristics.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.
The annual earnings of heads of families studied are next con-
sidered. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and
race of husband, the number and percentage of husbands at work,
together with their average annual earnings.
TABLE 37. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STIJDi' OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families."
Number of
husbands
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Average
yearly
earnings of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
•21
27
26
96.3
$658
Native-born of foreign father, by rate of
father:
German
21
21
21
100 0
669
Irish
27
26
26
100.0
657
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
1
1
(fc)
(b)
German ...
24
24
24
100.0
607
Greek
5
5
5
(6)
CO
Irish
31
31
31
100.0
658
Italian South
30
30
30
100 0
412
Lithuanian
10
10
10
(6)
390
Polish
92
92
92
100.0
393
Slovak
19
19
19
(&)
398
Grand total
287
286
285
99 7
511
Total native-born of foreign father . . .
48
47
47
100.0
603
Total native-born
75
74
73
98.6
661
Total foreign-born
OJ9
212
212
100 0
460
« For selection of families, see p. 116.
i> Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that 99.7 per cent of the husbands in 287
families selected for study are at work, their average yearly earnings
being $511. The husbands who are foreign-born and who are native-
born of foreign father show 100 per cent at work, while only 96.3
per cent of the husbands in families the heads of which are native
whites born of native father are at work. The husbands who are
native-born of foreign father show average yearly earnings of $663,
those who are native whites born of native father have average
earnings of $658, and those who are of foreign birth show average
yearly earnings of only $460. The average yearly earnings of hus-
Leather Manufacturing.
49
bands of German parentage are somewhat higher than the average
yearly earnings of the husbands of Irish parentage. Of the foreign-
born husbands, the German and Irish husbands showing average
yearly earnings of over $600, the South Italian husbands average
yearly earnings of over $400, while the Lithuanian, Polish, and Slovak
husbands show average yearly earnings of less than $400.
The range in annual earnings of male heads of families is set forth
in the following table according to general nativity and race of
husband:
TABLE 38. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 116.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number working
for wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
o
o
T— 1
«i>
w?
g
-^
w
0»
«e
8
o_
I-H
«>
»— i
«9
es
w?
&?
8
£
t*
CB
•a
a
P
i— i
«e
IH
QJ
73
a
P
01
n
a
P
CU
13
a
P
QJ
•O
a
P
o>
•O
a
P
CD
T3 '
a
P
<u
T3
a
P
a>
•a
a
P
o>
T)
G
P
a>
TJ
a
P
CD
•a
a
P
Native-born of native father,
White
20
21
26
1
24
5
31
30
10
92
19
£658
609
657
(a)
607
(a)
658
412
390
393
398
1
1
1
4
6
1
2
1
4
13
5
45
11
c
]0
12
1
13
5
18
28
10
91
19
24
16
19
1
21
5
23
30
10
92
19
25
18
22
1
23
5
29
30
10
92
19
3.8
.0
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(")
1.1
(a)
3.8
.0
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(a)
4.3
(a)
3.8
19.0
23.1
(a)
8.3
(°)
12.9
43.3
(a)
48.9
(a)
23.1
47.0
40.2
(a)
54.2
(a)
58.1
3 ;
(a)
98.9
(a)
92.3
76.2
73.1
(a)
87.5
(a)
74.2
100.0
(a)
100.0
(a)
90. 2
85.7
84.6
(a)
95. 8
(«)
93.5
100. 0
(a)
100. 0
(a)
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German. .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
German. . .
Greek
Irish
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
1
4
Slovak
Grand total . . .
.. 285
511
2
5
93
213
260
274
. 1
1.8
32.6
74.7
91.2
96.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
47
73
212
663
661
460
10
11
82
22
28
185
35
59
201
40
65
209
.0
1.4
.5
.0
1.4
1.9
21 3
15.1
38.7
46.8
38.4
87.3
74.5
80.8
94.8
85.1
89.0
98.6
Total native-born
1
1
1
Total foreign-born.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows the average earnings of 285 male heads
of selected families is $511 per year. Only 0.7 per cent of this number
earn under $100 per year, 1.8 per cent earn under $200, 32.6 per cent
earn under $400, 74.7 per cent earn under $600, 91.2 per cent earn
under $800, and 96.1 per cent earn under $1,000. The male heads
of families who are native whites born of native father show a higher
percentage than those of foreign birth earning under $100 and under
$200 per year, while none of the native-born of foreign father earn
under these amounts. The heads of families who are of foreign
birth show a higher per cent earning under $400 and under $600 than
either the heads of families who are native-born of foreign father or
those who are native-born whites of native father, who follow in
the order named in considerably smaller proportions. The heads of
families who are of foreign birth also show a higher percentage than
the heads of families who are native whites born of native father and
those who are native-born of foreign father, which follow in the order
named and who earn under $800 and under $1,000 per year. Of
the heads of families who are native-born of foreign father those of
50
The Immigration Commission.
Irish parentage show a higher percentage than those of German
parentage earning under $400, while the latter show a higher per-
centage than the former earning under $600, under $800, and under
$1,000 per year. Of the male heads of families of foreign birth the
Poles show small proportions earning under $100 and under $200 per
year as contrasted with none of the South Italian, the Irish, or the
German heads of families earning under these amounts. The Polish
heads of families show the highest per cent and the German heads of
families the lowest per cent earning under $400 and under $600,
while the Polish and South Italian heads of families show 100 per
cent, and the German and Irish heads of families considerably
smaller percentages earning under $800 and under $1,000 per year.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
In the table next submitted, the average and range of annual
earnings of all males, in the households studied, who were 18 years
of age or over, are shown by general nativity and race of individual.
TABLE 39. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earning.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$000.
Un-
der
$1,000
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000
Native-born of native !
White
45
37
1
4
1
4
1
:;r,
12
69
11
134
1
23
2
295
$550
576
591
(a)
(°)
(a)
(a)
(a)
582
430
G48
3S8
384
(a)
389
281
5
1
13
10
12
1
3
20
23
22
1
4
44
34
36
1
4
1
4
1
34
12
35
69
11
134
1
23
2
295
11.1
2.7
.0
(°)
(a)
(")
(a)
(a)
2.9
(a)
.0
8.7
(a)
6.0
(Q)o
(«)
30.9
28.9
27.0
30.0
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
14.3
(a)
10.5
59.4
(a)
53.7
(a)
60.9
(a)
71.9
44.4
62.2
55.0
(a)
(a)
(")
(a)
(a)
51.4
(a)
60.5
97.1
(a)
98.5
(a)
100.0
(a)
98.6
97.8
91.9
90.0
(a)
(a)
(aj
(a)
(a)
97.1
(a)
92.1
100. 0
100.0
(a)
100.0
(<0
100.0
Native-born of foreign fat : •
race of fattier:
German
Irish . . ...
Italian, t»oui h
1
Polish
Slovak
Foreign-born:
Arm fin fan
1
3
Danish
German
1
5
4
4
41
6
72
18
12
23
67
11
132
1
23
1
291
Greek
Irish
Italian, South
(i
Lithuanian
Polish
8
Roumanian .
Slovak
14
Swedish
Turkish
109
212
Grand total. .
753
431
131
398
652
741
17.4
52.9
98.4
Total native-born of foreign
father.
83
128
569
562
2
7
i_!
26
39
359
50
70
582
76
120
621
2.4
5.5
19.8
31.3
30.5
57.4
60.2
54.7
93.1
91.6
93.8
99.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 753 male employees 18 years of age or over who are working for
wages and reported amount, 17.4 per cent earn under $200 per year,
52.9 per cent earn under $400, 86.6 per cent earn under $600, and 98.4
per cent earn under $1,000, the average earnings per year being $431.
The male employees who are native-born of foreign father show aver-
age yearly earnings of $569, as contrasted with the average yearly
earnings of the males who are native-born whites of native father,
Leather Manufacturing.
51
which are $550, and those of the male employees who are of foreign birth,
which are $404 per year. The foreign-born male employees show the
highest percentage earning under each specified amount per year, and
the male employees who are native whites born of native father show
a higher percentage earning under S200 and under $1,000 than the
male employees who are native-born of foreign father. The latter,
however, show a higher per cent than the former, earning under $400
and under $600 per year. Of the native-born of foreign father the
employees of Irish parentage show higher average yearly earnings
than the employees of German parentage, the latter showing a higher
percentage than the former earning under $200, under $600, and
under $1,000 per year, while the former shows a higher percentage
earning under $400. Of the foreign-born employees the Irish show
average yearly earnings of $648, the Germans $582, and the Greeks
$430. The Slovak employees, the Lithuanians, the Poles, and the
South Italians show average yearly earnings of from $369 to $389 per
year; the Turkish employees show average yearly earnings of less than
$300. The Turkish employees show the highest percentage earning
under $200 and under $400 per year, none of the Irish or Slovak
employees earn under the first-mentioned amount, and only 10.5 per
cent of the Irish earn under .the amount last mentioned. The Slovak
employees show 100 per cent and the German employees only 51.4
per cent earning under $600 per year. The Turkish employees, the
Slovaks, the Poles, and the South Italians show 100 per cent earning
under $1,000, while the German and Irish employees show 97.1 and
92.1 per cent, respectively, earning under the above-mentioned
amount.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the yearly earnings of all females in the households studied
who were 18 years of age or over and who were working for wages:
TABLE 40. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native father, White
13
2
1
7
2
2
1
9
$298
C«)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(«)
(a)
(°)
3
1
6
1
11
2
1
3
11
2
1
6
1
2
1
0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
German.
Irish . ....
2
Foreign-born:
German
Irish . .
1
4
2
1
8
2
1
8
Lithuanian
Polish . . .
Grand total
37
299
10
20
28
33
Total native-born of foreign father
10
23
14
363
326
254
1
4
3
9
11
6
17
11
9
20
13
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
« Not computed, owing to small number involved.
52
The Immigration Commission.
ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.
In the series of tabulations which are next presented, the average
amount and range of annual family income are studied, together with
the different sources of family income and their relative importance.
The following table, which is the first submitted in this connection,
shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of
families having a total yearly income of each specified amount :
TABLE 41. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of selected
families.®
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
21
27
24
31
30
92
$715
796
822
1,035
954
578
497
3.7
4.8
3.7
.0
.0
10.0
12.0
18.5
14.3
14.8
4.2
9.7
46.7
58.7
66.7
42.9
55.6
29.2
45.2
76.7
90.2
92.6
81.0
70.4
50.0
61.3
90.0
95.7
96.3
100.0
100.0
87.5
80.6
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish . . .
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian, South
Polish..
Grand total
287
671
5.9
38.3
70.4
84.0
96.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
48
75
212
810
776
634
4.2
4.0
6.6
14.6
16.0
46.2
50.0
56.0
75.5
75.0
81.3
84.9
100.0
98.7
95.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
a For selection of families, see p. 116.
The average yearly income of 287 families shown in the above table
is $671. Of the total number of families studied 5.9 per cent have a
total yearly income of under $300, 38.3 per cent of under $500, 70.4
per cent of under $750, 84 per cent under $1,000, and 96.5 per cent
have a total yearly income of under $1 ,500. The families whose heads
are of foreign birth show the highest per cent having each specified
yearly income up to and including that under $750. The families
whose heads are native-born of foreign father show 100 per cent,
those whose heads are native whites born of native father 96.3 per
cent, and the families whose heads are foreign-born show 95.8 per
cent having a total yearly income of under $1,500. The families
whose heads are native-born of foreign father show an average family
income of $810, those whose heads are native whites born of native
father have an average family income of $715, and the families whose
heads are of foreign birth have an average yearly income of $634.
Of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father
those whose heads are of German parentage show a slightly higher
percentage than the families whose heads are of Irish parentage
having a total yearly income of under $300. The families whose
heads are of Irish parentage show a higher per cent having an income
of under $500 and under $750 per year than the families whose heads
Leather Manufacturing.
are of German parentage. The families whose heads are of German
parentage show a higher percentage having an income of under $1,000
than the families whose heads are of Irish parentage; both the fami-
lies the heads of which are of Irish and of German parentage show 100
per cent having an income of under $1,500, the latter showing an
average family income of $796 and the former an income of $822.
Of the families the heads of which are of foreign birth, those whose
heads are Poles and South Italians show a considerably higher per-
cent having a total income under each specified amount than the
households the heads of which are Irish and Germans. None of the
families the heads of which are of the two races last mentioned have
an income of less than $300. The families the heads of which are
Germans and Irish show average family income of $1,035 and $954,
respectively, as contrasted with the families whose heads are South
Italians and Poles having average yearly family income of $578 and
$497, respectively.
WIVES AT WORK.
The extent to which the wives of the families studied were regularly
employed for wages outside the home is shown in the following table
according to general nativity and race of head of family :
TABLE 42. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families. «
Number
of wives.
Number
of wives
at work.
Per cent
of wives
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
27
27
1
3 7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German. .
21
21
2
9 5
Irish
27
26
1
3 8
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
1
(b)
German
21
21
o
Greek
5
5
CO
Irish
31
30
o
Italian, South
30
30
0
Lithuanian
10
10
1
(t>)
Polish
92
91
2
2.2
Slovak
19
19
(&)
Grand total ... . .
287
281
7
2 5
Total native-born of foreign father
48
47
3
6 4
Total native-born.
75
74
4
5 4
Total foreign-born
212
207
3
1.4
a For selection of families, see p. 116.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 281 wives in the households studied, only 2.5 per cent are at
work, the foreign-born reporting 1.4 per cent, as compared with 6.4
per cent of the native-born of foreign father and 3.7 per cent of the
native whites born of native father. Among the foreign-born it will
be noted that none of the Germans, Irish, or South Italians, and only
2.2 per cent of the Poles are at work, while of the native-born of for-
eign father, the Germans show "9. 5 per cent, as compared with 3.8 per
cent of the Irish, the proportion of the Irish native-born of foreign
father being slightly in excess of the proportion of native white wives
at work.
54
The Immigration Commission.
RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE
OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.
*
Although a considerable proportion of the wives in families the heads
of which were connected with the leather industry, as well as other
female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the
home as a means of contributing to the family support, a much
larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands
by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which
the wives of the families find it necessary to supplement, in this way,
the earnings of their husbands is set forth in the following table,
which shows the percentage of families in which the wife has employ-
ment or keeps boarders or lodgers, according to yearly earnings and
general nativity and race of head of family:
TABLE 43. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of select-
ed fami-
lies, a
Number of husbands
earning—
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or
lodgers.
Number of wives hav-
ing employment or
keeping boarders or
lodgers where hus-
bands' earnings are —
Under
$400. b
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400.
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
21
25
1
21
5
30
30
10
91
19
2
4
5
1
2
1
4
13
5
45
11
5
6
6
20
11
14
2
5
7
2
3
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
1
4
1
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
•Armenian
German
11
4
14
15
5
45
8
8
5
2
6
9
9
36
10
1
2
2
1
4
5
17
3
2
Greek
Irish
12
2
2
5
4
19
7
3
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
1
Slovak
Grand total . . . . .
280
93
119
68
91
43
36
12
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
46
73
207
9
11
82
12
17
102
25
45
23
12
14
77
5
5
38
2
2
34
5
7
6
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. US. Of the selected families only those which have both husband »n4
wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "non«."
Leather Manufacturing.
55
TABLE 44. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see p. 116. Of the selected families only those which have both
husband and wife present appear in this table.]
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400. "
8400 and
under S600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
(&)
0.0
10.0
7.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
(6)
16.7
27.3
23.8
Irish
80.0
16.7
14.3
28.0
Foreign-born:
German
(6)
18.2
25.0
23.8
Irish
(6)
7.1
25.0
20 0
Italian, South
38.5
26.7
(6)
30.0
Polish
42.2
37.8
(h)
39 6
Grand total.
46.2
30.3
17.6
32.5
Total native-born of foreign father ;
:,:,.(•,
1C. 7
20.0
26.1
Total native-born
45.4
11.8
15.6
19.2
Total foreign-born
46.3
33.3
21.7
37.2
a This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that 46.2 per cent of the wives in families
where the husband's earnings are under $400 per year have employ-
ment or keep boarders or lodgers ; where the earnings of the husbands
are $400 and under $600 per year 30.3 per cent of the wives are em-
ployed or keep boarders or lodgers; where the earnings of the hus-
bands are $600 or over per year, 17.6 per cent of the wives are em-
ployed or keep boarders or lodgers, and 32.5 per cent of the wives are
employed or keep boarders or lodgers regardless of the yearly earnings
of the husbands. Of the wives in families the heads -of which are
native-born of foreign father a higher percentage are employed or are
keeping boarders or lodgers than in families the heads of which are of
foreign birth, where the earnings of husbands are under $400 per year.
The wives in families the heads of which are foreign-born show a con-
siderably higher percentage who are employed or are keeping boarders
or lodgers where the earnings of husbands are $400 and under $600
per year than the wives in families the heads of which are native-born
of foreign father. None of the wives in the families whose heads are
native-born whites of native father are employed or are keeping
boarders or lodgers where the earnings of the husbands are $400 and
under $600 per year. Among families where the earnings of the hus-
bands are $600 or over per year those whose heads are foreign-born
show a higher percentage of wives who are employed or keeping
boarders or lodgers than the percentage of wives thus engaged in
families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father or native-
born whites of native father. The same order is observed in the total,
the wives in families the heads of which are foreign-born showing the
highest percentage who are employed or are keeping boarders or lodg-
ers and the wives in families the heads of which are native whites
born of native father showing the lowest percentage. In the families
48296°— VOL 12—11 5
56
The Immigration Commission.
the heads of which are native-born of foreign father those whose heads
are of Irish parentage show a higher percentage of wives who are
employed or keeping boarders or lodgers than is shown by wives in
families whose heads are of German parentage.
SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income
in detail. The first of these submitted shows, by general nativity and
race of head of family, the percentage of families having an income
within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and
other sources. The past year referred to in the table means the
twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.
TABLE 45. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of select-
ed fami-
lies, a
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Other
sources.
Hus-
band.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
27
21
27
24
31
30
92
96.3
100.0
96.3
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
3.7
9.5
3.7
.0
.0
.0
2.2
18.5
14.3
25.9
58.3
41.9
26.7
16.3
7.4
14.3
25.9
25.0
19.4
30.0
37.0
3.7
9.5
14.8
4.2
6.5
26.7
6.5
"Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German '.
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Grand total "
287
99.3
2.4
23.3
30.3
8.7
Total native-born of foreign father
48
75
212
97.9
97.3
100.0
6.3
5.3
1.4
20.8
20.0
24.5
20.8
16.0
35.4
12.5
9.3
8.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 116.
This table shows a report from 287 selected families, 99.3 per cent
of which have an income from the earnings of the husband, 2.4 per
cent from the earnings of wife, 23.3 per cent from the contributions
of the children, 30.3 per cent from payments of boarders and lodgers,
and 8.7 per cent receive incomes from other sources. The foreign-
born races — German, Irish, South Italian, and Polish — report 100 per
cent each of families in which an income is received from the earnings
of the husband. Both the native-born of native father and native-
born of foreign father show a somewhat lower mark in this respect
than the foreign-born. Very few families of either group are shown
as deriving an income from the earnings of the wife, the highest
figure being 9.5 per cent of the native-born of German father. Gen-
erally speaking a greater proportion of foreign-born families are
receiving incomes from the contributions of children than is shown
Leather Manufacturing.
57
for either of the native-born groups, the Germans, with 58.3 per cent,
showing the largest, and the Poles, with 16.3 per cent, showing the
smallest figure. Again, in the matter of receiving payments from
boarders or lodgers the foreign-born show the largest number of
families deriving incomes from that source. The Poles, with 37 per
cent, and the Irish, with less than 20 per cent, show the highest and
the lowest figures, respectively. Aside from the South Italians, wrro
show over 25 per cent of families, each race shows only a small pro-
portion of families receiving incomes from other sources than those
heretofore enumerated.
The next table submitted shows, by general nativity and race of
head of family, the source of family income in detail.
TABLE 46. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
o
Per cent of families having entire
M
income from —
.£
1
Oi
g
a;
Kl
fe
§£
General nativity and race of head of family.
•a
CD
+3
8
H
£
>
T3
2
o
•a
•H
03
£e
•SB
1
5«
<l>
T3 to
Is
<— i
o
y
i
g-3
a o
CT3
c3 O
2$ •
•o
•a
•d
•a'T
O t--<U
<B
C5
c
a
c o
« 3<9
,0
oj
A
c3
£
cj O E
X!
.0
X2
J3
TJ
0 m M
oq
CO
«
3
3
=1
3
3
5*3 F
Z
w
• w
K
w
o
OQ
Native-born of native father White
27
77 8
0 0
11 i
3 7
0 0
7 4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
21
52 4
9 5
14 :i
14 3
o
9 5
Irish
27
40 7
3 7
14 8
18 5
3 7
18 5
Foreign-born:
German . ...:
24
20 8
0
50 0
20 8
0
8 3
Irish
31
41 9
0
35 5
12 9
0
Q 7
Italian South
30
40.0
.0
13 3
16 7
0
30 &
Polish
92
46.7
2.2
12.0
29.3
0
9.8
Grand total
287
44.6
2 1
17 1
24 0
3
11 8
Total native-born of foreign father.
48
45 8
<> 3
14 6
16 7
2 1
14 0
Total native-born
75
57 3
4 0
13 3
12 0
1 3
12 0
Total foreign-born
212
40.1
1.4
18.4
28.3
.0
11.8
a For selection of families, see p. 116.
The above table shows that of 287 families selected for study, 44.6
per cent have the entire income from the husbands, 2.1 per cent from
the husband and wife, 17.1 per cent from the husband and children,
24 per cent from the husband and boarders or lodgers, 0.3 per cent from
the children and boarders or lodgers, and 11.8 per cent have the entire
family income from sources or combination of sources not before spec-
ified. The families the heads of which are native whites born of native
father show the highest percentage having the entire family income
from the husband, followed by the families the heads of which are
native-born of foreign father and those whose heads are foreign-born,
in the order named, in considerably smaller proportions. The families
58 The Irnmioration Commission.
the heads of \vhich are native-born of foreign father show a higher
percentage than do those of foreign birth depending upon the husband
and wife for the entire income, while no families the heads of which are
native whites born of native father have the entire income from this
source. Thef amilies of foreign birth show the highest percentage having
the entire income from the husband and children and from the husband
and boarders or lodgers, followed by the families whose heads are native-
born of foreign father and those whose heads are native-born whites
of native father, in the order named. The families whose heads are
native-born of foreign father show a small proportion deriving the
entire income from the children and boarders or lodgers, as con-
trasted with no families the heads of which are native-born whites
of native father or those whose heads are foreign-born. The families
whose heads are of Irish parentage show a higher percentage than
those whose heads are of German parentage having the entire income
from the husband and children, from the husband and boarders or
lodgers, from the children and boarders or lodgers, and from sources
or combination of sources not before specified. The families whose
heads are of German parentage show the highest per cent having the
entire income from the husband and the husband and wife. The
Polish families show the highest per cent having the entire income
from the husband, from the husband and wife, and from the husband
and boarders or lodgers. The German families show the highest per
cent having the entire income from the husband and children and the
families whose heads are South Italians the highest percentage having
the entire income from sources or combination of sources not before
specified.
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The extent to which the families studied depend upon the desig-
nated sources of income is set forth in the table next submitted, which
shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage
of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodg-
ers, and other sources.
Leather Manufacturing.
59
TABLE 47. — Per cent of total family income within tne year from husband, ivife, children^
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.}
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of selectee
families."
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of—
Contribu-
tions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
27
21
27
24
31
30
92
88.6
84.1
77.0
58.6
69.0
71.2
79.0
1.4
2.5
i-f
. /
.0
.0
.0
.8
3.2
8.1
13.8
29.9
20.0
18.9
13.7
4.8
3.1
5.9
10.6
8.3
7.0
5.6
1.9
2.2
2.5
1.0
2.7
2.8
.8
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German .
Irish
Foreign-born:
German .
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
287
75.7
.7
15.1
6.9
1.0
Total native-born of foreign father
48
75
212
80.1
82.9
72.0
1.5
1.5
.3
11.3
8.6
17.8
4.7
4.8
7.8
2.4
2.2
1.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 116.
The preceding table shows that of 287 families studied, 75.7 per
cent of the total yearly income is derived from earnings of husband,
only 0.7 per cent of the income is derived from the earnings of the
wife, while 15.1 per cent of the total income comes from contribu-
tions of children, 6.9 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers,
and 1.6 per cent from other sources. The families whose heads are
native whites born of native father show that a very much higher
percentage of the total yearly income is derived from the earnings
of husband than the families of the other nativity groups. The
families whose heads are native-born of foreign father show the
highest percentage of the total yearly income from earnings of wife,
followed by the native whites born of native father and the foreign-
born, in the order named. The foreign-born families show the highest
per cent of total income from children, followed by the native-born
of foreign father, while the native whites born of native father show
only a small percentage of the total yearly income derived from this
source. The families whose heads are of foreign birth also show the
highest percentage from payments of boarders or lodgers. The fami-
lies whose heads are native-born of foreign father show the highest
percentage of total income from other sources. Of the families whose
heads are native-born of foreign father, those of German parentage
show a higher percentage of the total yearly income from earnings
of husband and earnings of wife than do the families whose heads
are of Irish parentage, which, however, show a larger percentage of
the total yearly income from contributions of children, payments of
boarders or lodgers, and from other sources than do the Germans.
Of the families whose heads a.re of foreign birth, the Poles show the
highest percentage of the total yearly income derived from earnings
of husband and of wife, the German families show the highest per-
centage from contributions of children and payments of boarders or
lodgers, and South Italian families the highest percentage of the total
yearly income from other sources.
CHAPTER IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 48 to 49
and General Table 26].
REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
As throwing light upon the regularity of employment, as well as
the relative industriousness of the different races and nativity groups
of employees of the industry, the table presented below will be found
useful. It shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the
months worked during the past year by males in the households
studied who were 16 years of age or over.
TAT.LE 48. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
•
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working —
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, White
54
48
41
37
41
71
137
23
308
68.5
50.0
63.4
59.5
63.4
IS. '.j
17.:.
.0
39.6
85.2
85.4
85.4
81.1
92.7
54.9
70.1
95.7
45.8
94.4
95.8
97.6
94.6
100.0
90. 1
94.2
95. 7
74.7
98.1
100.0
100.0
97.3
100. 0
100.0
99.3
100.0
92.2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian, South .
Polish
Slovak
Turkish . .
Grand total
805
33.6
65.2
87.1
96.6
Total native-born of foreign father
102
156
649
53.9
59.0
33.7
83.3
84.0
60.7
95.1
94.9
85.2
Hiil.O
99.4
96.0
Total native-born. . ..
Total foreign-born
The preceding table shows that of 805 males reporting complete
data 38.6 per cent worked twelve months, 65.2 per cent worked nine
months or over, 87.1 per cent worked six months or over, and 96.6
per cent worked three months or over during the past year. The
males who are native whites born of native father and who are 16
years of age show the highest percentage who worked twelve months
and who worked nine months or over, the males who are native-born
of foreign father and those of foreign birth following in the order
named. The males who are native-born of foreign father show the
highest percentage who worked six months or over and three months
or over, followed, in the order named, by those who are native whites
born of native father and males of foreign birth. Of the native-born
of foreign father, the males of Irish parentage show the highest per
cent who worked twelve months and six months or over, while
both the males of Irish parentage and those of German parentage
show the same proportion working nine months or over, and both show
61
62
The Immigration Commission.
100 per cent who worked three months or over. Of the foreign-born
males, the Irish show the highest per cent who worked for each
specified period of time excepting nine months or over, the Poles the
lowest per cent who worked twelve months, and the Turks the
lowest per cent who worked nine months or over, six months or
over, and three months or over.
THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.
The small extent to which the employees were members of labor
organizations is shown in the following table, which sets forth, by
general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade
unions of males 21 years of age or over in the households studied in
the East:
TABLE 49. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working
for wages, by general nativity and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and rare of individual.
Number
report ing
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White
40
29
34
2
4
1
35
12
39
67
11
129
1
23
2
281
0
2
5
0
0
1
3
0
1
0
4
11
0
12
0
0
0.0
6.9
14.7
(a)
(«)
(a)
8.6
(a)
2.6
.0
(a)
8.5
(a)
52.2
(")
.0
Native-born of foreign father:
German .
Irish .
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
Danish .
German ....
Greek
Irish .
Italian, Soul h ..
Lithuanian
Polish
Roumanian
Slovak .
Swedish . . . .
Turkish
Grand total
710
39
5.5
Total native-born of foreign father
65
105
605
7
7
32
10.8
6.7
5.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-bom
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 710 males for whom information was obtained, only 5.5 per
cent are affiliated with trade unions, the proportion of foreign-born
being slightly below the proportion shown for all males and very
much below the proportion shown by the native-born of foreign
father, while of the native-born of native father, whites, not one of
those for whom information was obtained is affiliated with trade
unions. Among the foreign-born it will be noted that no South
Italians or Turks, only 2.6 per cent of the Irish, and a slightly larger
proportion each of the Germans and Poles are affiliated with trade
unions. On the other hand, the Slovaks show a very large propor-
tion, or 52.2 per cent, so affiliated. Among the native-born of foreign
father the Irish show a much larger proportion affiliated with trade
unions than do the Germans. This position of the Irish and Germans
native-born of foreign father, it will be noted, is just the reverse of the
foreign-born.
CHAPTER V.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments
occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion [Text Tables 50 to 62 and General
Tables 27 to 38].
RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.
The rent payments of the households the heads of which were
employed in the leather tanning and finishing industry are chiefly
significant because of their bearing upon standards of living. Con-
gestion within the households arises from the practice, especially in
the case of households the heads of which are of recent immigration,
to crowd persons in their apartments in order to reduce the per
capita outlay for rent. The first table submitted shows the average
rental per month, per apartment, per room, and per person, according
to general nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 50. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
paying rent
arid report-
ing amount.
Average rent per —
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White
27
18
28
3
17
6
22
20
7
75
19
1
50
$11.93
12.67
12.46
(a)
10.50
(a)
12.25
9.93
(a)
7.43
8.00
(a)
13.70
$2.21
2.21
2.02
(«)
1.96
(a)
1.98
1.91
(")
1.94
2.71
(«)
2.18
82.82.
2.89
2.36
(<0
2.03
(«)
2.21
1.53
(a)
1.32
1.41
(a)
1.54
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
i >'mnan
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
Greek
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak. .
Syrian
Turkish
Grand total
293
10.80
2.12
1.81
Total native-born of foreign father
46
73
220
12.54
12.32
10.29
2.09
2.13
2.12
2.54
2.64
1.61
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows the average rent per apartment to be
$10.80, per room $2.12, and per person $1.81. Persons native-born
of foreign father pay the highest rent per apartment; native-born
of native father follow, while foreign-born pay less than native-
born of foreign father. Persons native-born or native father show the
63
64
The Immigration Commission.
highest rent per room per month; foreign-born and native-born of
foreign father follow in the order named. Native-born of native father
also show the highest average rent per person per month, followed
by native-born of foreign father, while foreign-born show an average
monthly rent per person less than native-born of native father. Of
the native-born of foreign father, Germans pay a higher monthly rental
per apartment, per room, and per person than do the Irish. Foreign-
born show Turkish households having the highest rent per apartment
per month, while Polish show the lowest. Slovaks pay a much higher
rent per month per room than the other races shown and South Ital-
ians the lowest rent per room. Irish and German households pay a con-
siderably higher rent per person than the other races and Polish the
lowest rent per person. It will be observed that although Turkish
households pay the highest rent per apartment, they show a compar-
atively low rent per person, and though Slovaks pay a low monthly
rent per apartment, they show the highest rent per room and a very
low rent per person. Poles also report a low rent per apartment and
a comparatively high rent per room. Irish and German rank second
and third, respectively, in the amount of rent paid per apartment.
The range of monthly rentals for apartments is set forth in the
following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the percentage of households paying each specified
rent per month per apartment:
TABLE 51. — Per cent of household* paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
{This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
of house-
]
Der cent
paying—
General nativity and race of head
of household.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
rent per
apart-
ment.
Under
$5.
Under
S7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Native-born of native father,
White . . .
27
$11.93
0.0
3.7
18.5
74.1
85.2
92.6
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
28
12.46
.0
3.6
35.7
60.7
75.0
89.3
Foreign-born:
Irish
22
12.25
.0
.0
27.3
63.6
81.8
90.9
Italian South
20
9.93
5.0
10.0
30.0
95.0
100.0
100.0
Polish
75
7.43
8.0
53.3
81.3
98.7
98.7
100.0
Turkish
50
13.70
.0
.0
24.0
46.0
54.0
88.0
Grand total . .
293
10.80
2.7
19.8
45.7
74.7
82.3
94.5
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
46
73
12. 54
12. 32
.0
.0
2.2
2.7
27\ 4
60.9
65.8
71.7
76.7
89.1
90.4
Total foreign-born
220
10.29
3 G
25 5
51 8
84 1
95.9
The preceding table shows that of 293 households studied 2.7 per
cent pay undei $5 rent per month per apartment, 19.8 per cent
pay under $7.50, 45.7 per cent pay under $10, 74.7 per cent pay
under $12.50, 82.3 per cent pay under $15, and 94.5 per cent pay
under $20 rent per month per apartment. The households the heads
of which are foreign-born show 3.6 per cent paying under $5 rent
per month per apartment as contrasted with no households the heads
of which are native whites born of native father and no households
Leather Manufacturing.
65
the heads of which are native-born of foreign father paying under this
amount. It should be noted that a very much higher percentage of the
households whose heads are of foreign birth pay under $7.50 and
under $10 than the households the heads of which are native-born of
native father and native-born of foreign father. Of the households
the heads of which are foreign-born, those whose heads are Poles and
South Italians show a small percentage paying under $5 and a con-
siderably larger per cent paying under $7.50 per month per apart-
ment as contrasted with no households the heads of which are Irish
and Turkish paying under these amounts. The households the heads
of which are Poles and South Italians show a considerably higher
per cent paying under each of the specified amounts than the house-
holds the heads of which are either Irish or Turks, while the house-
holds the heads of which are Irish show a higher percentage paying
under each specified amount of rent per apartment per month than
the households the heads of which are Turks.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the percentage of households pa}7ing each specified
rent per month per room :
TABLE 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
of house-
Per cent
paying—
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Native-born of native father, White
27
$2.21
0.0
29.6
92.6
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish .
28
2.02
.0
39.3
100.0
100.0
Foreign-born:
Irish
22
1.98
.0
50.0
100.0
100.0
Italian, South . .
20
1.91
5.0
35.0
95.0
100.0
Polish
75
1.94
.0
54.7
93.3
98.7
Turkish
50
2.18
.0
22.0
98.0
100.0
Grand total
293
2.12
.3
34.8
92.2
98.0
Total native-born of foreign father
46
2.09
.0
39.1
97.8
97.8
Total native-born
73
'2. 13
.0
35. G
95.9
98.6
Total foreign-born
220
2 12
.5
34.5
90.9
97.7
The totals of the preceding table show 98 per cent of households
paying under $4 rent per month per room; 92.2 per cent paying under
•S3; 34.8 per cent paying under $2; while 0.3 per cent pay under $1
rent per month per room. No households among the native-born of
native father or native-born of foreign father pay under $1 rent per
month per room, while only 0.5 per cent of foreign-born pay under
the above-mentioned amount. Native-born of foreign father report
the highest percentage of households paying under $2 rent per month
per room. Native-born of foreign father also report the highest
percentage of households paying under $3 rent per room per month,
native-born of native father and foreign-born following in the order
named, all reporting over 90 per cent paying under the above-
66
The Immigration Commission.
mentioned monthly rental. Native-born of native father report 100
per cent of households paying under $4 rent per room per month,
native-born of foreign father and foreign-born reporting a slightly
lower percentage.
Of the foreign-born races, South Italians alone show a small pro-
portion of households paying under $1 rent per room per month.
Polish households show the highest percentage paying under $2 rent
per room per month, Irish follow with a slightly lower percentage,
while South Italian and Turkish households show considerably
smaller proportions than the two races first named. Irish report 100
per cent of households paying under $3 rent per month, Turkish,
South Italian, and Polish following in the order named, all showing
over 90 per cent. All of the foreign-born races show 100 per cent of
households paying under $4 per room per month, except Poles, who
show a slightly lower percentage.
The real situation relative to congestion is set forth in the following
table. Crowding within the households is indicated by the large pro-
portion of households having a low-rent payment per capita. The
table shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the per
cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person:
TABLE 53. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
CSTUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
of house-
Per cenl
paying—
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per .
person.
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under S4.
Native-born of native father, White
27
$2.82
0.0
14.8
44.4
74.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
28
2.36
3.6
28.6
57.1
78.6
Foreign-born:
Irish
22
2.21
.0
31.8
77.3
86.4
Italian South
20
1.53
10.0
65.0
85.0
100.0
Polish .
75
1.32
24.0
78.7
93.3
96.0
Turkish
50
1.54
4.0
78.0
94.0
100.0
Grand total
293
1.81
9.2
52.6
78.5
90.1
Total native-born of foreign father
46
2.54
2.2
23.9
52.2
73.9
Total native-born
73
2.64
1.4
20.5
49.3
74.0
Total foreign-born
220
1.61
11.8
63.2
88.2
95.5
The preceding table shows that 9.2 per cent of the households
studied pay under $1 rent per month per person, 52.6 per cent pay
under $2 per person, 78.5 per cent under $3, and 90.1 per cent under
$4 rent per month per person. Foreign-born report a much higher
per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per per-
son than native-born of foreign father.
It will be observed that a very small percentage of native-born of
foreign father pay under $1 per month per person, while no house-
holds of native-born of native father pay under this amount.
Of the foreign-born no households the heads of which are Irish
pay under $1 rent per month per person, while the per cent paying
Leather Manufacturing.
67
each following specified monthly rate is low as compared with the
other races given. Polish households show a very high comparative
percentage paying under $1 per month per person, while South
Italians and Turks show 100 per cent paying under $4 per month per
person and Irish only 86.4 per cent.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
In the following series of tables the extent of the practice of keep-
ing boarders and lodgers and its effect upon living arrangements is
set forth. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and
race of head of household, the number and per cent of households
keeping boarders or lodgers.
TABLE 54. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, "White .. ..
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
3
3
7
10.3
12.5
23.3
(«)
23.3
(«)
17.1
41.9
(«)
37.8
50.0
(«)
.0
Native-born of foreign-father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
7
2
6
13
8
34
11
1
Greek
Irish..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish .
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
Grand total
362
55
20. 2
Total native-born of foreign father
54
83
279
10
13
82
IS. 5
15.7
29.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of the 362 households studied, 26.5
per cent keep boarders or lodgers, the foreign-born reporting a con-
siderably larger percentage than the native-born of foreign father and
a very much larger percentage than the whites native-born of native
father. Among the foreign-born it will be noted that the Slovaks,
with 50 per cent keeping boarders or lodgers, show a slightly larger
proportion than the South Italians or Poles anil a much larger per-
centage than the Germans or Irish, the last named reporting only
17.1 per cent. Among the native-born of foreign father, it will be
noted that the Irish report a much larger proportion keeping boarders
or lodgers than do the Germans, the proportion of Germans being
slightly in excess of the proportion shown by the whites native-
born of native father.
68
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household.
The averages are computed (1) upon the total number of households
studied and (2) on the number of households keeping boarders or
lodgers.
TABLE 55. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household —
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Native-born of native-father, White
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
3
3
7
7
4
14
0.24
.17
.47
<«)
.40
(«)
.40
1.45
1.80
.96
1.95
(«)
.48
(a)
(°)
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German . .
Irish ...
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
7
2
6
13
8
34
11
1
1
12
5
14
45
18
86
43
12
24
(a)
(<0
(")
3.46
<°)
2.55
3.91
(")
(a)
Greek
Irish
Italian, South ...
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak
Svrian
Turkish
Grand total
302
96
284
.78
2.96
Total native-born of foreign father . .
54
83
279
10
13
83
18
25
259
.33
.30
.93
1.80
1.92
3.12
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 362 households, 96 are keeping 284 boarders and lodgers, which
equals 78 boarders and lodgers to each 100 households, or 2.96 boarders
or lodgers to each household of the total number of households keep-
ing boarders or lodgers. Of the households keeping boarders, the;
foreign-born average over 3 boarders or lodgers per household, while
with the native-born of native father the average is much less. The
Slovaks and the South Italians average over 3 boarders or lodgers
per household in the households that keep boarders or lodgers, while
the average of the Poles is over 2 boarders or lodgers per household.
SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.
The range in the size of apartments is indicated by the following
table. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the number and per cent of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
Leather Manufacturing.
69
TABLE 56. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments
of each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White...
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German . .
29
24
30
30
35
31
90
22
50
5.55
5.71
G. 3D
5. 57
»;. 40
5.32
4.00
3.14
6.28
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.1
4.5
.0
3.5
8.3
.0
6.7
.0
3.2
7.8
9.1
.0
0.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
26.7
63.6
.0
17.2
8.3
3.3
10.0
2.9
22. 0
27.8
13.6
20.0
31.0
25.0
20.0
10.0
22.9
25.8
27.8
9.1
16.0
27.6
37.5
46.7
50.0
34.3
35.5
8.9
.0
38.0
20.7
20.8
30.0
20.0
40.0
12.9
.0
.0
26.0
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Slovak
Turkish .
Grand total
362
5.22
.6
5.0
IJ. 1
1.1,.:;
21.8
27.6
16.3
Total native-born of foreign father. ..
54
83
279
6.04
5.87
5.02
.0
.0
.7
3.7
3.6
5.4
.0
.0
16.1
5.6
9.6
18.3
22.2
25.3
20.8
42.6
37.3
24.7
25.9
24.1
14.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of 362 households studied, 0.6 per cent occupy apartments of 1
room, 5 per cent occupy apartments of 2 rooms, 12.4 per cent apart-
ments of 3 rooms, 16.3 per cent apartments of 4 rooms, 21.8 per cent
apartments of 5 rooms, 27.6 per cent apartments of 6 rooms, and 16.3
per cent apartments of 7 or more rooms. The households the heads
of which are of foreign birth show a higher per cent occupying apart-
ments of 1, 2, 3, and 4 rooms than either households the heads of which
are native whites born of native father or the native-born of foreign
father. Households the heads of which are native-born of foreign
father show comparatively small proportions occupying apartments
of 4 rooms, and considerably larger proportions in apartments of 6
and 7 rooms than do households the heads of which are native
whites born of native father or foreign-born. Those whose heads
are of German parentage show a higher percentage in apartments
of less than 6 rooms than households the heads of which are of
Irish parentage. Households the heads of which are foreign-born
Slovaks and Poles alone show proportions occupying apartments
of 1 room. Households the heads of which are Slovaks show the
highest percentage occupying apartments of 2 and 3 rooms, no
households the heads of which are Irish or Turks occupying apart-
ments of 2 rooms, and no households the heads of which are
Irish, South Italians, or Turks occupying apartments of 3 rooms.
Households the heads of which are Poles show the highest per
cent occupying apartments of 4 and 5 rooms, while the Irish
show the lowest percentage in apartments of 4 rooms, and house-
holds the heads of which are Slovaks the lowest per cent in apart-
ments of 5 rooms. Households the heads of which are German
show the highest percentage in apartments of 6 rooms, and those
whose heads are Slovaks no households in apartments of this size.
70
The Immigration Commission.
Households the heads of which are Irish show 40 per cent occupying
apartments of 7 or more rooms, as contrasted with no households the
heads of which are Poles and Slovaks in apartments of this number
of rooms.
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The range in the size of households studied is set forth in the follow-
ing table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold, the number and percentage of households of each specified num-
ber of persons :
TABLE 57. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of
persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
C,.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born cf native
father, White
29
24
30
30
35
31
90
22
50
4.24
4. '25
5.23
5.13
5.77
6.58
5.72
5.50
8.92
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
10.3
20.8
10.0
6.7
5. 7
.0
7.8
9.1
.0
37.9
20.8
13. 3
20.0
5.7
6.5
11. 1
18.2
.0
20.7
16.7
26.7
16.7
14.3
12.9
12.2
31.8
4.0
(J. 9
12.5
6.7
16.7
22.9
19.4
16.7
4.5
10.0
13.8
20.8
13.3
13.3
22.9
12.9
17.8
9.1
26.0
0.0
4.2
10.0
13. 3
8.6
16. 1
15.6
.0
4.0
3.5
.0
10.0
3.3
8.6
9.7
7.8
13.6
14.0
6.9
4.2
6.7
10.0
2.9
9.7
2.2
4.5
6.0
0.0
.0
3.3
.0
8.6
12.9
8.9
9.1
36.0
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Slovak
Turkish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
362
5.88
.0
7.5
13.8
14.9
13.5
17.4
8.8
8.8
5.0
10.2
54
83
279
4.80
4.60
6.27
.0
.0
.0
14.8
13.3
5.7
16.7
24.1
10.8
22.2
21.7
12.9
9.3
8.4
15.1
16.7
15.7
17.9
7.4
4.8
10.0
5.6
4.8
10.0
5.6
6.0
4.7
1.9
1.2
12.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that 17.4 per cent of the total number of
households studied are composed of 6 persons; 14.9 per cent are made
up of 4 persons; households of 3 and 5 persons show only a slightly
lower percentage, while 10.2 per cent of households are composed of
10 or more persons. The native-born of foreign father show the
highest percentage of households of 2 persons, followed by native-
born of native father, while foreign-born show comparatively small
proportions. Native-born of native father show a very much higher
percentage of households composed of 3 persons than either native-
born of foreign father or foreign-born, which follow in the order
named. Of households of 4 persons, native-born of foreign father
show the largest proportions, closely followed by native-born of
native father, while foreign-born show considerably smaller per cent.
Foreign-born show a higher percentage of households composed of 5, 6,
and 7 persons than either native-born of foreign father or native-born
Leather Manufacturing.
71
of native father, who follow in the order named, the latter showing
no households of 7 persons. The native-born of native father report
the highest percentage of households of 9 persons, native-born of
foreign father and foreign-born following in slightly decreasing ratio.
Foreign-born report 12.9 per cent of households composed of 10 or
more persons as contrasted with 1.9 per cent of native-born of foreign
father and none of native-born of native father. Of households of
German and Irish who are native-born of foreign father, the former
show the highest percentage of households composed of 2 and 3 persons,
while the latter report the highest percentage of households of 4 per-
sons. Germans report a higher percentage than Irish households of
5 and 6 persons, while Irish report a considerably greater proportion
of households composed of 7, 8, 9, and 10 persons. Of the foreign-born
races the Turks report no households composed of less than 4 persons,
and South Italians none of less than 3 persons. The Turks also show
by far the highest percentage of households composed of 10 or more
persons, while Germans show no households of this size.
CONGESTION.
Although the preceding tables and discussions are primarily con-
cerned with congestion, the series of tables next presented sets forth
in a more direct way the degree of crowding within the households
studied and its bearing upon living conditions. The first table, which
immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the average number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
•
TABLE 58. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms.
household.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father, AVhite
(a)
(a)
fa)
C<0
(a)
4.24
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German. ...
(a)
fa)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.25
Irish
(a)
(a)
5.93
(a)
5.23
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
fa)
(a)
(a)
(a)
German .
(a)
(a)
(a)
a
4.93
(a)
5.13
Greek
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
(a)
(a)
6.00
6.50
5.77
Italian South . .
(a)
(a
(a)
7.36
(a)
6.58
Lithuanian
a
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
5.90
Polish
(a)
(a)
4.07
6.08
6.88
(a)
5.72
Slovak
(a)
(a)
5.71
(a)
(a)
5.50
Syrian
(a)
(a)
Turkish
5.70
(°)
7.84
13.62
8.92
Grand total
(a)
3.22
5.18
5.27
5.68
6.21
7.69
5.88
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
(a)
(a)
®
3.75
3.71
5.43
5.48
5.29
5.10
4.80
4.60
Total foreign-born
(a)
3.13
5. IS
5.69
6.40
6.54
9.03
6.27
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 12—11 6
72
The Immigration Commission.
The preceding table shows the total average number of persons per
apartment to be 5.88, the average number in apartments of 7 or more
rooms is 7.69, in apartments of 6 rooms 6.21, in apartments of 5
rooms 5.68, in apartments of 4 rooms there are 5.27 persons, in those
of 3 rooms 5.18 persons, and in apartments of 2 rooms there are 3.22
persons, indicating that a greater congestion exists in apartments of
a small number of rooms than in those of larger size. Foreign-born
persons report a much higher average number of persons per apart-
ment for each specified number of rooms than do persons native-born
of foreign father, the totals showing that foreign-born persons have
the highest average number of persons per apartment irrespective of
the number of rooms; native-born of foreign father and native-born
of native father following in the order mentioned, with much smaller
averages. Of the foreign-born races Turkish households show the
highest average number of persons per apartment of 6 rooms and the
highest average number of persons per apartment of 7 or more rooms.
The totals show that the Turkish households have the highest
average number of persons per apartment irrespective of the number
of rooms, while the German households report the lowest average.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the average number of persons per apartment per room
and per sleeping room:
TABLE 59. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
house-
holds.
Average number of persons per —
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White . .
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
4.24
4.25
5.23
(a)
5.13
(a)
5.77
6.58
5.90
5.72
5.50
(a)
8.92
0.76
.74
.83
(a)
.92
(«)
.90
1.24
1.37
1.43
1.75
(a)
1.42
1.84
1.82
1.87
(a)
2.00
(0)
1.98
2.49
2.95
2.83
2.81
(a)
1.95
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
Greek
Irish . ...
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
Grand total .
362
5.88
1.13
2.18
Total native-born of foreign father
54
83
279
4.80
4.60
6.27
.79
.78
1.25
1.85
1 . NT:
2.28
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows the average number of persons per
apartment to be 588 persons per 100 apartments, 113 persons per
100 rooms, and 218 persons per 100 sleeping rooms. Foreign-born
households show a much higher average number of persons per apart-
ment per room and per sleeping room than either native-born of
foreign father or native-born of native father, which follow in the
Leather Manufacturing.
73
order named. Of the native-born of foreign father, Irish show a
higher average number of persons per apartment per room and
per sleeping room than German households, while of the foreign-
born races, Turkish households show the highest average number of
persons per apartment and German households the lowest average.
Slovak households show the highest average number of persons per
room and German and Irish the lowest. Lithuanians show the
highest average number of persons per sleeping room and Turks
the lowest.
In the following table the range in the number of persons per room
is shown according to general nativity and race of head of household:
TABLE 60. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of
persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
0.76
.74
.83
(0).92
(a)
.90
1.24
1.37
1.43
1.75
00
1.42
9
9
9
31.0
37.5
30.0
(a)
53.3
(a)
57.1
77.4
(<0
86.7
90.9
(a)
94.0
0.0
4.2
.0
(a)
3.3
(a)
.0
3.2
(a)
23.3
40.9
(a)
12.0
0.0
4.2
.0
(a)
.0
(«)
.0
.0
(a)
1.1
9.1
(a)
.0
0.0
.0
.0
(a).o
(0).o
.0
(a)
.0
4.5
(a)
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
1
1
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
16
1
Greek
Irish
20
24
9
78
20
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
3
21
9
Polish
1
2
Slovak
1
Syrian
Turkish
47
6
Grand total
362
1.13
241
42
4
1
66.6
11.6
1.1
.3
Total native-born of foreign fa-
ther
54
83
279
.79
.78
1.25
18
27
214
1
1
41
1
1
3
33.3
32.5
76.7
1.9
1.2
14.7
1.9
1.2
1.1
.0
.0
.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that 66.6 per cent of households have 1
or more persons per room, 11.6 per cent 2 or more per room, and
that 1.1 per cent have 3 or more persons per room, while only 0.3 of
1 per cent of households have 4 or more persons per room. Foreign-
born households also show a very much higher percentage having
1 or more and 2 or more persons per room than either those whose
heads are native-born of foreign father or native-born of native
father, which follow in the order mentioned. Households whose
heads are native-born of foreign father show a very small propor-
tion of households having 2 or more persons per room, and native-
born of native father show no households having the above-mentioned
number of persons per room. The native-born of foreign father show
the highest percentage of households having 3 or more persons per
room, closely followed by foreign-born, while foreign-born alone show
a proportion of households having 4 or more persons per room.
74
The Immigration Commission.
Among the native-born of foreign father, the Germans show a
higher percentage of households than Irish having 1 or more persons
per room, also a small percentage of households having 2 or more,
or 3 or more, persons per room, as contrasted with none of the Irish
households having the above specified number of persons per room.
Of the foreign-born it is noticeable that the races from southern and
eastern Europe show a very much higher average number of persons
per room than the older immigrant races from northern Europe.
The Turks report the highest percentage of households having 1 or
more persons per room and the Germans the lowest; Slovaks have
the highest percentage with 2 or more persons per room, while the
Irish report no households having 2 or more persons per room ; Slovaks
and Poles alone show a percentage of households naving 3 or more
persons per room. The Slovaks also have a small proportion having
4 or more persons per room.
The table next presented shows the range in the number of per-
sons per sleeping room, according to general nativity and race of
head of household:
TABLE 61. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
sleeping
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
sleeping room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per sleeping
room.
g
o
g
fcH
0
<N
i
o
6
t*
0
CO
g
o
£
t*
o
•*
o>
tH
O
8
%
1O
g
o
s
fc«
0
0
g
o
tH
0
C-l
g
o
8
g
CO
I
t-i
o
•w
o
I
t-t
0
IO
g
o
s
Iri
0
CO
Native-born of native father,
White
29
24
30
4
30
(i
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
1.84
1.82
1.87
(a)
2.00
(a)
1.98
2.49
2.95
2.83
2.81
(a)
1.95
14
14
17
1
17
4
21
27
10
79
18
4
2
4
1
7
1
3
11
0
49
10
1
1
1
48.3
58.3
56.7
(a)
56. 7
(a)
60. 0
87.1
(a)
87.8
81.8
(0)
58.0
13.8
8.3
13. 3
(a)
23.3
(a)
8.6
35.5
(a)
54.4
45.5
(a)
6.0
0.0
4.2
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
2.9
12.9
(a)
17.8
31.8
(a)
2.0
0.0
4.2
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
6.5
(a)
8.9
9.1
(0)
.0
0.0
4.2
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(a)
1.1
4.5
(°)
.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German.
Irish
Foreign-born.
Armenian
German
Greek
Irish
1
4
3
10
7
Italian, South
2
Lithuanian
Polish
8
2
1
1
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
29
3
1
Grand total
362
2.18
251
101
33
13
3
69.3
27.9
9.1
3.6
.8
Total native-born of foreign
father
54
83
279
1.85
1.85
2.28
31
45
206
6
10
91
1
1
32
1
1
12
1
1
n
57.4
54.2
73.8
11.1
12.0
32.6
1.9
1.2
11.5
1.9
1.2
4.3
1.9
1.2
.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The foregoing table shows the total average number of persons
per sleeping room to be 218 per 100 sleeping rooms, 69.3 per cent of
households have 2 or more persons per sleeping room, 27.9 per cent
3 or more, 9.1 per cent 4 or more, 3.6 per cent 5 or more, and 0.8 per
cent 6 or more. Foreign-born households show 228 persons per
Leather Manufacturing. 75
100 sleeping rooms as contrasted with 185 persons per 100 sleeping
rooms in households of native-born of foreign father and 184 per-
sons per 100 sleeping rooms in households of native-born of
native father. The foreign-born also show a higher percentage of
households having each specified number of persons per sleeping
room than either the native-born of foreign father or the native-
born of native father, except where there are 6 or more persons per
sleeping room; there the proportion of persons native-born of for-
eign father is slightly larger than that of foreign-born. Those
native-born of foreign father show a considerably higher per cent
of households having 2 or more persons per sleeping room than do
persons native-born of native father, while the proportion of house-
holds of native-born of native father having 3 or more persons per
sleeping room is slightly higher than that of native-born of foreign
father. No households of native-born of native father report over
4 persons per sleeping room.
Among households of native-born of foreign father the Irish show
a slightly higher average number of persons per sleeping room than
do the Germans. German households report a somewhat higher
per cent having 2 or more persons per sleeping room than Irish
households, while the latter show a slightly higher percentage hav-
ing 3 or more persons per sleeping room than German households.
No Irish households show 4 or more persons per sleeping room.
Among the foreign-born Polish households show the highest per
cent having 2 or more persons per sleeping room and Germans
the lowest. Polish households also show the highest percentage hav-
ing 3 or more persons per sleeping room and Turkish the lowest.
Slovak households report the highest percentage having 4 or more
persons per sleeping room, while no German households show 4 or
more persons per sleeping room. German, Irish, and Turkish races
show no households having 5 or more persons per sleeping room,
the other races showing comparatively small proportions, while
Slovak and Polish households alone show a certain percentage hav-
ing 6 or more persons per sleeping room.
The effect of congestion within the household upon living arrange-
ments is indicated by the final table of this series, which immediately
follows. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the number and percentage of households regularly
sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.
76
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
house-
hold.
Average
number
of
sleeping
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except
1
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
1
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
Native-born of native
father, White...
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
5.55
5.71
6.30
(a)
5.57
(a)
6.40
5.32
4.30
4.00
3.14
(a)
6.28
2.31
2.33
2.80
(a)
2.57
(a)
2.91
2.65
2.00
2.02
1.95
(a)
4.58
1
4
2
1
3.4
.0
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
(a)
3.3
4.5
(a)
.0
0.0
8.3
.0
w
10.0
(a)
.0
6.5
(a)
27.8
72.7
(a)
34.0
13.8
8.3
3.3
(a)
10.0
(a)
5.7
48.4
(a)
36.7
22.7
(a)
62.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
German
2
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
German
3
4
3
2
2
15
1
33
5
Greek
Irish. .
Italian, South
2
4
25
16
Lithuanian
Polish
3
1
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
17
31
Grand total .
362
5.22
2.69
5
73
99
1.4
20.2
27.3
Total native-born of for-
eign father
54
83
279
6.04
5.87
5.02
2.59
2.49
2.75
2
2
71
3
7
92
.0
1.2
1.4
3.7
2.4
25.4
5.6
8.4
33.0
Total native-born..
1
4
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows the average number of rooms per 100
households to be 522, and the average number of sleeping rooms
per 100 households to be 269. Of the total number of households
1.4 per cent sleep in all rooms, 20.2 per cent sleep in all except one
room, and 27.3 per cent sleep in all except 2 rooms. Native-born of
foreign father show a considerably higher average number of rooms
per household than native-born of native father or foreign-born,
who follow in the order named. Foreign-born households show
the highest average number of sleeping rooms, followed by native-
born of foreign father and native-born of native father. Households
native-born of native father report a greater proportion using all
rooms for sleeping purposes than do the foreign-born, while native-
born of foreign father show no households using all rooms for
sleeping. The percentage of foreign-born households which use
all except 1 room for sleeping is very high when contrasted with 3.7
per cent of households of native-born of foreign father and no house-
holds of native-born of native father occupying all except 1 room
for sleeping. Foreign-born households also report a high percentage
using all except 2 rooms for sleeping, households of native-born of
native father and native-born of foreign father following in the
order named, in much smaller proportions.
Among the native-born of foreign father the Irish show a higher
average number of rooms and of sleeping rooms per household than
Germans. Neither race reports any Households occupying all rooms
Leather Manufacturing. 77
for sleeping, while Germans show 8.3 per cent using all except 1
room to sleep in, as contrasted with no Irish households using all
except 1 room; German households also report a higher per cent
using all except 2 rooms to sleep in than Irish households. Of the
foreign-born races Irish report the highest average number of rooms
per household and Slovaks the lowest. The Turks report the highest
average number of sleeping rooms per household and Slovaks the
lowest. Polish and Slovak households alone report a certain per-
centage sleeping in all rooms. Slovaks also show a much higher
percentage of households using all except 1 room for sleeping
than the other races given, while Irish report no households using
all except 1 room for sleeping. The Turks report a considerably
higher per cent than the other races using all except 2 rooms to sleep
in while Irish show the smallest proportions.
CHAPTER VI.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and
members of their households— [Text Tables 63 to 74 and General Tables 39 to 48].
LITERACY.
As regards the literacy of employees in the leather industry and
members of their households, the series of tabulations which follows
not only sets forth the degree of literacy which prevails among them at
the present time, but also indicates the elements of progress evidenced
by the foreign-born after their arrival in this country. The first table-
presented, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and
race of individual, the percentage of employees who were able to read
and the percentage who were able to both read and write.
TABLE 63. — Per cent of employees who read and percent who read and write, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White.
1,952
888
445
75
159
1,134
607
83
251
327
367
193
256
2,541
177
616
432
327
212
157
69
29
9
22
5
1
7
15
13
10
14
197
22
1
41
2,164
1,045
514
104
168
1,156
612
84
258
332
380
203
270
2,738
199
617
473
327
98.6
98.3
99.3
97.3
83.0
96.6
90.8
94.0
97.6
73.4
69.8
83.4
93.8
81.7
81.4
84.3
95.1
99.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.9
100.0
20.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
53.8
90.0
78.6
92.4
68.2
(a)
95.1
98.7
98.6
99.4
98.1
83.3
96.7
90.2
94.0
97.7
73.8
69.2
83.7
93.0
82.5
79.9
84.3
95.1
99.7
98.3
98.3
98.9
97.3
82.4
95.5
89.8
90.4
95.6
72.2
65.7
65.3
93.0
76.9
79.7
82.0
93.3
99.4
100.0
100.0
98.6
100.0
88.9
100.0
20.0
00
100.0
100. 0
53.8
50.0
71.4
80.2
63.6
(a)
92.7
98.4
98.6
98.8
98.1
82.7
95.6
89.2
90.5
95.7
72.6
65.3
64.5
91.9
77.2
77.9
82.0
93.2
99.4
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Germany
Ireland..
Russia
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South...
Lithuanian
Magvar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian ...
Swedish
Grand total
11,749
908
12, 657
90.6
94.9
90.9
88.5
91.3
88.7
Total native-born of foreign
father
1,687
3,688
8,061
302
514
394
1,989
4,202
8,455
98.8
98.6
86:9
99.3
99.6
88.8
98.8
98.7
87.0
98.6
98.3
83.9
99.0
99.4
80.7
98.7
98.5
83.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
79
80 The Immigration Commission.
Information was obtained in this industry for 12,657 employees, of
which number 90.9 per cent read and 88.7 per cent both read and
write. The males report 90.6 and the females 94.9 per cent who can
read, while 88.5 per cent of the males and 91.3 per cent of the females
can both read and write. It will be noted that a smaller proportion
of males and females among the foreign-born can both read and write
than can read only. Both males and females among the native-born
of foreign father show only a slightly smaller proportion who can
read and write than who can read only. The native whites born
of native father show a slightly smaller proportion of males who can
read and write than who can read only, whereas all the females can
read and write.
Among the foreign-born males who read only, the Swedes, followed
by the Irish, Germans, Slovenians, Russian Hebrews, Magyars, and
Greeks, show proportions in excess of the figures shown in the total
for all foreign-born males. The Slovaks, Lithuanians, Croatians,
Poles, Russians, North Italians, and South Italians show propor-
tions below that shown in the total for all foreign-born males, the
proportions of these races ranging from 84.3 per cent of the Slovaks
to 69.8 per cent of the South Italians. Considering the females, it will
be noted that all Germans, Irish, and North Italians, and 95.1 per cent
of the Slovenians can read; the proportion of Slovenians with ability
to read only being in excess of that shown by the Poles, Lithuanians,
and Croatians. On the other hand, the Magyars, with 78.6 per cent,
show a considerably larger proportion than the Russians, a much
larger proportion than the South Italians, who in turn report a very
much larger proportion with ability to read only than do the Greeks,
the small proportion of Greek females with this ability being in strik-
ing contrast with the proportions of females of other races. Com-
paring the males who can both read and write, it mil be noted that,
with the exception of the Lithuanians, who show a much smaller pro-
portion, each race reports only a slightly smaller proportion of males
who can both read and write than who can read only. With the excep-
tion of the Slovenians, Russians, Magyars, Poles, and Lithuanians,
each race shows a proportion of females with ability to both read and
write identical with the proportion able to read only. As regards the
native-born of foreign father, it will be noted that, with the exception
of a small proportion of Irish, who are unable to both read and write,
there is no illiteracy among the females, while among the males each
race shows a small proportion unable to read or to read and write.
The table next presented shows, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied
10 years of age or over who could read and percentage who could read
and write.
Leather Manufacturing.
81
TABLE 64. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Male.
Fe-
male.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
73
57
55
36
45
84
150
25
442
102
27
65
27
36
40
113
22
175
84
120
63
81
124
263
47
442
100.0
100.0
98.2
100.0
88.9
67.9
75.3
92.0
4.3
99.0
100.0
98.5
100.0
91.7
62.5
66.4
86.4
99.4
100.0
98.3
100.0
90.1
66.1
71.5
89.4
4.3
100.0
100.0
98.2
100.0
88.9
67.9
68.0
92.0
4.3
99.0
100.0
98.5
96.3
91.7
57.5
41.6
86.4
99.4
100.0
98.3
98.4
90.1
64.5
56.7
89.4
4.3
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German .
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish..
Italian, South. . .
Polish
Slovak
Turkish . . .
Grand total
1,033
492
1,525
51.3
85.2
62.2
50.1
78.9
59.4
Total native-born of foreign
father ....
141
214
819
125
227
265
266
441
1,084
99.3
99.5
38.7
98.4
98.7
73.6
*
98.9
99.1
47.2
99.3
99.5
37.2
98.4
98.7
61.9
98.9
99.1
43.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The preceding table shows that of 1,525 persons 10 years of age or
over, 62.2 per cent can read and 59.4 per cent can read and write.
Of the males, 51.3 per cent can read and 50.1 per cent can both read
and write. Of the females, 85.2 per cent can read and 78.9 per cent
can read and write. The persons who are native whites born of
native father show a higher percentage of literates than persons who
are native-born of foreign father and a considerably higher percent-
age who can read and write than persons of foreign birth. Among
the persons who are native whites born of native father, 100 per cent
of the males and 99 per cent of the females can read and write; among
persons who are native-born of foreign father, 99.3 per cent of the
males and 98.4 per cent of the females can read and write; of persons
who are foreign-born, only 38.7 per cent of the males can read and
37.2 per cent can both read and write; of the females of foreign birth,
73.6 per cent can read and 61.9 per cent can read and write. Among
the persons who are native-born of foreign father, all of the Germans
can read and write. While a somewhat smaller proportion of the
Irish have this ability, it is noticeable that a slightly higher per-
centage of the females than of the males of that race can read and
write. Among the persons of foreign birth the Germans show the
greatest degree of literacy, 100 per cent being able to read and a
somewhat smaller percentage being able to both read and write. The
Irish and the Slovaks show a considerably smaller proportion than
the Germans who can read and write, while the proportion of the
South Italians and the Poles having this ability is considerably
lower than that of the two races last named. The Turks show only
4.3 per cent of persons who can read and write. The Germans,
South Italians, Poles, and Slovaks show a smaller percentage of
females than of males who can read and write, while the proportion
82
The Immigration Commission.
of Irish females who can read and write is larger than that of males.
A higher percentage of the Polish males can read than can both read
and write, and a higher percentage of the German, the South Italian,
and Polish females can read than can both read and write.
The relation between literacy and period of residence in this
country is set forth in the following table, which shows, according
to years in the United States and race of individual, the percentage
of foreign-born persons 10 years or over who read and percentage who
read and write :
TABLE 65. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent ivho read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
•
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by years
in United States.
Per cent who read and write,
by years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
German.. .
63
81
124
263
47
442
100.0
100.0
67.7
80.6
90.9
7.1
100.0
87.9
r,ii. x
70.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
64.5
63.4
90.9
7.1
98.1
87.9
56.8
59.6
100.0
Irish
100. 0
71.4
61.8
76.9
4.2
100.0
69.6
44.7
76.9
4.2
Italian, South ...
Polish
Slovak
Turkish . . . .
Total
1,084
22.6
76.1
80.1
20.1
67.5
76.2
The preceding table shows that among 1,084 foreign-born persons
10 years of age or over for whom information was secured, 22.6 per
cent of those who have been in the United States under five years,
76.1 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years
and 80.1 per cent of those who have been in this country ten years,
or over, can read. In each period of residence a somewhat smaller
percentage can both read and write than is shown in the corresponding
period for those who can read. The Germans show 100 per cent
of those who have been in the United States from five to nine years
who can read and write and 100 per cent with a residence of ten
years or over who can read and 98.1 per cent who can both read and
write. The Irish show 100 per cent of those with a residence of under
five years and from five to nine years and 87.9 per cent of those who
have been in the United States ten years or over who can read and write.
The South Italians and the Poles show a greater degree of illiteracy
in each period of residence than either the Germans, Irish, or Slovaks,
a higher per cent of South Italians who have been in this .country
under five and from five to nine years being able to read and to
read and write than those who have been in the United States ten
years or over. Of the Slovaks with a residence of ten years or over
100 per cent can read and write, over 90 per cent of those who have
been in the country from five to nine years can read and write, and
only about 75 per cent with a residence of under five years have this
ability. The Turks show the greatest illiteracy, only 4.2 per cent of
Leather Manufacturing.
83
those who have been in the United States under five years and 7.1
per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine years being
able to read and write.
The table next submitted is of interest as comparing the progress
of immigrants with respect to age at time ot coming to the United
States. It shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years
of age or over who read, and the percentage who read and write, by
age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual :
TABLE 66. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by
age at time of coming
to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Oerman
63
81
124
263
47
442
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.6
100.0
(a)
100.0
89.5
61.1
67.7
88.1
4.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
91.9
100.0
(a)
97.7
89.5
59.3
50.9
88.1
4.3
Irish
Italian South
Polish
Slovak
Turkish . . .
Total
1,084
96.6
42.9
95.4
38.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Information was obtained in this industry for 1,084 foreign-born
persons. Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming
to the United States, 96.6 per cent read and 95.4 per cent both read
and write, while of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of
coming, only 42.9 per cent can read and only 38.7 per cent can both
read and write. Eliminating the Turks, and with the exception
of the Poles, each race reports 100 per cent of those who were under
14 years of age at time of coming as being able to read and both
read and write, the proportion of Poles who are not able to read
and to read and write being very small in each instance. Among
those 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States,
it will be noted that all the Germans can read and 97.7 per cent can
both read and write. The Turks, on the other hand, show an ex-
tremely low proportion, or 4.3 per cent, who can read and both read
and write. Following the Germans are the Irish, who report a
slightly larger proportion than the Slovaks, and a considerably
larger proportion than the Poles or South Italians who can read.
Of those who can both read and write, it will be noted that the
proportion of South Italians is in excess of that of the Poles. With
this exception, the relative position of the races who both read and
write remains the same as for those who read only.
84
The Immigration Commission.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The conjugal condition of employees in the leather industry, and
members of their households, is set forth in the series of tables fol-
lowing. The first table presented, which immediately follows,
shows the per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each
congugal condition, by sex and general nativity and race.
i
TABLE 67. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White
1,658
709
396
144
1, 106
523
249
297
343
187
248
2,368
167
562
414
322
25.5
39.2
37.4
32.6
14.3
67.5
22.9
41.4
39.7
57.2
16.5
33.7
49.1
24.4
46.1
17.1
71.0
58.0
55.8
65.3
81.0
32.1
69.1
57.9
58.6
41.7
81.0
65.8
50.3
74.4
53.1
79.8
3.4
2.8
6.8
2.1
4.7
.4
8.0
.7
1.7
1.1
2.4
.5
.6
1.2
.7
3.1
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Germany
Ireland -
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
German
Greek
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magvar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Grand total . ...
10, 619
32.6
65.1
2.4
Total native-born of foreign father
1,333
3,037
7,582
39.0
31.6
32.9
56.9
64.6
65.3
4.1
3.7
1.8
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father White
110
69.1
20.9
10.0
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Germany
73
78.1
12.3
9.6
Ireland
53
81.1
15.1
3.8
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
5
20.0
60.0
20.0
German
17
35.3
52.9
11.8
Greek
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Irish
7
57.1
14.3
28.6
Italian North .
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian South
4
(a)
(0)
(a)
Lithuanian
8
62.5
37.5
.0
Magyar -.
13
38.5
46.2
15.4
Polish
103
63.1
28.2
8.7
Russian .
11
63.6
36.4
.0
Slovenian
29
48.3
41.4
10.3
Grand total
497
63.4
27.6
9.1
Total native-born of foreign father. . . .
148
77.0
15.5
7.4
Total native-born
258
73.6
17.8
8.5
Total foreign-born
239
52.3
38.1
9.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing.
85
TABLE 67.— Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number
reporting
Pe
r cent who a
re —
General nativity and race.
complete
data.
Single.
Married .
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White
1,768
28.2
67.9
3.8
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Germany
782
42.8
53.7
3.5
Ireland
449
42.5
51.0
6.5
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
149
32.2
65.1
2.7
German
1,123
14.6
80.6
4.8
Greek
525
67. 4
32.2
.4
Irish
256
23.8
67.6
8.6
Italian North
299
41.8
57.5
.7
Italian South
347
39.2
59.1
1.7
Lithuanian
195
57.4
41.5
1.0
Magvar '
261
17.6
79.3
3.1
Polish
2,471
34.9
64.2
.8
Russian
178
50.0
49.4
.6
Slovak
562
24.4
74.4
1.2
Slovenian
443
46.3
52.4
1.4
Swedish
322
17.1
79.8
3.1
Grand total -
11,116
33.9
63.4
2.7
Total native-born of foreign father
1,481
42.8
52.8
4.4
Total native-born
3,295
34.9
61.0
4.1
Total foreign-born
7,821
33.5
64.4
2.0
Information was obtained in this industry for 11,116 employees,
of which number the largest proportion, or 63.4 per cent, are married,
33.9 per cent single, and 2.7 per cent widowed. The proportion of
foreign-born in each conjugal condition varies but slightly from the
proportion shown in the total for all employees. The native-born
of foreign father report a slightly larger proportion single and wid-
owed and a considerably smaller proportion married, while the native
whites born of native father show a smaller proportion single and
larger proportions married and widowed than is indicated in the
total for all employees. Marked differences in the proportions single
are noted among the foreign-born males. The Greeks, with 67.5 per
cent single and 32.1 per cent married, show the largest and smallest
proportions, respectively, in these conjugal conditions. On the other
hand, the Germans, with 14.3 per cent single, report the smallest pro-
portion, while the proportion of this race married, or 81 per cent is
equaled only by the Magyars. Considering the proportions single
among the other foreign-born races, it will be noted that the Lithu-
anians, with 57.2 per cent, show a larger proportion than do the
Russians, a considerably larger proportion than the Slovenians, North
Italians, or South Italians, and a much larger proportion than is
shown by any other race. The Irish show the largest proportion
widowed, or 8 per cent. Following the Irish are the Germans
with 4.7 per cent, a proportion slightly in excess of the Swedes,
Magyars, or Croatians, the last named reporting 2.1 per cent. The
smallest proportion widowed, on the other hand, or 0.4 per cent, is
reported by the Greeks. It will be seen, with the exception of the
Greeks and Lithuanians, the largest proportion of each foreign-born
race is married.
Among the females, 63.4 per cent of whom are single, 27.6 per
cent married, and 9.1 per cent widowed, it will be noted that the
86
The Immigration Commission.
foreign-born show a considerably smaller proportion single and a
considerably larger proportion married than is shown in the total
for all females. The reverse, however, is true of both the native-
born of foreign father and native whites born of native father.
Among the foreign-born the Russians show the largest proportion
single, or 63.6 per cent, while the Croatians, with 20 per cent in this
conjugal condition, show the smallest proportion. Following the
Russians are the Poles, who show a slightly larger proportion single
than do the Lithuanians or Irish, a considerably larger proportion
than do the Slovenians, and a much larger proportion than do the
Magyars or Germans. No Lithuanian or Russian and only 8.7 per
cent of the Polish females are widowed. The Irish, with 28.6 per
cent in this conjugal condition, show a slightly larger proportion
than the Croatians, and a considerably larger proportion than the
Magyars or Germans. No very marked difference exists as between
the Germans and Irish, native-born of foreign father, and native
whites born of native father.
Considering the totals for both males and females of each race in
each conjugal condition, it will be noted that they vary only slightly
from the proportions shown for the males in each race.
The table next submitted divides the totals of the one preceding
and shows the percentage of employees in each conjugal condition
according to age groups, sex, and general nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
TABLE 68. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
M
a .
'•g|
a^
SB
It
1°
Per cent
who are —
to
a .
E|
a-s
SB
t.,2
% ft
|s
£ o
3 0
fc
Percent
who are—
b£
a .
E|
a^
£ 0)
t-. +J
gi
ll
°
Per cent
who are —
u,
O .
ti-5
0 08
P/73
£B
i_®
£"E
E^
5 °
3 O
fc
Per cent
who are —
*
"51
g
CO
TD
O
'E
<s
a
73
0)
>.
0
73
£
o5
"M
_n
CO
73
•2
cS
a
73
ID
j$
O
£
£
"3)
_g
3
73
a?
'E
03
a
73
1
O
73
£
48
bo
a
£3
T3
.2
a
a
•8
£
o
s
is
Native-born of native
father, White
628
340
107
189
386
37
158
189
92
1,211
278
243
47
50.2
62.9
70.1
51.3
85.5
64.9
69.6
65. 1
37.0
59.5
42.8
63.4
74.5
49.4
35.9
27.1
47.1
1 1.5
32. 1
29.7
34.4
63.0
40.4
57.2
35.4
25.5
0.5
1.2
2.8
1.6
.0
2.7
.6
.5
.0
.1
.0
1.2
.0
617
264
181
398
128
116
117
128
126
887
250
147
127
14.9
20.5
32.0
11.1
18.0
23.3
10.3
9.4
5.6
8.0
7.2
23.8
15.7
81.7
76.1
64.1
86.4
80.5
74.1
88.9
SS.3
92. 1
'.11.3
lU.li
7C..2
>:;.:,
3.4
3.4
3.9
2.5
1.6
2.6
.9
2.3
2.4
.7
1.2
.0
.8
413
105
108
519
9
96
22
26
30
270
34
24
H8
3.9
9.5
13.9
3.3
(a)
6.3
4.5
3.8
.0
2.2
.0
8.3
.0
88.1
83.8
70.4
vi. L-
(a)
77.1
95.5
s.s. :,
(0.0
95.9
88.2
91.7
93.9
8.0
C.7
15.7
7.5
(a)
16.7
.0
7.7
10.0
1.9
11.8
.0
6.1
1,658
709
396
1,106
523
249
297
343
248
2,368
562
414
322
25.5
39.2
37.4
14.3
67.5
22.9
41.4
39.7
16.5
33.7
24.4
46.1
17.1
71.0
58.0
55.8
81.0
32.1
69.1
57.9
58.6
81.0
65.8
74.4
53.1
79.8
3.4
2.8
6.8
4.7
.4
8.0
.7
1.7
2.4
.5
1.2
.7
3.1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland .
Foreign-born, by race:
German
Greek
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magvar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian . . .
Swedish
Grand total
4, 018
60.9
38.6
.5
4,033
14.0
84.1
2.0
1,968
4.1
88.4
7.6
10,619
32.6
65.1
2.4
Total native-born of for-
eign father
572
1,216
3,402
65.2
57.5
62.1
33.6
41.7
37. 5
1.2
.8
.4
516
1,151
2.SS2
23.4
19.0
12.0
72.7
77.4
Sf>. 7
3.9
3.6
1.3
245
670
1,298
10.6
6.4
2.9
7S. t
84.3
90.4
1.0
9.3
6.7
1,333
3,037
7,582
39 0
31.6
32.9
56.9
64.6
65.3
4.1
3.7
1.8
Total native-born .
Total foreien-born..
Leather Manufacturing.
87
TABLE 68.-
-Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who arc —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
*
"ti
_C
ba
Married.
Widowed.
o5
'tub
d
35
Married.
Widowed.
«
"5o
3
Married.
Widowed.
2
"tub
a
33
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native
father, White
100
66
40
9
1
5
2
3
10
88
21
71.0
83.3
90.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
40.0
73.9
61.9
21.0
10.6
7.5
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
50.0
25.0
38.1
8.0
6.1
2.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
10.0
1.1
.0
9
7
11
5
1
1
(a)
(a)
45.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
45.5
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
9.1
(«)
(a)
(a)
1
(a)
00
(»)
110
73
53
17
2
7
2
4
13
103
29
69.1
78.1
81.1
35.3
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
38.5
63.1
48.3
20.9
12.3
15.1
52.9
(a)
(«)
(a)
(a)
46.2
28.2
41.4
10.
9.
3.
11.
(a
(a
(a
(a)
15.
8.
10.
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland ..
2
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
Foreign-born, by race:
German. .
Greek
Irish
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian North
Italian South
i
3
13
8
(a)
w
.0
(a)
ft
(a)
53.8
(a)
ft
(a)
46.2
(a)
Magyar
Polish
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
Slovenian
Grand total
410
71.5
24.1
4.4
76
26.3
46.1
27.6
11
18.2
27.3
54.5
497
63.4
27.6
9.
Total native-born of for-
eign father...
125
225
185
83.2
77.8
63.8
12.0
16.0
34.1
4.8
6.2
2.2
20
29
47
40.0
44.8
14.9
40.0
34.5
53.2
20.0
20.7
31.9
3
4
7
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(aj
00
148
258
239
77.0
73.6
52.3
15.5
17.8
38.1
7.
8.
9.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father, White
728
406
147
198
387
42
160
192
102
1,299
278
264
47
53.0
66.3
75.5
51.5
85.5
66.7
70.0
64.1
37.3
60.5
42.8
63.3
74.5
45.5
31.8
21.8
46.5
14.5
28.6
29.4
35.4
61.8
39.3
57.2
35.6
25.5
1.5
2.0
2.7
2.0
.0
4.8
.6
.5
1.0
.2
.0
1.1
.0
626
271
192
403
129
117
117
129
129
900
250
155
127
15.5
20.7
32.8
11.2
17.8
23.1
10.3
9.3
6.2
7.9
7.2
23.2
15.7
80.8
74.9
63.0
86.1
80.6
74.4
88.9
88.4
90.7
90.8
91.6
74.8
83.5
3.7
4.4
4.2
2.7
1.6
2.6
.9
2.3
3.1
1.3
1.2
1.9
.8
414
105
110
522
9
97
22
26
30
272
34
24
148
3.9
9.5
15.5
3.3
(a)
6.2
4.5
3.8
.0
2 2
.0
8.3
.0
87.9
83.8
69.1
89.3
(a)
76.3
95.5
88.5
90.0
95.2
88.2
91.7
9,3.9
8.2
6.7
15.5
7.5
(a)
17.5
.0
7.7
10.0
2.6
11.8
.0
6.1
1,768
782
449
1,123
525
256
299
347
261
2,471
562
443
322
28.2
42.8
42.5
14.6
67.4
23.8
41.8
39.2
17.6
34.9
24.4
46.3
17.1
67.9
53.7
51.0
80.6
32.2
67.6
57.5
59.1
79.3
64.2
74.4
52.4
79.8
3.8
3.5
6.5
4.8
.4
8.6
.7
1.7
3.1
.8
1.2
1.4
3.1
Native-born of foreign
father, bv country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
German
Greek
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish ...
Slovak. .
Slovenian
Swedish
Grand total ....
5,028
61.8
37.4
.8
4,109
14.2
83.4
2.4
1,979
4.1
88.0
7.8
11,116
33.9
63.4
2.7
Total native-born of for-
eign father ...
697
1,441
3,587
68.4
60.7
62.2
29.7
37.7
37.3
1.9
1.7
.4
536
1,180
2,929
24.1
19.7
12.0
71.5
76.4
86.2
4.5
4.0
1.8
248
674
1,305
11.3
G.7
2.8
77.4
83.8
90.2
11.3
9.5
7.0
1,481
3,295
7,821
42.8
34.9
33.5
52.8
61.0
64.4
4.4
4.1
2.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 11,116 employees in this industry, for whom information is
contained in the above table, 33.9 per cent are single, 63.4 per cent
married, and 2.7 per cent widowed. The foreign-born report almost
the same proportions in each conjugal condition as are shown in
the total for all employees. Of the females the proportion single is
48296°— VOL 12—11-
88 The Immigration Commission.
largely in excess and the proportion widowed slightly in excess of
the proportion shown for all employees in each conjugal condition.
Both the native whites born of native father, and native-born of
foreign father show larger proportions single, while the foreign-born
show a considerably smaller proportion single than is shown in the
total for all females.
Considering the males, it will be noted that of those from 20 to 29
years of age, 60.9 per cent are single and 38.6 per cent married,
as compared with 14 and 84.1 per cent single and married, respectively,
of those from 30 to 44 years of age and 4.1 and 88.4 per cent single
and married, respectively, of those 45 years of age or over. The
proportion widowed 7.6 per cent for those 45 years of age or over.
The foreign-born show proportions in each conjugal condition in the
several age groups that vary only slightly from those shown in the
total for all males. On the other hand, with the exception of a con-
siderably smaller proportion single and a considerably larger propor-
tion married among those from 20 to 29 years of age, the proportion
of native whites born of native father, in each conjugal condition in
the other periods of residence vary little from the figures shown in
the total for all male employees.
Considering the foreign-born males from 20 to 29 and from 30
to 44 years of age, it will be noted that the Magyars in each group
show the smallest proportion single and the largest proportion
married. The Greeks show the largest proportion single and the
smallest proportion married among those from 20 to 29 years of
age, while the Slovenians report the largest proportion single and the
Irish the smallest proportion married among those from 30 to 44
years of age. Of those 45 years of age or over, no Magyars, Slovaks,
or Swedes, and only very small proportions of the other races, are
single, and the Poles, with 95.9 per cent, show the largest, and the
Irish with 77.1 per cent, the smallest, proportion married. On the
other hand, the Irish show a slightly larger proportion widowed than
do the Slovaks or Magyars, a considerably larger proportion than the
South Italians, Germans, or Swedes, and a much larger proportion
than do the Poles. A comparison of the native-born of foreign father
shows that as between those whose fathers were born in Germany and
Ireland, the former in each age group report smaller proportions both
single and widowed and larger proportions married than do the latter—
the differences, however, being less marked among those from 20 to 29
years of age than among those in either of the other periods.
Of the foreign-born females, the Poles, among those from 20 to
29 years of age, show a considerably larger proportion single and a
considerably smaller proportion married than the Slovenians, and
a much larger proportion single than the Magyars. The Magyars,
however, with 50 per cent married, report a considerably larger
proportion than the Slovenians and a much larger proportion than
the Poles in this conjugal condition. Among those from 30 to 44
years of age no Poles are single, while the proportion of this race
widowed is but slightly below the proportion married. Comparing
native females born of foreign father, those whose fathers were born
in Germany show a slightly smaller proportion single and slightly
larger proportions married and widowed, among those from 20
to 29 years of age, than do those whose fathers were born in Ireland.
Leather Manufacturing.
89
The totals in. the above table are a combination of the proportions
of the males and females, and while the proportions of the various
races in each conjugal condition vary slightly from the proportions
shown for the males, the relative position of the races remains practi-
cally the same as if the males alone were considered.
In the next table presented, the per cent of persons in the house-
holds studied in each conjugal condition, is shown, according to sex,
age groups, and general nativity and race of individual.
TABLE 69. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 vears of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are-
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
CD
I
02
a
•d
a>
1
T3
&
"3j
.9
DQ
!
a
a
1
•0
is
's)
.a
02
T3
a
1
•o
£
43°
"5b
.5
02
!
ta
a
•d
a>
•S
o
•o
£
Native-born of native
father, White
25
39
74
282
40.0
53.8
:',:•;. s
79.8
60.0
46.2
66.2
20.2
0.0
.0
.0
.0
16
25
51
115
24.0
5.9
1 Q 0
87.5
76.0
94.1
85.2
0.0
.0
.0
1.7
8
12
14
7
(a)
o.o
.0
(a)
(a)
91.7
85.7
(0)
(0)
8.3
14.3
(a)
49
76
139
404
24.5
35.5
20.1
59.4
71.4
63.2
78.4
40.1
4.1
1.3
1.4
.5
Foreign-born:
Italian, South
Polish
Turkish .
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father
479
64.5
35.5
.0
306
10.1
88.6
1.3
88
2.3
87.5
10.2
873
39.2
59.3
1.5
24
49
430
49^0
66.3
41.7
51.0
33.7
.0
.0
.0
30
46
260
.0
4.3
11.2
100.0
95.7
87.3
.0
.0
1.5
15
23
65
.0
.0
3.1
93.3
87.0
87.7
6.7
13.0
9. 2
69
118
755
20.3
22.0
41.9
78.3
75.4
56.8
1.4
2.5
1.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father. White
27
13
61
18.5
.0
3.3
81.5
100.0
96.7
0.0
.0
.0
19
9
23
5.3
(:}0
94.7
(a)
100.0
0.0
(a)
.0
8
7
13
(a)
(a)
0.0
(a)
(a)
84.6
(a)
(a)
15.4
54
29
97
11.1
.0
2.1
85.2
100.0
95.9
3.7
.0
2.1
Foreign-born:
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father. . .
154
9.1
90.3
.6
127
1.6
97.6
.8
60
.0
86.7
13.3
341
4.7
92.4
2.9
16
43
111
31.3
23.3
3.6
68.8
76.7
95.5
.0
.0
.9
30
49
78
3.3
4.1
.0
93.3
93.9
100.0
3.3
2.0
.0
7
15
45
(a)o
.0
(«)
86.7
86.7
(0)
13.3
13.3
55
107
234
11.3
11.2
1.7
86.8
86. 0
95.3
1.9
2.8
3.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.. . .
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father, White
52
28.8
71.2
0.0
35
8.6
91.4
0.0
16
0.0
75.0
25.0
103
17.5
78.6
3.9
Foreign-born:
Italian, South
52
40.4
59.6
.0
34
17.6
82.4
.0
19
.0
94.7
5.3
105
25.7
73.3
1.0
Polish
135
''() 0
80.0
(1
74
4 1
95.9
n
27
.0
85 2
M S
236
12 7
85 6
1 7
Turkish
282
79 8
20.2
n
115
13 0
85 2
1 7
7
Co")
(a)
(•frl
404
59 4
40 1
5
Grand total
633
51.0
48.8
_ 2
433
7.6
91.2
1.2
148
1.4
87.2
11.5
1,214
29.5
68.6
1.9
Total native-born of
foreign father...
40
47 5
52.5
n
60
1 7
96 7
1 7
22
o
95 5
<1 5
122
16 4
82 0
1 6
Total native-born
92
37.0
as.o
.0
95
4.2
94.7
1.1
38
.0
86.8
13.2
225
10.9
80.4
2.7
Total foreign-born
541
53.4
46.4
.2
338
8.6
90.2
1.2
110
1.8
87.3
10.9
989
32.4
65.9
1.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
90 The Immigration Commission.
Of 1,214 persons reporting their conjugal condition and who are
20 years of age or over, 68.6 per cent are married and 1.9 per cent are
widowed. Of the persons from 20 to 29 years of age, 48.8 per cent
are married and 0.2 per cent are widowed; of those from 30 to 44
years of age, 91.2 per cent are married and 1.2 per cent are widowed;
of those 45 years of age or over, 87.2 per cent are married and 11.5 per
cent are widowed. In the group of persons from 20 to 29 years of
age the native whites born of native father show the highest per-
centage married, followed by persons who are native-born of foreign
father and those of foreign birth, in the order named. None of the
persons in the first two nativity groups mentioned are widowed and
only a small proportion in the group last named are widowed. Of
the persons from 30 to 44 years of age those who are native-born of
foreign father show the highest per cent married and widowed;
those who are native whites born of native father follow with the next
highest percentage married and no persons widowed, while the per-
sons who are foreign-born show small proportions widowed and the
lowest percentage who are married. Of the persons 45 years of age
or over, the native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage
married, followed by persons of foreign birth and those who are native
whites born of native father, in the order named. The latter, however,
show by far the highest percentage widowed, followed by the foreign-
born and the native-born of foreign father in a considerably smaller
proportion.
Of the persons of foreign birth, the Poles show the highest per cent
married in the groups including persons from 20 to 29 years of age,
and from 30 to 44 years of age. The South Italians show the highest
percentage married in the group of persons 45 years of age or over.
It will be noted that the females show a much higher percentage of
persons who are married than the males in the groups from 20 to 29
years of age and from 30 to 44 years of age. In the group of persons
45 years of age or over the males show a slightly higher per cent who
are married than the females. In the groups including persons from
20 to 29 years of age and 45 years of age or over, the females show a
higher per cent widowed than do the males, while in the group of per-
sons from 30 to 44 years of age the percentage of males who are
widowed is higher than that of the females.
The significant fact in connection with the conjugal condition of the
foreign-born male employees is the proportion shown to have left
their wives in their native land when immigrating to this country.
This tendency is indicated in the following table, which shows, by race
of husband, the percentage of foreign-born husbands who report wife
in the United States and the percentage who report wife abroad.
Leather Manufacturing.
91
TABLE 70. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and
per cent who report, wife abroad, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent reporting wife—
In United
States.
Abroad.
Bohemian and Moravian .
46
90
890
164
59
172
172
200
74
198
1,539
83
417
214
257
87.0
30.0
96.7
20.1
84.7
100.0
64.0
60.5
77.0
52.0
78.9
66.3
49.2
60.7
96.9
13.0
70.0
3.3
79.9
15.3
.0
36.0
39.5
23.0
48.0
21.1
33. 7
50.8
39.3
3.1
Croatian
German .
Greek .
Hebrew Russian
Irish .
Italian North
Italian South . .
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish .
Total
4,895
74.5
25.5
Of the 4,895 husbands in this industry for whom information was
obtained, by far the largest proportion, or 74.5 per cent, report wife
in the United States. With the exception of the Irish husbands, all
of whom report wife in the United States, each race has a certain
proportion of husbands who report wife abroad. These proportions,
it will be noted, vary widely. By way of illustration, 3.1 per cent of
the Swedish husbands, as compared with 79.1 per cent of the Greek
husbands, report wife abroad. The Germans, who show 96.7 per
cent of husbands who report wife in the United States are followed by
the Bohemians and Moravians, Russian Hebrews, Poles, Lithuanians,
Russians, North Italians, Slovenians, South Italians, Magyars,
Slovaks, Croatians, and Greeks, in the order mentioned — the last two
reporting but 30 and 20.1 per cent of husbands, respectively, who
report wife in the United States.
The tendency of married males of foreign-birth, who left their wives
abroad when they immigrated to this country, to send for them after
designated periods of residence in the United States is set forth in
the following table, which shows, by race of husband and by years
husband has been in the United States, the per cent of foreign-born
husbands who report wife abroad.
92
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 71. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband
and by years husband has been in the United States.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]
Race of husband.
Number having been in United
States each specified number
of years who report location
of wife.
Per cent having been in United
States each specified number
of years who report wife
abroad.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Total.
Un-
der 5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Total.
German
64
129
2
59
72
112
365
170
127
4
79
32
10
78
83
55
474
142
79
13
747
3
160
35
45
31
700
105
8
240
890
164
172
172
200
198
1,539
417
214
257
37.5
89.9
(«)
67.8
69.4
61.6
59.5
71.8
52.8
(a)
3.8
43.8
.0
25.6
27.7
29.1
17.7
39.4
20.3
23.1
0.3
(a)
.0
5.7
13.3
32.3
3.4
32.4
12.5
.8
3.3
79.9
.0
36.0
39.5
48.0
21.1
50.8
39.3
3.1
Greek
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magyar..
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian .
Swedish
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
As regards those husbands who have been in the United States
under 5 years, the proportion of Greeks who report wife abroad is
considerably in excess of the proportion of Slovaks. The South
Italians show 69.4 per cent of their husbands who report wife abroad,
and are followed by North Italians, Magyars, Poles, Slovenians, and
Germans, the last named reporting 37.5 per cent. As regards those
who have been in the United States from 5 to 9 years, the Greeks
again show a larger proportion of husbands who report wife abroad
than is shown by any of the other races, while, with the exception of
the Irish, none of whom report wife abroad, the Germans, with 3.8
per cent, show the smallest proportion of husbands reporting wife
not in the United States. As regards those who have been in the
United States 10 years or over, none of the Irish and less than 1 per
cent of either the German or Swedish husbands report wife abroad.
The Slovaks, with 32.4 per cent of their husbands reporting wife
abroad, show a larger proportion than the Magyars, South Italians,
or Slovenians, and a very much larger proportion than the North
Italians or Poles.
VISITS ABROAD.
In the table next presented the extent to which employees of for-
eign birth in the leather industry visit their native countries after
specified periods of residence in the United States is shown, by sex,
years in the United States, and race.
Leather Manufacturing.
93
TABLE 72. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
{By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)
MALE.
Race.
Number in United States—
Per cent reporting 1 or more
visits, by years in United
States.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
German
116
455
8
158
183
142
955
314
249
20
108
74
18
111
122
64
627
172
109
21
791
7
198
49
51
33
760
109
8
283
1,015
536
224
318
356
239
2,342
595
366
324
4.3
7.7
.0
16.5
16.9
15.5
8.8
16.9
10.8
.0
14.8
8.1
5.6
30.6
27.0
29.7
15.8
40.7
17.4
28.6
10.4
14.3
17.2
32.7
19.6
36.4
8.9
56.9
50.0
30.0
10.1
7.8
15.6
23.9
20.8
22.2
10.7
31.1
13.7
28.1
Greek
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish...
Total
3,098
1,632
2,586
7,316
10.6
20.1
17.2
15.1
FEMALE.
German
3
1
10
14
(al
Col
0 0
o n
Greek
3
3
(<0
(a)
Irish
1
2
4
7
(a)
(a)
(a)
14 3
Italian, North
2
2
4
(a)
(a)
(al
Italian, South
3
2
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
o
Magyar
9
9
.0
o
Polish
68
14
25
107
7 4
21 4
o
7 5
Slovak
1
1
(a)
(a)
Slovenian .
26
1
27
15 4
(a)
14 8
Total
136
27
70
233
7 4
29 2
15 7
11 6
TOTAL.
German
119
109
801
1 029
42 0
14 7
10 2
10 0
Greek
458
74
7
539
7 6
8 1
14 3
7 g
Irish . .
g
20
202
231
o
5 0
17 3
UR
Italian, North
160
111
51
322
16 3
30 6
31 4
23 6
Italian, South
186
124
53
363
16 7
26 6
18 9
20 4
Magyar
151
64
33
248
14 6
29 7
36 4
21 4
Polish ..
1 023
641
785
2 449
8 7
15 9
8 7
10 6
Slovak. .
315
172
109
596
16 8
40 7
50 9
31 0
Slovenian
275
110
8
393
11 3
17 3
50 0
13 7
Swedish
20
21
283
324
0
28 6
30 0
28 1
Total
3,234
1,659
2 656
7 549
10 5
20 1
17 2
15 0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 7,549 persons reporting in the above table, 3,234 have been
in the United States less than five years, 1,659 from five to nine
years, and 2,656 ten years or over. A larger proportion of those
with a period of residence of from five to nine than under five years
or ten years or over have made one or more visits to their native
land, the proportions being 20.1 per cent, 17.2 per cent, and 10.5 per
cent, respectively. Of the several races, the German shows the
largest, and, with the exception of the Irish and Swedes, who
94
The Immigration Commission.
report none, the Greeks report the smallest proportion of those with
a period of residence under five years who have visited their native
land. The Slovaks report the largest and the Irish the smallest pro-
portion of those who have been in the United States from five to
nine years who have made one or more trips abroad, while of those
with a period of residence of ten years or over the Slovak again shows
the largest while the Polish show the smallest proportion who have
made one or more visits abroad. A comparison between the males and
females is impracticable owing to the fact that so few computations
are made for the females. It should be noted, however, that the pro-
portion of Germans is 42 per cent in the total and 4.3 per cent of the
males in the under five years group.
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE-
HOLDS.
The age classification of employees and members of their households
is shown in the two tables which follow. In the first table presented
the percentage of persons within each specified age group is set forth
by sex and general nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 73. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
JO to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
58
45
75
82
97
107
264
446
13.8
6.7
12.0
4.9
16.5
12.1
28.8
.0
22.4
28.9
25.3
14.6
21.6
6.5
9.5
.0
0.0
.0
.0
3.
3.1
1.9
2.3
.0
3.4
6.7
6.7
22.0
7.2
8.4
5.7
8.5
22.4
13.3
16.0
13.4
16.5
36.4
29.2
63.5
25.9
33.3
25.3
24.4
22.7
23.4
19.3
26.5
12.1
11.1
14.7
17.1
12.4
11.2
5.3
1.6
Irish .
Foreign-born:
German
Irish .
Italian South
Polish
Turkish
Grand total . . .
1,261
12.1
9.7
1.1
7.9
38.0
24.3
7.0
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born . . ...
IL'II
178
1,083
10.0
11.2
12.2
26.7
25.3
7.1
.0
.0
1.3
6.7
5.6
8.3
15.0
17.4
41.4
28.3
27.5
23.7
13.3
12.9
6.0
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Grand total .
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
64
20.3
14.1
4.7
6.3
25.0
17.2
12.5
57
15.8
28.1
1.8
7.0
8.8
33.3
5.3
80
21.3
15.0
5.0
12.5
12.5
25.0
8.8
72
19.4
20.8
6.9
8.3
13.9
18.1
12.5
103
17.5
22.3
4.9
15.5
11.7
18.4
9.7
87
26.4
14.9
6.9
14.9
16.1
12.6
8.0
212
30.2
17.5
.9
5.7
29.2
10.8
5.7
742
23.6
17.8
3.5
9.0
20.8
17.3
8.1
137
19.0
20.4
3.6
10.2
10.9
28.5
7.3
201
19.4
18.4
4.0
9.0
15.4
24.9
9.0
541
25.1
17.6
3.3
9.1
22.7
14.4
7.8
Leather Manufacturing.
95
TABLE 73. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
122
102
155
154
200
194
476
446
17.2
11.8
16.8
11.7
17.0
18.6
29.4
.0
18.0
28.4
20.0
17.5
22.0
10.3
13.0
.0
2.5
1.0
2.6
5.2
4.0
4.1
1.7
.0
4.9
6.9
9.7
15.6
11.5
11.3
5.7
8.5
23.8
10.8
14.2
13.6
14.0
27.3
29.2
63.5
21.3
33.3
25.2
21.4
20.5
18.6
15.5
26.5
12.3
7.8
11.6
14.9
11.0
9.8
5.5
1.6
Irish
Foreign-born:
German
Irish
Italian, South
Polish
Turkish .
Grand total
•j.on:;
16.3
12.7
2.0
8.3
31.6
21.7
7.4
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
257
379
1.624
14.8
15.6
16.5
23.3
21.6
10.6
1.9
2.1
2.0
8.6
7.4
8.6
12.8
16.4
35.2
2S. 1
21;. i
20.6
10.1
10.8
6.6
Total foreign-born
Of the total number of persons reporting complete data more are
between the ages of 20 and 29 years than of any other age group.
The proportion in that case is 31.6 per cent. Less than 17 per cent
each are under 6 years and from 6 to 13 years of age. Next to the
Poles who report the largest proportion under 6 years, come the South
Italians. None of the Turks are under 16 years. Of the total number
of males reporting 38 per cent are under 20 to 29 years of age. Of the
foreign-born the Poles show the largest proportion under 6 years and
a very small proportion who are 45 years of age or over. Almost 25
per cent of the total number of females are under 6 years of age.
Slightly more than 20 per cent are from 20 to 29 years of age and less
than 5 per cent are 14 and 15 years old. Of the foreign-born females
the Germans show the largest proportion over 45 years, while the
Poles show the smallest. Slightly more than 30 per cent of the Poles
are under 6 years and less than 1 per cent are 14 and 15 years of age.
The table next presented shows by general nativity and race the
percentage of male and female employees who were within each age
group.
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 74. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
ruder
14.
14 to 19.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 to 34.
35 to 44.
45 to 54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native
father White
1,969
895
452
77
169
1,138
611
84
253
328
371
196
262
2,597
185
631
443
327
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
15.5
20.4
11.9
57.1
14.8
2.7
13.6
6.0
1.6
8.5
7.5
4.1
5.0
8.6
9.2
10.9
5.9
.6
17.4
23.6
10.8
23.4
22.5
6.0
40.4
25.0
5.9
23.5
24.5
29.1
11.5
26.0
3fj.2
19.2
27.1
6.4
14.5
14.7
13.1
15.6
21.9
10.7
23.4
21.4
8.7
25.6
26.4
32.7
24.0
20.7
22.7
24.9
28.2
8.3
13.1
11.7
14.8
1.3
18.9
11.2
10.6
19.0
13.4
14.6
18.9
17.9
17.6
14.7
14.1
18.1
20.1
7.6
18.4
17.8
25.4
2.6
17.8
23.7
10.5
26.2
32.4
21.0
15.6
15.3
30.5
19.6
15.7
21.6
13.3
31.5
13.5
9.8
18.6
.0
3.6
28.0
1.5
2.4
20.6
6.4
6.2
1.0
9.9
8.2
1.6
4.8
5.0
27.5
7.6
1.9
5.3
.0
.6
17.6
.0
.0
17.4
.3
.8
.0
1.5
2.2
.5
.6
.5
18.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Russia
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian North
Italian South .
Lithuanian
Magvar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Grand total
11,916
(a)
10.6
20.5
18.5
14.0
19.9
11.4
5.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,705
3,723
8,193
.0
.0
(a)
21.3
18.1
7.1
19.5
18.4
21.4
14.4
14.5
20.4
11.5
12.4
14.8
18.8
18.6
20.5
11.7
12.7
10.8
2.7
5.3
5.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father White
214
0.0
48.6
33.2
13.6
2.8
1.4
0.5
0.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
158
.0
53.8
35.4
6.3
1.3
3.2
.0
.0
Ireland
72
.0
26.4
33.3
22.2
9.7
5.6
2.8
.0
Russia
29
.0
89.7
10.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
10
.0
50.0
30.0
10.0
10.0
.0
.0
.0
German . . .
23
.0
26.1
17.4
21.7
4.3
17.4
4.3
8.7
Greek ..
5
.0
60.0
20.0
.0
20.0
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew R ussian
1
(&)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(*)
(6)
(6)
(6)
Irish
7
.0
42.9
28.6
.0
14.3
14.3
.0
.0
Italian, North
5
.0
60.0
20.0
20.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Italian South
13
.0
69.2
15.4
7.7
7.7
.0
.0
.0
Lithuanian
10
.0
20.0
60.0
20.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Magyar. .
14
.0
50.0
28.6
14.3
7.1
.0
.0
.0
Polish
202
.0
49.0
38.6
5.0
3.5
3.0
1.0
.0
Russian
22
.0
50.0
45.5
.0
.0
4.5
.0
.0
Slovak
1
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
(6)
Slovenian
42
.0
26.2
38.1
16.7
7.1
11.9
.0
.0
Grand total
923
.0
45.9
33.3
11.4
4.1
4. 1
1.0
.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father
306
.0
51.6
30.1
10.8
3.3
3.3
1.0
.0
Total native-born
520
.0
50.4
31.3
11.9
3.1
2.5
.8
.0
Total foreign-born
403
.0
40.2
35.7
10.7
5.5
6.2
1.2
.5
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing.
97
TABLE 74. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race— Continued .
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
14.
14 to 19.
20 to 24.
25 to 29.
30 to 34.
35 to 44.
45 to 54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native
father. White..
2,183
1,053
524
106
179
1,161
616
85
260
333
384
206
276
2,799
207
632
485
327
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a).o
.0
.0
.0
18.8
25.5
13.9
66.0
16.8
3.2
14.0
7.1
1.5
9.3
9.6
4.9
5.1
11.5
13.5
11.1
7.6
.6
19.0
25.4
13.9
19.8
22.9
6.2
40.3
24.7
6.9
23.4
24.2
30.6
13.0
26.9
37.2
19.1
28.0
6.4
14.4
13.5
14.3
11.3
21.2
10.9
23.2
21.2
9.2
25.5
25.8
32.0
24.3
19.6
20.3
24.8
27.2
8.3
12.1
10.2
14.1
.9
18.4
11.1
10.7
18.8
13.1
14.4
18.5
17.0
17.4
13.9
12.6
18.0
19.0
7.6
16.7
15.6
22.7
1.9
16.8
23.6
10.4
25.9
31.9
20.7
15.1
14.6
29.3
18.4
14.5
21.5
13.2
31.5
12.2
8.4
16.4
.0
3.4
27.6
1.5
2.4
20.4
6.3
6.0
1.0
9.4
7.7
1.4
4.7
4.5
27.5
6.8
1.6
4.6
.0
.6
17.4
.0
.0
16.9
.3
.8
.0
1.4
2.0
.5
.6
.4
18.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Russia
Foreign-born, by race:
Croatian
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Grand total
12,839
f»
13.1
21.4
18.0
13.3
18.8
10.6
4.8
Total native-born of for-
eign father
2,011
4,243
8,596
.0
.0
(a)
26.0
22.0
8.7
21.1
20.0
22.1
13.9
14.1
19.9
10.2
11.2
14.3
16.5
16.7
19.8
10.0
11.2
10.3
2.3
4.7
4.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Of the 11,916 male employees reported in the foregoing table, 49.6
per cent are under 30 years of age, 10.6 per cent being from 14 to 19,
20.5 per cent from 20 to 24, and 18.5 per cent from 25 to 29. Fourteen
per cent are from 30 to 34, 19.9 per cent from 35 to 44, 11.4 per cent
from 45 to 54, and 5.2 per cent 55 years of age or over. Among
the foreign-born between 14 and 19 the Croatians, Greeks, and
Slovaks each show a proportion slightly in excess of the total for all
employees, while the other races show proportions ranging from 9.2
per cent of the Russians to 0.6 per cent of the Swedes. The propor-
tions of Irish, Germans, and Swedes from 20 to 24 and 25 to 29 years
of age are considerably lower than those shown by any other race.
The Greeks with 40.4 per cent from 20 to 24 years of age report a
slightly larger proportion than the Russians, a much larger proportion
than the Slovaks or Magyars, and a considerably larger proportion
than any other recent immigrant races. The largest proportion from
25 to 29 years of age, 32.7 per cent, is shown by the Lithuanians.
With the exception of the Russian Hebrews and Magyars from 35 to
44 years of age the older immigrant races show larger proportions
from 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and 55 or over than are shown by the more
recent immigrant races, the differences in proportions being less
marked among those from 35 to 44 than in the older age groups.
Considering the native-born of foreign father it will be noted that
of those whose fathers were born in Russia 23.4 per cent are from
20 to 24 years of age and 57.1 per cent from 14 to 19, making a total
98 The Immigration Commission.
of 80.5 per cent between 14 and 24 years of age. This proportion,
it will be noted, is very largely in excess of the proportion shown by
those whose fathers were born in Germany or Ireland. Little differ-
ence exists in the proportions from 25 to 29 years of age. Those
whose fathers were born in Russia report no proportions over 44
years of age.
Among the 923 female employees in this industry 45.9 per cent
are from 14 to 19 and 33.3 per cent from 20 to 24, making 79.2 per
cent who are under 25 years of age. Eleven and four-tenths per
cent are from 25 to 29, 8.2 per cent from 30 to 44, and 1.2 per
cent 45 years of age or over. As in the case of the males the
proportions of the foreign-born, native-born of foreign father, and
native-born of native father, white, in each age group, vary little
from the proportions shown in the total for all employees. Among
the foreign-born each race, with the exception of the German, shows
a much larger proportion of females under 25 than 25 years of age
or over. The Germans, with 21.7 per cent, show the largest propor-
tion from 25 to 29 years of age. As contrasted with the proportion
of Germans, Irish, and Slovenians from 35 to 44 years of age the pro-
portions of Poles and Russians are very low. Only 1 per cent of the
Poles, as compared with 4.3 per cent of the Germans, are from 45 to
54 years of age, while the Germans alone show any who are 55 years
of age or over. Considering the native-born of foreign father it
will be noted that all females whose fathers were born in Russia
are from 14 to 24 years of age, by far the largest proportion, 89.7
per cent, being from 14 to 19 years old. The totals shown in the
preceding table are a combination of the proportions of both males and
females in each specified age group, and while the proportions of each
race vary slightly from the proportions show^n for the males the rela-
tive position of the various races shown in the totals remain practi-
cally the same as if the males alone were considered.
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Ownership of homes — Status of children in the households studied — Citizenship —
Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 75 to 85 and General Tables 49 to 57 j.
OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.
Home ownership by families the heads of which were of foreign
birth may be considered as a strong indication of permanent settle-
ment, and the facts in this connection relative to the families, the
heads of which were employed in the leather industry, are set forth
in the following table according to general nativity and race of head
of family:
•/
TABLE 75. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
num-
ber of
families.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White.
37
25
32
4
31
5
37
42
10
102
22
1
3
5
1
12
8.1
20.0
3.1
(a)
38.7
(a)
35.1
23.8
(a)
14.7
.0
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
German...
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
German
Greek
Irish
13
10
2
15
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish ...
Slovak
Syrian
Grand total
:.i.s
62
17.8
Total native-born of foreign father
57
94
254
6
9
53
10.5
9.6
20.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The foregoing table shows that 17.8 per cent of the total number of
families for whom information was secured own homes. Foreign-
born show 20.9 per cent of families owning homes as contrasted with
only 10.5 per cent of families of native-born of foreign father and 8.1
per cent of families of native-born of native father so reported.
Among native-born of foreign father, Germans show a much higher
percentage of families owning homes than do Irish. Of the foreign-
born races, German families show the highest percentage owning
homes, followed by Irish families in somewhat smaller proportion.
South Italian and Polish families have a considerably lower per cent
owning homes than German or Irish families, while no Slovak families
own homes.
99
i ,f~i
100
The Immigration Commission.
STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The status of children in the households studied may be seen in the
following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the percentage of children 6 and under 16 years of age who
were at home, at school, and at work:
TABLE 76. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age, at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
Number
reporting
Per cent —
General nativity and race of individual.
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of native father White
43
7.0
93.0
0.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Irish
23
13.0
82.6
4.3
Polish
24
16.7
70.8
12.5
Grand total
136
12.5
82.4
5.1
Total native-born of foreign father
72
13.9
79.2
6.9
Total native-born
115
11.3
84.3
4.3
Total foreign-born
21
19.0
71.4
9.5
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
44
13.6
81.8
4.5
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Irish
26
.0
96.2
3.8
Polish
30
13.3
86.7
.0
Grand total
158
13.9
80.4
5.7
Total native-born of foreign father . .
94
iu;
86.2
4.3
Total native-born
138
10.9
84.8
4.3
Total foreign-born ....
20
35.0
50.0
15.0
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White
87
10.3
87.4
2.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Irish
49
6.1
89.8
4.1
Polish
54
14.8
79.6
5.6
Grand total
294
13.3
81.3
5.4
Total native-born of foreign father
166
11.4
83.1
5.4
Total native-born
253
11.1
84.6
4.3
Total foreign-born
41
26.8
61.0
12.2
The above table shows that of 294 children from 6 to 16 years of
age concerning whom information was secured, 13.3 per cent are at
home, 81.3 per cent are at school, and 5.4 per cent are at work. The
children of foreign birth show a considerably higher percentage who
are at home than either those of native birth of foreign father or
those who are native whites born of native father, who follow in the
order named. The children who are native whites born of native
father exhibit the highest percentage at school, followed by those who
are native-born of foreign father and those of foreign birth in con-
Leather Manufacturing.
101
siderably smaller proportions. The children who are foreign-born
show the highest percentage at work, followed by the native-born
children of foreign father and native white children born of native
father. Among the children who are native-born of foreign father,
the Polish children show the highest per cent at home and at work,
while the Irish children show a higher percentage than the Polish
children who are at school. A higher percentage of female children
are at home and at work than of male children, while the percentage
of male children at school is higher than that of female children.
CITIZENSHIP.
The following table shows, by race, the present political condition
of foreign-born male employees in the leather industry who had been
in the United States five years or over, and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming to this country:
TABLE 77. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in the
United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United Stales is meant years since first arrival In the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Armenian
13
34
1
2
8
7
12
4
10
1
1
14
531
34
22
20
64
108
106
42
1
77
1
2
742
3
31
3
3
. 2
159
77
181
6
2
10
3
12
4
16
1
1
1
5
1
1
2
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
63.5
(a)
(<<)
(a)
82.8
20.4
23.6
.0
00
10.4
(a)
(a)
19.8
00
00
(a)
(a)
(fl),9
13.0
87.3
(a)
(a)
00
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
25.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
10.9
17.6
19.8
7.1
00
13.0
00
(a)
22.2
(a)
00
00
(a)
00
17.6
40.3
6.6
(a)
.(a)
00
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
4
Croatian
Danish
10
3
5
Dutch
English
Finnish
Flemish
1
7
337
3
7
6
53
22
25
French
3
133
9
9
5
7
19
21
3
German
Greek . .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian . .
Magyar
8
10
Montenegrin
Norwegian
2
147
Polish
165
Roumanian
Russian
4
4
1
Ruthenian
Scotch
2
Servian
1
28
31
12
1
2
3
Slovak . ....
11
10
158
Slovenian
Swedish.
Austrian (race not specified). .
Belgian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified) . . .
6
Total
2, 334
846
500
36.2
21.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
102
The Immigration Commission.
Of 2,334 individuals reporting complete data in the foregoing table,
36.2 per cent are fully naturalized and 21.4 per cent have secured
first papers only, leaving 42.4 per cent who have evinced no interest
in citizenship. Of the several races reporting a sufficient number
for computation, the Swedes, Irish, and Germans, races of older
immigration, show a decidedly larger proportion than the Italians,
Poles, and Slovenians, or the races of more recent immigration, who
are fully naturalized.
The disposition to acquire citizenship after designated periods of
residence in this country is set forth in the following table, which
shows, by years in the United States and race, the present political
condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming to the United States:
TABLE 78. — Present political condition of foreign-horn male employees who were 21 years
of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in the United States and
race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)
Race.
In United States 5 to 9
years.
la United States 10
years or over.
In United States 5 years
or over.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Having
first
papers
only.
German
79
83
75
352
106
17
13.9
12.0
14.7
1.7
1.9
17.6
50.0
15.7
21.3
15.9
20.8
41.2
452
25
31
390
53
164
72.1
48.0
45.2
36.2
17.0
94.5
20.6
-'t.O
16.1
27.9
11.3
3.0
531
108
106
742
159
181
63.5
20.4
23.6
19.8
6.9
87.3
25.0
17.6
19.8
22.2
17.6
6.6
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Polish
Slovak
Swedish
Total
1,002
6.1
23.9
1,332
58.9
19.6
2:334
:;r,._>
21.4
The Germans show the largest and the Swedes the smallest
proportion who have first papers only. The Slovaks show the
largest proportion who have evinced no interest in citizenship. Con-
sidered from the standpoint of length of residence in the United
States, each race shows a decidedly larger proportion of those with a
period of residence of ten years or over than of those with a period
of residence from five to nine years, who are fully naturalized. The
proportion who have first papers only ranges from 50.6 per cent of
the Germans to 15.7 per cent of the North Italians with the shorter
period of residence, and from 27.9 per cent of the Poles to 3 per cent
of the Swedes with the longer period of residence.
The table following shows, by race of individual, the present
political condition of foreign-born males, in the households studied,
who had been in the United States five years or over and who were
21 years of age at time of coming to this country.
Leather Manufacturing.
103
TABLE 79. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
N umber
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Danish
1
16
2
7
25
5
39
10
1
11
1
12
German . .
2
Greek
Irish ....
5
9
Italian, South
5
Lithuanian
Polish
9
4
2
1
Slovak
Swedish . .
Turkish
Total..
117
36
14
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From the above table it will be noted that 36, or 30.8 per cent, of
the 117 males for whom information was obtained are fully natural-
ized, while an additional 14, or 12 per cent, have secured first papers
only. Of the South Italians, 9 are fully naturalized and an addi-
tional 5 have first papers, making slightly more than 50 per cent who
have either become citizens or have declared their intentions to
become so. The Poles report 9 out of 39, or nearly 25 per cent, fully
naturalized and 4, or about 10 per cent, with first papers only. No
other races report in sufficient numbers to be representative.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual, the percentage of persons, in the households studied,
6 years of age or over, who could speak English:
TABLE 80. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how-
ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
64
33
36
84
152
26
442
39
33
27
41
115
23
103
66
63
125
267
49
442
100.0
93.9
100.0
59.5
49.3
23.1
1.1
100.0
90.9
96.3
43.9
26.1
43.5
100.0
92.4
98.4
54.4
39.3
32.7
1.1
Polish
Foreign-born:
German
Italian South
Polish
Slovak
Turkish
Grand total
893
328
1,221
33.5
55.5
39.4
Total native-born of foreign father
Total foreign-born
111
782
98
230
209
1,012
97.3
24.4
94.9
38.7
96.2
27.7
48806°— VOL 12—11 8
104
The Immigration Commission.
The preceding table shows that of 1,221 persons 6 years of age or
over 39.4 per cent speak English, the females showing 55.5 per cent
as contrasted with only 33.5 per cent of the males who are able to
speak English. The persons of foreign birth show 27.7 per cent of
the total number reporting who can speak English, a higher percent-
age of the females than of the males having this ability. Of the per-
sons who are native-born of foreign father 96.2 per cent can speak
English, a somewhat larger percentage of the males than of the
females having this ability. Of the persons who are native-born of
foreign father, those whose fathers were born in Germany show 100
per cent who can speak English, while those of Polish parentage show
92.4 per cent who can speak English, the proportion of the males hav-
ing this ability being somewhat larger than of the females. Of the
persons of foreign birth, the Germans show over 95 per cent, the
South Italians over 50 per cent, the Poles over 35 per cent, the
Slovaks over 30 per cent, and the Turks only 1.1 per cent who can
speak English. The German males show a somewhat higher per-
centage and the South Italian and Polish males a considerably higher
percentage than the females of these races who can speak English;
the Slovak females show a considerably higher percentage than the
males of this race who can speak that language.
The following table shows, by sex and race, the per cent of foreign-
born employees of non-English-speaking races who speak English:
TABLE 81. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex and race.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
(This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
evir, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Croatian
IfK)
1,127
605
82
326
369
190
259
2.545
176
625
425
327
7
23
5
1
5
13
10
14
161
20
1
37
167
1,150
610
83
331
:;vj
200
273
2, 706
196
626
462
327
9.4
72.2
39.7
74.4
53.4
55.6
38.4
35.5
42.8
33.5
49.3
17.9
97.9
14.3
73.9
.0
(°)
40.0
76.9
10.0
14.3
43.5
25.0
(a)
8.1
9.6
72.3
39.3
74.7
53.2
56.3
37.0
34.4
42.9
32.7
49.2
17.1
97.9
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Italian North .
Italian South
Lithuanian . . .
Magvar
Polish
Russian . .
Slovak
Slovenian ....
Swedish
Total
7,716
333
8,049
49.7
41.1
49.3
e Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Information was obtained in this industry for 8,049 foreign-born
employees, of which number 49.3 per cent speak English, the pro-
portion of males with ability to speak English being considerably in
excess of that of the females. Among the males, the Swedes with
97.9 per cent who speak English report much the largest proportion;
the Germans show 72.2 per cent who speak English, while the very
Leather Manufacturing.
105
small proportions of Croatians and Slovenians with ability to speak
English are in striking contrast with the proportion shown by any
other race. Among the females with ability to speak English, the
South Italians show a slightly larger proportion than do the Germans
and a much larger proportion than do the Poles or North Italians,
the last named reporting but 40 per cent, and the Slovenians report-
ing but 8.1 per cent. The Greeks alone report no females with ability
to speak English. In general the races show a larger proportion of
males than females with ability to speak English.
The progress of immigrants in acquiring an ability to speak this
language is considered in the two tables next submitted. The first
of these tables, which immediately follows, shows, by age at time of
coming to the United States and race of individual, the percentage of
foreign-born persons in the households studied, 6 years of age or
over, who could speak English.
TABLE 82. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
age at time of coming to the United Stales and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak
English, by age at
time of coming to
United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
German * •
63
125
267
49
442
100. 0
100. 0
90.2
71.4
(")
97.7
47.2
30.1
26.2
1.1
Italian South -
Polish
Slovak
Turkish
Total
1,012
90.2
21.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Information was obtained in this industry for 1,012 foreign-born
persons. Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming
to the United States, 90.2 per cent speak English, as compared with
21.4 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of
arrival. All the Germans and South Italians who were under 14
years of age at time of arrival in the United States and 90.2 per cent
of the Poles speak English, as compared with 71.4 per cent of the
Slovaks. Of those who were 14 years of age or over at time of
arrival in the United States, the largest proportion, or 97.7 per cent
who speak English, is shown by the Germans. Following the Ger-
mans, are the South Italians, with 47.2 per cent, who show a con-
siderably larger proportion than the Poles or Slovaks, the Slovaks
reporting 26.2 per cent. Of the Turks who were 14 years of age or
over at time of coming to the United States, only 1.1 per cent speak
English. This proportion, considering the large nurnoer for wnom
information was obtained, is extremely low.
106
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by years in the United States and race
of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the house-
holds studied, 6 years of age or over, who could speak English:
TABLE 83. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by
years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
German . .
63
125
267
49
442
90.0
77.4
28.0
26.1
14.3
100.0
83.8
68.1
75.0
Italian South
22.8
18.8
7.1
. 7
Polish
Slovak
Turkish
Total
1,012
6.7
39.2
78.2
Of the 1,012 foreign-born persons for whom information was
obtained only 6.7 per cent of those who have been in the United
States under five years, as compared with 39.2 per cent of those with
a residence of from five to nine years, and 78.2 per cent of those with
a residence of ten years or over, speak English. Without a single
exception, it will be noted that the ability to speak English increases
with the period of residence in the United States. Among those who
have been in the United States under five years, the South Italians
report a slightly larger proportion than the Poles and a much larger
proportion than do the Slovaks or Turks, the last named reporting
less than 1 per cent. Of those who have been here from five to nine
years, the Germans show a larger proportion with ability to speak
English than do the South Italians. As compared with the pro-
portion of Germans who speak English, the proportion of Poles,
Slovaks, and Turks is very low, each showing a proportion below
that shown in the total for all persons. All Germans and 83.8 per
cent of the South Italians who have been in the United States ten
years or over speak English, the proportion of South Italians being
slightly in excess of the proportion of Slovaks or Poles in the order
named.
The table following shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-born
employees who speak English, by sex and age at time of coming to
the United States.
Leather Manufacturing.
107
TABLE 84. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total,
however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by age
at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Total.
German
1,127
605
326
369
190
259
2,545
625
425
327
98.6
(a)
94.1
100.0
(a)
83.3
91.1
64.7
(a)
100.0
65.7
39.3
51.1
54.1
37.1
34.4
37.6
48.8
17.9
97.6
72.2
39.7
53.4
55.6
38.4
35.5
42.8
49.3
17.9
97.9
Greek
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian ....
Swedish
Total *
7,716
94.1
45.8
49.7
FEMALE.
G Arm an .
23
100.0
40.0
73.9
Greek
5
.0
.0
Italian, North
5
(a)
(a)
40 0
Italian, South
13
100.0
57.1
76 9
Lithuanian
10
(a)
.0
10 0
Magyar
14
14 3
14 3
Polish
161
93.5
23.5
43 5
Slovak. ...
1
fa)
(a)
Slovenian
37
(a)
5 6
81
Total. ..
333
93.5
21.2
41.1
TOTAL.
German . .
1,150
98.7
65.5
72.3
Greek
610
(a)
38.9
39.3
Italian, North
331
94.7
50 6
53 2
Italian, South
382
100.0
54.1
56 3
Lithuanian
200
100 0
35 4
37 0
Magyar
273
83.3
33 3
34 4
Polish
2,706
91.5
36.9
42 9
Slovak
626
64 7
48 8
49 2
Slovenian. .
462
(a)
17 0
17 1
Swedish
327
100.0
97.6
97.9
Total... .
8,049
94.0
45 0
49 3
a Not computed, owing to the small number involved.
Information was obtained in this locality for 8,049 foreign-born
persons, of which number 49.3 per cent speak English. Of those
who were under 14 years of age at time of arrival, 94 per cent now
speak English, as compared with 45 per cent of those who were 14
years of age or over at time of arrival. Of the males, 49.7 per cent
speak English, as compared with 41.1 per cent of the females. The
males report 94.1 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age
and 45.8 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or over at time
of coming to the United States who now speak English, as compared
with 93.5 and 21.2 per cent of the females who were under 14 and
14 years of age or over, respectively. Among the females it will
be noted that all Germans, South Italians, and 93.5 per cent of the
108
The Immigration Commission.
Poles who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the United
States now speak English, as compared with 40, 57.1, and 23.5 per
cent, respectively, of those who were 14 years of age or over at time
of coming. None of the Greeks or Lithuanians, as compared with
5.6 per cent of the Slovenians and 14.3 per cent of the Magyars
who were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United
States, speak English, the proportions of both Magyars and Sloven-
ians, as contrasted with the proportions of the other races who now
speak English, being very small.
The progress made by employees of non-English-speaking races in
acquiring the ability to speak English after designated periods of
residence in the country is set forth in the following table, which
shows, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual, the
per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English.
TABLE 85. — Per cent of foreign-born, employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by years in United
States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
German
1,127
605
326
:;i;;i
190
259
2,545
1125
425
327
26.9
34.4
36.0
36.5
22.1
20.4
18.5
27.5
8.8
76.2
65.0
71.4
67.9
69.1
37.7
48.6
47.7
65.4
36.1
95.5
79.9
85.7
78.0
92.6
76.2
73.0
69.3
89.2
77.8
99.6
72.2
39.7
53.4
55.6
38.4
35.5
42.8
49.3
17.9
97.9
Greek
Italian, North
Italian , South ...
Lithuanian
Magyar
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Total..
7,716
24.8
55.2
79.9
49.7
FEMALE.
German ...
23
0.0
(a)
100.0
73.9
Greek
3
.0
.0
Italian, North
5
(a)
(a)
40.0
Italian, South ..
13
71.4
(a)
(a)
76.9
Lithuanian
10
.0
(a)
10.0
Magyar
14
7.7
(a)
14.3
Polish.
161
24.0
69.6
85.3
43.5
Slovak
1
(a)
(a)
Slovenian
37
2.9
(a)
8.1
Total..
333
17.5
72.2
91.3
41.1
TOTAL.
German . .
1 150
25.9
64.5
80.3
72.3
Greek
610
34.0
71.4
85.7
39.3
Italian, North. .
331
35.3
67.9
78.8
53.2
Italian, South
382
37.7
(19.0
93.0
56.3
Lithuanian
200
20.2
38.9
76.2
37.0
Magvar
273
19.4
49.3
73.0
34.4
Polish
2,706
19.0
48.4
70.0
42.9
Slovak
626
27.4
65.4
89.2
49.2
Slovenian
462
8.1
37.2
77.8
17.1
Swedish
327
76.2
95.5
99.6
97.9
Total
8,049
24.4
55.5
80.3
49.3
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing. 109
Information was obtained in this industry for 8,049 foreign-born
employees, of which number 49.3 per cent speak English. Of those
who have been in the United States under five years, 24.4 per cent
speak English, as compared with 55.5 per cent of those who have
been in the United States from five to nine years and 80.3 per cent
of those who have been in the United States ten years or over.
Among the males, the proportions in each age group vary only slightly
from the proportions shown for all persons. The Slovenians show the
smallest proportion with ability to speak English among those who
have been in the United States from five to nine years, while the
largest proportion, or 95.5 per cent, is shown by the Swedes. Follow-
ing the Swedes are the Greeks, 71.4 per cent of whom speak English.
This proportion, it will be noted, is slightly in excess of that shown by
the South Italians or North Italians, and very largely in excess of
that shown by the Lithuanians or Slovenians. Among those with a
residence of ten years or over, the Swedes with 99.6 per cent and the
South Italians with 92.6 per cent show the largest proportions, while
the smallest proportion, or 69.3 per cent, is shown by the Poles, the
proportions of the other races ranging from 89.2 per cent of the
Slovaks to 73 per cent of Magyars.
Among the females, 41.1 per cent of whom speak English, it will be
noted that of those with a residence of less than five years, 17.5 per
cent speak English, as compared with 72.2 per cent with a residence
of from five to nine years and 91.3 per cent with a residence of ten
years or over. No Germans, Greeks, or Lithuanians, and only very
small proportions of Slovenians and Magyars, as compared with 24
per cent of the Poles and 71.4 per cent of the South Italians, with a
residence of less than five years, speak English. The German females,
with a residence of ten years or over, report their entire number as
being able to speak English.
GENERAL TABLES.
Ill
GENERAL EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
Persons of native birth have been divided into two general groups
and further subdivided under each of the two, as follows:
1 . Native-born of native father.
Persons under this group are classified as White, Negro, Indian,
Clu'nese, Hindu, Japanese, and Korean.
2. Native-born of foreign father.
Persons under this group are classified according to race of father
in all tables where the data were secured for households, and accord-
ing to country of birth of father in all tables where the data were
secured for employees. Where classification is by race of father the
classification used for several years by the United States Bureau of
Immigration and Naturalization is followed.
Persons of foreign birth are classified according to race (or people) .
The classification of the United States Bureau of Immigration and
Naturalization is followed.
In the study of households information is presented—
1. By general nativity and race of the "individual" in all tables
wliich show facts which are personal in their nature, such as English
speaking, occupation, or conjugal condition.
2. By general nativity and race of "head of family" in tables con-
cerned with family matters — for example, family income.
3. By general nativity and race of "head of household " in all tables
dealing with living conditions, among which are tables showing the
composition of the household and the number of persons per room
and per sleeping room. The distinction which has been made
throughout this study between "family" and "household" is depend-
ent upon the use of the term "apartment."
An "apartment" is a room or rooms within which all the usual
daily processes of living, namely, cooking, eating, and sleeping, are
carried on by the occupants. According to this definition an apart-
ment may be, for example, a whole house, or it may be a single room
of what was originally intended as an apartment, or it may be a
corner of a wareroom or the back of a storeroom partitioned off and
set aside for household uses. Two or more groups of occupants with
distinctly separate money interests frequently rent a number of rooms
jointly, occupying certain rooms separately, but sharing one or more,
usually the kitchen, or kitchen and living room. Under these condi-
tions neither the rooms used by the one group of occupants nor those
used by the other can be considered an apartment, since the room
used in common must in such case be considered a room in each
apartment and thus be counted twice. Where these conditions have
been encountered the entire number of rooms has been considered
one apartment.
The "household" includes all persons living within an apartment
without regard to the relationships which exist among them. The
113
114 The Immigration Commission.
household may consist of one or more families with or without
boarders or lodgers; or it may consist of a group of persons living
together, 110 family included; or it may consist of various combina-
tions of families, "groups," and boarders or lodgers.
The term "family" as used throughout these tables refers in gen-
eral to the immediate family composed of husband, wife, and children.
Groups of persons among whom none of those relations exist are not
considered families. Households in which complicated relationships
exist have been resolved into the component immediate families.
Remnants of families maintaining a home are considered families
when either husband or wife is present.
The general tables show results of two practically independent
studies, as follows:
STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.
All tables headed "Study of households" are based on information
from the schedule which was filled out for certain selected households
in each of the several communities. Names and addresses were
secured of employees in a given industry who were heads of house-
holds; and for each such household a schedule was filled out by an
agent of this commission, who visited the apartment and secured
detailed information, so far as possible, for every occupant, as well
as data in regard to family and household organization and status at
the time of the visit.
STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.
The general tables headed "Study of employees" present data from
the schedule relating only to the individual employee. This schedule
was filled out by the employee himself or by some one detailed by the
employer to the task, to whom the employee furnished data. The
general tables of this series, therefore, concern only the history and
present status of the employee, while the other series, as has been
stated, presents data not only for certain of the employees but also
for members of their households. All data included under the " Study
of employees" are tabulated by sex and by general nativity and race
of the individual. For the native-born of foreign father the classifi-
cation is by country of birth of father and not by race of father.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES.
Total number of households and persons studied, l>y general nativity
and race of head of household: Study of households . Table 1. — This
table enumerates the households .studied of each race, the aggregate
of the members of the households of each race, and the persons, male
and female, for whom detailed information was secured. All members
of households appear in this table under the general nativity and
race of head of household.
Number of persons for whom, detailed information was secured, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Table 2. — This table is a second enumeration of the persons, male
and female, who are included in the detailed study of members of
households. In this enumeration each individual appears under his
own general nativity and race.
Leather Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 115
Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex
and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Table 5. — This
table enumerates the employees for whom data were secured for the
"Study of employees." The enumeration is by general nativity and
race of employee, and, in industries where both male and female
employees report, by sex.
Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specijied
number of years, by sex and race: Study of employees. Table 8. — All
foreign-born employees who report the number of years since their
first arrival in the United States are here classified as in the United
States under one year, one year, two years, three years, four years,
five to nine years, ten to fourteen years, fifteen to nineteen years, or
twenty years or over. In all industries where employees of both sexes
report, the tabulation is by sex.
Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race of individual: Study of households.
Table 9. — This table, which is concerned with members of house-
holds, is similar to Table 8, relating to employees.
Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:
Study of households. Table 10. — Males who were 16 years of age or
over at the time of their first arrival in the United States are here
classified according to whether, before coming to the United States,
they worked for profit, for wages, or without wages, and are further
classified according to the kind of employment pursued. Payments
in kind as well as in money are here considered wages. Persons who
worked without wages were usually at work with fathers or other
near relatives.
Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:
Study of households. Table 11. — This table is similar to Table 10,
relating to males.
Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the
United States, by race: Study of employees. Table 12. — In this table
is shown the number of foreign-born male employees who just prior
to coming to the United States were in the same industry in which
they were employed at the tkne of the investigation, in farming or
farm labor, in general labor, etc. Persons who report their occu-
pation as " none," "at home," or "at school" are excluded from the
table.
Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the
United States, by race: Study of employees. Table 13. — This table is
similar to Table 12, relating to males.
Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specijied industry,
by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
14- — This table shows the number of male members of households
16 years of age or over who were at home and at school, and classifies
those who have had employment within the year ending with the
taking of the schedule according to the industry in which they have
been employed. The main headings used in this table follow the
classification of the United States Census with the following modi-
fications: General labor is here separated from domestic and personal
service; fishing, mining, and quarrying are separated from manu-
116 The Immigration Commission.
facturing and mechanical pursuits; trade and transportation are
distinct from each other. The headings as here used are:
1. Agricultural pursuits.
2. Domestic and personal service.
3. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
4. Mining (including quarrying).
5. General labor.
6. Professional service.
7. Trade.
8. Transportation.
9. Fishing.
The term "Domestic and personal service" includes besides
domestic servants certain classes of persons not professional who
serve the general public, such as policemen, city firemen, and
employees at places of amusement.
Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry,
by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
15. — This table is similar to Table 14, relating to males.
Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of employees.
Table 16. — Employees are here classified according to the amount of
their earnings. In some industries earnings are reported by the
week and in others by the day. Where employment is on the time
basis, the data are for "rate of pay;" where employment is on the
piece basis, the data are for "earnings."
Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of em-
ployees. Table 17. — This table is similar to Table 16, relating to
earnings of males 18 years of age or over.
Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of em-
ployees. Table 18. — This table is similar to Table 16, relating to earn-
ings of males 18 years of age or over. In practically all industries
the number of employees under 14 was too small for tabulation.
Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified am,ount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Table 19. — This table is similar to Table 18, relating to
earnings of males 14 and under 18 years of age.
Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per
year, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Table 20. — This table forms a part of the study of family incomes.
The information relative to income wTas secured for the year ending at
the time of the agent's visit.
In the "selection of families" for the compilation of data concerning
family income, the following classes were omitted.
1. Families established less than one year.
2. Families living two or more per household under complicated financial
arrangements, so that exact income from boarders or other sources within
the household is uncertain.
3. Families with earnings or contributions representing entire earnings of mem-
bers who are profit earners or whose net earnings are for any other reason
uncertain. That part of the income in this study represented by earnings
is net.
Practically all of the heads of families included in this table are also
heads of households. They are here classified according to the amount
of then: earnings for the year.
Leather Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 117
Yearly earnings (approximate) o/ males 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race oj individual: Study oj households. Table
21 . — Male wage-earners are here classified according to the amount of
their earnings for the year ending at the time of the agent's visit.
Persons who receive board and lodging in addition to a money wage
and persons who receive tips or other perquisites over and above a
stipulated wage are not included in this table.
Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of
head of family: Study of households . Table 22. — The families included
in this table are the same as in Table 20. These families are here
classified according to the amount of total income for the year from
all sources. Table 20 shows the sources of this income. Income
from "boarders or lodgers" and in some cases from "other sources"
is gross.
Yearly earnings (approximate] of females 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
23. — This table is similar to Table 21, which relates to earnings of
males.
Number of families having an income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family: Study of households . Table 24.—
The families included in this table are the same as in Table 20. The
number of families with income from earnings of husband, the num-
ber with income from earnings of wife, etc., are shown here. The
terms "husband" and "wife" include the widowed, divorced, and
deserted. The principal items under " other sources" are (1) receipts
from investments, which, in the great majority of cases, are in the
form of rentals, and (2) contributions of friends or relatives, who pay
either more or less than the rates of boarders or lodgers. Attention
is called to the fact that the family may have had income from some
source; for example, from boarders or lodgers, within the year, but
not at the time the schedule was taken.
Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family: Study of households. Table 25. — The families
included in this table are the same as in Table 20. They are classi-
fied here according to the source or combination of sources upon
which the family has been wholly dependent for income within the
year ending with the taking of the schedule. The four items which
make up all incomes, except those entered in the last column of the
table, are earnings of husband, earnings of wife, contributions of
children, and payments of boarders or lodgers. It will be noted
that all families deriving their entire income from husband, wife,
and children have a net income, and that all incomes, including the
payments of boarders or lodgers, are gross; also that all families
having any part of their income from money invested appear in the
last column of this table.
Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or
over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race
of individual: Study of households. Table 26. — Members of house-
holds of working age who have been employed outside of the home
within the year ending with the taking of the schedule are here
classified according to whether they have worked under three months,
three and under four months, four and under five months, etc. For
118 The Immigration Commission.
the purposes of the table all cases of part-time employment have
been reduced to a full-time basis; for example, an employee who
has worked seven months on half time is counted as having worked
three and one-half months. The data are shown for males and
females separately.
Number and class of households , by general nativity and race of head
of household: Study of households. Table 2. — All households are
here divided into "family households," or households where a family
is present, and "group households," or households composed of a
group of persons, no family included. Family households are further
classified as being with or without boarders or lodgers. Family
households with neither boarders nor lodgers are subdivided into
those consisting of a single family and those consisting of two or
more families living in the same apartment and sharing one or more
rooms. Family households with boarders or lodgers are subdivided
into those who keep boarders and those who keep only lodgers.
Households keeping both boarders and lodgers are here entered as
households with boarders. "Boarders" are persons to whom both
food and lodging are furnished.
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apart-
ment, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house-
holds. Table 28. — In this table appear only the renting households
which report the rent paid for the unfurnished rooms which they use
for living purposes. The following classes are thus excluded from
the table:
1. Households which rent apartment furnished.
2. Households which pay an undivided sum for apartment and place of business.
3. Resident landlords who pay an undivided sum for the apartment they
occupy and other apartments which they sublet.
4. Households which pay "ground rent."
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room,
by general nativity and race of head q/ household: Study of households.
Table 29. — The households included in this table are the same as in
Table 28.
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person,
by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households.
Table 30. — The households included in this table are the same as in
Table 28.
Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of
boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household:
Study of households Table 31. — This table shows the number of
households keeping boarders and the number keeping only lodgers.
It also shows the total number of boarders and of lodgers. 'Board-
ers" both sleep and eat with the household. Households which keep
lodgers in addition to boarders are classified with the households
keeping boarders. Among certain races it is customary to include
one of the following accommodations with the nominal price of
lodging: (1) Coffee or soup is served once a day; (2) the lodger is
allowed the privilege of cooking his food on the kitchen stove; (3)
the housewife buys the lodger's food, having the price charged in his
account book, and prepares the food for him. Persons with such
financial arrangements consider themselves lodgers and have been
classified as such in this table.
Leather Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 119
Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size,
by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households.
Table 32. — Households are here classified according to the number of
rooms which they occupy and are further classified according to the
number of persons of which they are composed. Rooms used exclu-
sively- for business purposes, although connected with the apartment,
are not counted in the number of rooms per apartment. As before
stated, only such persons as sleep in the apartment are considered
members of the household.
Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of
households. Table 33. — This table summarizes a part of the data
of Table 32. Households are classified here according to the number
of rooms they occupy.
Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general
nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Table 34-—
This table summarizes a part of the data in Table 32. Households
are here classified according to the number of persons in the household.
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold: Study of households. Table 35. — This table summarizes part
of the data in Table 32. It gives the total number of households and
the total number of persons in apartments of each specified size.
Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household:
Study of households. Table 36. — This table shows the number of
households which average less than one person per room, one and
less than two persons per room, two and less than three persons per
room, etc. The table also shows the average number of persons per
household and per room for all households studied.
Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household: Study of households. Table 37. — This table presents the
data relative to persons per sleeping room. Only rooms which are
regularly used for sleeping purposes are here considered sleeping
rooms. The table is similar to Table 36.
Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household:
Study of households. Table 38. — Tliis table classnles households
according to the number of rooms left for living purposes after the
number of sleeping rooms has been deducted.
Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Table 39. — Tlu's table shows the number of employees
who read some language and the number who both read and write
some language. In all industries where employees of both sexes
report, the tabulation is by sex.
Literacy of persons ten years of age or over, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual: Study of households. Table Jfi. — This table,
which is concerned with members of households, is similar to Table
39, relating to employees.
Literacy of foreign-born persons ten years of age or over, by sex, years
in the United States, and race of individual: Study of households. Table
41. — This table classifies foreign-born persons, male and female,
according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United
States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and
48296°— VOL 12—11 9
120 The Immigration Commission.
ten years or over. The table shows under each of the three groups
the number of persons who can read some language and the number
who can both read and write some language.
Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at
time of coming to the United States, and race of individual: Study of
households. Table 4®- — This table classifies foreign-born persons,
male and female, according to whether they were under 14 years of
age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the
United States, and shows the number in each group who can read
some language and the number who can both read and write some
language.
Conjugal condition of employees, by sex and age groups, and by general
nativity and race: Study of employees. Table J+3. — For the purpose of
this table employees of each sex are divided into four age groups — 16
to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over — and
are further classified according to whether they are single, married,
or widowed. With the widowed are included the relatively few
persons who are divorced or deserted.
Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and
race of individual: Study of households. Table 44- — This table, which
is concerned with members of households 16 years of age or over, is
similar to Table 43, relating to employees.
Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband:
Study of employees. Table Ifi. — This table shows the number of for-
eign-born married employees who report wife in the United States
and the number who report wife abroad. The tabulation is by the
race of the employee.
Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race: Study of employees* Table 46- — Employees
are here classified according to the number of years since their first
arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under five years, five
to nine years, and ten years or over. Under each group employees
are classified according to whether they have made no visit, or one,
two, or three or more visits abroad. In all industries where employees
of both sexes report the data are shown separately for each sex.
Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativ-
ity and race of head of household: Study of households. Table 4? '•—
This table gives for all households studied the number of persons of
each sex who report their ages as under 6 years, 6 to 13 years, 14 and
15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years
or over. The tabulation is by race of head of household.
Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race: Study of employees. Table 1+8 . — Employees
are here classified according to age, by years if between 14 and 19
years of age, and by year groups, if 20 years of age or over. In all
industries with both male and female employees reporting, the tabu-
lation is by sex.
Number of families owning homes, renting, boarding, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Table 49. —
This table shows for all families studied the number owning their
homes, the number renting homes, the number boarding, and the
number lodging. The few dependent families are included in the
miscellaneous class "In other conditions."
Leather Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 121
General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race of individual: Study of house-
holds. Table 50. — This table shows for males, females, and totals,
the number of children under 6 years of age, 6 to 13 years of age, and
13 and 14 years of age, and further shows for each age group the
number of children at home, at school, and at work. The few chil-
dren with employment outside of school hours are tabulated here
as at school, and the few children found working through the day
and attending night school are here entered as at work.
Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of
age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence: Study of
employees. Table 51. — This table includes only foreign-born employ-
ees who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival
in the United States and who have been in the United States long
enough to acquire citizenship. These persons are classified as in
the United States five to nine years and ten years or over and are
further classified under each year group as aliens, citizens, and per-
sons with only their first papers.
Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence: Study of
households. Table 52. — This table, which is concerned with members
of households, is similar to Table 51, relating to employees.
Ability to speak English of versons 6 years of age or over, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
53. — This table shows for all non-English-speaking races the number
of members of households, male and female, who can carry on a
conversation in the English language.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over,
by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual:
Study of households. Table 54- — This table classifies foreign-born
persons, male and female, of non-English-speaking races, according
to whether they were under 14 years of age or 14 years of age or over
at the time of their first arrival in the United States, and shows the
number in each of the two groups who are able to speak English.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over,
by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual: Study of
households. Table 55.— This table classifies foreign-born persons,
male and female, of non-English-speaking races, according to the
number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The
classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or
over. Under each group the number able to speak English is shown.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born em/ployees, by sex, age at
time of coming to the United States, and race: Study of employees.
Table 56. — This table is similar to Table 54, relating to members of
households.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race- Study of employees. Table 57. — This
table is similar to Table 55, relating to members of households.
GENERAL TABLES.
TABLE 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race
of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS).
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Total num-
ber of per-
sons in
households.
Number of persons for whom de-
tailed information was secured.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
29
123
58
64
122
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
24
30
102
157
45
75
57
80
102
155
Irish . .
Total
54
259
120
i:;7
257
Total native-born... ...
83
382
178
201
379
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
11
154
22
202
204
59
515
121
14
446
5
82
16
97
108
22
264
43
1
446
6
72
6
103
87
19
212
35
1
11
154
22
200
195
41
476
78
2
446
German
Greek
Irish...
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish. . .
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish . .
Total foreign-born . .
279
1,748
1.084
541
1,625
Grand total...
362
2,130
1,262
742
2,004
TABLE 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
122
155
277
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Armenian .. ..
1
1
Dutch
1
1
English ..
5
5
French . . .
2
2
German
68
53
121
Greek
1
1
2
Irish... .
SO
92
172
Italian, South
22
41
63
Lithnqniftn
9
8
17
Polish .
104
97
201
Slovak
17
11
28
Syrian..
1
1
Total .
302
312
614
Total native-born. .
424
467
891
Foreign-born:
Armenian
8
5
13
Canadian (other than French).. ....
1
1
Danish
1
1
2
English . . .
4
4
German ...
37
27
64
Greek
16
5
21
Irish .
46
39
85
Italian, North
2
2
Italian, South
86
42
128
Lithuanian .
14
10
24
Polish
159
115
274
Roumanian.
1
1
Slovak
26
23
49
Swedish.
2
2
Syrian
1
1
Turkish
442
442
Total foreign-born
838
275
1,113
Grand total...
1,262
742
2,004
122
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
123
TABLE 3. — Number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general
nativity and race — East.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1 900
199
o 099
Negro
49
49
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
17
1
18
Belgium
1
1
Canada
23
19
42
Cuba
1
1
Denmark
4
4
England
63
4
67
France
17
2
19
Germany
564
63
627
Ireland
444
72
516
Italy
15
17
32
Netherlands
1
1
Norway
2
2
Russia
60
29
89
Scotland
23
1
24
Sweden
54
2
56
Switzerland
21
21
Wales
4
4
South America (country not specified)
1
1
Total
1,315
210
1 525
Total native-born
3 264
409
3 673
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
7
7
Armenian
73
73
Bohemian and Moravian
22
22
Bulgarian
11
11
Canadian, French
31
23
54
Canadian, Other
18
5
23
Croatian
7
7
Dalmatian
2
2
Danish
19
19
Dutch
1
1
English
51
3
54
Flemish
1
1
French
41
3
44
German
461
5
466
Greek
229
2
231
Hebrew, Russian
63
1
64
Hebrew, Other
35
1
36
Irish
245
7
252
Italian, North
327
5
332
Italian, South
343
13
356
Lithuanian
185
10
195
Macedonian
44
44
Magyar
178
178
Montenegrin
1
1
Norwegian
4
1
5
Polish
2 000
149
2 149
Roumanian
33
33
Russian
159
21
180
Ruthenian
13
1
14
Scotch
9
2
11
Servian
6
6
Slovak
501
501
Slovenian
60
60
Swedish
323
323
Syrian
1
1
Turkish
14
14
Welsh
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
18
18
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified) . .
17
17
Total foreign-born... .
5 555
252
5 807
Grand total
8 819
661
9 480
124
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4. — Number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general
nativity and race — Middle West.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race. Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, Wl
Native-born of foreign father, by
Australia
lite
69
15
84
country of birth of father:
1
9
2
1
6
4
331
8
4
4
17
2
1
1
10
2
1
6
4
426
8
4
4
17
2
1
\ustria-Hungary. - .
1
Canada
Denmark
England ....
France
Germany
95
Ireland
Netherlands
Norway
Russia .
Scotland
Sweden .
Total
390
96
486
Total native-born...
459
111
570
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian . . .
1
55
7
1
7
162
3
6
4
1
677
382
21
7
8
1
28
11
84
1
1
597
12
26
2
6
130
383
4
2
2
1
5
1
56
7
1
172
3
8
5
1
695
385
21
7
8
1
28
11
98
1
1
650
15
27
2
6
131
425
4
2
4
1
5
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Bulgarian
Canadian, French. ...
Canadian, Other
Croatian
10
Danish
Dutch
2
1
English
Finnish
German
18
3
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North. . .
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
14
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Polish
53
3
1
Roumanian ....
Russian
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak ...
1
42
Slovenian
Swedish
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
2
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born
2,038
151
2,789
Grand total
3,097
262
3,359
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
125
TABLE 5. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and moo.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,969
214
2 183
Negro
49
49
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia.
1
I
Austria-Hungary
26
2
28
Belgium
1
i
Canada
25
19
44
Cuba
1
1
Denmark
5
5
England.
69
4
73
France ...
21
2
23
Germany
895
158
1 053
Ireland
452
72
524
Italy
15
17
32
Netherlands
5
5
Norway
6
6
Russia
77
29
106
Scotland...
25
1
26
Sweden
55
2
57
Switzerland
21
21
Wales
4
4
South America (country not specified)..
1
1
Total
1,705
306
2 Oil
Total native-born
3,723
520
4 243
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
7
7
Armenian
74
74
Bohemian and Moravian
77
1
78
Bulgarian
18
18
Canadian, French
32
23
55
Canadian, Other
25
5
30
Croatian
169
10
179
Dalmatian .
2
2
Danish
22
22
Dutch
7
2
9
English
55
4
59
Finnish
1
1
Flemish .
1
1
French
41
3
44
German
1,138
23
1,161
Greek
611
5
616
Hebrew, Russian
84
1
85
Hebrew, Other
42
1
43
Irish
253
7
260
Italian, North..
328
5
333
Italian, South
371
13
384
Lithuanian
196
10
206
Macedonian . .
44
44
Magyar
262
14
276
Montenegrin
2
2
Norwegian
5
1
6
Polish
2,597
202
2,799
Roumanian
45
3
48
Russian
185
22
207
Ruthenian
15
1
16
Scotch
9
2
11
Servian..
12
12
Slovak
631
1
632
Slovenian
443
42
485
Swedish . .
327
327
Syrian
1
1
Turkish...
16
16
Welsh
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
20
2
22
Belgian (race not specified).
2
2
Swiss (race not specified)
22
22
Total foreign-born
8,193
403
8,596
Grand total...
11.916
923
12,839
126
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 6. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — East.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
7
72
22
11
30
17
7
2
19
1
51
1
41
457
227
62
35
243
327
342
182
43
178
1
4
1,984
33
154
13
9
5
500
56
323
1
14
1
18
1
17
2
8
1
4
1
5
3
5
1
3
1
7
3
1
Armenian -
6
3
1
18
5
11
1
10
5
3
3
Bohemian and Moravian
1
Canadian French
3
2
1
5
1
3
2
19
12
Canadian Other
1
1
3
1
Dalmatian
1
1
6
Danish
1
1
1
10
1
31
Dutch . . -
English
1
1
1
1
3
4
2
7
1
5
73
Flemish
French
1
3
16
3
1
2
56
6
8
7
76
3
2
3
47
48
35
18
28
2
13
42
3
1
2
58
52
25
5
18
3
5
15
6
2
2
28
50
18
3
23
6
53
18
16
13
20
113
113
50
1
54
1
3
22
2
6
7
13
25
21
24
12
279
2
9
5
173
7
10
1
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
10
5
27
17
20
14
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
18
15
5
4
13
2
14
13
10
12
9
Italian North . .
Italian South ...
Lithuanian
Magvar
14
10
9
Montenegrin
Norwegian - -
1
203
1
5
1
193
1
10
2
143
Polish
84
1
10
1
66
5
9
309
12
38
3
241
7
21
2
153
2
12
2
592
4
45
5
1
Roumanian
Russian
4
Ruthenian
Scotch
2
1
25
1
68
6
1
30
3
3
i
18
8
2
1
71
6
6
1
56
7
1
Slovak
69
6
8
149
20
22
47
5
17
35
Slovenian
Swedish
196
1
Syrian
Turkish
2
3
9
Welsh
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
3
4
1
9
1
2
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
1
14
Total
5,511
227
250
749
591
407
1,342
437
519
989
FEMALE.
Canadian French
23
1
1
3
6
8
4
Canadian Other
5
2
1
2
English
2
i
1
French
3
1
1
1
German
5
1
1
3
Greek
2
2
Hebrew Russian
1
1
Hebrew Other
1
1
Irish
7
1
2
2
1
1
Italian North
5
2
1
2
Italian South
13
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
Lithuanian
10
1
6
2
1
Norwegian
1
1
Polish
147
U
14
37
17
23
23
9
8
2
Russian
20
10
2
3
3
1
1
Ruthenian
1
1
Scotch
2
1
1
Total
248
24
19
45
31
30
37
24
23
15
Leather Manufacturing : General Tables.
127
TABLE 6. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — East — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Albanian
7
72
22
11
53
22
7
2
19
1
53
1
44
462
229
63
36
250
332
355
92
43
178
1
5
2,131
33
174
14
11
5
500
56
323
1
14
1
18
1
17
2
8
1
4
1
5
3
5
1
3
1
7
3
1
1
Armenian
6
3
1
1
18
5
11
1
10
5
3
3
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian . .
1
Canadian, French
6
4
1
11
1
11
3
23
14
Canadian, Other
Croatian .
1
1
3
1
Dalmatian
1
1
6
Danish
1
1
1
10
1
32
Dutch
English
1
1
1
1
3
4
3
7
1
6
74
Flemish
French
1
3
16
3
1
2
58
6
8
7
76
3
2
4
49
49
36
18
28
2
13
42
3
1
2
59
55
31
5
18
3
5
15
6
3
2
28
52
20
3
23
6
53
18
17
13
22
113
116
51
1
54
1
4
23
2
6
7
15
25
23
24
13
282
2
9
5
174
7
10
1
German .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian. ...
10
5
28
19
21
14
Hebrew. Other
Irish
1
18
15
5
4
13
2
14
14
10
12
9
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar. .
14
10
9
Montenegrin
Norwegian
2
212
1
5
1
1
201
1
10
2
145
Polish . .
98
1
20
1
80
5
11
346
12
41
3
258
7
24
2
176
2
13
2
615
4
46
5
2
Roumanian ....
Russian
4
Ruthenian
Scotch
2
1
25
1
68
7
Servian
1
30
3
3
1
18
8
2
1
71
6
6
1
56
7
1
Slovak
69
6
8
149
20
22
47
5
17
35
Slovenian
Swedish
196
1
Syrian
Turkish . .
2
3
9
Welsh
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
3
4
1
9
1
2
Belgian (race not specified) . .
Swiss (race not specified)
1
14
Total ... .
5,759
251
269
794
622
437
1,379
461
542
1,004
128
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 7. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Middle West.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made" for time spent abroad.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
1
55
7
1
7
158
3
6
4
1
674
380
21
7
8
1
28
11
83
1
1
594
12
26
2
6
130
376
4
2
2
1
5
1
10
1
Bohemian and Moravian
1
2
1
3
4
9
1
4
1
16
9
Bulgarian
Canadian French
1
6
Canadian Other
1
8
Croatian
6
32
79
23
9
1
1
Danish
2
4
3
Dutch
1
1
English
1
1
67
60
9
2
German
7
1
19
57
2
47
125
4
18
83
1
13
45
3
16
2
1
1
1
124
366
1
Greek . .
Hebrew Other
2
2
1
2
5
Italian North
Italian South
3
6
4
2
12
1
2
1
8
10
4
16
3
4
1
Magyar
7
11
25
2
1
Montenegrin
1
127
Polish
11
1
2
22
1
6
66
4
6
1
4
48
106
1
2
2
42
3
5
46
1
106
2
5
1
32
142
Roumanian
Russian
1
1
Servian
1
14
65
1
3
Slovak
2
18
4
29
26
53
30
101
3
1
3
Slovenian
3
Swedish
Turkish
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
1
3
Total
2,618
60
189
533
284
212
438
G7
297
538
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
Croatian
10
4
1
4
1
Dutch
2
2
1
1
German.
18
2
3
1
3
4
5
Greek
3
1
1
1
14
6
2
2
2
1
1
Polish
48
4
2
9
2
8
7
1
10
5
3
1
1
1
1
1
Slovak
1
1
Slovenian
40
9
6
19
3
1
2
2
1
1
Total
144
27
12
43
10
11
11
4
16
10
Leather Manufacturing : General Tables.
129
TABLE 7. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Middle West — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Armenian. .
1
56
7
1
7
1G8
3
8
5
1
692
383
21
7
8
1
28
11
97
1
1
642
15
27
2
G
131
416
4
2
4
1
5
1
10
1
Bohemian and Moravian
1
2
1
3
4
9
1
4
1
17
9
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
1
6
Canadian, Other
1
8
Croatian
10
33
83
24
9
1
1
Danish
2
4
3
Dutch
2
1
1
English . . .
1
• 1
Finnish
1
68
60
9
2
German
6
7
1
19
58
2
50
126
4
18
83
1
13
46
3
19
2
1
1
1
128
371
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
2
2
1
2
5
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.. . .
3
6
4
2
14
1
2
1
9
10
4
17
3
4
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
13
13
27
2
1
Montenegrin . . .
Norwegian .
1
132
Polish
is
2
2
24
1
6
75
5
7
1
4
48
125
1
2
3
44
4
5
54
1
113
2
5
1
33
152
Roumanian
Russian
1
1
Ruthenian
Servian ....
1
14
66
1
3
Slovak
3
27
4
35
26
56
30
103
3
1
3
Slovenian
3
Swedish
Turkish.
Austrian (race not specified)
1
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
1
3
Total
2,762
87
201
576
294
223
449
71
313
548
130
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 8. — Total number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is. meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made
for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
7
73
77
18
31
24
165
2
22
7
55
1
1
41
1,131
607
83
42
251
328
37D
193
43
261
2
5
2,578
45
180
15
9
11
630
432
327
1
10
1
20
2
22
2
8
1
1
1
4
3
6
3
5
4
7
1
7
7
1
Armenian
6
12
2
19
15
1
3
3
9
11
2
10
21
3
12
Bohemian and Moravian
5
1
3
2
1
1
7
20
18
Canadian Other
Croatian
7
33
82
23
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
5
34
Dutch
English
1
1
1
3
3
7
1
5
197
French . ...
1
7
23
4
1
21
113
8
8
54
201
7
2
3
47
54
35
18
53
2
31
125
4
1
2
58
56
27
5
30
1
3
18
60
9
2
2
28
52
19
3
31
6
120
78
25
15
20
113
123
54
1
70
1
3
38
4
7
8
14
25
24
28
12
645
3
9
7
178
7
10
1
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
10
29
18
20
14
Hebrew Other
Irish
18
15
5
4
20
2
14
16
10
12
20
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar .
15
12
10
Montenegrin
1
235
1
6
1
335
1
11
3
270
Polish
95
2
12
1
88
0
15
375
16
44
4
283
10
26
2
199
3
12
2
698
6
50
6
1
Roumanian
Russian
4
Scotch
2
2
28
1
68
6
1
32
21
3
1
22
37
2
5
119
112
7
2
70
72
1
Slovak
95
59
8
179
121
22
47
8
17
38
1
199
1
Slovenian
Swedish
Turkish
2
3
11
Welsh
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified) .
Swiss (race not specified) . . .
Total
5
4
1
9
2
3
2
17
8,129 , 287
439
1,282
875
619
1,780
504
816
1,527
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
Canadian French
23
1
1
3
6
8
4
Canadian Other
5
2
1
2
Croatian
10
4
1
4
1
Dutch
2
2
English
3
1
1
1
French
3
1
1
1
German
23
2
3
1
4
5
8
Greek
5
3
1
1
Hebrew Russian
1
1
Hebrew Other
1
1
Irish..
7
1
2
2
1
1
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
131
TABLE 8. — Total number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
f> to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
5
13
10
14
1
195
3
21
1
2
1
40
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
6
2
z
1
Italian South
1
2
2
1
3
1
1
2
6
2
1
10
Polish
18
1
10
16
46
1
4
19
1
3
31
30
18
7
2
1
1
Ruthenian
1
Scotch
1
1
1
9
Slovenian
6
19
1
3
1
i
2
Austrian (race not specified) .
Total
392
51
31
88
41
41
48
28
39
25
TOTAL.
7
2
1
3
1
Armenian
73
8
4
5
6
7
19
11
io
3
Bohemian and Moravian
78
18
1
1
3
6
4
7
12
2
7
1
15
1
2
22
12
Canadian French
54
1
1
6
11
11
24
Canadian Other
29
5
1
3
20
175
11
34
86
24
10
9
1
Dalmatian
2
1
1
Danish
22
1
1
1
7
12
Dutch
9
2
1
1
5
English
58
1
1
1
1
3
4
4
8
35
Finnish
1
1
1
§
1
French
44
1
1
8
2
3
6
4
6
13
German
1,154
9
21
57
31
18
121
42
202
653
Greek
612
23
116
202
125
61
78
4
3
Hebrew, Russian
84
4
8
7
4
9
26
7
10
9
Hebrew Other
43
9
1
3
15
8
7
7
Irish
258
1
2
4
2
2
22
16
30
179
Italian North
333
18
14
49
59
28
113
25
20
7
Italian South
383
15
17
55
59
54
126
26
21
10
Lithuanian
203
5
10
36
33
21"
55
28
14
1
43
4
12
18
5
3
1
Magyar . .
275
26
22
55
32
32
71
15
12
10
9
1
1
Norwegian
6
2
1
3
Polish
2,773
iia
104
421
302
230
728
245
353
277
Roumanian
48
3
6
17
11
3
6
1
A
Russian
201
22
17
48
29
13
51
6
11
4
Ruthenian
16
1
4
2
2
6
1
Scotch
11
2
2
7
Servian
11
1
1
5
2
2
Slovak
631
33
99
119
95
70
179
47
28
38
Slovenian
472
30
43
131
62
73
123
8
1
1
Swedish
327
3
2
7
8
1
22
17
68
199
Svrian
1
1
Turkish
16
2
3
11
Welsh
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
22
6
5
1
9
1
2
2
Swiss (race not specified)
22
3
2
17
Total
8,521
338
470
1,370
91G
660
1,828
532
855
1,552
•
132
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 9. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States, each specified number
of years, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[ By years in the United States is meant number of years since first arrival in the United States. No deduc-
tion is made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In United States —
Under
1
year.
1
year.
2
years .
3
years.
years .
5 to
9
years.
10 to
14
years.
15 to
19
years .
20
years
or
over.
Armenian .
8
1
36
16
45
85
14
157
1
26
2
442
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
Danish
German
6
7
4
22
4
56
27
Greek
1
1
5
2
7
3
11
2
2
15
1
8
1
3
13
Irish
2
8
4
25
7
10
2
17
24
5
Italian South
5
Lithuanian
Polish
4
2
1
2
17
17
Roumanian
Slovak
1
3
13
1
14
5
2
Swedish
1
Turkish
86
127
134
63
18
Total
833
97
135
162
92
56
128
44
43
76
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
2
2
1
Canadian (other than French)
1
1
Danish
1
1
English
4
4
German
27
4
3
3
17
Greek
2
1
1
1
Irish
39
2
2
5
1
8
21
2
1
1
Italian, South
42
3
7
9
9
8
4
2
Lithuanian
10
9
2
3
3
Polish
115
7
1
8
8
17
39
13
11
11
Slovak .
23
1
2
2
1
9
10
2
1
2
Syrian
1
1
Total
275
10
10
15
19
33
72
30
27
59
TOTAL.
Armenian
13
4
3
1
1
1
2
1
Canadian (other than French)
1
1
Danish
2
1
1
English
4
4
German
63
10
3
6
44
Greek
21
3
6
3
1
8
Irish
84
1
4
2
5
9
3
15
45
Italian North
2
1
1
Italian, South
127
5
3
7
22
22
31
16
14
7
Lithuanian
24
5
1
2
7
7
2
Polish
272
11
3
19
16
34
95
38
28
28
1
1
Slovak
49
1
4
2
2
5
23
7
1
4
Swedish
2
1
1
Syrian
1
1
Turkish
442
86
127
i34
63
18
14
Total . .
1,108
107
145
177
111
89
200
74
70
135
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
133
TABLE 10. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Number without occupation.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
working
for profit.
Farm laborers.
General laborers.
Leather factory
operatives.
In hand trades.
1 In other occupa-
| tions.
1
o
fH
Farm laborers.
In other occupa-
tions.
3
o
&H
Farmers.
In other occupa-
tions.
"3
-4-3
O
EH
Armenian
8
1
20
10
31
63
11
119
21
438
1
1
1
2
4
1
5
Danish
1
1
"i"
4
1
3
1
19
20
5
69
13
398
German
1
2
fi
9
4
....
1
2
15
7
10
20
6
37
5
22
2
1
18
16
5
69
13
398
"i"
2
9
1
1
9
1
2
2
18
Greek
Irish
5
12
5
4
Italian, South
5
3
1
3
Lithuanian
Polish...
1
23
4
1
2
11
1
1
11
3
16
1
12
3
16
Slovak
Turkish
2
21
Total . ...
722
10
79
5
13
10
17
124
522
7
529
46
13
59
TABLE 11. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Number without occupa-
tion.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
working
for
profit.
Farm laborers.
In domestic
service.
Leather factory
operatives.
In sewing, em-
broidering, etc.
In other occupa-
tions.
"3
-*j
o
EH
Farm laborers.
In other occupa-
tions.
"3
+->
0
EH
Farmers.
In other occupa-
tions.
"3
S
EH
5
1
1
18
5
28
1
26
9
85
15
1
5
1
1 1.
English
1
1
German
13
5
23
1
21
1
20
4
1
5
5
Greek
Irish
2
2
3
3
Italian North
Italian South
1
4
9
2
1
1
6
1
2
5
15
3
2
3
49
8
2
3
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
49
8
1
1
Slovak
Syrian *.
Total
2
195
94
16
18
34
65
65
2
134
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 12. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Leather
tan-
ning.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing or
farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Domes-
tic
service.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Albanian
7
47
66
18
10
8
160
2
20
6
22
1
1
36
828
482
60
37
153
300
336
159
36
246
2
4
2,110
30
159
13
4
12
585
408
286
14
16
2
14
1
18
23
9
8
4
114
1
4
3
1
3
1
20
6
3
2
Armenian
3
17
3
2
1
6
5
10
1
1
3
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
6
1
1
1
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
7
1
9
1
4
1
1
Croatian
8
1
11
Dalmatian
Danish
7
5
1
4
1
1
1
2
1
7
Dutch
English
4
1
3
2
Finnish
Flemish
1
French .
8
136
4
33
16
4
6
14
1
5
85
12
4
3
10
9
14
3
2
10
19
301
196
3
5
100
189
165
132
28
127
3
97
59
9
3
2
41
61
10
1
18
1
1
79
40
2
3
14
15
34
5
1
14
1
1
111
German
94
65
2
8
7
28
99
7
7
5
10
4
2
2
8
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
14
28
43
5
2
45
4
2
1
1
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
22
2
Montenegrin
Norwegian
2
32
4
9
1
107
1
6
Polish
1,453
20
109
10
227
1
27
1
152
3
3
1
1
13
15
1
2
1
1
1
7
9
3
3
1
Roumanian
Russian
1
2
Ruthenian
Scotch
1
2
16
39
10
1
Servian
2
22
31
25
1
1
7
423
222
176
3
11
1
8
Slovak
55
28
13
1
1
48
44
27
5
2
1
1
4
1
13
31
31
1
Slovenian. .
Swedish
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified).
Belgian (race not specified)..
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
5
1
6,700
403
388
3,894
679
635
46
230
425
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
135
TABLE 13. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the UnitedStates,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Leather
tan-
ning.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing or
farm
labor.
Domes-
tic
service.
Sew-
ing ,em-
broid-
ering,
and
lace
mak-
ing.
Teach-
ing.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Canadian, French
3
7
1
1
6
1
1
7
9
52
3
17
1
1
20
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
Croatian
1
Dutch
English . .
1
German
2
3
1
1
Greek
Irish
1
1
Italian, South
6
7
39
3
16
Magyar
2
4
Polish
8
1
Roumanian
Russian. . .
1
Ruthenian
1
Slovak
1
15
Slovenian
2
1
3
Austrian (race not specified).
Total
131
2
2
97
13
13
1
3
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-10
I
136
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 14. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States census, with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Total number.
Agricultural pursuits.
Domestic and personal
service.
Manufac-
turing and
mechanical
pursuits.
Quarrying.
General labor.
Professional service.
Trade.
Transportation.
i
o
>J
<
At school.
Leather.
Other indus-
tries.
Native-born of native fa-
ther White
59
3
40
8
1
4
1
•1
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
German
49
42
35
33
1
9
11
8
1
1
1
1
Irish
1
2
Polish
9
2
Slovak
2
Total
104
78
22
1
1
1
1
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
\rmenian
163
3
118
30
2
5
2
2
1
8
1
37
13
42
84
11
147
1
4
1
33
12
39
53
11
127
1
23
2
321
2
1
3
1
Greek
1
Irish
1
4
1
11
1
2
Italian South
12
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
16
1
1
1
1
Roumanian
1
23
2
442
Slovak
Swedish
Tnrlrish
1
36
1
4
79
Total foreign-born...
Grand total
811
1
38
627
25
12
13
7
4
83
1
974
1
41
745
55
12
13
2
12
6
85
2
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
137
TABLE 15. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States census, with these modi-
fications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total
num-
ber.
Domes-
tic and
per-
sonal
service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
Profes-
sional
service.
Trade.
At
home.
At
school.
Leath-
er.
Other
indus-
tries.
Native-born of native father, White..
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Dutch
72
1
5
2
19
48
5
3
5
3
12
3
47
1
3
2
13
30
2
1
2
English
1
1
2
4
2
2
i
i
1
Irish ..........
1
3
2
Polish
Total
83 2
10
12
2
3
52
2
Total native-born
155 7
13
24
2
6
99
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
5
1
1
4
26
5
37
2
36
9
100
21
1
5
1
1
4
23
5
35
1
33
8
98
19
1
Canadian (other than French) —
Danish
English
German
1
1
1
Greek
Irish
1
1
2
1
Italian North
Italian South
1
Lithuanian
1
Polish
7
1
1
Slovak
1
Syrian
254
2
12
3
3
234
Grand total
409
9
25
27
2 9
333
4
138
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 16. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Average earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
•o
3*
CD
SB
ci 3
«9
a .
= 3
•«£s
c«»
<*£
LO-O
V.'
$7.50 and
under $10.
1
§g
•ocj
3«^
03 !-,
s«
$12.50 and
under $15.
§s
•Ot~
§5
m a>
-^ ^
^
$17.50 and
under $20.
§s
-a £>
a»
1-
$22.50 and
under $25.
$25 or over.
Native-born of native father:
White.
1,746
47
111.02
9.75
....
4
68
2
666
25
624
18
172
138
2
43
13
2
16
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Australia
1
19
1
IX
1
3
64
16
771
412
8
4
5
47
22
•36
16
4
1
(a)
10.92
(a)
11.33
(a)
(a)
12.55
12.45
12.24
12.36
(a)
(<*)
(a)
9.96
14.44
10.08
12.19
(a)
(a)
1
8
Austria-Hungary
CO i— 1 •— 1 i-H
3
2
2
1
Belgium
Canada. .
3
11
1
2
Cuba
Denmark
2
16
9
291
156
5
1
2
22
6
15
9
1
1
10
1
147
58
England
2
20
1-fc
92
9
3
104
58
, 4
2
1
France ....
1
Germany
1
1
29
12
1
35
16
14
11
6
7
Ireland
1
Italy
Netherlands
H
2
Norway
2
1
5
1
Russia
1
9
1
4
4
1
1
Scotland..
1
1
2
Sweden
1
Switzerland
1
1
Wales ....
1
1
South America (country
not specified)
Total.
1,449
12.15
4
61
30
555
188
236
57
28
2
16
Total native-born
3,242
11.50
8
131
99
1,197
360
376
101
41
t
32
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian . . ."
7
68
73
18
23
21
164
2
21
7
52
1
1
31
1,081
559
75
39
226
(")
9.57
11.08
8.84
12.63
12.9
9.9
(a)
12.47
(a)
12.20
(a)
(a.)
11.29
12.10
9.46
11.10
12.57
11.66
6
1!
1
1
1
1
6
.
12
Armenian
23
50
4
7
9
85
2
1
C
1
1
1
Bohemian and Moravian. .
Bulgarian .
Canadian, French
8
3
4
\
1
1
Canadian, Other
c
£
l
Croatian. . .
Dalmatian
Danish
10
3
14
1
1
10
490
142
26
16
91
119
94
68
10
73
3
f
1
Dutch
English
*.
8
13
1
1
Finnish
Flemish
French
IS
224
2ie
IS
1C
64
165
24t>
74
33
I4fl
/
German
17
135
132
32
7
2
28
5
1
4
155
25
16
i
29
1
E
t
" 6
35
6
17
2
9
Greek
t
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
1
4
1
2
Irish
1
18
17
35
2
1
Italian, North. .
308
366
188
43
238
9.51
9.26
9.50
8.86
9.71
"i
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
1
Macedonian
Magyar. . .
5
t
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
139
TABLE 16. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Average earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
$2.50 and
under $5.
a .
S3
•OES
G^
13 fc
U3-0
W
$7.50 and
under $10.
§s
•a 2
§5
1-
$12.50 and
under $15.
%S
•or-
§5
lO ^
s
$17.50 and
under $20.
N
'rt <>i
a»
es
~z
$22.50 and
under $25.
$25 or over.
Foreign-born, by race — Cont'd.
Montenegrin
2
c
(a)
(a)
2
Norwegian . .
2
1,032
15
63
3
2
5
195
213
135
2
69
1
4
1
21
Polish..
2,493
32
$9.88
10.05
11
252
2
27
3
1
1
22
8
1,005
13
74
8
103
1
4
1
2
Roumanian
Russian
172
9.36
Ruthenian
15
8.84
Scotch. .
7
10
593
417
253
(a)
10.20
9.53
10.65
10.98
2
1
5
16
12
Servian
3
357
141
78
1
1
Slovak
11
30
26
3
7
1
Slovenian
2
Swedish..
Syrian
1
15
00
6.90
Turkish
12
2
1
11
Welsh..
1
1J
2
22
(»)
9.76
(a)
11.47
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified)
7
1
8
1
2
8
3
1
Total foreign-born ... .
7,C70
10.27
i
17
6063,048
:'.,(>:',:;
426
406
89
24
5
15
Grand total
10,912
10.64
i
25
737
4,041
4,230
;sr,
782
189
65
9
47
a Not computed, owing to small number of involved.
140
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 17. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
$2.50 and
under $5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
87.50 and
under
$10.
$10 and
under
$12.50.
$12.50 and
under
$15.
Native-born of native father,
White
162
2
13
4
:>
117
61
6
11
2
$7. 13
(a)
6.58
(«)
(a)
7.64
7.31
(«)
6.45
(a)
4
115
1
9
2
2
51
46
ti
10
37
1
3
2
6
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
Canada .
1
England
France
Germany . .
2
57
12
7
2
Ireland
1
Italy
Russia
1
1
Sweden
1
Total
218
7.39
3
127
77
10
1
Total native-born
:',MI
7.28
7
242
114
16
1
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian French
1
21
4
8
2
3
3
21
4
7
4
7
8
14
167
3
17
1
2
33
2
(a)
7.19
(a)
(a)
(a)
(")
(a)
8.21
(«)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(")
6.20
5.95
(°)
5.26
(a)
(«)
6.94
(a)
1
12
2
5
1
1
2
8
2
6
a
9
1
3
1
2
1
9
2
Canadian, Other. . .
1
Croatian
Dutch
English
French . .
German
2
2
Greek
Irish . .
1
Italian, North
Italian South
7
7
7
147
2
16
1
2
17
1
Lithuanian
1
4
16
1
1
Magyar. . .
2
2
1
2
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovenian
2
12
1
2
Austrian (race notspecifled).
Total foreign-born ...
332
6.39
6
251
64
8
3
Grand total
712
6.87
13
493
178
24
4
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
141
TABLE 18. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50
and
under
$5.
$5
and
under
$7.50.
$7.50
and
under
$10.
$10
and
under
$12.50.
$12.50
and
under
$15.
Native-born of native father:
White
134
2
6
3
2
3
3
98
23
7
1
29
2
8
4
$6. 14
(«)
00
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.43
6.50
(a)
(a)
6.13
(a)
(a)
(a)
25
74
2
4
3
32
3
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
1
1
Canada
Denmark .
1
1
1
3
20
7
2
1
3
England
2
France
Germany
8
1
1
68
15
2
2
Ireland . .
Italy
2
Netherlands
Russia
1
6
18
2
1
1
Scotland
Sweden
7
3
Switzerland
1
Total
189
6.63
1
17
115
49
6
1
Total native-born
325
6.42
1
42
191
81
9
X
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
1
11
14
2
6
2
4
49
1
1
(0)
22
1
1
(«)
6. 51
6.54
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
5.85
(a)
(«)
1
6.15
(«)
(«)
1
7
10
German
1
2
4
1
Greek
Irish
2
Italian North
3
2
4
37
1
3
Lithuanian ...
Magyar
Polish
8
4
Roumanian
Russian
1
Scotch
1
17
1
Slovak
1
4
Slovenian
Swedish
1
Total foreign-born
116
6.19 1
10
84
18
3
Grand total
441
6.36 2
52
275
99
12
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
142
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 19. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each speci-
fied amount per week.
$2.50 and
under $5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under $10.
Native-born of native father, White
50
$5.78
7
37
6
Native-born oi foreign father, by country of birth of
lather:
Canada
4
41
10
11
17
1
(«)
5.92
6.00
5.55
5.41
(«)
1
27
8
11
14
1
3
7
1
Germany . _
7
1
Ireland
Italy
Russia
2
1
Scotland
Total
84
5.83
10
62
12
Total native-born
134
5.81
17 99
18
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian (other than French). ...
1
2
2
1
1
1
5
27
3
1
4
(»)
(a)
00
(°)
(a)
(a)
(«)
5.42
(«)
»)
(a)
1
Croatian
2
2
1
1
5
25
3
1
4
German
Hebrew, Russian .... . .
Hebrew, Other
Italian North
Italian, South .. ...
Polish
2
Russian
Slovak
Slovenian . . .
Total foreign-born
48
5.35
3
45
Grand total
182
5.69
20
144
18
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
143
TABLE 20. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year,
by general nativity and race of individual,
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 116.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number working
for wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
Under $100.
$100 and un-
der $200.
$200 and un-
der $300.
$300 and un-
der $400.
$400 and un-
der $500.
$500 and un-
der $000.
$600 and un-
der $700.
~$700andun-~
der $800.
$800 and un-
der $900.
$900 and un-
der $1,000.
t->
o
ol
8 °
99
Native-born of native father, White. . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
26
$658
1
3
2
9
9
1
1
21
26
669
657
1
3
3
3
4
1
2
5
2
5
4
2
1
1
3
3
4
Irish . . .
Total . .
47
663
4
6
5
7
7
6
1
4
7
Total native-born
73
661
1
4
6
8
9
16
15
2
4
8
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
24
5
31
30
10
92
19
(a)
607
00
658
412
390
393
398
1
German . . .
?
2
3
4
10
5
29
8
9
1
10
5
6
2
1
1
1
Greek
1
3
8
4
26
11
Irish
1
5
1
15
3
2
2
1
5
2
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
1
3
17
1
Slovak
Total foreign-born
212
460
1
3
24
54
61
42
12
4
2
6
3
Grand total.
285
511
2
3
28
60
69
51
28
19
4
10
11
Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
144
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 21. — Yearly earnings (approximate] of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number working
for wages and re-
porting amount.
Average earnings.
Number earning—
Under $100.
$100 and un-
der $150.
$150 and un-
der $200.
$200 and un-
der $250.
$250 and un-
der $300.
$300 and un
der $400.
$400 and un-
der $500.
$500 and un-
der $000.
$600 and un-
der $700.
$700 and un-
der $800.
$800 and un-
der $1,000.
S
fe
§>
o
5
Native-born of native
father White
45
$550
3
2
2
6
4
3
11
11
2
1
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
German
37
40
1
4
1
576
591
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
3
2
3
6
3
4
7
4
6
6
3
6
5
3
3
5
3
4
Irish
Italian, South — .
Polish
1
1
1
1
1
Slovak
1
Total .
83
569
2
6
10
8
11
13
10
8
8 7
Total native-
born
128
562
3
4
8
10
14
15
16
21
19
10 8
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
1
35
12
38
69
11
134
1
23
2
295
(a)
(«)
582
430
648
369
388
382
(a)
389
(a)
281
1
2
1
Danish
1
2
German
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
20
5
37
3
5
6
21
5
35
10
3
13
5
11
3
1
Greek . .
Irish
1
4
4
2
2
6 3
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
5
11
1
16
Polish
2
1
5
11
25
1
2
Roumanian
Slovak
1
13
9
Swedish
1
2
"2"
1
2
Turkish
36
23
50
25
20
58
77
Total foreign-
born
625
404
39
25
60
43
50
142
163
60
21
9
9
4
Grand total
7/iH
431
42
25
64
51
60
156
178
76
42
28
19
12
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
145
TABLE 22. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
s,
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of selected
families. «
Average
family
income.
Number of families having a total Income —
Under
$300.
$300
and
under
$500.
$500
and
under
$750.
$750
and
under
$1,000.
$1,000
and
under
$1,500.
$1,500
or over.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
$715
1
4
13
7
1
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
21
27
796
822
1
1
2
3
6
11
8
4
4
8
Irish
Total
48
810
2
5
17
12
12
Total native-born . .
75
776
3
9
30
19
13
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
24
5
31
30
10
92
19
(»)
1,035
(»)
954
578
442
497
501
1
1
2
3
11
9
43
14
German
6
3
11
9
1
29
3
5
9
3
Greek
Irish
5
4
6
3
6
Italian, South
3
Lithuanian ....
Polish
11
5
1
4
1
Slovak
Total foreign-born
212
634
14
84
62
20
23
9
Grand total
287
671
17
93
92
39
36
10
a For selection of families, see p. 116.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 23. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
Individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Un-
der
$100.
$100
and
under
$150.
$150
and
under
$200.
$200
and
under
$250.
$250
and
under
$300.
$300
and
under
$400.
$400
and
under
$500.
$500
or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White . . .
13
$298
1
2
1
2
5
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
English
2
1
7
(«)
(»)
(«)
1
1
1
1
German
Irish
1
1
3
1
Total
10
363
1
1
1
3
o
1
Total native-born .
23
326
1
3
2
3
8
3
3
Foreign-born:
German
2
2
1
•9
(«)
(«)
(a)
(a)
1
1
Irish
1
i
Lithuanian
1
2
Polish
1
1
i
3
1
Total foreign-born
14
254
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
Grand total
37
299
4
2
4
4
6
8
5
4
a Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
146
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 24. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of selected
families.^
Number of families having an income from—
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White .
27
26
1
5
2
1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
21
27
21
26
2
1
3
7
3
7
2
4
Irish
Total
48
47
3
10
10
6
Total native-born
75
73
4
15
12
7
Foreign-born :
Armenian
1
24
5
31
30
10
92
19
1
24
5
31
30
10
92
19
-
German
14
6
2
6
9
8
34
10
1
Greek
Irish . . . .
13
8
2
8
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
2
Polish
15
2
6
1
Slovak
Total foreign-born
212
212
3
52
75
18
Grand total
287
285
7
67
87
25
o For selection of families, see p. 116.
TABLE 25. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Number of families having entire income from—
Husband.
Husband and wife.
3
o
•a
3d
_£
r
J3
OT
3
W
Husband, wife, and
children.
Husband and board-
ers or lodgers.
1§
£
d
g
2
2
o
•d
a
03
•a
£
Wife and boarders
or lodgers.
Children.
Children and board-
ers or lodgers.
Boarders or lodgers.
Sources or combina-
tion of sources not
before specified.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
21
....
3
....
1
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
21
27
11
11
2
1
3
4
....
3
5
2
5
Irish
1
Total
48
L'_
3
7
8
1
—
7
Total native-born
i
75
43
3
in
o
1
9
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
24
5
31
30
10
92
19
1
5
3
13
12
1
43
7
German
....
12
5
2
4
5
8
27
9
2
Greek
Irish
1
2
11
4
....
3
9
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
11
1
9
2
Slovak
Total foreign-born
212
85
3
39
60
25
Grand total . .
287
128
6
49
69
1
34
o For selection of families, see p. 116.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
147
TABLE 26. —Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
11
and
under
12.
10
and
under
11.
9
and
under
10.
8
and
under
9.
7
and
under
8.
6
and
under
7.
3
and
under
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of native father,
White
54
37
3
6
2
2
1
2
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
48
41
2
9
2
24
26
1
3
1
6
4
4
1
1
1
7
4
4
1
1
3
2
1
Irish
1
Tfolion ftonfh
Polish
2
1
1
1
1
Slovak
Total
102
55
10
7
13
5
2
5
5
Total native-born
156
92
10
10
19
7
4
6
7
1
Foreign-born:
5
1
37
12
41
71
11
137
1
23
2
308
3
1
22
3
26
13
2
24
1
1
1
German
7
3
5
7
1
4
3
5
7
46
3
1
1
7
1
11
2
1
1
1
4
14
Irish
1
13
1
5
1
5
Italian South
7
Polish
6
20
17
7
1
Slovak
1
21
1
2
122
Turkish
2
17
10
7
72
54
24
Total foroigii-born . ...
649
219
25
45
105
35
29
95
70
26
Grand total
805
311
35
55
124
42
33
101
77
27
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
18
9
3
3
2
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
2
4
11
2
2
2
2
7
2
1
1
1
Trloh
1
2
• 1
1
Polish
Total
21
11
2
5
1
2
39
20
5
8
1
4
1
Foreign-born:
2
1
1
2
8
2
1
1
1
3
1
Polish
1
3
1
14
7
1
3
1
1
1
firanr? tntnl
53
27
6
11
2
5
1
1
148
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 27. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
["With boarders or lodgers" Includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule
was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
"Family" households.
"Group"
house-
holds.
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boarders or
lodgers.
Total
family
house-
holds.
Con-
sisting
of a
single
family.
Consist-
ing of two
or more
families
living
together.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
lodgers
only.
Total.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
29
26
26
3
3
29
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
German
24
30
21
22
21
23
1
6
2
1
3
7
24
30
Irish
1
Total...
54
43
1
44
7
3
10
54
Total native-born
Foreign-born :
Armenian
83
69
1
70
10
3
13
83
4
30
0
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
4
23
3
29
12
2
52
11
4
23
3
29
18
2
56
11
4
30
5
35
31
10
90
22
1
German
5
1
5
4
2
1
1
9
8
34
11
1
7
2
6
13
8
34
11
1
Greek
1
Irish
Italian South
6
Lithuanian .
Polish
4
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish .
50
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
L'7'.l
136
10
146
15
67
82
228
51
362
205
11
216
25
70
95
311
51
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
149
TABLE 28. — Number of households paying each specifiedrent per month per apartment, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment.
Under
$5.
$5 and
under
$7.50
$7.50
and un-
der $10.
$10 and
under
$12.50.
$12.50
and un-
der $15.
$15 and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native
father White
27
$11.93
1
4
15
3
2
2
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
German
18
28
12.67
12.46
5
9
6
7
1
4
4
4
2
3
Irish
1
Total
46
11'. .'.I
1
14
13
5
8
5
Total native-born .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
73
12.32
2
18
28
8
10
7
3
17
6
22
20
7
75
19
1
50
(a)
10.50
(a)
12.25
9.93
(a)
7.43
8.00
(a)
13.70
1
4
1
1
2
1
6
4
2
21
9
1
6
German
2
2
4
1
1
3
2
2
Greek
Irish
8
13
1
13
4
2
Italian South
1
1
2
34
5
Lithuanian
1
1
Polish
(i
1
Slovak
Syrian
1
6
Turkish
12
11
4
17
Total foreign-born .
Grand total
220
10.29
8
48
58
57
14
2(i
9
293
10.80
8
50
76
85
22
30
16
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
150
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 29. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Num-
ber of
house-
holds
paying
rent
and re-
porting
amount.
Aver-
age
rent
per
room.
Number of households paying each specified rent
per month per room.
Un-
der
81.
SI
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$2.
$2
and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
and
under
$3.
$3
and
under
$3.50.
$3.50
and
under
$4.
$4 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White..
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
27
82.21
8
9
8
2
18
28
2.21
2.02
1
3
6
8
6
12
4
5
1
Irish
Total
46
2.09
4
14
18
9
1
Total native-born
73
2.13
4
22
27
17
2
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
3
17
6
22
20
7
75
19
1
50
(a)
1.96
(»)
1.98
1.91
(a)
1.94
2.71
(a)
2.18
1
1
2
9
1
6
10
3
23
4
German
4
2
1
2
Greek
3
Irish
1
10
6
5
2
2
0
10
1
13
Italian, South
1
1
Lithuanian...
2
2
2
Polish
3
38
2
2
1
1
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
11
25
1
Total foreign-born
220
2.12
1
6
69
83
41
9
6
5
Grand total
293
2.12
1
10
91
110
58
11
6
6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
151
TABLE 30. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Num-
ber of
house-
holds
paying
rent
and re-
porting
amount.
Aver-
age
rent
per
person.
Number of households paying each specified
rent per month per person.
Under $0.50.
T3
5I
Z
•o
q .
•d
1
a .
•3
•
73
$5 or over.
$1.50 an
under $2
5?«1
0"° ' § t.
lO C ' O
» " S
$3.50 a n
under $4
§|
2S
af
Native-born of native father, White...
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
27
$2.82
1
3
4
4
6
2
3
4
18
28
2.89
2.36
1
4
2
3
2
6
3
2
3
5
1
1
....
2
2
4
4
Irish
1
Total
46
2.54
1
5
5
8
5
8
2
4
8
Total native-born
73
2.64
1
6
8
12
9
14
4
3
4
12
Foreign-born:
Armenian
3
17
3
22
20
7
75
19
1
50
(a)
2.03
(a)
2.21
1.53
(a)
1.32
1.41
(a)
1.54
1
7
1
1
3
1
1
1
German . ...
1
2
2
1
Greek .
0
1
Irish
2
8
2
23
6
5
3
1
18
4
7
4
2
8
5
3
2
•}
2
1
Italian South
2
1
18
2
Lithuanian
1
Polish
3
2
1
1
3
Slovak
Syrian
1
Turkish
2
20
17
6
2
2
1
Total foreign-born
220
1.61
26
63
50
41
14
11
5
6
1
3
Grand total
293
1.81
....
27
69
58
53
23
25
9
9
5
15
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 12—11 11
152
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 31. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of boarders
and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule, and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households
keeping-
Number of—
Boarders.
Lodgers
only.
Total.
Boarders.
Lodgers.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
29
3
3
7
7
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
24
30
1
6
2
1
3
7
1
13
3
1
4
14
Irish .
Total
54
7
3
10
14
4
18
Total native-born
83
10
3
13
21
4
25
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
German
5
1
5
4
2
1
1
9
8
34
11
1
7
2
6
13
8
34
11
1
1
10
4
12
6
2
1
2
39
18
86
43
12
12
5
14
45
18
86
43
12
24
Greek. . . .
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak
Syrian. . . .
Turkish
1
24
Total foreign-born .
279
16
67
83
56
203
259
Grand total
362
26
70 93
77
207
284
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
153
X-J. .
•°«c
i. <L
2 I
','.'.'.'. '. I'H
H
H
&°
•of fc
Oi
II
II
II : : : : : : —
r
J
r
1
2
•!*a
00
II
II
II : : : : : «N^
-
^
-
3
X
S * 0
t^
II
II
II : : : : : :- :
^
-
-
H
s
4-3
§«_g
SO
II
II .,-)••• -COCfl "
II ' 11. .
-_
:
.
:
C3
"o §
•0
II
II : :rt : : :0^
j
D
j
3
C3
i- — -
J! S 0
•*
II
II
II ^^
*
'.
j
:
S
•2 S-o
CO
II
II
|| ' 'iH • • T-H OIN
M • •
-
—
3
• i
:
1
§.§«
fc
<N
II
M
II
II : : : : : :« :
O
--
r
3
H
II
||
1!
:-*• : : ^SS
1
-
.
S
i
T
5
'
>>./.
L. O)
,Q 0 w
® 0
02
Ȥ
K S
•04= fc
i*21
-H
II
||
II
II : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : :
•
1
a
-fc3
FH
03
rv
§£•3
gOn
S2^
"3 B
o
II
II -
II
i— (
II
II ~
II
|i : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : :« :
-
:
r
r-
H
a?
t*f* 9
5S°
•*
II
II
II : : : : : :rt
T"
'
-
-
s
•2§T3
CO
*-H
II
II-
M • fi • ^1 ^H <N T-l
-
-
1
0
(_
3*tc
IN
II -
T-H
II ^
t"0* : i^ :
>-
:
«
9
«
^
*— 1
||
II :
II : : : : : : : : :
:
III
II
<N
CO
• ?i ~i — — c- ri
i
i
/
i
^-i .
t- o>
° 0
"H
Tl _C! t-
2e
||
II
||
1
w
i^^
P-o —
00
II
II
II : : : : : : : : :
a
+3
Ll
3
ft
8 = 2
0-S5
oa
.
IO
II :
II :
II :
II
II
II :
1! : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : : :
j
1
-room a
oj a* c
|g5
i^c
^
CO
II :
II :
II :
p
II :
II :
II
1! : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : : :
c^
1
•
^
^
J
II :
II
II : :
!
|||
If
«— 1 ^H
;
c
c
llil|
2
S
O$
r
CO
in
CO
00
^r o ^ 10 •— • o <M I-H
CO COCO .-tOS<M
S
3
S
|
s
K
•d
I
I
"3
•§
a
1
1
fe' ;
j
o
13
& •
•
03
V
XI
0 •
.
s-i
O
OJ
-t-i
f '•
;
•
1
J^
£
1
& '•
s •
:
•
General nativity
Native-born of native fa
Native-born of foreign fa
German
si
OT
i_
— *
"3
~-
O
H
Total native-born .
il§ i- 1 „
B-lfcls^ S^o'E
•S^OOMS MPHOQCB
1
5
^
d
§
c
i/
'o
)
~~,
03
a
-
o
W
w
o
154
The Immigration Commission.
.9
'-3
rt
o
O
s
O
B
c»
i-SS
B
K.
•I
B
s
g
o
•^s
||
;
1
CO rHOJ
1— I
IO
rH
CO
t-
III
r'
rt
|
^1
t— i
. — 71 ' rH
10
CO
o
00
:
1
T—4 1
rt
:
-
g
§"0 °
^
:
1
<N
M
IM
<N
t
f
p
°£M
CO
rt
I
•*
•"
i-H
o£
iC
:
rH,-,
<N 1
N 1
i— 1
Tf rH
CO
'
"o
t-. ^ 2
•rf
^
|
«
*
',
00 : -1 : : : :
'
a
"fl ^^
H O o
CO
CO
|
IM
'•?
1-1
-
'
Lf
o
a
»
(M
rH
1
•
•
:
1
•
:
:
03
ft
10
a '"'a
cv
03 g
-
-r
rH
8
CO
-Ji •<*• rH • i-H CO
05
CO
g
i
o 2
^ a
[
r-H
rH
CO CS • • •*
-
O
.
•gf, &
oi
rH
^
CO
^
(M
•(M
'
"a
00
rt
1
<M
CO
i—t
CO M rH ' • • ^J*
a
r
a
P «— o
S o fc,
t^
1
=,
|N
1-1
• (N ' C*l • • rH
CO
1
tn
§^_g
CO
IM
|
"*
°
. — —
£0 rH rH rH ' ' lO
s
1?!
03
ft
o a
•0
I-H
1
:
^
r-H
i-H i— 1 ' ' C^l
03
Oj cu fl
•*
(M
««
0
f~
•*
rH(M -CO j jrH
a
US
"s i'S
CO
rt
1
<M
CO
-
•*
rH •
CO
OJ
5
l^c
=5
IM CS
•*
*
i-H
' '
-<
-
1 ^
1
3 i'S
o 3 >-
ft*
00
1
.
CO
CO
1
3^
? 1 — ~ \ S. • • ~
.
§
1 .
1
rr O
o o
-'S
•
'•
;
•rH •-* ' 'O4
m
•a a 2
O)
1
:
•
:^ ; ; ; : :
I— (
d
'ftl^1
00
:
:
1
;
• rH • <N rH -CO
r~
if:
«"S °
t^
1
:
:
1
rH
rH<N 'O • • •
£
°
—
'O -^
CO
•-1
:
I-
rH
rH rH rH 00 ' • <N
s
1 12
"3 a
10
r— 1
|
CO
1*
1
—
- : — — ? i —
a
I ,-H
03
u>c 2
^ ^* CH
TP
C1
|
*.
CO
1
|rH -CO | • |
^
^
a
|l-s
CO
•*
W CM
-*
CO
1 ^
•
rH ' ..,—.,.
CO
-
g
<N
r~l
1 ~
rt
I04
1 "
<N •
CO
'
>0
"
^
II :
1 : 1
1 : 1
1
:
\ :
•Si's
111
ft ^
03 g
OV
cocc
(M
rH
55
(N
CO
/". f ? 1 ' ~ ? 1 S
8
r.
b-
•°s|
II
CO
co
M
•OJ3 fe
o!
1
:
1
.r-, .
~
1^
a
"ft! ft
00
:
:
1
' PO rH '
"**
1
g
§— °
^
1
:
1
, — 1- • — ,
^
if:
1
0 M_g
CO
1
1 :
!
rH • ^ • ',C
a
[s
ft
la
10
1
1 :
1
(M
CO -Til -M
a
is
d
>_-? P
0 W B
-r
l-H
1
-
I
rH 1—
rH rH -CO ' rH
00
1
o
g §"g
CO
IM
1
-"
|CO
1 7
i
rH ' O4 '
-r
i±
(H
(M
IM
^
: i
r
1
|
• rH rH • •
M
1
^
^4
|
II :
1 : 1
1 L
1
:
1 :
III
03 g
&g
CC
00
co«-
rH I— • "O CO • O
"M •—,
•o
m
1
0
fc
XI
§2
|1
53
d
a
0
1
;:; IIJIJ
E
o
,0
a
2
i
•A '. •
a
—
General nativity
of hou
Native-born ol
White
o QJ
a£ a
• 1
O
—
03
'o
EH
Foreign-born:
A rmpnirm
German
Orppk
II i i 1
- a ,• •-=
li s^i'^s
^ — i-H1 PH OQ 02 £"<
cu
t,
,0
"3
'o
o
1
O
•I
•s
o
-s
CO
I
w
hq
m
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
155
TABLE 33. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Number of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
1
room.
2
rooms
3
rooms
4
rooms
5
rooms
6
rooms
7
rooms
or
more.
Native-born of native father, White...
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
29
5.55
1
5
9
8
6
24
30
5.71
6.30
2
2
1
6
6
12
9
14
5
9
Irish. . . .
Total
54
6.04
2
3
23
14
Total native-born
83
5.87
3
8
21
31
20
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
0
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
(a)
5.57
(a)
6.40
5.32
4.30
4.00
3.14
(a)
6.28
1
3
1
1
7
2
3
1
15
1
12
11
2
8
German
2
2
1
2
6
Greek
Irish
8
8
2
25
2
14
4
1
Italian, South .
1
1
7
2
Lithuanian
4
24
14
Polish
1
1
25
3
Slovak
Syrian
1
13
Turkish .
10
8
19
Total foreign-born
279
5.02
2
15
45
51
58
69
39
Grand total
362
5.22
2
18
45
59
79
100
59
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 34. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Number of households of each specified
number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White. .
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
29
4.24
3
11
6
2
4
1
2
24
30
4.25
5.23
....
5
3
5
4
4
8
3
2
5
4
1
3
"3"
1
2
i
Irish .
Total
54
4.80
8
9
12
5
9
4
3
3
i
Total native-born . .
83
4.60
11
20
18
7
13
4
4
5
i
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
(a)
5.13
(a)
5.77
6.58
5.90
5.72
5.50
(a)
8 92
1
2
2
2
3
6
1
2
2
2
10
4
German. .
5
1
5
4
1
11
7
5
1
8
6
1
15
1
4
1
8
4
2
16
2
4
1
3
Greek... .
Irish
3
5
3
3
4
1
3
3
4
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Polish
7
2
14
7
3
2
1
8
2
1
18
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish
2
5
13
2
7
3
Foreign-born.
279
6.27
16
30
36
42
50
28
28
13
36
Grand total . . .
362
5.88
27
50
54
49
63
32
32
IS
37
156
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7 rooms
or
more.
Total.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number o:
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number o
persons.
Number ol
households.
co i-> i-1 1 Number o:
o.'*'*'*co toc" *• persons.
Number ol
households.
Number o
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number o:
households.
Number oi
persons.
Native-born of native father,
White
1
2
3
8
5
2
' 1
1
3
1
1
7
9
6
6
2
3
33
22
23
5
18
8
9
14
1
15
1
12
11
2
8
45
42
83
3
74
6
72
81
14
52
6
5
9
28
25
49
29
24
30
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
123
102
157
11
154
22
202
204
59
515
121
14
446
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian..
German
2
2
5
4
1
2
6
8
6
37
Greek
Irish...
8
8
2
25
2
35
56
11
172
11
14
4
1
91
29
4
Italian, South... .
1
1
7
2
3
3
25
7
Lithuanian
4
24
14
27
112
80
Polish
1
1
2
2
25
3
152
21
Slovak.
Syrian
1
13
14
177
Turkish
10
57
8
03
19
149
Grand total . .
2
4
18
58
45
233
59
311
79
449
100
621
59
454
362
2, 130
Total native-born of foreign
father
2
3
15
8
11
47
3
8
51
7
21
290
12
21
58
45
78
371
23
31
69
125
170
451
14
20
39
74
102
352
54
83
279
259
382
1,748
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
2
4
45
233
TABLE 36. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per room.
Total
number.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Averaee
per room.
Less
than
1.
1 and
under
2.
2 and
under
3.
3 and
under
4.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White...
29
123
4.24
0.76
20
9
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
24
30
102
157
4.25
5.23
.74
.83
15
21
8
9
1
Irish ....
Total
54
259
4.80
.79
36
17
1
Total native-born
83
382
4.60
.78
56
26
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
11
154
22
202
204
59
515
121
14
446
(a)
5.13
(a)
5.77
6.58
5.90
5.72
5.50
(a)
8.92
(a)
.92
(a)
.90
1.24
1.37
1.43
1.75
<«)
1.42
4
14
6
15
7
1
12
2
1
3
German . . .
15
1
Greek
Irish .
20
23
6
57
11
Italian South
1
3
20
7
Lithuanian
Polish .
1
1
Slovak
1
Syrian
Turkish
41
6
Total foreign-born .
279
1,748
6.27
1.25
65
173
38
2
1
Grand total
362
2,130
5.88
1.13
121
199
38
3
1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
157
TABLE 37. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per sleeping room.
Total
num-
ber.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Average
per sleep-
ing room.
Less
than
2.
2 and
under
3.
3 and
under
4.
4 and
under
5.
Sand
under
6.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
29
123
4.24
1.84
15
10
4
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
German
24
30
102
157
4.25
5.23
1.82
1.87
10
13
12
13
1
4
1
Irish
Total
54
259
4.80
1.85
23
25
5
1
Total native-born . .
83
382
4.60
1.85
38
35
9
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
11
154
22
202
204
59
515
121
14
446
(a)
5.13
(a)
5.77
6.58
5.90
5.72
5.50
(»)
8.92
(a)
2.00
(a)
1.98
2.49
2.95
2.83
2.81
(a)
1.95
3
13
2
14
4
1
7
1
2
7
3
33
3
German
10
3
18
16
4
30
8
Greek.
Irish
1
2
3
8
5
Italian, South
2
Lithuanian
Polish
11
4
1
21
7
1
1
1
Slovak
Syrian
Turkish.
26
2
1
Total foreign-born
279
1,748
6.27
2.28
73
115
59
20
10
2
Grand total . .
362
2,130
5.88
2.18
111
150
68
20
10
3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 38. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head^of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number
of house-
holds
sleeping
in all
rooms.
Number of households sleeping in all
rooms except—
1.
2.
3.
4 or more.
Native-born of native father, White
29
1
4
16
8
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of
father:
German
24
30
2
2
1
11
17
2
19
Irish ,
Total
54
2
3
28
21
Total native-born ...
83
1
2
7
44
29
Foreign-born:
Armenian
4
30
6
35
31
10
90
22
1
50
3
15
1
9
German
3
4
3
2
2
15
1
33
5
Greek
Irish
20
12
4
29
13
2
1
Italian South
2
4
25
16
Lithuanian
Polish
3
1
Slovak
Syrian
1
Turkish
17
31
2
Total foreign-born
279
4
71
92
85
27
Grand total . . .
362
5
73
99
129
56
158
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 39. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White 1,952
Negro 49
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia 1
Austria-Hungary 26
Belgium 1
Canada 25
Cuba 1
Denmark 5
England 68
France 21
Germany 888
Ireland 445
Italy 15
Netherlands 5
Norway 6
Russia 75
Scotland 25
Sweden 54
Switzerland 21
Wales 4
South America (country not specified) 1
Total 1, 687
Total native-born 3, 688
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian 7
Armenian 74
Bohemian and Moravian 75
Bulgarian 18
Canadian, French 32
Canadian, Other 25
Croatian 159
Dalmatian 2
Danish 22
Dutch. . 7
English 54
Finnish _ 1
Flemish 1
French 41
German 1, 134
Greek C07
Hebrew, Russian 83
Hebrew, Other 42
Irish 251
Italian, North 327
Italian, South 367
Lithuanian 193
Macedonian 44
Magyar. . . 256
Montenegrin 2
Norwegian 5
Polish 2, 541
Roumanian 43
Russian 177
Ruthenian 15
Scotch 9
Servian 11
Slovak... 616
1,924
47
1
26
1
25
1
5
68
21
873
442
14
5
6
73
25
54
21
4
1
1,666
3,637
2
70
71
17
30
25
132
2
22
7
54
1
1
40
1,096
551
78
40
245
240
256
161
26
240
2
5
2,076
42
144
10
9
11
519
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
159
TABLE 39.— Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
Number
Numbe
r who —
General nativity and race.
reporting
complete
data.
Read.
Read and
write.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Slovenian
432
411
403
Swedish
327
326
325
Syrian
1
1
1
Turkish
16
4
4
Welsh
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
19
15
14
Belgian (race not specified)
2
2
2
Swiss (race not specified) .
22
22
22
Total foreign-born
8,063
7,007
6,767
Grand total
11,749
10, 644
10,393
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father White
212
212
212
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary .
2
2
2
Canada - -
19
17
17
England.
4
4
4
France
2
2
2
Germany
157
157
157
Ireland
69
69
68
Italv
17
17
17
29
29
29
Scotland
1
1
1
Sweden
'2
2
2
Total
302
300
299
Total native-born
514
512
511
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
Canadian, French. ...
22
19
19
Canadian Other
5
5
5
Croatian - -
9
8
8
Dutch
2
2
'2
English
4
3
3
French
3
3
3
German - -
22
22
22
Greek
5
1
1
Hebrew Russian .
1
1
1
Hebrew Other
1
1
1
Irish
7
7
7
Italian North -
5
5
5
Italian South
13
7
7
Lithuanian
10
9
5
Magyar -
14
11
10
Norwegian
1
1
1
Polish
197
182
158
Roumanian
3
2
2
Russian .
22
15
14
Ruthenian
1
1
Scotch
2
2
2
Slovak
1
1
1
Slovenian
41
39
38
Austrian (race not specified)
2
2
2
Total foreign-born
394
350
318
Grand total
908
862
829
160
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 39. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White
2,164
49
2,136
47
2, 130
44
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
1
28
1
44
1
5
72
23
1,045
514
32
5
6
104
26
56
21
4
1
1
28
1
42
1
5
72
23
1,030
511
31
5
6
102
26
56
21
4
1
1
28
1
42
1
5
72
23
1,030
508
31
5
6
102
26
56
21
4
1
Austria-Hungary
Cuba
Denmark
England
France - - -
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands -
Norway
Russia.
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
South America (country not specified)
Total
1,989
1,966
1,963
Total native-born
4.202
4,149
4,137
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
7
74
76
18
54
30
168
2
22
9
58
1
1
44
1,156
612
84
43
258
332
380
203
44
270
2
6
2,738
46
199
16
11
11
617
473
327
1
16
1
21
2
22
2
70
72
17
49
30
140
2
22
9
57
1
1
43
1,118
552
79
41
252
245
263
170
26
251
2
6
2,258
44
159
11
11
11
520
450
326
1
4
1
17
2
22
1
70
72
16
48
30
139
2
22
9
57
1
1
43
1,105
546
76
41
247
241
248
131
23
248
2
6
2,113
42
155
10
11
11
506
441
325
1
4
1
16
2
22
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other..
Croatian
Dalmatian .
Danish
Dutch
English .
Finnish
Flemish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Maevar
Montenegrin .
Norwegian . ...
Polish
Roumanian . .
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian .
Turkish
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified) . . .
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born. . . . .
8,455
7,357
7,085
Grand total
12,657
11.506
11, 222
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
161
TABLE 40. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Num-
Male.
Female.
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Native-born of native
father White
175
73
73
73
102
101
101
175
174
174
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Dutch
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
English
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
French
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
German
84
57
57
57
27
27
27
84
84
84
Irish
120
55
54
54
65
64
64
120
118
118
Italian South
19
9
9
9
10
10
10
19
19
19
Polish
33
18
18
18
15
14
14
33
32
32
Slovak
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
Total
266
141
140
140
125
123
123
266
263
263
Total native-born
441
214
213
213
227
224
224
441
437
437
Foreign-born:
Armenian
13
8
8
8
5
2
2
13
10
10
Danish
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
English
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
German
63
36
36
36
27
27
26
63
63
62
Greek
19
14
8
7
5
19
8
7
Irish
81
45
40
40
36
33
33
81
73
73
Italian North
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Italian, South
124
84
57
57
40
25
23
124
82
80
Lithuanian
20
11
9
9
9
6
6
20
15
15
Polish
263
150
113
102
113
75
47
263
188
149
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Slovak
47
25
23
23
22
19
19
47
42
42
9
2
2
2
9
2
2
Syrian
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Turkish
442
442
19
19
442
19
19
Total foreign-born
1,084
819
317
305
265
195
164
1,084
512
469
Grand total
1.525
1,033
530
518
492
419
388
1,525
949
906
162
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 41. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
United States, and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Armenian
8
1
36
14
45
84
11-
150
1
25
2
442
4
4
4
1
1
1
3
1
30
3
1
30
3
1
30
Danish...
German
6
7
4
22
4
54
6
4
4
14
4
47
6
4
4
14
4
42
Greek
7
4
39
1
37
1
6
4
4
31
1
20
1
5
3
4
31
1
24
1
5
Irish
37
23
0
59
32
12
4
40
32
12
4
36
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish... .
Roumanian
Slovak
12
1
14
11
1
1
11
1
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
Swedish
Turkish
428
18
18
Total
819
527
94
91
125
93
88
167
130
126
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
5
9
2
Danish
1
1
1
1
English .
4
4
4
4
German
27
4
4
4
23
23
22
Greek . ...
5
4
1
Irish... .
36
2
2
2
5
5
5
29
26
26
Italian, North
2
2
2
2
Italian, South
40
17
9
8
9
7
6
14
9
9
Lithuanian
9
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
Polish
113
39
21
10
39
28
17
35
26
20
Slovak
22
7
5
5
10
9
9
5
5
5
Syrian
1
1
1
1
Total.. .
265
79
43
31
72
57
45
114
95
88
TOTAL.
Armenian
13
9
6
6
1
1
1
3
3
3
Danish
9
2
2
2
English
4
4
4
4
German
63
10
10
10
53
53
52
Greek
19
11
4
3
8
4
4
Irish .
81
6
6
6
9
9
9
66
58
58
Italian North
2
2
2
9
Italian, South
124
56
40
39
31
21
20
37
21
21
Lithuanian
20
4
3
3
7
7
7
9
5
5
Polish
263
76
47
34
93
59
94
66
56
Roumanian
1
1
1
1
Slovak
47
13
10
10
29
20
20
12
12
12
Swedish
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Syrian
1
1
1
1
Turkish
449
493
18
18
14
1
1
Total
1 084
606
137
122
197
150
133
281
225
214
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
163
TABLE 42. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
report-
ing
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Number.
Number
who
read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Armenian
8
1
3G
14
45
84
11
150
1
25
2
442
8
1
25
13
43
78
11
131
1
23
2
441
8
1
25
7
38
51
9
94
1
21
2
19
8
1
25
6
38
51
9
83
1
21
2
!9
Danish
German . .
11
1
2
6
11
1
2
6
11
1
2
6
Greek.
Irish
Italian, South ...
Lithuanian
Polish..
19
19
19
Roumanian
Slovak .
2
2
2
Swedish .
Turkish
1
Total
819
42
41
41
777
276
264
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
5
2
2
Danish
1
1
1
1
English
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
German
27
8
8
8
19
19
18
Greek
5
5
Irish
36
3
3
3
33
30
30
Italian, North . .
2
2
9
2
Italian, South ...
40
10
10
16
30
15
13
Lithuanian
9
9
6
6
Polish
113
18
16
15
95
59
32
Slovak
22
3
3
3
19
16
16
Syrian.
1
1
1
1
Total
265
45
43
42
220
152
122
TOTAL.
Armenian
13
13
10
10
Danish . .
2
2
2
2
English
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
German
63
19
19
19
44
44
43
Greek
19
1
1
1
18
7
6
Irish
81
5
5
5
76
68
68
Italian, North
2
2
2
2
Italian, South
124
16
16
16
108
66
64
Lithuanian
20
20
15
15
Polish
263
37
35
34
226
153
115
Roumanian
1
1
1
1
Slovak
47
5
5
5
42
37
37
Swedish
2
2
2
2
Syrian
1
1
1
1
Turkish
442
1
441
19
19
Total
1,084
87
84
83
997
428
386
164
The Immigration Commission.
1
e
S
g
&5
S
I
I.
<u tn
^. H
e w
«o S W
»> S J
r o
g
CO
•*
H
J
ra
1
»O Oi
T— 1 tO —
<M
i-O 00 ^H C1! ^* ^}* *O O OO CO >O i-H ^ ^~
O C^ t-- "*t* ?-H sO W *O C^
GO'*
!
fell
CO
co"
•~
L~ ?
u5N
1-1
•*f o r— -— i I-H
C^ N
s
CO
t— 1
—1
O
H
||
oo
00 CN
*-
COrH
^^^^^ (Nco^cor^ s«co -
i-H
1
1 4
00—1
O CN
rHX"
2
^^^f§ S^^S10 32^
1
fc
1
22
tN
^H CO CX3 »O GO ^H lO i-H .-H
-— I O O
"5
o
CO
g
.— o
Si"
^H
i-H t>- I"- • i-H
S
S
o
tl
. .
o
i-d
cc
IH
r*H «-H 00 QQ CO i-H ^ i-H ^H
<-H CCt^~
1
1
3
1 .
O^H
.
CO
CO
I
55'3>
•
•
bJD
ce
T3
Qj
•a
+s
o
32
*
*
0-1 1-1
CO
S
J.T3
til. , .
m
c^
i.V WJ I"* rH •
^
' '
CO
5
^ 0
§
o
a
2
o
CO
II
i-
TK
CO
— ^ ^ "-^ ^O CO C^l C^ O CO *O ^H
"0
CO
i
^
-4L>
^
tH
S'S
OS
rt
-« 3S — .
S
—
^H
O
.0
6
3
"3
+3
O
EH
ooo
•M -H
O
iHOJ
r- (
•-H 00 CO O 1-*- <M r- ( CS OS O OS O OJ t-
I-H T O C-l C^
CM
1— 1
• _j
C-O
t_
8
^1
i-H
o
ll
^H
CO
^
N C4 ^H *"*
r-H
CM
Oi
I
3 «
35 w>
i-H i-H
CO
— co
00
M ^
CO
CO
1
-M
r
:2-
t--
(NOCOCO^H i— I^Ht-HO«-H MGO •
i-H •• >O i-H CO C^J '
1
§
•a"2
o>
o
y
• •
4-d
CN
. .-
CM
HI
rt
*5 '£
; i
II
.
-.5.2
cc M
r
:2-
4 Is"
NS«|3 ~~~%~ S00 :
a
•o
3
|.
— £••-* j
; 2 j3
o
-,-
*o ^-
oo ^J*
!•
co"
-& • :
*o
' O)
c5
a
3 : :
o . .
o . .
. o
•g
«
..
• •
a
3
X
5 • •
• •
; : : : : : : : : : '•'•'- 5
i
>
O)
. .
i
i
IS
>- oj ' taO
: : : : : : : : : : : : i|
>
T3
General t
Native-born of n
White
Negro
Native-born of fo
of birth of fath
Australia . . .
Austria-Hun
Rpl^iimi
'4
cgj
3 =
oc
||g|J :|>>j| glj^
fi *tc S E J2 ^5 £^5 a).ti-±"^!i
£c2a;^ ^gooSg p ^ »S § *
"a
"o
EH
a
a
•3
+*
o
EH
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
165
1^. -"I* t— t^ CM »O OS CM CM t— iO
r- r- I-H co CM o CM *c
r-H
f— ^H O CO CD ^ Ol CO *O r-H *O **" O CM *O *O *O ^ >O OS M O O ^* T-H CD i— 1 O CM C~l
^f CO O 00 Tp *O C~J 1^- OS ^t1 CD 00 "^ GC T-H T-H CO T1 CM I-H C1! C"!
r-H C-l
oo"
S
, .
I-H
CD Tf r- OS CO O5 "* CM 00 CD h-
CO Tf CM T-H OS T-H CO
T-HCO OOOO'NCO CM — * GO O >— » r—tCMOSt^-'-D COO»OOS Ot^-T-HGO •CO»-Hts^
CMOlO:DrOt--r-Or^COQ iO »-H OO •— < H(M"O -i-H i-H
S
OS
OS
T-H OS CD OO OS lO CM CM T-H CD
CO CM 1^- r- 1
- js glass asssa -gas — | gss - —
co"
1
rp co T-H 10 00 r- o 0 Tt<
CM I-H »-•
. i T-H ^H OS C"l CM CO • t*« CO CM "*Jt* "
i i »O ' CM »™^ '
00
g
OS
. -^ • CM CM T-H
00
OS
•^
CO O3 r™H >O GO *O • CO lO C*'
i-H , ,-H ,-H
» • OS CO OS OJ *O *3* T-H CO ^H ^H t-- OS r-H *f ^H CO »~ < O C1) OS * ^H t^-
« • CD I"» CM CM CM *O CO CM CO •
S
OS
:-:
CO
-aa-a-8- si
r-Hr-HlO OOGOGO^CD h-OO'OOOO i-HT^t^-TI«tO "OCM^OO t^-t-»-r— 1»O T-H t^- N i-H
i-HOSCMCOCMi-HT-HC^lOi— ICM OO >— I Wi »O T-H
!
CO
S
T-H ^ i I-HT-H i i •
00
OS
. .
... .....
COOT-HCO CM r- :C CM »O C
CM CM r-H 1O CN
I-H CM •rt*COr--r-HCD ^fCOOSCDO rHCMOOSCD lOr-HTfOS CM^DT-HiO CDr-*00
CO T-H r-H r^H ""^ r-H OQ CM I-H r-H
1
pf
5
-r
:T'
r- 1 00 *— < CO T— i CO CN
i-H CO ^t*CO COh*- CMCM*OCMt— CMr— tiOGO i-Hr-HGO "OO • »— ir-Hi-HCO
CO
i
CO O T-H CM O t- iO T-H CM O1
CO CM I-H i-H t- r-
rt» OSCDOSCMt- GCOSOCOCM T-Hi-Hr-nOOO OSCOiOCO COt^- ••— I O T*
r-tCOOOCOr-HCOlOXjCMCMOS T-HCMO t^^T^.r-l r-H
rtCO T-I 1-1 i-1 CM-H CMC^J-
T— 1 •
1
l-H
»:
3
?l
co G t"- >o o T r— i T-H u"
•—i CO
3 CMOSOr-HCDCMh-iOGCCOOQ • •CT-t^-'^r^CM -OSCDCM -CO O CM
OOiOCM ^H-^cDCMr-H»O • • 00 CO • O OO t-J •
0
r—t
re
x
-^
o^r- -i* oo -t< T-H T-H C*
3 C-l r^OOOO-rp OCOr-«O-^ i— 1 i-H T-H OS -^ CMT-HiOOS rJ*tO -GO ^ CM
•( r-HOSCOr-H CMr-HCJOS—tCO CM i— It* r-l»OCO'
CO I-HT-H l^. T-H I-H
of
CO
OC
-i
iO T-H I-H CM r-l IO r-H
i-Hl-^COiOi— ITt<OOGOOOCMCM • •r^.-tt- r-Hr-HOpCDCM • CN)
. CMOO CMC^» iri • • • i-l iH CO 4N >
• • * CM •
CO
1
0
o
r-H
— —a - ;
1-Hh-COiOr-HCOOOOOOOCMCM • CD-*»O r-HfHt^OCM CM
CM GO CM CM I-H • r-H r-H O CM
1^
sg
-H
t-» -^ t— t^- CM »O OS CM CM t~— i
5"* S8»8 «ES*8 "Y3 "°2S ir" "S"S
U5
oo"
7
-H
OC
r—
: : a : : ; ; : : ;
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : "89:
a
0
£ •§ £o : • ;
: : : : : :|| gadc -S : : a : : : : : • : i : IIS
t-,
'«
c
!
c" g 2 -2 g g g c •- ;
o--'S'3'n = s * 'S .a .-I'
•9 Ssll Hi al |-
&£g-§3 §§S3| |
•55^<jpqpq ooofift fit
o
ill illi Hill iilii 111 111 111
&
~a
•C
C
a
C
l
!
i
166
The Immigration Commission.
"3
o
H
OO CM OS Tj< CM CM rH 1^. O rH CM
rH »O t^- i— I CM
g
CN
I
CO 1O 00 CM ^f* CO CO iC
CM CM
3
H
rH rH t^« CM rH
rH
^
ri
CM
rH rH i— ( CM
0
EH
11
CO TP Ol CO CM
CO
CN
s
Oi CM CO rH i— 1 O rH
rH
GO'S)
rH rH»^'*fCMO rHiCO.— 1 •
i
CO
CO
^~
TTICM HNrH CO CMrHH-
rH i— 1
r-H-H
3
o
EH
....
(W
•M Q3
rH
CN
, . . -rH
o
y
CO
ft
3
1
i .
— -
CM •
CM
<N
CD
be
C3
•o
CO
i
o
H
-"- - 3
8
a
rH Tf< rH « CM rH »O r—
8
ft
«
||
CM CO T-H
"*
CO
— — rH
J3
i
CP
a
o
CO
I'C
CM -H CM >C
00
0
T-H
rH CM ' rH CO r-
ja
4^
'I?
S'Sib
"5 •" M "=
00
CO
T-H
rH . ;CM -C
e>
g
s
•a
•49
O
EH
O OOCOOOCOCOCM
CN
T-H
g
_
O ^ rH rH CM O r-
Z
2"S
00 •* I-HT-H
CO
3
. ...
a
^ o
! ! .
49
8
^*- 'C
T-H CO 1*— CO M
IM
"5
T-H
CO
CO
00 COT-H CO
l-s
-H U5CO «5 CPCM CO •
r- *o co
o
IO
T-H
•-
00 T-H T-H CM U5r-
1
OO TH O CMOS OO -^ CO i-H -
OS T-H t~ T-I — 1CM
1
CO
COrHCOrH COCC
T-H T-H
O9
1 '
-X o>
3
O
rH
•*" o
CO
CO
; ;
&<0
"5 T-HO CM C7S 001>COrt •
O) T-H l~~ T— 1 T-H CM '
rH
CO
z
COT^COTH
T— 1 T— t
P
5
^ *"
"" <Q*.^ C
i r-H C3
> )— /O
OO (M OS -^ CM CM T-H t--. CD T-H CM
C^ rH
1
i
rH
co"3oocM-fl< coco«o
T-H T— 1
2 °
• '
•a
§
>>
+3
t>
r> ^
CUB >1
i
ce:
Moravian . .
gj ; ; ; • •
a '•
General nati
® ® *s ud . * i ^. < * *
t-iCo.^rtCaJS T) c3c§
"c3"ca*o
"3
"o
Total native-l
Foreign-born, by ra
Bohemian and
Canadian, Fren
Canadian, Othe
Croatian
Dutch
English
French
German
Greek . .
<n 4>
tf>£
33
HW
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables. 167
t— iO CO O
rH rH
Tj* rHrHCOCNrH (Ml— lOCN
rH 0 CN •*
CN
CO
O5
TOTAL.
COO5
rH
(M -t* t- (N <M rH CO
OiO
rH
S
<N
rH
CM
Oi rH CO)-*
CN
CO
00 CO
to
.
rH
. 01 c^
! * !
rH -^ CO CD rH
t~~- CO "T1 • rH C-l rH
CO J rH
rH
O5
rH
0 CO
t~
C^rH rHt-^rHO tN CO "*
rH COrHfMCSI
cot^
rH rH
•* 10 oo r--
CO
iO rH • N
rH •
N
1
OO
rH O5 rH
rH
rH Tt* rH C5 CD O CO C^ W rH
CO CO r- CD <N CO CD
rH
M ; : • j ;
*""
rH
rH
rH rH
rH
Ca rH CO OC LO O rH
rH O rH
rH rH
• — 1
, . -
CO
CO
^H O5
rH rHrH COOOCD r-
rH CO t—
.
TH
-
CO
COCOrHrH 00 rH
^
!S
CD
CO^
-
« ^-t rH
iO rH OO T^ i— < (M
CO CO CO rH
t— 1
rH
CO jrH COrH
rH
rH
<N
CO
CN
| I I J
'
i— t
rH
rH
r-co | •*
*
CO
O rH
"
•r}< rH 'CJH CO i— 1
C^l OOJ
<M rH
COWMO
•
|.
rH
rH rH
*-
§
t^ O
05
rH rHTp CD CO
iO CD
rH rH rH
• . . r t .
*O C^l CO OO O rH OO O rH rH rH
^rH CO rH IN
30
0
00 CO
CM rH
r-,05
o rHrH cDg^j ir:
CO
*
rH
rH
•*
00
rH
rH
rH
...
CO CO iO rH 0s! ^ rH 00 rH
CO
CD
O5
O5
Jo""
CO
40 c^ co
(NrHCO
rH
"*C\
IT
•*
• Ig CO CO •
00
rH
CO
CN
COrH
00 rH
CO
rH O 'CO rH CD H* Oi rH COrH
• rH rH CC rH
• N rH
rHCO
(N
• CO Oi C^ rH « 00 rH rH rH r- 1 •
• *GS rH rH •
rH
rH
§
rH
r
CO rH t>» rH C*5 O *O C^J O5 »O rH T—
rH rH rH Tp O M
Oi <M
0,
rH
"O
i • i- ! i i- \\l\\
• COCOC^rH O r-H rH rH rH •
• Cl rH rH •
1
i
OCO
CO
CO
rH *— 1 rH ^ CD C^ IO
t» IO CO O --*1 rH rH CO C^ i— I IN rH O C^
rH rH rH O <N -^
<M
GO
05
CO
1
CO OS
rH
c<T
r-
£
o
r-T
•
• '
: : ! i : i : M il
: . . .a
; ; ; : : : : ; ;'3
: ; : . . . . . . a
• w
•rO
Total foreign-born
Grand total
Native-born of native father:
White
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by c
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
•5 o § a § a r-^-
* " ^ "^ r3 § C
* -. ^ d [J *Sb P — 3 -2 c3
j d c 2 ^ £ ,c a .2 ^ -d -^ d •£
-S9[g£:g §? o? o 3~3 "§j£ji S
Jc3^ fl"§;SS§ t
3 § d a> c S fe'3 7
^00 ftW^OA ?
risil
;2;ztfw
48296°— VOL 12—11 12
168
The Immigration Commission.
I" *
c« m
O 3
J,
Number within each specified age group.
2
3
o
H
t-» ,—1 -^ »— i
S
Oi
CO
f-l i-H O W
i— t
gl
i—t
S
>o
CO
I-H
rH^ C^^W CO ^ W T— ( • C^
lO ' N
11
I-H
00
CO
I-H
O
CCTf COC^d i-H CO <M OOOCOf-
Oi i— i •— l
1 "a
^f r-t
0
T-H
I-H
o
I-H
0
i-HOit^OO COt^-O N C^Ci^H
CC C^ C-l t^ *-»
O5 CO O -^ i-H ^
^H O5TP CNl-HO
09
O
O
3
&
r*4 I-H
S.
CO
^.co^ woor- o 0^
O CN C35 CM UO t~-
10
jsl
00
3
-^ (M IM M
CO I-H
II
-"-<
i-H
s
us
COOli— 1 iCOOtO CO iCOl
^-, 1— 1 I— 1
OS tOO>CM"O •*
•*
_C_cs
S M
00
CM
^
3
o
CO
43
O
H
^^
O
g
.—I
t-H
•^OICMCO OcOCOC-ltO 1-i-H-iO COOSOO-*
C-l CO f-Hi— icC C4 i— i ^O^COCNt^-
1— 1
|1
—
a
S?
i-< (M (M i— i C^ i— 1 ' CO
a-c
COIQ T-H
i
i-H
8
CO O »-H CO CO C5 OO <N »O O I-H
CS (M i—l IO C4
rf -* OCOCNOO
COl-H
!•§)
i-H
I-H
CM
CO
^-(00--H COC1CO ^^H
co »o co . co r~
3
o
3
0
EH
i-HO<N —I
CO
O
I-H
COOCMC<I COt— OS •-* COO
CO CM .-H tM I- (M
co oc r~- 01 CN CM
^H O OO CO r-< 't*
^ 0
CO
S
1-t
: " : : i04
I-G
i— i
'-:t
CO
-f
i-H I-H CO
Cl C1! iD i— i CD C-l
i .
35 "M
s—
$
%
CO »O t^ CM CO »O i-H T-H -H-
CM-H I-H •* ^H
^ M ^H OOO GO
i— I O CO rH Cl
»-H CO
OS
3
to
o
EH
a-
00
I
lOr-ll-H OOCMOO -H r-t
CM
^H CO CD O C^ -^
CO 00
±i
•*" o
a-c
„
h-
S3 M
CM 00
CO
i
-Tfrfrf OOO100 l-H rH -H CM O SO N CO
C-l CO 00
I^Piil
ftS"1 ~
o>
8
CO
1-C^i-H lOCOt- CM IO -^ lOi-HOO-rPCO
General nativity and race.
d
3
: : : P.
Native-born of foreign father, by co
of birth of father — Continued.
', : I'D
: :g : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
Switzerland
Wales
South America (cour
fled)
1
o
EH
d
ca . •* 53 cu ; , . . .s tl
gglai i^c-2 : '^ c' fe-fe-
g'a'Sg'S S^-2'S'S js'S'^S-g 1 i. £ £
Hiil iiiii inn Jim
F
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
169
CO CO CM CM
CM O O 00 O
of
O T-H O1 T-H
I-H T-H I-H CO
GO CM ^ i-H '""' Ol CM
M4 CO
CO
s
OO"
I-H
CM t-CM 00
s -
I-H t-—
COO i-H
i-H
*— 1
o
rH
to
05
CM
r- o oo coo
rHCM CM
rH CO CO O O
OS (M OS
CO t^ IO Oi
T-4 iH
sr* —
1
T-H
o
O CM CM -* OS
iO I— CM I-H iO
i-H rH rH
rHCOOsOOiO
CD CM rH
T-H rH
T-T
CMTPt-g
CM
CM t— CO rH t>- rH IO
CO
CO
CO*"
l^
CO
CM O CM rH O
CMCM CO
•CM
CO
Tt< 00 • rH ' t-
T-H • • •
§
CO
Os
OS
I-H
10
10
T-H
rH CO rH rH t—
CMCM CM
: :§-*
"""co
8 jg : •> I1-
i-H
?
T-H rH i-H • •
: i50 : :
....
01 •
r-
co
So
• •
. .
....
r— os »o oo Os
rH CM O rH CM
T-H ^J* O t°~- O
O T-H IO
>0
IO t^ T-H IO i-H 00 CM i— 1
*O Ol t~t
T-H i-H
1
of
§
r-H
i—t CO r-H -^
> 1— 1
-H CO
COi-< rf
CO
S
rH
sS^25
I-H 01 r- o> o
So1"1
lQ ^H ^ OS
CM
(M
O O rH IO O I-H 00
i-H T-H
•o
of
co"
CM CM iO CM 00
Ol T-H 10 O
t--.
' r-l rH OO
OO T-li-Hi-HCO
CO CM
CM
CO
-T-
00
§ CM 00 CO CM
OS CM CM O
rH r- 1 T-H rH
i-H O) OO 00
O CM i-H
CM T-H
i-H
Oi ^ *O OO
Tf !•• tH rH Tjt
oo
co"
00
8
T— I rH rH T-H
•0) •
CO
o
o
t— 00 rH CO CO
^ <£J CO rH O
i-Hi-H t^OO
rH CO
IO
I- CO OS
T-H
^f CM CO t^» CM
0>i-l
O5
CO
CO
TH
CO
rH
CM CO O O 00
rH CM OS rH CO
rH rH
rH rH O Oi O
00 i-H 00
CM rH »O OS
rH
|a - - -
O)
O)
CO
O
co"
i-H |— O CM CO
CO CO rH rH
;UJTj<og
01 ^Hg
t- O) CM
CM
CO
OO
Ol
10
rH
I-H
rH O O CM CO
COCOrH rH
Oll-H OO
CO
£ (M CM
I-H
0
CM
>O
"O
CO OO O ** t—
CO CO O-l CM
Ol O O 00 CO
X^f O
t- CM
COl-HCMl-H
I-H i-H T-H CO
§3rt2 ^ol^ol
^ CO
CO
»o
"0
cxT
Tf
of
....
.... § o S1
e
o
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Macedonian . .
•Magyar
Montenegrin. .
Norwegian
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
liii
^Sfcl
IN j ^Ip
ntl ii*i
ccccccE-i ^-<fQ«2
Total foreign
Grand total. .
170
The Immigration Commission.
^ o
a
•-
|J
•<
s
2^
H+a
C5
IO
OC^IM OC<I
Tjl -3*
•^
o
CO
o
1—1
OOrHI^CO C<I-^^Hr-. i-HCOCMC*!
CO^H •^OO^H'^ (M •***
e ^ •*
1
So
a
•^f
h-
OS
a
3
^'S
.« Q
y
<N
7-1
T-l
CO
CO i-( i-H N i-( O)
o
TH
CO
T— 1
o
&H
6-8
S-s
"0
CO
J°g
>o
to
g
O i— i O: ^S lO'OCOCJs N i— i »O
C^l CO 'f i— i — • C1-! O
1—1 ^H
C)
CO
•»
s
IO
• .
.5 A
S M
a
~r -H N a; N
OlTH
00
Tj<
s
M U5 1** ^*1<»-H^ ,—(,—» iO
15
s
CO
00
5?
^3
00
IOO
1— I
>o
a
CO -^ M C^ -^ CO t^
.— t 1— 1 »— I 1— t
2
B8
1
2^
5|
CM
I— 1
TH
CO
CO rt M
to
35
(H
0
iO
^T
|.1
«5 b.
O
>OC»
•^
f— 1
s
CO T-I Oi-H IM CO t—
T-l TH I—I T^
1^
"O
t~
I-
!
£_0
<M •
CM
CM
Q
1
•a
Cu
ft
°-d
^5
o
cot- • • •
I-H I— 1 • •
c
CO
s
CMTHOOO COiOOOrf T-IOOIMIO
rH C>1 CM U5 T-I
I
1
8
CO
'§
~~
T-l • T-l • '(M
•***
••f
M
-^
n
T^
§
o
a
O
-)J
g
s-g
g-c
TT
.-H
co r~ • • •
r-1 f— 1 • ' '
o
cc
•*
•^r
CMT^'-Tiirj T-iOJOOOO OC-HOO
T-t CM TH -^ Cl
s
i-H
?3
J3
s
^
X &£•
|H
O
a
X
^
S
CO O5 -CM •
•sf
CM
O5
•^f
CH •*t^ t^OCO'J' Ol <M
CO t~ TH 00
O)
O
CO
"<*<
OS
r^
TP
CT>
•i~
•— &
> i*
3
S
^ 0
.' _;
J3 ^
S'E
>o
tS T •
0
t— 1
s
T- C-I-H •qiociMO -H r^
TH T TH »O
«
1^
o
t^.
rH
= _c
S"3b
o
t~"O 'C^
"f
1-H
•^
C4
TH (MO CO TH T-t IO TH IO
<M C*I C^
O)
i
1
E53
o
00 02 CM l~ C4
TH
8
3
TH TH . 1^. OC 00
CO
>o
"5
8
.— i
s'S
CT.
—
y
fe-3
TH
1-H
rt
. .CO
CO
T
CS S
2.S
•_
C c
M M
c
1^ -i M f- <N
•^
cc
•*
•^«
TH TH • 1^ 00 IO
CO
CO
»o
§
•a
=
f:
£ ' ' '
'£
o
a
01
•*^>
)c
o
a
o
<D
%
?
1*1
>>:::::
•a
0)
x;
c
a
«s
•S '•'•'•'•'•
p
c
t-
>
<D
>
HWi
a
«
£ : : j : :
o
X!
i
o
X!
'a
General nati
Native-born of n;
Native-born of fo
Gennan
Irish
Italian, Soutf
I'olish
Slovak
"3
•*->
o
J-
C3
75
-4-J
O
H
Hgii: lii liii
E .2 • e • s • c • .e -
OCJ7*.; 'c2j= §•*•£.£
inn iiii iiii
•g<COC ££,-HPH Ciaatn^
1
M
'S
£
13
•*j
0
EH
*
ce
+->
3
1
O
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
171
CO
u;
e<
00
to
e
•*
CO
00
•"
u:
<M
o
CO
3
^H
CO
to
-
T~
t-
•*
(M
'-
*~
$
CM
' —
OS
T—t
C-l
CO
(N
•-
O5
H 5
CO
13
o
^>
_0)
ft
s
(N
-—
00 S
s
HI
<
f-t
fl
4^
(H
O
ft
o
CO
(N
f-
" o/
OS (H
+3
o
fl
r- 1
01 M
a
•3
00
<N
" 1
i— i
"-1
rt
"
S
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
r>ntr>h_.
tf
I
£
J^
r
i
0)
0
172
The Immigration Commission.
"8
s
.S
"5
o
u
H
Number within each specified age group.
1
1 ^
O t^ O1! M
O> TH
So
TH
O
00
i-H
CO
e
CO ,-H W ^ CO 00 OifMOOCO '-<I*'(^'-'£2
i— i cDi-Ht-<M<M»O "* ^
e <M
e
CO
OO
CO
iO
a Including 1 not reporting complete data. b Including 2 not reporting complete data.
13 ^
•^ 0
•'
N
o
i-H
• lO • CO T-H • T T-H W
i—i
CO
ll
fe^^
O
CD
00
i-H
OrHCN
Tf t-H i-H Oi f-H (M Ot 00 CO T-H T-l 1C
ivo <— I O OC >— ' O "^ O
CS T—(
i
i
L/""' &C
CO * i— 1
§
S
w
. r*. t-- I— r- 1 !•» T-H t-H i-H T— 1 IO
co ^r t^
CO
o
to
45 or over.
Or-H
2
a
CO
CO
"^^
T-H i— « iO C5 ' t— »O 1^*
o
T-H
T-H
||
TH
-<
•°
. ^ <M — 1 • T
i-H
1-H
^•d
s-s
C-l
1— I
T-H
-"
CO
-r i— i
T-H CC r-H CO -CO IO I*-
T-H fM t— t • C-l
8
1
S3 "So
o
CO
&i
CO
CO
O
CO
§
^ ^.—(.-HOO C*-l -TO^ r- I'ftN >O
CO TT* CO T- * t^- »-H i— <
00
CO
CO
CO
.- Q;
*^
"*
»o
j|- T3
to
CO
S
S
^ C~l T-H O. !•- O CC O T-H *f T-H GO
c~i "^ cs T— i r— T-H os
CO
§
CO
i
S'Sb
-1
•*
• • i— i
S
CO
CO
8
3
a
y
i^
N
-
<M
-* 'M OS O <M i-H (M O O CO i— i C^l
i—( T— i iO T-H CO C*4 00
t-H CQ
*o
CO
CO
2-g
1-1
T-t
l-" O
C3 g\
§•£
o
S
00
•O
M
CO O C-l »O
I— 1
T-H
§
CO
CC M
00
C^l
O:
CO
T-H
CO O "^ T-H T— If- i-H »O
1
CO
(N
CO
OS
O
T-H
£3
M T-l
S
g
t-H
C^ >— i "** • t— (N OO
•— ( • i— i CO
S
S
2|
; ;
5.2
«'- ;
-
.
|
• »O O <N CO
S
n
j£
w »o 01 c^
§
/
i— I
!N t-H OS t-1 ' *O
T-H • CO
'"-'
1-H
General nativity and race of individual.
....
S
o
a
o
4
+.
•c
t
a
1.
0
CO
c
1
S
o
than French).
..flS- j||g |
1
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
173
TABLE 45. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting
wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Albanian
6
33
46
9
22
19
90
2
18
6
37
1
22
890
164
59
32
172
172
200
74
29
198
1
2
1,539
17
83
13
6
5
417
214
257
1
8
13
1
17
6
15
6
8
1
1
63
1
1
Armenian
18
40
1
21
18
27
1
17
6
37
1
18
861
33
50
30
172
110
121
57
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other...
Croatian
Dalmatian
Danish
Dutch
English
Flemish
French
4
29
131
9
2
German...
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
62
79
17
29
95
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
103
1
2
1,214
6
55
6
6
2
205
130
249
1
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Polish
325
11
28
7
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
3
212
84
8
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
8
2
Austrian (race not specified). .
11
1
17
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
4,895
3,648
1,247
174
The Immigration Commission.
"e
I
^
.§
£
Si
A,
.
0
-0
\
i
H
fl
H
03
•%
<D
s l
£ w
C3 h-3
« s
a
03
•O
•s
3
.3
08
«
1
EH
a
•ta
03
OS
3
03
-d
a;
•+j
'3
p
a
t>
g—
epo
mb
i-HJW
V
043
£2
t*
po
porting
be
po
be
i J
s a.s A" cS
"S5^a
SScvS
M
toco • • • • ; • ;CM •* co NCO M
o;
i-i
CO i-H i-H CC C: ~ C<l i-H O CO O :D ~ •**
00 CO CO CO •— i-H -t<
O l^ t~ CM to 1C US 00 (M ^* tD 00 Cl (NC-lOt^O
in i-H i-H O i-H CO C-* i-HOCCCOXi -^OO-^COOO
O ^t* i-H CS C^ i-^ ^-<
CDOOOC-li-H 10 »C i-H i— (O tOSOOOCi^ 00»OCOOi
o,^s^N ^ ^ S3°"S coc53-S
r-T
CO CO ' * ' * ' Cl ^ C-0 rH C-l rH
rHCO rH (N C^t— C^-^C1!
CO CO^l-H -^ t— i— 100 rHr-t OS rHCOC^l O
COO C.CO -*& CO |^SS| 83S
CO^OrHC^OC HHO rHO rH t^- CO i— < 30 Or- !QS CO
M CS rH CS CS ^ >O CO CO
t-
W (N t^ IO CO rH
fOrH- 'rH-- • i— I rH HH-HHrHrHrH f^t—lO OO
rH C1! Ol
2S"" 3 " OCOC'lrHrHt^QOCo'"1^
.^t^_^ COCSSO rH ^H^rH CD OO^-^HHCX) rH M 3] T-H -£
O t>- CS rH i— I rH (N -^ CO
rH rH rH
> * ' • • rH ' • ' rH
HH rH lO
O ' ' .... -J1 r-( rH • »O I~- CS CO CO
rH • • .... fO CS CS --<
rH O t— ^ OO CS CS h- CO O
rHC^lCS COiOOCOCS
CSr-IrH
CSC^l^C CO'OCOCS »O>OrHrHO lO — CC CJ *^ COCOOCO'OS
Tj< ^ rH CS rH CS *-H ^ ^J* ^^ ^ CO CO CS r— ' lO CO *V CO
rH CM O >O C4 CO CO rH CS
rH
''•%
'• >
'• O ,, . _
'• '• a
; I o3 F<^ .
d S i S d" a J 08
1111 ||3=a _.«ia-a^ s .5
| III lpJ-~ lt|1| g||
•^ "1 5 5 03 os 2 5 5 3£-?r*J* £ £ M
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables. 175
o
I-H
rH • • • • • I
oo
IO
FEMALE.
Oli-HCO
rH T— t
O)
""co
• rH • • • '
o
CO • -M rH -
00 rH
....
Oli-< •* CO
SCO ^t*
1-1
of
OCOt-O «O CO rH M THGOlMOO
l-H rH rH CO rH rH
•* CO<M
CD"
rHCO<M^ C-1-ffOrHi-H CO^t^-COOS rH
OS CO CO rH
"I8S
of
rf< 00 GO iO CO H* rH (M rH O <M <M
rH O5 O C-l Cl <M
iO CO CO
CD
CO
1— 1 rH
0*COt>t-l
rH
CD
CT> i-l
rH ' O »O
rH • • ...
§
Ol CO -*
>o
O101 CO
§ rH
lOr>HI>- T^OOrH rHrH lO
rH
CO
CO
o
of
rH O rH • (MO CO <M !M rH »O rH
-| 2
r— (NOi 00 CO i— 1 rHrH O5
O CO >— I
rH W
§
»0
oi
rH »C CO ' CO IMO • M*<N«M r-
rH • .— t .
IO r-t
~* :
rH • -C<J rH(M •
rH
rH
CO Ol
*
O5 Ol
00
rH _H |^^t*
•-1
0
ol
CO • • •
< oo "*« 01
01 -f
-f rH -M O*O
O Ol T— 1
OOO1CO
o
CO
rH
-HrH ; rH ^ . Ol Ol rH
rH
< rs
°"1 S 2^
CT.01CO
CO
CO
rH
Ol Ol • rH rH ' Ol Ol 1-1
rH
CO
: : :
t-~ rH
Ol Ol •
«
. , .
£--
rH rH IO
rH
C35
Ol
.0 -
n £g — '
oo"01
CD COrH IM O Ol
O Ol Ol
0
o
of
Ol rji COCO rH ^HOICOOJOS
CO CO CO
H »O »O 00
iO co as
00 COrf OS O Ol
CO 01°^
0
rH
00
8
co"
Ol -^ CO CO i— 1 rH Ol CO Ol O5
gcot-
l-POl O1O1
CO rH
^ OO OO IO CO ^ rH Ol rH O Ol Ol
rH O5 CO Ol Ol Ol
•O CO CO
CO
rH
CO
rHCSLO-. ^."^^ '" t^COOl 1-HgCOt^rH
rH
'S
o
EH
lot specified
>t specified),
specified)...
a : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
2! '
. ;
g-g ^ • • • • d
[fill
: : : : : : :
|§!
i"^£
T: s w
1-t"
d jj • • • '.2 t.' . . ! . . . . , . .
•iS-L a f| -"'i- I Id
2'5'5'^w oS^'1^^ ICrH^oa ^xSfl-rS4-
^ c3 o3 t-» -— • riBrti^-16-' -..cScs-Jp^ ptwRw-C
•§11 If si^-S-g Ill^l °||||
1 j i i- u
S a § -^ S .2 c .2 f
|l'g| |"S-c| 1
176
The Immigration Commission.
3
s
s
so
III
m
.s
•13
b-l
O
p.
S
M:s
>
T— 1
"0
1
o
PH
£
£
.Q
4J
rt3
i-H CO
OS
T— I
£
o^
12; 1
I—I i— 1 CO ^H
O
s
!ti
^^
<N »— i r- 1— i
cs
??
<N
si
&
M>
bS^S
III
CO
0
DQ
p
0)
'S
O
ft
s
N3
'?
<M
0
1— 1
JS
J-H
b
|
-^
1-1 '3
'?
O
3
§•
R
9
£
w
°s
z.s
r*
iH
8
a
&
a
>— i
id
i*
1—1
S
1
M
b£^2
511
1
o>
3
_g
H
S1
w
-*-»
«l
W
K5
OT
1
LH
1
•4-J
-•3
'S
1-1
•*f
oa
•d
*
a
1
o-g
^:s
>
^H
fH
•M
P
a
HH
6 •
3 QJ
(3"0
i-H i— 1
S
IV
to
s^-2
^2-s
" £'>
"3
1
I
w
-«->
N!a
'>
^-t
i— i
a
3
w
a*
+J
h
fc
,a
+9
^3
CO
OS
3
DQ
-2
+J
fc
0-2
^:s
t>
^HM~H
W
S
^H
1=
a
>- <
i
§fc
l^2
T-H O i-H
CS
O
n
T— t
\
i i be
3£.Sjj
'ili
11
— < c3
ftT3
"-£.-'
CO
CO
<M
«
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian
Austrian (race not specified)
"3
1
H
O
EH
rH CO »O iO Oi Ol -— I C^ O iO
•— I C^ ^ iO tO
i— I r-l CO
t^ t^ ci »c
01 o co o>
-
^H Oi CO IQ IO CC Tf C^l »-t iO OO •— I i-H C
CC t- (M CO
1 CO ^ Is-
1-1 <M
x a>~- <e^i oo "J-oi
CC T— I T— I CO
,-H OO -H ^H
O Oi O O 1-H t
-
i— i i— i CO
-t* -^ ^H »— 1 1-*
rt* Ol 00 GO
r- 1 i— I i^> C^
Ol 00 GO iO Ol
: : c
. . o3
ii
•
• o
:S
•S'J i i ! i ! i i i : :g :
ct g • I .2 iJ
.•a
• a
; s
^- rl *.
25 : ; : : : : : ss
feo : : : :
- . a . • : • l rto
a e
"5a«5£
QWPHptHfa ooasA
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
177
OJ CO Ol O CN i— 1
to
i-t .-H Ol
CD CD 01 • ' ....
is
SSS10^ "S^S ' w ^ • ;
i
CO 01 CO h» *O Ol CO O t^- Ol >— i h- t'" i— < Oi CO rH Ol i— I 01 Ol OO
^ OO -^ CO O5 Ol CO iO i—l i-H COCO i-H i— 1
o^oii-H r-i .-H r-i
1
Ol CO CO CO 00 Ol iO OS O) OS tOOOOcO CO Tt< .-H Ol '-' JT^ £>
•Vf -Q ^ ^4 ^JH ^t ^ ^O T^ ^-1 01 Oi C"J C1* Ol
COCCrtIN ^^1 .(5COCC
pf
I-
rtN
to
I
s
«M
-1
0>
^
t- Ol 01 • •
lo
So«
o
Ol CO
TJ4 _, to Ol ^H -^
co t^ • • • • ;
CO
CO
to co t^-
CO1* CO
«
cog
i-H ^ OS ' ' ^H
i-H '
01
1— f
»-H CO 01
to to co
s
-g
GO i-H OO Ol Oi GC CO i— 1 • i— t — < 'OS
.— 1 O OO ' • I-H
1-1 Ol
1
"*
, *"*
^ '"'^
s
t- tO CO
rt
CO
M
5
8888-
00
1— I
8
01 rH^H
- -^
g
t» rH t^. i— 1 tO i— t
t""- 01 CO ^f
OlTfC^) 1-T-H
s •*
« I-H to GO Ol CO
^H
IO
CO
»-H
rH "^ lO ^H ^P ^H
i-H-CCO tOlM
s
B §s
05
S3
1— t
— -
^^
gj
MR— a
Ol -^00 I-H
1-1 00 ~H
iO IM
i
CO »O CO CO Ol
f-H i-H T— 1
cccooT ~* ~i: 'r 01 * i— i
03 01 01
IN'
O CO 01 tM -— i i— I
i— t i— ! i— 1
COCC»O OO ^tO lOO C-l i— I
01 co c I-H r^- IM i— t
O i-4 CO Ol
C>)
CO
WCOCOCOOO NtOOlC-lOl tOOOOCD CO-fr-HC-1 i— I i-t C-l Ol
OlcOcO'-^Tt1 •rfrfCO I-H i— I Ol OiOl Ol Ol
oi
UO
^ :
•ss^
ftO'S
« &0
^wft
53 i :
a : • H • : . : • : •
C 0 w
«a-g
clgC
lli^
^^'S c
g-al^3
lllll
af.2 'a '• .- • I • § ' '
rt ^~^ c3
3 ci.
5-2 B>
^
EH
02 03 OQ EH
178
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4.7. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Number within each specified age group.
uenerai nativity ana race 01 neaa 01
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
8
13
2
13
15
7
58
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
3
13
3
6
15
5
45
Irish . .
9
19
5
12
19
11
75
Total
12
32
8
'
18
34
16
120
Total native-born
20
45
10
31
49
23
178
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
1
3
5
German
4
12
3
18
11
20
14
82
Greek
1
3
7
5
16
Irish
16
21
3
7
16
22
12
97
Italian, South
13
7
2
9
39
25
12
ol08
Lithuanian
8
4
2
8
22
Polish
76
25
6
15
77
51
14
264
Slovak
14
4
2
12
8
3
43
Syrian
1
1
Turkish
38
283
118
7
446
Total foreign-born
132
77
14
90
448
257
65
ol84
Grand total
152
122
14
100
479
306
88
al,262
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White. .
13
9
3
4
16
11
8
64
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
German
9
16
1
4
5
19
3
57
Irish
17
12
4
10
10
20
7
80
Total
26
28
5
14
15
39
10
137
Total native-born . ...
39
37
8
18
31
50
18
201
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
^
2
2
1
0
German .
14
15
5
6
10
13
9
72
Greek
1
3
2
6
Irish
18
23
5
16
12
19
10
103
Italian, South
23
13
6
13
14
11
7
87
Lithuanian
6
3
7
2
1
19
Polish
64
37
2
12
62
23
12
212
Slovak.
9
4
2
12
6
2
35
Syrian
1
1
Total foreign-born
136
95
18
49
123
78
42
541
Grand total . . . .
175
132
26
67
154
128
60
742
o Including 1 not reporting complete data.
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
179
TABLE 47. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number within each specified age group.
^reueiai u&uviiy auu raue 01 iitau 01
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White. .
21
22
3
6
29
26
15
122
Native-born of foreign father by race
of father:
German
12
29
1
7
11
34
8
102
Irish. .
26
31
4
15
22
39
18
155
Total
38
60
5
22
33
73
26
257
Total native-born
59
82
8
28
02
99
41
379
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
1
3
2
4
11
German
18
27
8
24
21
33
23
154
Greek
2
3
10
7
22
Irish
34
44
8
23
28
41
22
200
Italian, South
36
20
8
22
53
36
19
o!95
Lithuanian
14
7
9
10
1
41
Polish
140
62
8
27
139
74
26
476
Slovak .
23
8
4
24
14
5
78
Syrian ^.
1
1
2
Turkish
38
283
118
7
446
Total foreign-born
268
172
32
139
571
335
107
ol,625
Grand total .
327
254
40
167
633
434
148
o2,004
a Including 1 not reporting complete data.
TABLE 48 . — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 to
64.
65 or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White.
1,969
49
3
50
67
9
82
88
1
343
10
286
6
258
7
362
11
265
9
121
2
28
1
Negro
Native - born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
1
26
1
25
1
5
69
21
895
452
15
5
6
77
25
1
3
Austria-Hungary . .
4
2
1
1
5
7
2
2
Belgium
Canada
2
1
2
2
1
8
4
2
2
2
Cuba..
Denmark.
9
1
10
2
211
49
1
20
2
159
115
1
12
5
88
84
1
England
3
2
44
11
4
1
3
4
9
4
132
59
2
7
2
105
67
1
2
14
23
France
1
35
10
2
1
3
1
Germany
....
3
17
3
1
38
14
L
46
16
4
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
1
1
12
6
"2
1
5
3
1
2
6
Norway
1
1
18
1
Russia
8
9
8
13
11
4
1
Scotland . .
4
1
180
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 48. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued .
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 to
64.
65 or
over.
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father— Con.
Sweden
55
21
4
1
3
1
6
3
4
3
9
1
20
4
1
9
2
1
1
4
4
Switzerland
2
1
1
1
Wales
South America (coun-
try not specified)
Total
6
1,705
3
31
68
90
79
93
333
246
196
321
199
40
Total native-born —
Foreign-born, by race:
\lbanian
3,723
6
47
118
159
161
182
686
538
461
694
473
163
35
7
74
77
18
32
25
169
2
22
7
55
1
1
41
1,138
611
84
42
253
328
371
196
44
262
2
5
2,597
45
185
15
9
12
631
443
327
1
16
1
20
2
22
3
24
9
8
3
C
37
2
17
13
1
. 6
1
32
2
2
12
19
2
c
8
30
Armenian
1
2
1
2
12
12
c
7
2
38
4
16
1
3
2
6
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
5
2
Bulgarian
1
Canadian, French
2
2
3
1
Canadian, Other
1
3
Croatian
10
15
Dalmatian
Danish
1
1
2
10
C
<.
9
2
6
6
2
5
Dutch
1
3
English
c
7
1
15
Flemish
1
11
270
64
22
15
82
69
58
30
c
80
1
4
508
C
t*
29
2
1
4
136
59
103
1
2
French
1
11
43
1
7
68
247
21
4
15
77
91
57
11
30
1
1
676
11
67
6
1
1
121
120
21
8
122
143
18
8
22
84
98
64
12
63
4
128
65
16
9
34
48
70
35
9
46
C
319
9
2
4
52
21
23
2
1
26
4
151
1
49
German
1
3
4
6
3
9
9
25
4
1
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
1
38
1
3
Irish
1
2
1
4
6
8
2
16
20
3
6
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
2
Macedonian
Magyar
1
2
2
4
4
4
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Polish
1
2
4
19
1
24
77
2
K
t.
97
1
11
538
15
42
2
4
157
125
27
381
9
26
3
1
1
114
89
25
213
1
3
1
1
1
30
22
90
45
12
Roumanian
Russian
1
1
Ruthenian
Scotch
1
2
Servian
1
Slovak
1
4
17
1
18
11
1
29
14
4
2
50
Slovenian
Swedish
1
9
Syrian
Turkish
c
2
3
1
3
2
6
Welsh
Austrian (race not-
2
t
8
4
1
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
}
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
2
2
C
c
7
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
8, 193 1
t
7
40
66 195
2721,752
1,669
1,210
1,677
882
331
86
11,916
1
11
54
158
225
356
454 2, 438
2,207
1,671
2,371
1,355
494
121
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
181
TABLE 48. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race— Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 to
64.
65 or
over.
Native-born of native
father White
214
5
1
21
23
23
31
71
29
6
3
1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
A ustria-H ungary
2
19
4
2
158
72
17
29
1
2
1
1
Canada
2
2
2
4
6
2
3
1
1
France
1
21
4
3
6
1
23
5
"2
Germany
....
1
5
1
10
2
6
11
25
7
5
4
1
56
24
3
3
10
16
2
7
5
4
Ireland
2
Italy
Russia
....
1
2
Sweden
2
Total
306
2
8
31
44
37
36
92
33
10
10
3
Total native-born —
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemians and Mora-
vians
520
7
9
52
67
r,o
67
163
62
16
13
4
1
23
5
10
2
4
3
23
5
1
1
7
5
13
10
14
1
202
3
22
1
2
1
42
2
1
11
Canadian French
2
4
5
1
2
Canadian Other
1
2
1
Croatian
1
1
3
i
3
1
1
Dutch
English
1
1
4
1
2
" i
1
1
French
1
c
11
1
4
German .
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
1
Irish
3
1
2
6
6
2
1
1
2
4
1
10
1
1
Italian North
1
c
Ij
1
2
"2
2
Italian South
1
Lithuanian
.
Magyar
1
2
1
Norwegian
Polish
1
12
16
36
34
78
7
1
6
2
1
2
Roumanian
Russian
1
2
3
c
10
Ruthenian
1
Scotch
1
1
Slovak
1
Slovenian
4
3
4
16
7
i
2
C
1
Austrian (race not
specified)
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
403
1
17
33
55
56
144
43
22
25
5
2
923
....
^
10
69
100
115
123
307
105
38
38
9
2
182
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 48.— Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 to
64.
65 or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White
2,183
8
17
71
90
2
105
119
1
414
10
315
6
264
7
365
11
266
9
121
2
28
1
Negro
49
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
1
28
1
44
1
5
73
23
1,053
1
3
Austria-H ungary . . .
4
2
1
1
6
7
2
2
1
Belgium
Canada
4
3
4
6
1
14
6
2
3
2
Cuba . .
Denmark
9
1
10
2
267
73
3
1
20
2
164
119
1
12
5
88
86
1
England
3
2
69
18
9
1
3
1
59
18
4
4
1
69
21
4
12
4
142
75
2
1
1
12
5
11
2
1
1
8
2
107
74
1
2
14
23
France
1
45
12
8
1
3
1
Germanv
4
22
4
1
Ireland
524
32
5
6
106
26
57
21
4
1
Italy
Netherlands
3
1
2
6
4
4
Norway
1
1
21
1
20
4
1
2
1
5
Russia ...
....
1
10
2
19
17
1
17
6
1
9
1
Scotland
4
1
Sweden ....
3
1
6
3
4
3
Switzerland
2
1
1
1
Wales
South America (coun-
try not specified)
Total
2,011
5
39
99
134
116
129
425
279
206
331
202
40
6
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
4,243
...
13
56
170
226
221
•Jl'>
849
600
477
707
477
163
35
7
74
78
18
55
30
179
2
22
9
59
1
1
44
1,161
3
24
9
8
8
5
38
2
17
13
1
6
3
33
2
2
12
19
2
10
10
30
Armenian
1
2
• 1
2
12
13
5
18
2
41
4
16
1
3
2
6
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
5
2
Bulgarian
1
Canadian , French
4
1
4
2
3
1
Canadian, Other
1
3
Croatian
1
1
13
15
Dalmation
Danish
1
1
3
10
5
9
2
7
G
2
5
Dutch
1
1
3
English
10
9
1
15
Finnish
Flemish
1
12
274
64
22
15
83
69
58
30
9
81
1
4
514
7
30
French
1
13
45
1
8
72
248
21
4
18
78
93
63
11
36
1
1
754
11
77
9
127
143
18
8
24
85
99
66
12
67
4
129
66
16
9
34
48
71
35
9
48
5
320
9
2
4
53
21
23
2
1
26
4
153
1
49
German
1
3
5
6
4
10
1
11
25
4
1
Greek
616
85
43
260
333
384
206
44
276
2
6
2. 799
48
207
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
1
1
38
1
3
Irish
1
2
1
5
5
2
8
10
3
2
2
16
22
5
6
Italian, North
Italian, South...
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar. .
1
....
2
2
5
4
.4
Montenegrin
Norwegian ....
1
548
15
42
Polish
1
2
5
31
1
40
113
2
8
131
1
16
388
10
26
215
1
3
45
12
Roumanian .
Russian..
1
3
1
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
183
TABLE 48. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 to
64.
65 or
over.
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
Ruthenian
16
11
12
632
485
327
1
16
1
22
2
22
6
1
1
121
136
21
3
3
4
157
132
27
4
1
1
114
92
25
2
1
4
136
64
103
1
2
1
1
1
30
22
90
Scotch
1
1
1
2
Servian
Slovak
1
4
18
5
18
14
1
29
18
4
2
50
Slovenian
Swedish
1
9
Syrian
Turkish :
9
2
3
1
3
2
6
Welsh
Austrian (race not
specified)
2
2
9
5
1
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
2
2
5
7
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
8,596
1
5
8
57
99
250
328
1,896
1,712
1,232
1,702
887
333
86
]_'.s:-!'.i
1
IS
64
227
325
471
577
-'.7i:.
2,312
1,709
2, 409
1,364
496
121
TABLE 49.— Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of family .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number of families —
Owning
• home.
Renting
home.
Board-
ing.
Lodging.
In other
con-
ditions.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
3
29
2
3
37
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
German. .
5
1
19
29
1
1
25
32
Irish
1
Total....
6
48
2
1
57
Total native-born
9
77
4
4
94
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
1
12
3
18
5
22
31
8
85
22
1
4
31
5
37
42
10
102
22
1
German.
1
Greek
Irish
13
10
2
15
1
1
1
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish...
1
1
Slovak
Syrian. .
Total foreign-born
53
195
2
1
3
254
Grand total ... ...
62
272
°
1
7
3-18
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-13
184
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 50. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
4J
O
+3
<
At school.
At work.
3
o
EH
to
1
-*-»
«!
At school.
At work.
3
o
EH
tu
6
0
-^
«*!
I
1
-M
<!
M
8
+3
«!
"3
4J
O
EH
At home.
At school.
14
O
-u>
<!
•3
-*j
0
EH
Native-born of native father,
White
9(1
20
3
40
43
23
40
63
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
German
4
4
1?
1?
3
3
4
1
15
....
19
1
38
20
9
95
15
1
198
Greek
1
1
Irish
14
12
8
1
1
....
15
13
8
71
14
3
1
1
4
1
17
5
20
6
—
2
1
1
3
1
17
13
9
20
6
1
1
Italian South
Lithuanian
1
Polish .
69
14
2
16
20
1
—
1
3
4
73
15
19
3
Slovak
Syrian
1
1
1
Total
61
132
61
122
4
126
10
51
6
5
11
5
Total native-born
142
4
146
13
91
8
104
—
6
5
11 155
101
5
261
3
4
2
3
12
3
Foreign-born:
Greek
3
3
Irish . .
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
....
5
2
2
1
2
6
1
....
....
Italian, South
1
1
1
Lithuanian
1
2
5
3
Polish
5
5
5
1
1
2
Slovak ...
2
1
3
Total foreign-born
6
6 4
14
18
—
1
2
3
10
15
2
27
Grand total
148
4
152
17
105 .... 122
7
7
14
165
116
7
288
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
3P
39
5
31
36
1
5
?,
8
45
36
2
83
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
1
1
1
1
German
14
14
1
15
16
2
9
4
17
15
?,
34
Greek
1
1
1
1
Irish
16
?
18
?1
?1
4
1
5
16
?7
1
44
Italian, South
09
99
1
m
11
1
1
1
3
•M
11
1
36
Lithuanian
fi
6
9
9
6
2
8
Polish
64
64
4
?6
30
68
?6
94
Slovak
q
?
9
q
?,
11
Total
m
9
135
6
76
82
3
•i
4
1?
14°
83
4
99Q
Total native-born
172
2
174
11
107
118
4
10
9f)
ls7
iiq
fi
310
Foreign-born:
German
1
1
1
1
Irish
9
9
?
?
Italian, South
i
1
9
?
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
6
Lithuanian..
1
1
1
1
Polish
4
?
1
7
1
1
fl
5
?
?,
9
Slovak
9
?
?,
2
Total forr.ign-horn
i
1
o
8
1
14
9
•>,
o
6
8
10
3
?,1
Grand totil
173
0
2
175
16
115
1
132
o
12
s
Ofi
105
1','q
0
333
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
185
TABLE 50. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number within each specified age group.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
«
a
0
a
4J
<!
"o
o
1
•4-3
<!
X
o
is
+3
•<
73
-b3
1
ED
1
a
+3
•<
"o
o
1
4-3
•<
M
s
£
+a
•<
3
1
o5
e
a
+j
•aj
"o
o
•g
CO
•+J
<1
•a
o
g:
+3
<i
3
o
^
0)
o
A
+3
"3
o
•§
«
•+J
<i
•a
o
^
4^
<!
s
o
H
146
Native-born of native father,
A\ hite
59
59
8
71
79
1
5
2
8
68
76
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
1
1
1
1
53
2
82
56
17
1S9
26
1
427
German. .
18
18
?
1
27
—
28
2
3
2
7
21
9
30
2
Greek
2
Irish
30
34
14
3
1
....
33
35
14
135
23
3
2
1
8
1
38
15
2
42
2
1
—
41
17
3
....
6
1
2
2
8
4
33
37
15
141
24
47
17
2
45
2
1
2
2
"3"
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
133
?3
2
—
50
3
1
3
4
Slovak
Syrian
1
Total .
274
255
6
261
16
127
—
143
3
11
9
23
144
9
Total native-born. .
314
6
320
24
198
—
222
4
16
11
31
342
220
11
573
Foreign-born:
German
1
1
1
1
3
6
8
4
21
5
48
Greek
3
3
3
Irish
1
1
1
1
4
S
«,
2
2
2
10
2
4
4
2
8
3
2
"3"
Italian, South
1
3
4
1
1
2
4
Lithuanian
2
4
2
2
7
3
Polish
<S
5
l
12
^
1
1
2
4
Slovak
Total foreign-born..
7
7
9
22
l
32
2
3
4
9
18
25
5
Grand total . .
321
6
327
33
220
l
254
6
19
15
40
360
245
16
621
186
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 51. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race and length of residence.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
Race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
In United States 5 to
9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
«
a
a)
<
+S
">>
= §
Mg
— -
•c ft
la
T3
a
o
o •
QJ tn
"S3
-i —
!a
w
3
o
EH
a
,(u
•4
+a
w b^
>-• —
•-1 a
i-i o
Ml2
P a>
T ft
£ 03
aft
•a
a
ig
Mft
!a
a
"3
-4J
0
EH
a
.X
<J
+3
">>
= §
M>2
d o>
•r| ft
Is
•a
a
o
S«
CO 2
II
03
tn
3
+5
0
EH
Armenian
13
34
1
2
8
7
12
4
10
1
1
14
531
34
22
20
64
108
106
42
1
77
1
2
742
3
31
3
3
2
159
77
181
6
2
10
5
3
2
8
1
1
7
12
1
2
2
6
1
1
3
2
8
3
11
6
22
6
6
4
16
1
1
1
5
1
1
2
1
3
12
13
34
1
2
8
7
12
4
10
1
1
14
531
34
22
20
64
108
106
42
1
77
1
2
742
3
31
3
3
2
159
77
181
6
2
10
Bohemian and Moravian
i
Canadian French
1
2
2
1
1
3
2
1
Canadian Other
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
6
1
11
4
8
4
4
Danish
10
3
5
10
3
5
1
7
337
3
7
6
53
22
25
Dutch
2
2
1
1
3
Finnish
1
Flemish
1
7
326
3
5
4
50
12
14
1
10
452
3
6
8
56
25
31
15
French
2
28
22
5
7
3
60
48
26
1
44
1
2
40
9
9
3
2
13
16
1
4
79
31
16
12
8
83
75
27
1
52
1
2
33
1
93
4
61
22
6
9
4
67
60
39
1
59
1
3
133
9
9
5
7
19
21
3
German
11
Greek
Hebrew Russian
2
2
3
10
11
1
2
1
7
12
13
Hebrew Other
2
5
6
5
2
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Magyar
6
2
15
4
6
25
10
8
2
2
2
147
Polish
290
3
18
2
56
6
352
3
19
3
140
109
141
390
430
3
23
2
1
1
120
36
11
5
165
Russian
1
1
5
3
4
12
4
1
"i"
28
31
12
1
2
3
4
Scotch
1
1
38
4
4
"i'
6
1
5
2
~9
3
155
3
2
53
8
164
2
Servian
Slovak
82
32
7
5
22
30
7
1
2
1
2
7
3
"i"
106
69
17
6
2
2
11
10
158
Slovenian
Swedish
Austrian (race not specified).
Belgian (race not specified). .
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
.....
1
2
5
8
1
2,334
702
239
61
1,002
286
261
785
1,332
988
500
846
2,334
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
187
TABLE 52. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual and length of residence.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
In United States 5 to
9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
Aliens.
Having first
papers only.
Having second
papers.
3
o
H
Aliens.
+J
2*
'C, o
MS
a CD
T P.
> e3
3&
Having second
papers.
•a
•iS
0
EH
Aliens.
Having first
papers only.
Having second
papers.
3
o
H
Danish
1
16
2
7
25
5
39
10
1
11
1
11
1
12
1
12
1
16
2
7
25
5
39
10
1
11
German
2
2
2
9
2
14
8
1
1
4
2
2
13
2
16
8
1
11
1
2
2
2
11
5
26
8
2
Greek
Irish
5
8
5
12
3
23
2
5
9
Italian, South
3
1
2
3
12
2
5
Polish
1
1
3
2
8
4
2
1
9
Slovak
Swedish
i
Turkish
11
11
Total
117
50
6
3
59
17
8
33
58
67
14
36
117
TABLE 53. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STTJDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Dutch
1
2
103
28
3
66
5
1
1
2
39
19
2
33
2
1
2
39
19
1
2
103
28
3
66
5
1
1
2
103
28
French
German
64
9
1
33
3
1
64
9
Italian, South
Polish
31
3
1
30
2
61
5
1
Slovak
Syrian
Total
209
111
108
98
93
209
201
Foreign-born:
Armenian
13
2
63
21
2
125
24
267
1
49
2
1
442
8
1
36
16
5
1
36
6
5
1
27
5
2
41
10
115
13
2
63
21
2
125
24
267
1
49
2
1
442
5
2
62
6
2
68
5
105
1
16
2
1
5
Danish ...
1
26
German
Greek
Italian North
2
18
1
30
Italian South
84
14
152
1
26
2
50
4
75
1
6
2
Lithuanian. .
Polish
Roumanian
Slovak .
23
10
Swedish
Syrian ....
1
1
Turkish
442
5
Total
1,012
782
191
230
89
1,012
280
Grand total
1,221
893
299
328
182
1,221
481
188
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 54. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Armenian . .
8
1
36
16
84
14
152
1
26
2
442
8
1
25
13
78
11
131
1
23
2
441
5
1
25
3
44
2
54
1
5
2
5
Danish
German
11
3
6
3
21
11
3
6
2
21
Greek . . -
Italian, South ...
Lithuanian
Polish. .
Roumanian
Slovak
3
1
Swedish
Turkish ....
1
Total
782
48
44
734
147
FEMALK.
Armenian
5
5
Danish .
1
1
1
German....
27
8
8
19
18
Greek
5
5
Italian North
2
2
2
Italian, South
41
11
11
30
7
Lithuanian
10
1
9
1
Polish
115
20
16
95
14
Slovak
23
4
4
19
6
Syrian
1
1
1
Total
230
44
39
186
50
TOTAL.
Armenian
13
13
5
Danish
2
2
2
German
63
19
19
44
43
Greek
21
3
3
18
3
Italian, North
9
2
2
Italian, South. .. ...
125
17
17
108
51
Lithuanian
24
4
2
20
3
Polish
267
41
37
226
68
Roumanian
1
1
1
Slovak
49
7
5
42
11
Swedish
2
2
2
Syrian
1
1
1
Turkish
442
1
441
5
Total
1,012
92
83
920
197
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
189
TABLE 55. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian . . . .
8
1
36
16
84
14
152
1
26
2
442
4
2
1
3
1
30
3
1
30
Danish
German
6
7
22
4
54
6
4
18
Greek
9
39
4
39
1
6
2
10
2
11
1
Italian, South
23
6
59
22
2
42
Lithuanian
Polish
22
Roumanian
Slovak
13
1
14
2
1
2
7
1
4
1
Swedish
Turkish
428
3
Total.
782
530
31
122
55
130
105
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
5
Danish
1
1
1
German
27
4
3
23
23
Greek
5
4
1
Italian North
2
2
2
Italian, South ...
41
18
3
9
6
14
9
Lithuanian
10
4
3
1
3
Polish . .. ..
115
41
4
39
4
35
22
Slovak
23
8
1
10
4
5
5
Syrian
1
1
1
Total
230
82
10
67
19
81
60
TOTAL.
\rmenian
13
9
2
1
3
3
Danish
2
2
2
German
63
10
9
53
53
Greek
21
13
2
8
4
Italian, North
2
2
2
Italian, South
125
57
13
31
24
37
31
Lithuanian
24
8
2
7
1
9
2
Polish .
267
80
15
93
26
94
64
1
1
1
Slovak
49
14
1
23
6
12
9
Swedish
2
1
1
1
1
Syrian
1
1
1
Turkish
442
428
3
14
2
Total.
1,012
612
41
189
74
211
165
190
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 56. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
7
72
75
18
31
160
2
22
7
1
1
41
1,127
605
82
41
326
369
190
43
259
2
5
2,545
45
176
15
11
625
425
327
1
16
20
2
22
2
33
35
5
29
15
1
20
5
7
68
72
18
12
160
1
21
7
1
1
37
905
601
72
39
309
357
186
43
253
2
4
2,297
42
171
15
11
608
424
294
1
16
19
2
15
2
35
32
5
11
15
1
19
5
Armenian.
4
3
4
3
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French. .
19
18
Croatian
Dalmatian
1
1
Danish
1
Dutch
Finnish
Flemish
1
35
814
240
61
37
174
205
73
22
92
1
31
595
236
51
35
158
193
69
22
87
French. .. . . . . . . .
4
222
4
10
2
17
12
4
4
219
4
10
2
16
12
4
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian...... , ...
Macedonian
Magyar
6
5
Monfrpnpprin
Norwegian
5
1,090
23
59
6
3
308
76
320
1
3
12
2
21
1
248
3
5
1
226
3
4
4
864
20
55
6
3
297
76
287
1
3
11
2
14
Polish
Roumanian
Russian . . . .
Ruthenian
Servian
Slovak
17
1
33
11
Slovenian
Swedish. ... . . .
33
Syrian
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified) . .
1
1
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
7
7
Total
7,716
3,834
625
588
7,091
3,246
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
23
IS
17
14
6
4
Croatian
7
1
7
1
Dutch
2
2
French
3
3
2
2
1
1
German
23
17
13
13
10
4
Greek
5
5
Hebrew Russian
1
1
1
1
Hebrew Other
1
1
1
1
Italian, North
5
2
2
2
3
Italian, South
13
10
6
6
7
4
Lithuanian
10
1
1
1
9
Magyar..
14
2
14
2
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
191
TABLE 56. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Norwegian
1
101
3
20
1
1
37
1
1
70
1
46
1
43
Polish.
115
3
20
1
1
36
1
27
Roumanian
Russian
5
1
5
1
Ruthenian
Slovak
Slovenian
3
1
1
2
Austrian (race not specified)
Total
333
137
92
86
241
51
TOTAL.
Albanian
7
2
7
2
Armenian
72
39
4
4
68
35
Bohemian and Moravian
76
36
4
4
72
32
Bulgarian
18
5
18
5
Canadian, French
54
47
36
32
18
15
Croatian
167
16
167
16
Dalmatian
2
1
1
1
1
Danish
22
20
1
1
21
19
Dutch
9
5
9
5
Finnish
1
1
Flemish
1
1
1
1
French
44
38
6
6
38
32
German
1,150
831
235
232
915
599
Greek
610
240
4
4
606
236
Hebrew, Russian..
83
62
11
11
72
51
Hebrew, Other
42
38
3
3
39
35
Italian, North . .
331
176
19
18
312
158
Italian, South
382
215
18
18
364
197
Lithuanian...
200
74
5
5
195
96
Macedonian.
43
22
43
22
Magyar
273
94
6
5
267
89
Montenegrin
2
2
Norwegian . .
6
6
2
2
4
4
Polish
2,706
1,160
294
269
2,412
891
Roumanian
48
23
3
3
45
20
Russian
196
64
5
4
191
60
Ruthenian
16
7
16
7
Servian ...
11
3
11
3
Slovak
626
308
17
11
609
297
Slovenian
462
79
2
1
460
78
Swedish
327
320
33
33
294
287
Syrian..
1
1
1
1
Turkish
16
3
16
3
Austrian (race not specified) .
21
12
1
1
20
11
Belgian (race not specified) . ..
2
2
2
2
Swiss (race not specified)
22
21
7
7
15
14
Total
8,049
3,971
717
674
7,332
3,297
192
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 57. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
7
72
75
18
31
IGO
2
22
7
1
1
41
1,127
605
82
41
326
369
190
43
259
2
5
2,545
45
176
15
11
625
425
327
1
16
20
2
22
2
39
35
5
29
15
1
20
5
7
29
27
17
2
6
6
5
Armenian.
19
15
1
3
8
11
6
24
33
22
23
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian.
Canadian, French
2
2
28
1
2
19
5
27
Croatian ....
151
13
Dalmatian
1
18
3
Danish. . .
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Dutch
1
Finnish
Flemish...
1
35
814
240
61
37
174
205
73
22
92
1
20
877
7
26
21
50
54
42
1
20
701
6
25
19
39
50
32
French
15
130
521
32
5
164
192
95
42
152
1
9
35
179
16
5
59
70
21
21
31
6
120
77
24
15
112
123
53
1
70
1
6
78
55
20
13
76
85
20
1
34
German.
Greek. . .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Italian, North..
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
37
27
Montenegrin. . ..
Norwegian .
5
1,090
23
59
6
3
308
76
320
1
3
12
2
21
5
828
2
20
5
574
2
14
Polish
1,035
37
106
P
9
335
297
21
L91
18
21
4
1
92
26
16
682
6
50
6
325
3
24
2
Roumanian.
Russian.
Ruthenian.
Servian. . .
2
111
9
284
1
" 2
99
7
283
1
Slovak.
179
119
22
117
43
21
Slovenian.
Swedish
Syrian. . . .
Turkish
16
10
3
6
Austrian (race not specified)...
Belgian (race not specified) —
Swiss (race not specified)
9
2
3
5
2
2
1
1
19
19
Total
7,716
3, 834
3, 458
859
1,729
954
2,529
2,021
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
23
18
2
3
2
IS
16
Croatian
7
1
7
1
Dutch
2
2
French..
3
3
3
3
German
23
17
5
1
17
17
Greek
5
5
Hebrew, Russian
1
1
1
1
Hebrew, Other
1
1
1
1
Italian, North..
5
2
3
2
2
Italian, South
13
10
7
5
3
2
3
3
Lithuanian
10
1
9
1
1
Magyar..
14
2
13
1
1
1
Leather Manufacturing: General Tables.
193
TABLE 57. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
1
161
3
20
1
1
37
1
1
70
1
34
1
29
Polish
104
3
19
25
23
16
5
1
4
1
1
Ruthenian
1
1
Slovak
1
So
1
Slovenian
3
1
2
2
Austrian (race not specified) .
Total ...
333
137
217
38
36
20
80
73
TOTAL.
7
2
7
2
Armenian. .
72
39
29
6
19
11
24
22
Bohemian and Moravian
76
36
27
e
15
6
34
24
Bulgarian
18
5
17
5
1
Canadian French
54
47
2
6
4
46
43
Croatian
167
10
158
14
8
2
1
2
1
2
1
Danish
22
20
2
2
1
19
18
Dutch . ...
9
5
3
1
1
1
5
3
Finnish
1
1
1
1
1
1
French
44
38
15
9
6
6
23
23
German.
1,150
831
135
35
121
78
894
718
Greek
610
240
526
179
77
55
7
6
Hebrew, Russian
83
62
32
16
25
21
26
25
Hebrew Other
42
38
6
6
15
13
21
19
Italian North..
331
176
167
59
112
76
52
41
Italian, South.
382
215
199
75
126
87
57
53
Lithuanian
200
74
104
21
54
21
42
32
Macedonian
43
22
42
21
1
1
Magyar... ..
273
94
165
32
71
35
37
27
2
1
1
Norwegian
6
6
6
6
Polish
2, 706
1,160
1,139
216
705
341
862
603
Roumanian
48
23
40
18
6
3
2
2
Russian.
196
64
125
25
51
25
20
14
Ruthenian
16
7
9
4
6
2
1
1
Servian
11
3
9
1
2
2
Slovak..
626
308
336
92
179
117
111
99
Slovenian
462
79
332
27
121
45
9
7
Swedish
327
320
21
16
22
21
284
283
1
1
1
1
Turkish
10
3
16
3
Austrian (race not specified) .
21
9
12
2
11
6
9
2
5
2
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
22
21
3
2
19
19
Total
8,049
3,971
3,675
897
1,765
980
2,609
2,094
LIST OF TEXT TABLES.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 1. — Growth of the leather manufacturing industry in the United
States, 1870-1905, and status in principal leather-manufacturing States
in 1905 .• 1
Table 2. — Average number of wage-earners engaged in leather manufac-
turing in the United States, 1870-1905, and in the principal leather-
manufacturing States in 1905 2
Table 3. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 3
Table 4. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 3
Table 5. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households).. 4
Table 6. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 5
Table 7. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race — East. (Study of employees) 6
Table 8. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race— Middle West. (Study of employees) 7
Table 9. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 8
CHAPTER II.- — Racial displacements:
Table 10. — Number of leather workers in the United States and in selected
States, by country of birth, 1880 13
Table 11. — Number of leather workers in the United States and in selected
States, by general nativity and country of birth, 1890 14
Table 12. — Number of leather workers in the United States and in selected
States, by general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900 15
Table 13. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race — East. (Study of em-
ployees) 21, 22
Table 14. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race — Middle West. (Study of
employees) 23
Table 15. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under
1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by sex and race. (Study of employees). . 24, 25
Table 16. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 25, 26
Table 17. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households). 29
Table 18. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race — East . (Study of employees) 30
Table 19. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race — Middle West. (Study of employees) 31, 32
Table 20. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 32, 33
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 21. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 35
Table 22. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 36
195
196 The Immigration Commission.
%
CHAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 23.- — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race of individual. (Study of households) 37
Table 24. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were ]6 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 38
Table 25. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu-
pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 39
Table 26. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual . (Study of households) 40
Table 27. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 41
Table 28. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the leather
industry, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of indi-
vidual 42
Table 29. — Number of employees in specified departments and occupa-
tions, by race of individual — Company No. 1 42
Table 30. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race of
individual — Company No. 2 43
Table 31. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 43
Table 32. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and- race. (Study of
employees) -.- 44
Table 33. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 45
Table 34. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 45
Table 35. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over
earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence
in the United States. (Study of employees) 46
Table 36. — Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees
18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United
States. (Study of employees) 47
Table 37. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 48
Table 38. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual. (Study of households) 49
Table 39. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general natiAdty and race of individual. (Study of households) 50
Table 40. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 51
Table 41. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified
amount, by general nativity and race o'f head of family. (Study of
households) 52
Table 42. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(Study of households) 53
Table 43. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 54
Table 44. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 55
Table 45. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 56
Table 46. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 57
Table 47. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 59
Leather Manufacturing: List of Text Tables. 197
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions: Page.
Table 48.— Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or
over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 61
Table 49. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over
who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 62
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 50. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 63
Table 51. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 64
Table 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 65
Table 53. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 66
Table 54. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house-
holds) 67
Table 55. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 68
Table 56. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 69
Table 57. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of households) ... 70
Table 58. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 71
Table 59. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 72
Table 60. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 73
Table 61. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 74
Table 62. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 76
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 63. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 79
Table 64. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 81
Table 65. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race
of individual. (Study of households) 82
Table 66. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United
States and race of individual. (Study of households) 83
Table 67.— Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal
condition, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . . 84, 85
Table 68. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and
age groups, and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) .... 86, 87
Table 69. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 89
Table 70. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United
States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study
of employees) 91
Table 71. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by
race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.
(Study of employees) 92
198 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page.
Table 72. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 93
Table 73. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 94, 95
Table 74. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race. (Study of employees) 96, 97
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 75. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 99
Table 76. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 100
Table 77. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years
of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 101
Table 78. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by
years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 102
Table 79. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States five years or over and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households). . 103
Table 80. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 103
Table 81. Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex
and race. (Study of employees) 104
Table 82. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of in-
dividual. (Study of households) 105
Table 83. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of
households) 106
Table 84. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 107
Table 85. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 108
LIST OF GEE-EKAL TABLES.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 122
Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 122
Table 3. — Number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex
and general nativity and race — East. (Study of employees) 123
Table 4. — Number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex
and general nativity and race — Middle West. (Study of employees) 124
Table 5. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 125
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 6. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race — East. (Study of em-
ployees) 126, 127
Table 7. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race — Middle West. (Study of
employees) 128, 129
Table 8. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees). .. 130, 131
Table 9. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of
households) 132
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 10. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 133
Table 11.- — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 133
Table 12. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the
United States, by race. (Study of employees) 134
Table 13. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 135
Table 14. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . 136
Table 15.— Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified
industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 137
Table 16. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 138, 139
Table 17. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 140
Table 18. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 141
Table 19. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 142
Table 20. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified
amount per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 143
48296°— VOL 12—11 14 199
200 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 21. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 144
Table 22. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and
race of head of family. (Study of households) 145
Table 23. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 145
Table 24. — Number of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 146
Table 25. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 146
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 26. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and
race of individual. (Study of households) 147
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 27.— Number and class of households, by general nativity and race
of head of household. (Study of households) 148
Table 28. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 149
Table 29. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 150
Table 30. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 151
Table 31.— Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num-
ber of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 152
Table 32. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci-
fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 153, 154
Table 33. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 155
Table 34. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 155
Table 35. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of
each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 156
Table 36. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 156
Table 37.— Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 157
Table 38.— Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 157
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 39. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 158-160
Table 40. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 161
Table 41. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
years i n the United States, and race of individual . ( Study of households) . 162
Table 42. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 163
Table 43. — Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 164-169
Table 44. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 170-172
Leather Manufacturing: List of General Tables. 201
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page-
Table 45. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus-
band. (Study of employees) 173
Table 46. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 174-177
Table 47. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 178, 179
Table 48. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by
sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 179-183
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 49. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 183
Table 50. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and
age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 184, 185
Table 51. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years
of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study
of employees) 186
Table 52. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study
of households) 187
Table 53. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 187
Table 54. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 188
Table 55. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 189
Table 56. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age
at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of employees) . 190, 191
Table 57. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 192, 193
LIST OF CHAETS.
Page.
Number of employees of each general nativity for whom information was
secured
Number of male employees for whom information was secured, by general
nativity and race
Per cent of foreign-born male employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by race 27
PART 9 -BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES.
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.
This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by
W. Jett Lauck, superintendent of agents, forms part of the general report of the
Immigration Commission on immigrants in industries.
204
BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING.
CONTENTS.
PART I —GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Growth of the industry 211
Increase in the number of employees 212
Territory studied 212
Households studied 212
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 213
The preparation of the report 215
Employees for whom information was secured 216
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration 225
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households 227
Racial classification of employees at the present time 234
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied. . 241
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United
States 244
General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied . 246
General occupation of women at the present time, in the households studied . . 247
Comparison of occupations of the first and second generations 248
Weekly earnings 249
Relation between period of residence and earning ability 255
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 258
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 260
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 261
Annual family income 262
Wives at work 263
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of
keeping boarders or lodgers 263
Sources of family income 265
Relative importance of different sources of family income 268
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Regularity of employment 271
The immigrant and organized labor 272
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Rent in its relation to standard of living 275
Boarders and lodgers 279
Size of apartments occupied 281
Size 01 households studied 282
Congestion 283
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 289
Conjugal condition 293
Visits abroad 303
Age classification of employees and members of their households 304
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Ownership of homes 309
Status of children in the households studied 310
Citizenship 311
Ability to speak English 314
205
206 The Immigration Commission.
PART II— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN
THE EAST,
GENERAL SURVEY.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Employees for whom information was secured 325
Representative boot and shoe manufacturing communities 326
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration 327
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees 327
Racial classification of employees at the present time 329
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United
States 333
Weekly earnings 334
Relation between period of residence and earning ability 338
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 343
Conjugal condition 344
Visits abroad 350
Age classification of employees 351
CHAPTER V. — General progress and assimilation:
Citizenship 355
Ability to speak English 357
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A.
CHAPTER VI. — Introduction:
Industrial significance of the community 361
Households studied 361
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 362
Employees for whom information was secured 365
CHAPTER VII. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration 367
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households 368
Racial classification of employees at the present time 371
CHAPTER VIII. — Economic status:
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied. 373
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United
States 376
General occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied . 377
General occupation of females at the present time, in the households studied . 378
Comparison of occupations of the first and second generations 380
Occupations entered in the boot and shoe industry 380
Weekly earnings 381
Relation between period of residence and earning ability 384
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 384
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 386
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 387
Annual family income 388
Wives at work 389
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of
keeping boarders or lodgers 389
Sources of family income 391
Relative importance of different sources of family income 394
CHAPTER IX. — Working conditions:
Regularity of employment 397
The immigrant and organized labor 398
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: Contents. 207
CHAPTER X. — Housing and living conditions: Page.
Rent in its relation to standard of living 401
Boarders and lodgers 406
Size of apartments occupied 408
Size of households studied 409
Congestion 411
CHAPTER XI. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 417
Conjugal condition 420
Visits abroad 428
Age classification of employees and members of their households 429
Charity 433
CHAPTER XII. — General progress and assimilation:
Ownership of homes 435
School attendance 436
Status of children in the households studied 437
Citizenship 437
Ability to speak English 439
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B.
CHAPTER XIII. — Introduction:
Industrial significance of the community 445
Households studied 445
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 446
CHAPTER XIV. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration 449
Period of residence in the United States of members of immigrant house-
holds studied 452
CHAPTER XV. — Economic status:
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied . . 455
General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied . . 458
General occupation of females at the present time in the households studied . 459
Comparison of occupations of the first and second generations 460
Occupations entered in the industry 460
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 461
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied . . 463
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 463
Annual family income 464
Wives at work 466
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of
keeping boarders or lodgers 466
Sources of family income 468
Relative importance of different sources of family income 469
CHAPTER XVI. — Working conditions:
Regularity of employment 471
The immigrant and organized labor 472
CHAPTER XVII. — Housing and living conditions:
Rent in its relation to standard of living 475
Boarders and lodgers 478
Size of apartments occupied 479
Size of households studied 480
Congestion 481
CHAPTER XVIII. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 485
Conjugal condition 487
Age classification of members of households studied 489
CAPTER XIX. — General progress and assimilation:
Ownership of homes 491
Citizenship 491
Ability to speak English 492
208 The Immigration Commission.
PART III— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN
THE MIDDLE WEST,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Employees for whom information was secured ' 497
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration to the boot and shoe manufacturing establishments
of St. Louis 499
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees 500
Racial classification of employees at the present time 501
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United
States 503
Weekly earnings 504
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 509
Conjugal condition 510
Visits abroad 513
Age classification of employees 514
CHAPTER V. — General progress and assimilation:
Citizenship 517
Ability to speak English 518
General tables 519
General explanation of tables 521
List of text tables 753
List of general tables 765
List of charts.. 772
PART I.-GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BOOT AND SHOE
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.
209
PART I —GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Growth of the industry — Increase in the number of employees — Territory studied —
Households studied — Members of households for whom detailed information was
secured — The preparation of the report — Employees for whom information was
secured — [Text Tables 1 to 8 and General Tables 1 to 3].
GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY.
The growth in the boot and shoe manufacturing industry during
recent years may be understood from the fact that the total amount
of capital invested in 1880 was only $42,994,028, as contrasted with
a capital commitment of $122,526,093 in 1905, and from the addi-
tional fact that the value of the annual output of the industry in 1880
was only $166,050,354, as compared with a yearly production to the
value of $320,107,458 in 1905. The growth of the industry in the
country as a whole during the period 1880-1905, and its status in
1905 in the principal boot and shoe manufacturing States is shown
in the table below.
TABLE 1. — The growth of the boot and shoe industry in the United States 1880 to 1905 and
the status of selected States for 1905.
[Compiled from Table 1, p. 229, and Table 16, pp. 246-253, in Part III, Manufactures, 1905, United States
Bureau of the Census.]
State.
Year.
Number of
active
establish-
ments.
Capital.
Value of
products.
United States
1905
1,316
$122, 526, 093
$320 107 458
1900
1890
1880
1,599
2,082
1,959
99, 819, 233
95,282,311
42,994,028
258,969,580
220,649,358
166,050,354
Illinois
1905
44
3,656,671
9, 026, 238
Maine
1905
50
4, 450, 939
12,351,293
Massachusetts . ...
1905
502
49, 529, 728
144,291 426
Missouri
1905
34
8, 242, 304
23,493,552
New Hampshire
1905
50
7,931,070
22,425 700
New Jersey .
1905
51
3, 038, 877
6, 977, 300
New York
1905
188
14,106,058
34, 137, 049
Ohio
1905
62
10,230,015
25, 140, 220
Pennsylvania
1905
119
7,197,959
14, 607, 867
Wisconsin
1905
53
3, 577, 649
6,513 563
All other States
1905
163
10, 564, 823
21, 143, 250
211
212
The Immigration Commission.
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES.
The increase in the number of employees from the standpoint of
recent immigration is the most significant feature of the recent
expansion of the boot and shoe industry due to the necessity of recruit-
ing operatives from the races of recent immigration. The table
submitted below shows the increase in the number of persons em-
ployed in the boot and shoe manufacturing industry in the United
States during the period 1880-1905, and the average number em-
ployed in the principal shoe manufacturing States during the year
1905.
TABLE 2. — The increase in the average number of wage-earners in the United States from
1880 to 1905 and the average number in selected States for 1905.
[This table is compiled from figures in Table 1, p. 229, Manufactures, 1905, United States Bureau of the
Census.]
State.
Year.
Average number of wage-earners.
Total.
Men 16
years and
over.
Women 16
years and
over.
Children
under 16
years.
United States
1905
1900
1890
1880
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
1905
149, 924
141,830
133, 690
111,152
95, 257
90,415
91,406
82,547
49, 535
46, 894
39,849
25, 122
5,132
4,521
2,435
3,483
Illinois
3,947
5,775
62,633
10,428
10,415
4,192
16, 556
13,890
8,878
3,226
9,984
2,451
3,942
41,386
5,982
fi,921
2,580
10,543
7,747
5,247
1,949
6,509
1,369
1,791
20, 139
3,485
3,379
1,388
5,678
5,315
2,978
991
3,022
127
42
1,108
961
115
224
335
828
653
286
453
Maine
Massachusetts .
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Wisconsin
All other States
TERRITORY STUDIED.
In collecting data relative emphasis was placed upon different
sections of the country according to the geographical distribution of
the industry as indicated by the Federal Census of Manufactures of
1905. The operating forces of the factories were studied more
intensively in Massachusetts and the other New England States
because of the greater concentration of the industry in that section,
but detailed data was also obtained from the shoe factory operatives
of Illinois and Missouri and other States of the Middle West in order
to ascertain conditions and to have a basis of comparison with New
England.
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
A total of 710 households was studied in detail, the heads of which
were boot or shoe manufacturing operatives. All of the house-
holds were located in the centers of the industry in New England.
The table next presented shows the households studied, according to
general nativity and race of head of household.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
213
TABLE 3. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father,
White
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
13.4
1.3
5.2
7.3
14.8
4.1
5.5
12.1
5.4
Foreign-born — Continued.
Italian, North
11
81
61
49
18
1.5
11.4
8.6
6.9
2.5
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian French
Italian, South
Lithuanian. . .
Polish
Irish
Syrian
Foreign-born :
Armenian
Grand total
710
100.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
English
46
141
569
6.5
19.9
80.1
Greek
Hebrew
Total native-born
Irish
Total foreign-born
MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS
SECURED.
The table below shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the persons in the households studied and persons for
whom detailed information was secured.
TABLE 4. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information was
secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Persons in house-
holds.
Persons for whom
detailed informa-
tion was secured.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father, White. ..
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
335
51
178
288
555
103
177
475
200
59
433
415
342
82
9.1
1.4
4.8
7.8
15.0
2.8
4.8
12.9
5.4
1.6
11.7
11.2
9.3
2.2
329
50
178
273
555
10.3
177
475
197
59
419
396
338
80
9.1
1.4
4.9
7.5
15.3
2.8
4.9
13.1
5.4
1.6
11.5
10.9
9.3
2.2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek . . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
710
3,693
100.0
3,629
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
46
141
569
229
564
3,129
6.2
15.3
84.7
228
557
3,072
6.3
15.3
84.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
214
The Immigration Commission.
The table next presented sets forth, by general nativity and race
of head of household, the sex of persons for whom detailed informa-
tion was secured.
TABLE 5. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
Number.
Per cent o
[ each sex.
hold.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
150
179
329
45.6
54.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
27
23
50
54.0
46.0
Irish
86
92
178
48.3
51.7
Foreign-born:
Armenian
154
119
273
56.4
43.6
Canadian, French
280
275
555
50.5
49.5
English
54
49
103
52.4
47.6
Greek
119
58
177
67.2
32.8
Hebrew
238
237
475
50.1
49.9
Irish
87
110
197
44.2
55.8
Italian, North
27
32
59
45.8
54.2
Italian, South
216
203
419
51.6
48.4
Lithuanian
246
150
396
62.1
37.9
Polish
205
133
338
60.7
39.3
Syrian
39
41
80
48.8
51.3
Grand total
1,928
1,701
3,629
53.1
46.9
Total native-born of foreign father
113
115
228
49 6
50.4
Total native-born
263
294
557
47.2
52.8
Total ;oreign-born
1,665
1,407
3,072
54.2
45.8
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
215
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the persons for whom detailed information was secured
in the households studied:
TABLE 6. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number.
lienerai nauvuy ana race 01 muiviuuai.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
212
236
448
11.0
13.9
12.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Armenian
30
39
69
1.6
2.3
1.9
Canadian, French
151
153
304
7.8
9.0
8.4
Canadian, Other...
1
4
5
1
2
. 1
English.. . .
13
18
31
.7
1. 1
.9
German
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
Greek
21
12
33
1.1
.7
.9
Hebrew .
66
74
140
3.4
4.4
3.9
Irish..
90
101
191
4.7
5.9
5.3
Italian, North
11
16
27
6
9
.7
Italian, South .
55
75
130
2.9
4.4
3.6
Lithuanian
55
49
104
2.9
2.9
2.9
Polish
56
42
98
2 9
2 5
2.7
Scotch
2
2
.0
.1
.1
Syrian
7
16
23
.4
.9
.6
Foreign-born:
Armenian
123
73
196
6.4
4 3
5.4
Canadian, Fench
139
131
270
7.2
7.7
7.4
Canadian, Other...
3
20
23
2
1 2
6
English
42
24
66
2.2
1.4
1.8
French
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
German
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
Greek
98
42
140
5 1
2 5
3.9
Hebrew
172
163
335
8.9
9.6
9.2
Irish .
34
46
80
1 8
2 7
2 2
Italian, North
22
18
40
1 1
1 1
1.1
Italian, South
155
125
280
8.0
7.3
7.7
Lithuanian
189
95
284
9 8
5 6
7 8
Polish
151
97
248
7 8
5.7
6.8
Scotch
2
2
.0
.1
(a)
Spanisli
1
1
.0
.1
a
Syrian
32
24
56
1 7
1 4
1.5
Grand total . .
1 928
1 701
3 629
100 0
100 0
100 0
Total native-born of foreign father
556
602
1 158
28 8
35 4
31 9
Total native-born . . .
768
838
1 606
39 8
49 3
44 3
Total foreign-born
1,160
863
2 023
60 2
50 7
55.7
Per cent distribution.
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
THE PREPARATION OF THE REPORT.
In preparing the data for publication, the tabulations have been
prepared and are presented in three parts. Part I consists of a gen-
eral survey of the industry and the statistical exhibits are made up
of the data obtained from households and employees in all sections of
the country. Parts II and III are general statistical surveys of the
East and Middle West, respectively, based upon the information se-
cured for employees.0 Part II also includes an intensive study of
two representative boot and shoe manufacturing communities in the
New England States. As in the case of the other industrial studies
°The Middle West includes the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri.
The East includes the States east of the Ohio and north of the Potomac.
48296°— VOL 12—11 15
216
The Immigration Commission.
the community reports have been introduced for the following rea-
sons : First, to secure a verification of the tendencies exhibited by the
more extended tabulations; second, to present material not included
in the statistical tables but bearing directly upon American life and
institutions, and third, to attempt to reach more definite conclusions
as to the economic effects of immigration. Stated in a summary form,
therefore, the divisions of the report as heretofore outlined are as
follows :
Part I. — General survey of the boot and shoe manufacturing industry.
Part II. — The boot and shoe manufacturing industry in the East,
(a) General survey.
(6) Community A — Representative boot and shoe manufacturing commu-
nity in New England.
(c) Community B — Representative boot and shoe manufacturing commu-
nity in New England.
Part III. — General survey of the boot and shoe manufacturing industry in the
Middle West.
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
Detailed information was secured for 19,946 operatives in all sec-
tions of the country. The following table and charts show, by sex,
the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom infor-
mation wTas obtained:
TABLE 7. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity and
race.
(STDDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
5,635
56
2
110
3
389
7
200
36
1,137
1
886
75
2
5
4
2
2
42
70
1
20
28
4
1
8
134
103
20
414
220
3,687
6
2
68
3
236
5
146
28
709
9,322
62
4
178
6
625
12
346
64
1,846
1
1,644
92
2
9
6
3
3
64
107
1
36
52
8
1
8
141
114
20
550
409
42.7
.4
(a)
.8
(a)
3.0
.1
1.5
.3
8.6
(a)
6.7
.6
(a)
w
(a)
(a
(<0
.3
.5
(a)
.2
.2
(a)
(a)
.1
1.0
.8
.2
3.1
1.7
54.5
.1
(a)
1.0
(a)
3.5
.1
2.2
.4
10.5
.0
11.2
.3
.0
.1
(a)
gj
'.5
.0
.2
.4
.1
.0
.0
.1
2
'.0
2.0
2.8
46.7
.3
(«)
!a
9.3
(a)
8.2
.5
g)
(a)
.3
.5
'.S
.6
.1
2.8
2.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
England
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland . ...
758
17
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
4
2
1
1
22
37
Norway
Portugal . .
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
16
24
4
Switzerland..
Wales
Africa (country not specified)
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Annt lian
7
11
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
136
189
Canadian, Other..
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
217
TABLE 7. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity and
race — Continued .
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Croatian
4
1
10
4
158
2
7
241
359
442
56
218
329
628
128
19
30
2
13
191
10
43
109
5
29
1
5
1
10
4
218
3
10
311
370
571
68
342
366
685
148
19
34
2
14
216
10
43
123
5
48
1
4
388
3
3
111
20
27
3
2
13
1
8
(a)
(a)
(a)'
1.2
(a)
i!s
2.7
3.4
.4
1.7
2.5
4.8
1.0
.1
.2
Wl
1.4
.1
.3
.8
(a)
.2
.0
(a)
2.7
(a)
(«)
!i
.2
(•)
(a)
(a)"
.1
(a)
0.0
.0
.0
.9
(a)
(a)
1.0
.2
1.9
.2
1.8
.5
.8
.3
.0
.1
.0
C«)
.4
.0
.0
_2
!o
.3
(a)
.0
.5
.0
(0)
.2
(a)
.0
W.o
(a)
.0
(a)
(a)
la)
0.1
(a)
1.1
(0).l
1.6
1.9
2.9
.3
1.7
1.8
3.4
.7
.1
.2
(a>.!
1.1
.1
.2
.6
m.2
&
1.9
(a)
1
.'l
(a)
(a)
(a) '
(a)
Cuban
Danish
Dutch . . .
English
60
1
3
70
11
129
12
124
37
57
20
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
4
Mexican
Norwegian
1
25
Polish
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
Russian
14
Ruthenian
Scotch
19
1
Scotch-Irish
Servian
4
354
3
1
97
19
27
2
2
12
1
7
Slovak
34
Slovenian
Spanish
2
14
1
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
1
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified
1
Grand total
13,184
6,762
19,946
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father. . .
3,027
8,718
4,466
2,083
5,776
986
5,110
14,494
5,452
23.0
66.1
33.9
30.8
85.4
14.6
25.6
72.7
27.3
Native-born
Foreign-born .
Less than 0.05 per cent.
218
The Immigration Commission.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
219
220
The Immigration Commission.
The table next presented shows, by locality and by sex, the per-
centage of employees of each race for whom information was secured :
TABLE 8. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
v
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Native-born of native father:
White
37.8
.1
.0
'.3
.0
4.3
(a)
1.6
.2
2.0
(a)
8.3
. 7
.0
(a)
(o)
(a)
00
.3
.6
.0
2
(")
(")
.0
.1
1.5
.6
.0
4.8
2.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
1.6
(")
L2
2.8
4.7
.4
2.2
3.4
6.9
1.5
(a)
_2
!o
.1
1.7
.1
(a)
1.1
.1
.3
.0
4.1
(°)
.0
.9
.1
52.0
1.0
(a)
1.9
.1
.5
.1
1.4
.5
20.9
.0
3.7
.3
(a)
(")
.0
(a)
.3
.4
(»)
!e
(a)
(°)
.0
.1
1.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.4
(0)
(«)
3.0
2.6
.8
.4
.6
.8
.8
(a)
.3
o
(a)
.1
1.0
(")
.8
.3
.0
.1
.1
(°)
.0
C«)
.4
.2
42.7
.4
(a)
.8
(«)
3.0
.1
1.5
.3
8.6
(°)
6.7
.6
(a)
(")
(")
(a)
(a)
.3
.5
(a)
.2
.2
(«)
(a)
.1
1.0
.8
.2
3.1
1.7
(»)
(»)
(«)
1.2
^ .1
1.8
2.7
3.4
.4
1.7
2.5
4.8
1.0
.1
.2
(fl) .1
1.4
.1
.3
.8
(0) .2
(<I) 2.7
B"
Negro .
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia .
Austria-Hungary .
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
England
France
Germany .
Greece.
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands . .
Norway
Portugal
Roumania
Russia
Scotland ... ...
Spain..
Sweden. .
Switzerland
Wales ... .
\frica (country not specified)
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian .
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban. .
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
French
German
Greek..
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, O ther
Irish
Italian , North
Italian, South
Lithuanian .
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish . . .'
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian . . .
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian. .
Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
221
TABLE 8. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution — Continued.
MALE — Continued.
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
vjeiieiai iiauvny uiiu iai;e.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Turkish
(a)
0.5
0.2
Welsh
(a)
.0
(a)
Australian (race not specified)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Austrian (race not specified) .
0.1
?o
Belgian (race not specified)
.0
(a)
(a)
Swiss (race not specified) ...
(a)
* .1
Grand total..
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
18.7
31.0
23.0
Total native-born
56.6
84.0
66.1
Total foreign-born ... . .
43.4
16.0
33.9
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White.. . . .
48.8
61.9
54.5
Negro .
.1
(a)
.1
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia.. . . . ...
.0
.1
(a)
Austria-Hungary
.1
2.2
1.0
Belgium
.0
.1
(a)
Canada. .
5.9
.4
3.5
Denmark
.1
.1
.1
England.
2.6
1.6
2.2
France .
.3
.6
.4
Germany.
2.6
20. (i
10.5
Ireland
14.2
7.3
11.2
Italy
.4
.1
.3
Netherlands. .
(a)
.1
.1
Norway . . .
.0
(a)
Portugal
(a)
.0
(a)
Roumania
(a)
.0
(«
Russia
.3
.3
.3
Scotland.
.8
.3
.5
Sweden. . .
.2
.2
.2
Switzerland
.1
.7
.4
Wales
.1
.1
.1
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
.2
.0
.1
Bohemian and Moravian ...
.0
.3
.2
Canadian, French
3.5
(a)
2.0
Canadian, Other.
4.9
2.8
Croatian
(a)
.0
(a)
English
1.5
.1
.9
Finnish
.0
(a)
(a)
French
.1
(a)
(a)
German
.5
1.8
1.0
Greek ...
.3
.0
.2
Hebrew, Russian
3.4
.0
1.9
Hebrew, Other . .
.2
.1
.2
Irish . . .
2.9
.4
1.8
Italian, North. .
1.0
.0
.5
Italian, South. ...
1.5
.0
.8
Lithuanian
.5
.0
.3
Magyar
.0
.1
.1
Norwegian
(a)
.0
(°)
Polish...
.5
.2
.4
Russian
.4
.0
.2
Scotch. .
.5
(0)
.3
Scotch-Irish
(a)
.0
(a)
Slovak...
.9
.0
.5
Spanish
.0
.1
(a)
Swedish
.4
.0
.2
Syrian..
.0
(a)
(")
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
222
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 8. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution — Continued.
F EMALE— Continued.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Welsh
0.0
(a)
(a)
Austrian (race not specified)
(a)
0 0
(a)
Swiss (race not specified)
(a)
.0
(a)
Grand total
100.0
100 0
100 0
Total native-born of foreign father
27 8
34 7
30 8
Total native-born
76.8
96 6
85 4
Total foreign-born
23.2
3.4
14 6
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
41.2
55.9
46 7
Negro ... .
.1
6
3
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia
.0
.1
(a)
Austria-Hungary. .
.2
2 0
9
Belgium
.0
.1
(a)
Canada
4.8
.4
3 1
Denmark
(a)
1
1
England. . .
1.9
1.5
1 7
France
.2
.5
.3
Germany .
2.2
20.8
9 3
Greece
(a)
.0
(a)
Ireland
10.2
5.1
8.2
Italy
.6
.2
5
Mexico
.0
(a)
(a)
Netherlands
(a)
(a)
Norway .
(a)
(a)
(a)
Portugal
(a)
.0
(a)
Roumania
(«)
(a)
(a)
Russia. .
.3
.3
3
Scotland
.7
.3
.5
Spain .
.0
(a)
(a)
Sweden..
.2
2
Switzerland. .
(o)
.6
.3
Wales.. .
(a)
(a)
(a)
Africa (country not specified)
.0
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian . . "
.1
.0
(a)
Armenian
1.1
.1
.7
Bohemian and Moravian
.4
.8
.6
Bulgarian
.0
.3
.1
Canadian, French ...
4.4
.1
2.8
Canadian, Other
3.3
.1
2.1
Croatian
(a)
(a)
(a)
Cuban
(a)
.0
(a)
Danish . . .
(a)
.1
.1
Dutch
(a)
(a)
(a)
Enslish..
1.6
.3
1.1
Finnish
(a)
(a)
(a)
French . .
(a)
.1
German
1.0
2.5
1.6
Greek
2.0
1.6
1.9
Hebrew, Russian.
4.3
.5
2.9
Hebrew, Other
.4
.3
.3
Irish
2.5
.5
1.7
Italian, North
2.7
.5
1.8
Italian, South.
5.2
.5
3.4
Lithuanian . . . ...
1.2
(a)
.7
Macedonian
(a)
.2
.1
Magvar
.2
9
.2
Mexican .
.0
(a)
(a)
Norwegian
.1
.1
Polish..
1.3
.7
1.1
Portuguese
.1
(a)
.1
Roumanian
(a)
.5
.2
Russian . .
.9
.2
.6
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
223
TABLE 8. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution — Continued.
TO T A L— Continued .
ueiieitu muiviiy aim race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Ruthenian
(a)
0.0
(a)
Scotch
0.
4
.1
0 2
Scotch- Irish
(a)
0
fa)
Servian
0
.1
(a)
Slovak
3.
1
(a)
1 9
Slovenian
(a)
o
(a)
Spanish
0
(a)
(a)
Swedish
7
3
(J
Syrian
1
1
1
Turkish
(a)
.3
1
Welsh...
(a)
(a)
(a)
Australian (race not specified)
(«)
(«>
(a)
Austrian (rare not specified)
]
fa)
1
Belgian (race not specified)
0
(a)
(a)
Swiss (race not specified)
(a)
(a)
Grand total
100
o
100 0
100 0
Total native-born of foreign father
21.
-]
32.4
25 6
Total native-born. .
62.
s
88 9
72 7
Total foreign-born
37.
?
11.1
27 3
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of immigration — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born
employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at
the present time — [Text Tables 9 to 17 and General Tables 4 and 5].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.
Data showing in detail the history of immigration to the boot and
shoe manufacturing industry are unavailable. The returns of the
United States Census Office show, however, the racial composition of
the working force in the years 1880, 1890, and 1900, and from the
figures given by the census, it is possible to determine the move-
ment of immigration to the industry in a general way. The following
table shows the racial composition of the boot and shoe workers in
the States of Illinois, Massachusetts, Missouri, and New Jersey, and
in the United States as a whole, in 1880;
TABLE 9. — Number of boot and shoe workers in the United States and in selected States, by
country of birth, 1880.
[Compiled from occupation tables of census of 1880.]
Country of birth.
Illinois.
Massachu-
setts.
Missouri.
New
Jersey.
United
States.
United States
2,296
46, 269
1,781
4,080
124, 691
Ireland
520
6,599
275
644
17,438
Germany
2,240
325
1,346
1,370
27 815
Great Britain . .
365
918
143
487
6,701
Sweden and Norway
556
204
45
18
2,513
British America
172
4,408
44
41
7,581
Other countries
389
177
211
192
7,340
Total
6,538
58,900
3,845
6,832
194,079
In the above table employees are classified by country of birth.
There were at the time of the census 194,079 boot and shoe workers
in the United States — 6,538 in Illinois, 58,900 in Massachusetts, 3,845
in Missouri, and 6,832 in New Jersey. It appears from the table
that 124,691 workers, or almost two-thirds of all the workers in the
country, were of native birth. The proportion of native-born
employees was much larger in Massachusetts and New Jersey than in
Illinois and Missouri. Of the foreign-born employees those of Irish
and Canadian birth had, in the order mentioned, the largest repre-
sentation in Massachusetts, while the Germans were present in the
largest numbers in the other three States for which the figures are
given. In the country, as a whole, the Germans and the Irish, in the
order mentioned, were present in larger numbers than persons of any
other foreign nativity. None of the countries of southern or eastern
225
226
The Immigration Commission.
Europe are included in the census classification. It will be noted,
however, that the figures reported under "Other countries" are
comparatively small.
The following table shows the number of boot and shoe workers in
the States referred to above, in 1890, by general nativity and by
country of birth :
TABLE 10. — Number of boot and shoe workers in the United States and in selected States, by
general nativity and country of birth, 1890.
[Compiled from occupation tables of census of 1890.]
General nativity and country of birth.
Illinois.
Massachu-
setts.
Missouri.
New
Jersey.
United
States.
Native white:
Native parents . . .
1,317
32,912
1,043
3,276
84,423
Foreign parents
1,295
20, 234
1,482
1,366
46, 146
Foreign white
5,037
15, 530
2,099
3,390
76, 612
Total colored
35
197
52
57
6 363
Grand total
7,684
68, 873
4,676
8,089
213,544
Foreign born, by country of birth:
Germany
2,389
420
1,322
1 598
28, 331
Ireland
447
5,898
203
538
14,554
Great Britain
331
1 455
147
523
7 255
Canada (English)
127
3 081
41
29
5,271
Canada ( French) ...
72
3,271
5
2
5,060
Sweden and Norway
910
829
76
46
4 827
Denmark
71
37
9
20
648
Other countries .
691
562
296
632
11,994
In the year 1890 there were 213,544 boot and shoe workers in the
country as a whole — 7,684 in Illinois, 68,873 in Massachusetts, 4,676
in Missouri, and 8,089 in New Jersey. Slightly over one-third of all
the employees in the United States were of foreign birth. As in
1880, the proportion of foreign-born workers was considerably higher
in Illinois and in Missouri than in Massachusetts and New Jersey.
Of the foreign-born employees of the races for which figures are given,
the Germans had the largest representation in the country as a
whole. In Massachusetts the Irisn and French and English Cana-
dians were present in large numbers, while there were very few
Germans. Upon the other hand, in Illinois, Missouri, and New
Jersey, the Germans outnumbered the persons of any other foreign
nativity. Natives of Sweden and Norway were present in consid-
erable numbers in Illinois, while the Irish ranked next after the
German in Mssouri and New Jersey. As was the case in the pre-
ceding census, natives of southern and eastern Europe were not
classified separately, and the number of employees reported under
"Other countries" was small.
The table following shows the racial composition of the working
force in the selected States and in the country as a whole in 1900.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
227
TABLE 11. — Number of boot and shoe workers in the United States and in selected States, by
general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900.
[Compiled from occupation tables of Twelfth Census, 1900.]
General nativity and country of birth of
parents.
Illinois.
Massachu-
setts.
Missouri.
New
Jersey.
United
States.
Native white:
Native parents
1,596
26,273
2,545
3,092
74,558
Foreign parents
2,011
21,969
3,846
1,455
54,175
Foreign white ...
4,913
17,197
1,961
3,741
75,266
Total colored . .
54
232
55
30
5,048
Grand total
8,574
65, 671
8,407
8,318
209,047
Persons having either both parents born as
specified or one parent born as specified
and one parent native born:
Austria-1 1 ungary
389
103
372
194
3,928
Canada (English). ...
120
4,657
70
26
6,842
Canada (French)
98
7,153
44
12
11,719
Germany
2,721
874
2.854
1,632
33,832
Great Britain ...
433
2,626
277
602
9,000
Ireland
788
17, 504
1,297
779
32,038
Italy
118
891
70
1,219
9,872
Poland.
495
472
132
100
2,768
Russia
209
850
111
287
4,226
Scandinavia
1,128
1,446
128
64
6,522
Other countries
211
775
187
148
4,669
Persons of mixed foreign parentage . . .
215
1,853
267
134
4,592
In the above table employees are classified by general nativity and
country of birth of parents instead of by general nativity and country
of birth as in the table for 1890. There were, in 1900, 209,047 boot
and shoe workers in the country as a whole — 8,574 in Illinois, 65,671
in Massachusetts, 8,407 in Missouri, and 8,318 in New Jersey. The
proportion of foreign-born employees in the country as a whole was
about the same as in 1890. In Massachusetts the proportion of for-
eign-born employees had increased slightly. Among the foreign-
born employees reported for the country as a whole those of German
and Irish parentage had the largest representations. Persons of Cana-
dian, British, and Scandinavian parentage were reported in consid-
erable numbers. What is particularly worthy of note is the pres-
ence of persons of Italian, Austro-Hungarian, Russian, and Polish
parentage. There were, in 1900, 9,872 persons of Italian parentage
employed in the industry. Persons whose parents were born in the
countries of southern and eastern Europe were present in all of the
States for which the figures are given.
It will be seen from the foregoing series of tables that the employ-
ment of recent immigrants in the boot and shoe industry began at
some time in the period between 1890 and 1900. Since that time the
labor forces for^the industry have been principally recruited from the
races of southern and eastern Europe.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.
The character of recent and past immigration to the boot and shoe
manufacturing establishments of the country as a whole may be
readily seen from the series of tables next presented, which set forth
the period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees
and members of their households. Length of residence in this coun-
try and period of employment in the industry are not necessarily
228
The Immigration Commission
identical, but they closely approximate each other. The two tables
and chart next presented show, by sex and race, the percentage of
foreign-born employees who had been in the United States each
specified number of years.
-Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year,
2 years, etc., by sex and race.
TABLE 12.-
( STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Armenian
129
102
413
214
153
239
350
433
210
325
620
126
185
108
348
94
2.3
25.5
.5
.0
1.3
.0
4.3
1.4
.0
1.8
4.0
5.6
6.5
12.0
14.1
1.1
9.3
4.9
.2
.0
5.9
.8
18.6
8.8
1.0
4.6
8.7
1.6
3.2
10.2
6.6
5.3
8.5
9.8
1.0
1.9
9.2
4.2
29.7
15.9
1.4
13.8
12.6
11.9
9.7
2.5.0
14.4
6.4
11.6
3.9
1.7
3.3
3.3
2.9
15.1
14.5
2.4
12.6
13.5
5.6
17.8
6.5
8.3
3.2
5.4
6.9
1.2
.9
2.6
3.3
9.4
15.5
2.4
7.1
8.2
14.3
10.3
11.1
8.6
3.2
27.1
11.8
8.5
7.9
7.8
9.0
16.0
25.2
10.0
34.5
30.5
38.1
34.6
23.1
33.9
21.3
14.7
2.9
9.0
16.4
7.8
3.8
4.3
7.6
8.1
12.6
12.3
19.0
5.9
3.7
7.5
16.0
17.8
10.8
18.2
18.2
17.6
13.8
2.0
8.3
10.5
8.3
6.6
3.2
4.9
4.6
4.6
16.0
3.1
23.5
59.8
51.4
44.4
61.5
.6
2.8
64.3
4.6
3.5
.8
7.0
3.7
2.0
27.7
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French.
Canadian Other
English
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Irish
Italian, North . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish .
Russian
Slovak
Swedish .
Total
4,380
4.0
6.0
12.1
9.6
7.4
22.1
8.9
9.4
20.5
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
0.0
20.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
60.0
0.0
0 0
20 0
Bohemian and Moravian.
11
.0
.0
.0
9.1
9.1
18.2
27.3
36. 4
o
Canadian, French
127
.0
.0
1.6
2.4
3. 1
15.7
11 0
20 5
45 7
Canadian, Other
179
.6
2.2
5.0
2.2
2.2
15.6
lli. 2
18.4
37 4
English
59
5 1
5. 1
10 2
3 4
1 7
8 5
5 1
20 3
40 7
German , .
68
.0
4.4
14.7
5.9
2.9
23.5
8.8
20 6
19 1
Greek
11
.0
27.3
.0
18.2
18.2
27.3
.0
.0
9 1
Hebrew, Russian
122
5.7
12 3
17 2
20 5
10. 7
17.2
7 4
9 0
o
Irish
115
.0
2.6
5.2
4.3
7.8
22 6
12 2
15 7
29 6
Italian, North
37
2.7
.0
16.2
8.1
5.4
43.2
13.5
5.4
5 4
Italian, South
57
1.8
1.8
14.0
21.1
7.0
24 6
22 8
7 o
o
Lithuanian. . . .
20
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
15.0
25.0
.0
0
o
Polish
23
4.3
8 7
21 7
26 1
4 3
13 0
8 7
8 7
4 3
Russian
14
.0
7. 1
42.9
21.4
7.1
14.3
7.1
0
o
Slovak
34
20.6
8.8
23.5
2.9
5.9
23.5
5.9
5.9
2 9
Swedish
14
7. 1
.0
.0
.0
7.1
.0
7 1
42 9
35 7
Total
944
2.6
4.7
10.1
8.4
6.1
18.9
11.3
14.6
23 3
TOTAL.
Armenian
134
2.2
9.7
8.2
11.2
5.2
98 4
14.2
17.2
3 7
Bohemian and Moravian.
113
23.0
4.4
8.8
4.4
7.1
I" 4
5.3
13.3
21.2
Canadian, French
540
.4
.2
1. 1
1.9
1.7
10.2
9.4
18.7
56.5
Canadian, Other. . .
393
.3
1.0
3.3
2.8
1.5
11.5
16.3
18.3
45 0
English.
212
2.4
5.7
9 4
3.3
2.4
8.0
7.1
18 4
43 4
German . . .
307
.0
1.6
6.5
3.6
3.3
12.7
4.9
15.3
52 1
Greek
361
4.2
18.8
28.8
15.2
9.7
16.3
4.2
1.9
.8
Hebrew, Russian
555
2.3
9.5
16.2
15.9
14. 4
23. 4
7.6
8.5
2 2
Irish
325
.0
1.5
2.8
3.1
4.3
14.5
9.5
12.3
52.0
Italian, North
362
1.9
4.1
14.1
12.2
6.9
35.4
12.7
8.0
4.7
Italian, South
677
3.8
8.1
12.7
14.2
8.1
30.0
13.1
6.6
3.2
Lithuanian. . ..
146
6.8
3.4
12.3
6.8
14.4
36.3
16.4
2.7
.7
Polish...
208
6.3
3.8
11 1
18 8
9 6
32 2
6.3
5.3
6.7
Russian
122
10.7
9.8
27.0
8.2
10.7
22. 1
4.1
4.1
3.3
Slovak
382
14 7
6 8
15 2
7 9
8 4
33 0
7 3
4 7
2.1
Swedish
108
1.9
4.6
5 6
2.8
3 7
18 5
14.8
19.4
28.7
Total. .
5,324
3.7
5.7
11 7
9 4
7 2
21 5
9.4
10.3
21.0
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
229
TABLE 13. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of
years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Armenian.
129
102
413
214
153
239
350
433
210
325
620
126
185
108
348
94
37.2
51.0
4.6
6.1
22.2
11.3
77.1
56.1
7.1
40.0
47.1
38.9
47.6
64.8
52.0
19.1
27.1
11.8
8.5
7.9
7.8
9.6
16.0
25.2
10.0
34.5
30.5
38.1
34.6
23.1
33.9
21.3
14.7
2.9
9.0
16.4
7.8
3.8
4.3
7.6
8.1
12.6
12.3
19.0
5.9
3.7
7.5
16.0
17.8
10.8
18.2
18.2
17.6
13.8
2.0
8.3
10.5
8.3
6.6
3.2
4.9
4.6
4.6
16.0
3.1
23.5
59.8
51.4
44.4
61.5
.6
2.8
64.3
4.6
3.5
.8
7.0
3.7
2.0
27.7
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other .
English
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
4,380
39.1
22.1
8.9
9.4
20.5
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
20.0
60.0
0 0
0 0
9n n
Bohemian and Moravian
11
18 2
18 2
27 3
?fi 4
Canadian French
127
7.1
15 7
11 0
20 5
AC 7
Canadian Other
179
12.3
15 6
16 2
18 4
V7 4
English
59
25.4
8.5
5 1
20 3
4ft 7
German .
68
27.9
23.5
8 8
20 6
10 1
Greek
11
63.6
27.3
0
o
91
Hebrew, Russian
122
66.4
17.2
7.4
9 0
n
Irish
115
20.0
22.6
12 2
15 7
29 6
Italian North
37
32.4
43 2
13 5
5 4
^ 4
Italian South
57
45.6
24 6
22 8
7 0
Lithuanian
20
75.0
25 0
0
o
Polish
23
65.2
13.0
8 7
8 7
4 *}
Russian
14
78.6
14.3
7 1
o
n
Slovak
34
61.8
23 5
5 9
5 9
9 Q
Swedish
14
14.3
.0
7 1
42 9
QK 7
Total
944
31.9
18 9
11 3
14 6
91 1
TOTAL.
Armenian
134
36 6
28 4
14 2
17 2
1 7
Bohemian and Moravian
113
47 8
12 4
5 3
1? "i
91 9
Canadian, French
540
5 2
10 2
9 4
18 7
"»fi ^
Canadian, Other. .. .
393
8 9
11 5
16 3
18 3
41; n
English
212
23 1
8 0
7 i
18 4
43 4
German
307
15.0
12.7
4 9
15 3
52 1
Greek
361
76 7
16 3
4 2
1 9
c
Hebrew, Russian
555
58 4
23 4
7 6
8 5
2 2
Irish
325
11.7
14.5
9 5
12 3
52 0
Italian, North .
362
39 2
35 4
12 7
8 0
4 7
Italian, South
677
47 0
30 0
13 1
6 6
3 2
Lithuanian
146
43 8
36 3
16 4
2 7
7
Polish .
208
49 5
32 2
6 3
5 3
6 7
Russian
122
66 4
22 1
4 1
4 1
3 3
Slovak
382
52 9
33 0
7 3
4 7
2 1
Swedish
108
18 5
18 5
14 8
19 4
28 7
Total.... . .
5,324
37 8
21 5
9 4
10 3
21 0
230
The Immigration Commission.
-O
^
H^>
1
•S
,2
A.
i
^ w
l-o "-1
I S
i s
S
tl
Ac P
00 *>
"S I
C ^
CD
o
M
O
•a
u
u
<
a:
1^
I?
Id 2
2^!
<<S<
Q ° IJ 2
— — (£) CC LJ S
Z UJ (C UJ
id CD CD Z
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. 231
Of a total of 5,324 foreign-born employees in the shoe-manufactur-
ing industry it is seen that a larger proportion (or 37.8 per cent) have
been in the 'United States under five years than any other specified
period, and considerably more than 50 per cent have been in the
United States under ten years. There is but little difference in the
proportions of those who have been in the United States from ten to
fourteen years and from fifteen to nineteen years, and 21 per cent
have been in the United States twenty years or over. Comparing the
different foreign-born races it is seen that the greater proportion of
the races of recent immigration have been in the United States under
ten years, while of the older immigrant races a greater proportion
have been in the United States ten years or over. Of 4,380 males,
39.1 per cent have been in the United States under five years, and
more than 60 per cent have been in the United States under ten
years. The greater proportion of the males of the older immigrant
races, except the Swedish, have been in the United States fifteen
years or over, while a comparatively small proportion of the races of
recent immigration have been in this country for so long a period.
The larger proportion of the Bohemian and Moravian, Russian,
Greek, Russian Hebrew, and Slovak races have been in the United
States under five years. Of the 944 females reporting complete data,
a somewhat smaller proportion than that of the males, or 50.8 per cent
against 61.2, have been in the United States under ten years, while
somewhat larger proportions have been in the United States in each
of the three longer periods of residence. Very low proportions of the
females of the more recent races have been in the United States the
longer periods of residence or ten years or more, while with the older
immigrant races the reverse is true. Of those who have entered the
industry within the past five years it is seen from the total that a
larger proportion have been in the United States two years than any
other specified period; a gradual increase is shown in the periods
preceding, and in those succeeding there has been a rather sharp
decrease, due largely to industrial conditions. The Bohemians and
Moravians show a very much higher proportion who have been in the
United States under one year than any other race, while generally
speaking the races of more recent immigration show higher propor-
tions in each of these periods than the older immigrant races, show-
ing that the races of the class last mentioned are not entering the
industry at present to such a marked extent as formerly.
48296°— VOL 12—11 16
232
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows by race of individual the percentage of
foreign-born persons in the households studied who have been in the
United States each specified number of years :
TABLE 14. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of
years, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent aboard. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons hi United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Armenian
196
266
22
66
140
335
80
40
280
280
248
56
44.4
8.6
.0
36.4
64.3
49.9
.0
22.5
46.8
44.6
59.3
37.5
66.8
17.3
9.1
37.9
96.4
69.9
.0
50.0
79.6
85.0
88.3
69.6
94.9
47.7
63.6
60.6
100.0
97.6
10.0
92.5
97.5
98.9
99.2
100.0
Canadian, French •
Canadian, Other. .
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
2,014
41.0
65.2
86.1
Of 2,014 persons reporting slightly more than 50 per cent, or 65.2
per cent, have been in the United States under ten years, and 41 per
cent under five years. The Greeks show the largest proportion of per-
sons who have been in this country under five years. The propor-
tion is slightly in excess of 60 per cent. The Poles, of whom 59.3 have
been in this country under five years, show the next largest propor-
tion. The Armenians, Hebrews, South Italians, and Lithuanians
each show proportions ranging from 40 to 50 per cent. None of the
Irish or Canadians other than French have been in this country under
five years. The Greeks report the largest proportion, 96.4 per cent
of persons who have been in the United States under ten years.
None of the Irish and only 9.1 per cent of the Canadian other than
French have bsen here for that period of years. Of the Poles, 88.3
per cent, and of the Lithuanians, 85 per cent, have been here less than
ten years. The Greeks and Syrians have all been in the United
States under twenty years. Of the Irish 90 per cent have been here
for twenty years or more. Of the Armenians, Hebrews, North Ital-
ians, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles, over 90 per cent each
have been here under twenty years. Approximately 40 per cent
each of the English and Canadian other than French have been here
over twenty years.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
233
The table next submitted shows by locality and race the percentage
of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified num-
ber of years:
TABLE 15. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified num-
ber of years, by locality and by race.
(ST0DY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting in each
locality. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)
IN UNITED STATES UNDER 5 YEARS.
Race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
German
9.1
18.8
15 0
Greek ... ...
72.2
86.2
76.7
Total
36.9
42.6
37 8
IN UNITED STATES UNDER 10 YEARS.
German
20.7
32.3
27.7
Greek
90.2
99.1
93.1
Total. .
58.9
61.8
59.3
IN UNITED STATES UNDER 20 YEARS.
German
41.3
52.2
47.9
Greek
99 2
99 1
99 2
Total
79.6
75.6
79.0
Of the total number reporting in this industry, 37.8 per cent have
been in the United States under five years, 59.3 per cent under ten
years, and 79 per cent under twenty years. The Greeks show a
decidedly larger proportion than the Germans, having had a period
of residence in the United States under each specified number of
years, consequently a smaller proportion with a period of residence
of twenty years or over. The proportion of each race employed in
the East who have had a period of residence in the United States
under five as well as under ten years is smaller than the proportion
in the Middle West, thus indicating a longer period of residence. This
is true also of the Germans with a period of residence under twenty
years, while for the two localities the propositions are reversed as
regards the Greeks — the proportion, however, being almost the same
in each.
234
The Immigration Commission.
RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
The two tables next presented, embodying information from 19,946
employees, are representative of the racial make-up of the operating
forces of the industry at the present time. The first table shows,
by sex, the number and percentage of employees of each race for
whom information was secured:
TABLE 16. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
• (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
5,635
56
2
110
3
389
7
200
36
1,137
1
886
75
2
5
4
2
2
42
70
1
20
28
4
1
8
134
103
20
414
220
4
1
10
4
158
2
7
241
359
442
56
218
329
628
128
19
30
2
13
191
10
43
109
5
29
3,687
6
2
68
3
236
5
146
28
709
9,322
62
4
178
6
625
12
346
64
1,846
1
1,644
92
2
9
6
3
3
64
107
1
36
52
8
1
8
141
114
20
550
409
5
1
10
4
218
3
10
311
370
571
68
342
366
685
148
19
34
2
14
216
10
43
123
5
48
1
42.7
.4
(a)
.8
(a)
3.0
.1
1.5
.3
8.6
(a)
6.7
.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(»)
.3
.5
(«)
.2
2
(a)"
(a)
.1
1.0
.8
.2
3.1
1.7
(a)
(a)
.1
(a)
1.2
(a)
1.8
2.7
3.4
.4
1.7
2.5
4.8
1.0
.1
.2
(a)
L4
.1
.3
.8
(a)
.2
.0
54.5
.1
(a)
1.0
(a)
3.5
.1
2.2
.4
10.5
.0
11.2
.3
.0
.1
(a)
(a)
(0).3
.5
.0
.2
.4
.1
.0
.0
.1
.2
.0
2.0
2.8
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.9
(a)
(«)
1.0
.2
1.9
.2
1.8
.5
.8
.3
.0
.1
.0
(a)
.4
.0
.0
.2
.0
.3
(«)
46.7
.3
(a)
.9
(a).
3.1
.1
1.7
.3
9.3
(a)
8.2
.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
.3
.5
00
.2
.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
'.&
.1
2.8
2.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.1
^.l
1.6
1.9
2.9
.3
1.7
1.8
3.4
.7
.1
.2
(a)
.1
1.1
.1
.2
.6
(0).2
(")
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
A.ustria-H ungary
Belgium ...
Canada
Denmark
England . ...
France
Germany
Greece .
Ireland
758
17
Italy
Mexico ...
Netherlands
4
2
1
1
22
37
Norway
Portugal . .
Roumania
Russia
Scotland . ... . . .
Spain
Sweden
16
24
4
Switzerland
Wales
\frica (country not specified)
Foreign-born, by race:
\lbanian
Armenian
7
11
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian French
136
189
1
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
60
1
3
70
11
129
12
124
37
57
20
Finnish .
French
German
Greek .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
4
Mexican
Norwegian ...
1
25
Polish
Portuguese ...
Roumanian
Russian
14
Ruthenian . .
Scotch
19
1
Scotch-Irish. .
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
235
TABLE 16. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Servian
4
354
3
1
97
19
27
2
2
12
1
7
4
388
3
3
111
20
27
3
2
13
1
8
(0)
2.7
(a)
(a)
!i
.2
ViA
(a)'
.0
.5
.0
(<I).2
(a)
.0
(a).o
(a)
.0
(a)
W1.9
(a)
(0>.6
.1
.1
(»)
<»)
(a) '
(a)
Slovak . .
34
Slovenian
Spanish . .
2
14
1
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
1
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified
1
Grand total
13,184
6,762
19,946
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
3,027
8,718
4,466
2,083
5,776
986
5,110
14,494
5,452
23.0
66.1
33.9
30.8
85.4
14.6
25.6
72.7
27.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Information was secured for 19,946 persons employed in the shoe-
manufacturing industry. Of this number, 13,184 are males and
6,762 are females. Of the males, 42.7 per cent are native-born of
native father, white; 33.9 per cent are of foreign birth; 23 per cent
are native-born of foreign father, and less than 1 per cent are native-
born negroes. Of the females, 54.5 per cent are native white born
of native father; 14.6 per cent are of foreign birth; 30.8 per cent are
native-born of foreign father, and less than 1 per cent are native-born
negroes. Of the several foreign-born races none shows as high as 5
per cent of the total number of either males or females.
The distribution of the several races employed in the industry is
set forth in the following table, which shows, by locality and by sex:,
the percentage of employees of each race for whom information was
secured :
TABLE 17. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of native father:
White
37.8
52.0
42.7
Negro
.1
1.0
.4
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia
.0
(a)
(a)
Austria-Hungary
.3
1.9
.8
Belgium
.0
.1
(a)
Canada
4.3
.5
3.0
Denmark..
(o)
.1
.1
Less than 0.06 per cenr.
236
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 17. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex:
per cent distribution — Continued.
MALE— Continued .
General nativity and race.
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father— Con t'd.
England
1.6
.2
2.0
(»)
8.3
.7
.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0).3
.6
.0
.2
(a)
(»)
.0
.1
1.5
.6
.0
4.8
2.5
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)1.6
(<l).l
1.2
2.8
4.7
.4
2.2
3.4
6.9
1.5
(a)
2
.0
.1
1.7
.1
(a)
1.1
.1
.3
.0
4.1
(a)
.0
.9
.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
!o
(a)
1.4
.5
20.9
.0
3.7
.3
(a)
(a)
.0
(<*)
.3
.4
(«)
'.&
(°)
(<*)
.0
.1
1.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.0
.1
.1
.4
(a)
(a)
3.0
2.6
.8
.4
.6
.8
.8
(a)
.3
.2
^.l
1.0
(0).8
.3
.0
.1
.1
(°)
.0
(a)
.4
.2
.5
.0
(a)
(°)
(a)
1.5
.3
8.6
(a)
6.7
.6
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
.3
.5
(0) .2
.2
(«)
(«)
.1
1.0
.8
.2
3.1
1.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.2
W .1
1.8
2.7
3.4
.4
1.7
2.5
4.8
1.0
.1
.2
(a)
1.4
.1
.3
.8
(0) .2
W 2.7
(")
(0) .7
.1
.2
(a)
(°)
(<")
France .
Germany
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Spain .
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
Africa (country not specified)
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian Other..
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
• Irish
Italian , North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Mexican
Norwegian .
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish ..
Swedish
Syrian . . ...
Turkish
Welsh ....
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified) .
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified) .
Grand total
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father .
18.7
56.6
43.4
31.0
84.0
. 16.0
23.0
66.1
33.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
23V
TABLE 17. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of native father:
\Vhite
48.8
.1
.0
.1
.0
5.9
.1
2.6
.3
2.6
14.2
.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
.3
.8
.2
.1
.1
.2
.0
3.5
4.9
(a)
1.5
.0
.1
.5
.3
3.4
_ 2
2. 9
1.0
1.5
.5
.0
(a)
.5
.4
.5
(a)
.9
.0
.4
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
61.9
(a)
.1
2.2
.1
.4
.1
1.6
.6
20.6
7.3
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.3
.3
.2
.7
.1
.0
.3
(»)
!o
.1
(a)
(a)
1.8
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.2
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.1
.0
(0)
(a)
.0
.0
54.5
.1
(0) i.o
W 3.5
2. 2
.4
10.5
11.2
.3
.1
(a)
(a)
^ .3
.5
.2
'.4
.1
.1
.2
2.0
2.8
W .9
(a)
(a)
1.0
.2
1.9
.2
1.8
.5
.8
.3
.1
W .4
.2
.3
(0) .5
W .2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Negro .
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Canada
Denmark . .
England
France
Germany .
Ireland
Italv
Netherlands .
Norway
Portugal
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian . . .
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other
Croatian
English . . .
Finnish
French
German . . .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South . ..
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian ....
Polish
Russian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
Spanish
Swedish
Syrian i
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total. . . . ...
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
27.8
76.8
23.2
34.7
96.6
3.4
30.8
85.4
14.6
Total native-born . . . .....
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
41.2
55.9
46.7
Negro
.1
.6
.3
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia
.0
.1
(0)
Austria-Hungary . .
.2
2.0
.9
Belgium
.0
.1
(a)
Canada. .
4.8
.4
3.1
Less than 0.05 per cent.
238
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 17. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality and by sex;
per cent distribution— Continued.
TO TAL— Continued .
Per cent distribution in each speci-
fied locality.
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father— Con.
Denmark
(a)
0.1
0.1
England .
1.9
1.5
1.7
France
.2
.5
.3
Germany
2.2
20.8
9.3
Greece
(a)
.0
(a)
Ireland
10.2
5.1
8-2
Italy
.6
.2
.5
Mexico .
.0
(a)
(a)
Netherlands
(o)
.1
w
Norway
(a)
(a)
a
Portugal
W
.0
(«)
Roumania
(a)
(a)
(a)
Russia. .. .
.3
.3
.3
ScotlanrL, ., ... ............. ..
.7
.3
.5
Spain
.0
(a)
(a)
Sweden .
.2
.1
.2
Switzerland
(a)
.6
.3
Wales
(a)
(a)
(a)
Africa (country not specified)
.0
(a)
(a)
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian . .
.1
.0
(a)
Armenian
1.1
.1
.7
Bohemian and Moravian
.4
.8
.6
Bulgarian .
.0
.3
.)
Canadian French
4.4
.1
2.8
Canadian, Other
3.3
.1
2.1
Croatian .
(a)
(a)
(a)
Cuban
(a)
.0
a
Danish . .
(a)
.1
.1
Dutch . . . .
(a)
(a)
(a)
English
1.6
.3
1.1
Finnish
(0)
(a)
(a)
French ... . .
.1
a
.1
German
1.0
2.5
1.6
Greek .
2.0
1.6
1.9
Hebrew, Russian
4.3
.5
2.9
Hebrew, Other
.4
.3
.3
Irish
2.5
.5
1.7
Italian, North . . .
2.7
.5
1.8
Italian, South ..
5.2
.5
3.4
Lithuanian
1.2
(a)
.7
Macedonian .. .. . ..
(a)
.2
.1
Magyar. . .
.2
2
.2
Mexican
.0
(a)
(a)
Norwegian
.1
.1
.1
Polish :
1.3
.7
1.1
Portuguese . .
.1
(a)
.1
Roumanian
(a)
.5
.2
Russian
.9
.2
.6
Ruthenian.. .
(a)
.0
(a)
Scotch
.1
1 ' .2
Scotch-Irish
(a)
.0
(a)
Servian
.0
.1
W
Slovak .
3.1
(a)
1.9
Slovenian
fa)
.0
(a)
Spanish
.0
(a)
a
Swedish.. .
.7
.3
.6
Syrian
.1
.1
.1
Turkish
(a)
.3
.1
Welsh .
(a)
(a)
fa)
Australian (race not specified)
(a)
(a)
a
Austrian (race not specified)
(a)
.1
Belgian (race not specified).
0
(a)
(a)
Swiss (race not specified) . .
(a)
(a)
Grand total . .
100 0
III!) I)
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
21 5
32 4
25.6
Total native-born
62.8
88.9
72.7
Total foreign-born
37.2
11.1
27.3
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. 239
Of the total number of persons employed in the shoe-manufacturing
industry for whom information was secured, 46.7 per cent are native
whites born of native father; 27.3 per cent are foreign-born; 25.6 per
cent are native-born of foreign father; and less than 1 per cent are
native-born of native father, negro. Of the total number of em-
ployees for whom information was secured in each of the two locali-
ties the largest proportion are native-born of native father, white.
Among the nativity groups the smallest proportion in the East are
native-born of foreign father and with the same exception the smallest
proportion In the Middle West are foreign-born. A comparison
between the total number of males and the total number of females
employed in each locality, for whom information was secured, it is
seen that a larger proportion of the males than of the females are
foreign-born and a larger proportion of the females than of the males
are native-born of foreign father and native whites born of native
father.
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal
occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General
occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied — General occu-
pations of women at the present time, in the households studied — Comparison of occu-
pations of the first and second generations — Weekly earnings — Relation between
period of residence and earning ability — Annual earnings of male heads of families
studied — Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over, in the households studied-
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over, in the households studied — Annual
family income — Wives at work — Relation between the earnings of husbands and the
practice of wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Rela-
tive importance of different sources of family income — [Text Tables 18 to 47 and
General Tables 6 to 21].
INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
Before entering upon a discussion of the economic status of the
shoe-manufacturing employees in this country, the general industrial
condition and principal occupation while abroad of foreign-born
employees and members of their households are considered. The
first table submitted in this connection shows, by race of individual,
the industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-
born males who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming to
this country:
TABLE 18. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete .
data.
Number —
Per cent —
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing
for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing
for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing
for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing
for
profit.
Armenian... .
87
73
24
74
101
109
170
135
23
13
7
28
44
22
26
47
54
18
37
6
20
13
1
19
6
10
129
66
7
26
9
1
22
34
30
23
29
7
14.9
9.6
.0
9.5
13.9
'13.8
.0
2.2
13.0
32.2
60.3
91.7
35.1
46.5
49.5
10.6
27.4
26.1
23.0
17.8
4.2
25.7
5.9
9.2
75.9
48.9
30.4
29.9
12.3
4.2
29.7
33.7
27.5
13.5
21.5
30.4
Canadian, French
English
Greek
7
14
15
Hebrew
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian
Polish
3
3
Syrian
Total
828
66
302
277
183
8.0
36.5
33.5
22.1
Of the 828 males reporting complete data in the foregoing table, the
largest proportion — or 36.5 per cent — were working for wages before
241
242
The Immigration Commission.
coming to the United States. A slightly smaller proportion were
working without wages, and 22.1 per cent were working for profit.
Eight per cent were without occupation. None of the English or
Lithuanians were without occupation, as compared with 14.9 per cent
of the Armenians, 13.9 per cent of the Hebrews, and 13.8 per cent of
the South Italians. Only 2.2 per cent of the Poles were without
occupation. Approximately 50 per cent of the South Italians were
working for wages. Of the English, 91.7 per cent were working for
wages. This table shows that 75.9 per cent of the Lithuanians were
working without wages. The Poles, with 48.9 per cent, show the sec-
ond largest proportion so occupied, and the English, with 4.2 per cent,
show the smallest proportion. Among those working abroad for profit,
the English, with 4.2 per cent, show the smallest proportion. The
Hebrew, with 33.7 per cent, show the largest proportion working for
profit.
In the following table the occupation before coming to the United
States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time
of arrival, is shown according to race of individual:
TABLE 19. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
a
8
b£
.Sd
8
o
43
0 OT
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent
working
without
wages.
Per cent
working
for profit.
1- -
Race of individual.
£S
fe *3
^ 03
S3
cb
a
•0
O •
Q W
i
irf
$»
fe"ft
•u ft
i
X!
« •
*rf a;
osS
(•^ O
OJ.^H
Ico
fe.2
e
fe.2
a
o
a «
o o
•S3
b
^ ft
•3
a «
"o ft
•3
a
0 ft
•3
3
«
03
Q)
n"
o
03
o
n
a 3
o
fc
PH
0
M
HH
Su
EH
fe
5°
EH
PH
5u
EH
Armenian
87
14.9
16 1
1.1
11
2.3
11.5
32,2
12.6
10.3
23.0
10.3
19.5
29.9
Canadian, French
73
9.6
6.8
1.4
26,0
5. 5 20. 5
60.3
16.4
1.4
17.8
6.8
5.5
12.3
English
24
.0
4.2
.0
66.7
. 0 20. 8
91.7
.0
4.2
4.2
.0
4.2
4.2
Greek
74
9.5
2.7
.0
2.7
2.7
27.0
35. 1
24.3
1.4
25.7
5.4
24.3
29.7
Hebrew . .
101
13.9
n
,0
10 9
5 0
30,7
46,5
3.0
3.0
5.9
2.0
31.7
33.7
Italian , South
109
13.8
11 9
3.7
19 3
6.4
8.3
49.5
2.8
6.4
9.2
4.6
22.9
27.5
Lithuanian
170
.0
4.7
.6
.0
.6
4.7
10.6
75.9
.0
75.9
11.8
1.8
13.5
Polish . ...
135
2.2
18 5
1 5
7
4 4
9, ?,
9,7 4
48 9
.0
48,9
17.8
3.7
21.5
Syrian
23
13.0
17 4
0
0
0
8 7
26 1
30.4
.0
30.4
13.0
17.4
30.4
Total
828
8.0
10.1
1.3
8.7
3.6
12.7
36.5
30.7
2.8
33.5
8.7
13.4
22.1
Of the 828 males included in the preceding table 8 per cent were
without occupation before coming to the United States, 36.5 per cent
were working for wages, 33.5 per cent were working without wages,
and 22.1 per cent were working for profit. Of the 36.5 per cent
working for wages 10.1 per cent were farm laborers, 1.3 per cent gen-
eral laborers, 8.7 per cent were employed in the shoe-manufactur-
ing industry, 3.6 per cent in hand trades, and 12.7 per cent were
engaged in miscellaneous occupations. Of the 33.5 per cent who
were working without wages only 2.8 per cent were employed other
than as farm laborers. Of the 22.1 per cent who were working for
profit 8.7 per cent were farmers and 13.4 per cent were otherwise
engaged. The proportion of each race who were without occupation
before coming to the United States ranges from 14.9 per cent of the
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
243
Armenians to none of the English or Lithuanians. Among those who
were working for wages the English show the largest proportion, or
91.7 per cent, and the Lithuanians the smallest, or 10.6 per cent.
Over 10 per cent of the Armenians, South Italians, Poles, and Syrians
and less than 10 per cent of each of the other races were farm labor-
ers working for wages. Less than 5 per cent of any given race were
general laborers. Of those of each race who were employed in the
shoe-manufacturing industry the proportion ranges from 66.7 per
cent of the English to less than 1 per cent of the Lithuanians, Poles,
or Syrians. Less than 5 per cent of those of each race except French
Canadians, Hebrews, and South Italians were engaged in hand trades.
The proportion who were in occupations other than specified ranges
from 30.7 per cent of the Hebrews to 2.2 per cent of the Poles. The
entire proportion of Lithuanians, Poles, arid Syrians and a decidedly
larger proportion of the Greeks and French Canadians who were
working without wages before coming to the United States were farm
laborers. A larger proportion of the Lithuanians, Poles, and French
Canadians who were working for profit were farmers than were in
occupations other than farming.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the industrial con-
dition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in
the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of
coming to this country:
TABLE 20. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual,
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
With-
out
occupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Armenian . . .
53
57
32
100
24
87
77
77
47
42
30
74
19
67
15
34
4
12
1
17
3
16
6
9
2
2
1
4
2
3
56
34
88.7
73.7
93.8
74.0
79.2
77.0
19.5
44.2
7.5
21.1
3.1
17.0
12.5
18.4
7.8
11.7
3.8
3.5
3.1
4.0
8.3
3.4
72.7
44.2
0.0
1.8
.0
5.0
.0
1.1
.0
.0
Canadian , French
1
Greek
Hebrew .
5
Irish .
Italian, South . . .
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
565
364
87
106
8
64.4
15.4
18.8
1.4
Of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of
coming to the United States, 64.4 per cent had been without occupa-
tions, the greater proportions of every specified race, excepting the
Lithuanians and the Polish, being so reported. Of the Lithuanians,
72.7 per cent, and of the Poles 44.2 per cent, were working without
wages. Relatively large proportions of the French Canadians, South
Italians, and Hebrews had worked for wages.
244
The Immigration Commission.
In the next table presented the occupation before coming to the
United States of foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or
over at time of arrival is shown according to race of individual:
TABLE 21. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
|
S3
_0
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent
working
without
wages.
Per cent
working for
profit.
"p.
§,
a
ft
3
-
o
0
j^*
tn
CO*
GO
o
§
QJ
cu
a
a
a
Race of individual.
cf
o
+3
£
2
_o
_o
o
— t
3
fc^
^>
S
«
"S
'•3
^
O
ed
O>
+3
.Q
ft
CO
ft
O
EH
co
6;
3
b
3
^3
ft
OJ
^
O
O
to
3
g
_0
60
8
o
0>
0
8
o
o
g
cu
&
O
_03
o>
a
cu
o
^a
(H
£
cu
(-,
QJ
|H
cu
,£]
o
§
o
ra
1
"o
3
a
o
"cl
|3
"o
3
3
o>
03
a
a
a
e
0
C3
C
IS
03
a
o
25
AH
w
hH
hH
p— i
HH
^
PH
t— i
E-i
P"H
1— (
E-i
Armenian
53
88.7
0.0
1.9
0.0
1.9
3.8
7.5
3.8
0.0
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
Canadian, French
57
73.7
.0
5.3
3.5
5.3
7.0
21.1
3.5
.0
3.5
.0
1.8
1.8
Greek
32
93.8
.0
.0
.0
3.1
.0
3. 1
3.1
.0
3.1
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew
100
74.0
.0
.0
.0
7.0
10. 0 17. 0
3.0
1.0
4.0
.0
5.0
5.0
Irish ... ...
24
79.2
.0
12.5
.0
.0
. 0 12. 5
8.3
.0
8.3
.0
.0
.0
Italian, South
87
77.0
4.6
5.7
.0
4.6
3. 4 IS. 4
2.3
1.1
3.4
.0
1.1
1.1
Lithuanian
77
19.5
2.6
3.9
1.3
.0
.0
7.8
72.7
.0
72.7
.0
.0
.0
Polish.. .
77
44.2
2.6
9.1
.0
.0
.0
11.7
44.2
.0
44.2
.0
.0
.0
Total
1.4
565
64.4
1.8
5.3
.9
3.4
4.1
15.4
18.2
.5
18.8
.0
1.4
Of foreign-born females, 16 years of age or over at time of coming
to the United States, 15.4 per cent were working for wages. Of that
proportion 5.3 per cent were in domestic service; 3.4 per cent in
sewing and embroidery, etc. Only 0.9 per cent of those working for
wages had been in the shoe industry, the French Canadians and
Lithuanians being the only races represented in that industry. All
but a negligible proportion of those working without wages had been
farm laborers. None, however, of the small proportion working for
profit had been farmers.
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING
TO THE UNITED STATES.
The principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to
this country is set forth in the table next presented, which shows, by
race, the percentage of foreign-born male employees in each specified
occupation before coming to the United States.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
245
TABLE 22. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before
coming to the United States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born. ]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farming
or farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian
83
164
92
90
121
184
272
89
246
446
99
135
81
301
44.6
37.2
29.3
54.4
60.3
17.9
52.6
40.4
58.9
68.8
7.1
13.3
25.9
11.3
3.6
5.5
6.5
14.4
9.1
6.0
7.7
2.2
1.6
1.6
2.0
5.9
8.6
4.3
0.0
40.9
30.4
1.1
9.1
28.3
3.7
33.7
17.5
11.0
77.8
75.1
48.1
70.4
3.6
3.0
.0
4.4
3.3
2.2
.0
4.5
6.5
3.4
5.1
2.2
3.7
4.3
19.3
4.9
5.4
5.6
9.9
9.8
9.9
4.5
6.5
7.2
5.1
2.2
6.2
6.3
16.9
4.3
7.6
8.9
3.3
30.4
21.3
4.5
4.5
3.4
1.0
.7
3.7
.7
(i.O
4.3
20.7
11.1
5.0
5.4
4.8
10.1
4.5
4.7
2.0
1.5
3.7
2.7
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
G erman
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Total
2,753
41.4
5.0
29.2
3.1
7.4
8.3
5.6
The above table shows that 41.4 per cent of foreign-born male
employees reporting complete data have had experience in shoe man-
ufacturing before coming to the United States and 29.2 per cent were
farmers or farm laborers. The proportion who were general laborers
is small, only 3.1 per cent having been thus engaged, while 7.4 per
cent were in hand trades, 8.3 per cent were in trade, and 5.6 per
cent were in occupations other than specified. The South Italian
and German employees show over 60 per cent employed in shoe
manufacturing before coming to the United States. The North
Italian, English, and Russian Hebrew employees show over 50 per
cent who had previous experience in their present occupation before
coming to this country, while the Polish, Slovak, and Lithuanian
employees show very small proportions who have had any previous
experience in shoe manufacturing. The Lithuanian, Polish, and
Slovak employees show over 70 percent who were engaged in farming
or were farm laborers, and the English only 1.1 per cent who were thus
employed. The Russian Hebrew and Canadian (other than French)
report no persons as general laborers before corning to the United
States. The Armenian employees exhibit a considerably higher pro-
portion than any of the other races in hand trades, and the Greek
employees the highest percentage of persons who were in trade. The
Canadian empk^ees, other than French, exhibit the highest per cent
who were engaged in occupations other than those specified before
coming to the United States, and Polish employees the lowest.
246
The Immigration Commission.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in the
households studied:
TABLE 23. — General occupation of 'males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Per c
ent —
General nativity and race of individual.
reporting
complete
data.
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
Otherwise
employed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father, White
127
80.3
17.3
0.8
1 6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
54
77.8
18.5
1 9
1 9
Irish
67
76.1
11.9
7.5
4.5
Foreign-born:
Armenian...
108
51.9
41.7
4.6
1.9
Canadian, French
128
85.2
11.7
3.1
0
English
37
94.6
2.7
2.7
.0
Greek ....
90
70.0
28.9
1.1
.0
Hebrew
135
82.2
12.6
5.2
.0
Irish
34
52.9
23.5
23.5
.0
Italian, North .
22
72.7
27.3
.0
.0
Italian, South
130
81.5
12.3
4.6
1.5
Lithuanian
181
45.3
53.6
1.1
.0
Polish
144
25.0
71.5
2.8
.7
Syrian
31
87.1
9.7
3.2
.0
Grand total
1,305
66.0
29.5
3.6
.9
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
137
73.0
18.2
5.1
3.6
Total native-born
2C4
76.5
17.8
3.0
2.7
Total foreign-born
1,041
03.3
32.5
3.7
.5
Of 1,305 males included in the above table 66 per cent are em-
ployed in the shoe-manufacturing industry and 29.5 per cent are
otherwise employed, 3.6 per cent are at home and 0.9 per cent
are at school. The group native-born of native father shows a
larger proportion than that native-born of foreign father, which in
turn shows a larger proportion than the foreign-born, who are
employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry, the reverse being
true as regards those who are otherwise employed. The propor-
tion of those who are either at home or at school is comparatively
small, the native-born of foreign father showing the largest propor-
tion in each instance. Among the foreign-born only 3 races — the
Armenians, South Italians, and Poles — show a proportion at school,
while the proportion who are at home ranges from 23.5 per cent
of the Irish to none of the North Italians, the only race beside the
Irish showing as high as 5 per cent being the Hebrew. A larger
proportion of each race, except the Lithuanian and Polish, are in
the shoe-manufacturing industry than are otherwise employed.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
247
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF WOMEN AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table which follows shows the general occupation of females
16 years of age or over in the households studied:
TABLE 24. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cent-
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
In
domestic
and
personal
service.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At
school.
Native-born of native father, White
149
22.1
0.7
11.4
60.4
5.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
57
45.6
.0
14.0
36.8
3.5
Irish
77
41.6
.0
13.0
44.2
1.3
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
<iO
6.7
.0
1.7
86.7
5.0
Canadian, French.
120
14.2
2.5
4.2
79.2
.0
Canadian, Other
20
15.0
5.0
10.0
70.0
.0
English
23
26. 1
.0
.0
73.9
.0
Greek
35
11.4
.0
8.6
80.0
i .0
Hebrew
135
27.4
.0
5.9
66.7
.0
Irish . .
46
10.9
.0
.0
89.1
.0
Italian, South
Lithuanian
98
91
16.3
9 9
1.0
1. 1
1.0
19. 8
80.6
69.2
1.0
.0
Polish
89
16.9
.0
18.0
65.2
.0
Grand total
1,0(36
21.3
.8
8.9
(17. 5
1.5
Total native-born of foreign father
162
43.8
.6
13.0
40. 1
2.5
Total native-born
311
33.4
.6
12.2
49.8
3.9
Total foreign-born
755
16.3
.8
7.5
74.8
.5
The above table shows the general occupations of 1,066 women
over 16 years of age. A large proportion of these women were at
home and the next largest proportion were employed in the shoe
industry. The proportion of foreign-born women at home, 74.8 per
cent, was above the general average and notably above that of the
second generation, with 40.1 per cent. The proportion of the
foreign-born in school, on the other hand, was considerably less than
among the second generation; these figures carrying out the general
tendency already noted for the women of the second generation, both
to educate themselves and to enter gainful occupations. Among the
races the Armenians have relatively large percentages for their
women in school and at home and a small proportion in gainful
employment.
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-17
248
The Immigration Commission.
COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERA-
TIONS.
The following table shows the percent of males 16 years of age or
over engaged in the manufacture of shoes, by general nativity and
race of father and by birthplace of individual:
TABLE 25. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of boots
and shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Perc
ent —
General nativity and race of father.
Birthplace of indi-
vidual.
Number
employed.
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
Otherwise
employed.
Native-born, White..
United States
124
82 3
17 7
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
United States
52
80.8
19.2
Abroad
124
87.9
12.1
Irish
United States.
59
86 4
13 6
Abroad
26
69.2
30 8
The data contained in the above table is significant in that it shows
the tendency of the second generation toward following the occupa-
tions of the first generation. Among the Irish, 86.4 per cent of those
born in the United States as compared with 69.2 per cent of those born
abroad are employed in the manufacture of shoes. While the pro-
portion of French Canadians born in the United States and employed
in the manufacture of shoes is also very large, it falls slightly below
the proportion of French Canadians born abroad. As regards the
whites, native-born of native father, it will be noted that the propor-
tion employed in the manufacture of shoes, while slightly above the
proportion of native-born of French Canadian fathers, is slightly
below the proportion of Irish born in the United States, and who are
so employed.
The following table shows the per cent of females 16 years of age
or over engaged in the manufacture of shoes, by general nativity and
race of father and by birthplace of individual:
TABLE 26. — Per cent of females 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of boots
and shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Per cent —
General nativity and race of father.
Birthplace of
individual.
Number
employed.
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
In domestic
service.
Otherwise
employed.
Native-born, White
United States.
51
64.7
2.0
33.3
Foreign-born Canadian French
United States
34
76.5
.0
23.5
Abroad
25
68.0
12.0
20.0
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
249
The foregoing table shows that of the 34 French Canadians born in the
United States, 76.5 per cent are employed in the manufacture of shoes
as compared with 68 per cent of those who were bom abroad. Thus it
would seem that the tendency on the part of the second generation of
this race to follow the occupations of the first generation is very
strong. No French Canadians born in the United States, as com-
pared with 12 per cent of those born abroad, are in domestic service,
while the proportion of the former otherwise employed is slightly in
excess of the proportion shown by the latter. On the other hand,
the native-born whites, while showing a considerably smaller propor-
tion employed in the manufacture of shoes than do the French
Canadians who were born in this country, show a considerably larger
proportion otherwise employed.
WEEKLY EARNINGS.
The following table, the first of the series, shows, by general nativity
and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over
earning each specified amount per week. The average amount and
range in weekly earnings of the shoe-manufacturing employees are
set forth in the series of tables next submitted.
TABLE 27 . — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount
per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5
or
over.
$7.50
or
over.
$10
or
over.
$12.50
or
over.
$15
or
over.
$17.50
or
over.
$20
or
over.
$25
or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White. . .
4,077
268
155
808
655
116
332
153
109
198
276
358
176
285
528
111
170
301
$12. 57
13.11
12.88
13.22
12.20
10.91
12.87
14.30
13.84
12.87
9.46
11.53
12.62
10.80
9.97
10.87
9.84
9.28
99.0
99.3
100.0
99.3
99.5
98.3
99.7
98.7
100.0
99.0
96.7
99.7
100.0
99.3
99.1
100.0
97.6
99.3
92.4
94.4
96.1
93.4
90.2
90.5
94.6
95.4
97.2
90.4
69.6
91.6
93. S
93.0
82.4
94.6
85.9
88.4
74.9
78.0
80.0
77.8
78.3
60.3
78.6
87.6
82.6
73.7
38.0
64.8
73.9
57.5
45.1
56.8
42.9
36.2
43.7
47.4
40.6
49.3
49.9
26.7
46.1
02. 1
56.0
45.5
13.4
29.9
39.8
18.9
16.1
18.0
11.8
4.7
33.2
36.6
32.3
37.6
40.8
12.1
38.3
50.3
44.0
36.9
12.0
24.9
31.3
13.3
9.3
14.4
6.5
1.0
13.0
16.0
16.1
16.5
15.7
2.6
12.0
22. 9
17.4
19.7
3.6
8.7
9.7
4.9
2.3
5.4
.6
.0
4.2
4.1
4.5
7.2
6.3
.0
3.3
9.8
8.3
3.0
.4
.6
2.3
.4
.8
.9
.6
.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.7
.0
.9
2.6
.9
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Canada
England. .
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenia,n
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other.
English
German
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian. . .
Polish
Slovak.
Grand total
9,906
12.10
99.2
91.6
69.3
38.4
29.5
11.7
3.9
1.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
2,161
(i,2SS
3,618
12.84
12.64
11.19
99.5
99.2
99.1
94.9
93.2
88. 6
77.9
75.6
58.2
48.0
45.0
27.0
37.6
34.6
20.6
16.1
14.0
7.7
6.3
4.9
2.1
1.6
1.3
.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
250
The Immigration Commission.
Of 9,906 males 18 years of age or over employed in the shoe-
manufacturing industry, the larger proportion receive $10 per week
or over, while only 3.9 per cent and 1 per cent receive $20 per week
or over or $25 per week or over, respectively. Comparing the differ-
ent nativity groups, it is seen that the native-born of foreign father
show higher proportions earning each specified amount than the
native-born of native father; the latter hi turn showing higher pro-
portions than the foreign-born earning each specified amount except
the $5 or over. Of the foreign-born races the Canadian French,
Canadian Other, English, and German are the only races with any
proportion of their number earning as high at $25 per week. The
decrease in the proportions is very marked with all the more recent
immigrant races in all the wage groups higher than $10 or over per
week. The older immigrant races or the Canadian French, Canadian
Other, English, German, and Irish show a considerably larger pro-
portion in all the higher wage groups than the more recent races.
The next table presented shows, according to locality and by gen-
eral nativity and race, the percentage of male employees 18 years of
age or over earning $15 or over per week.
TABLE 28. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $15 or over per week,
by locality and by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each locality. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
East,
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of native father, White . .
35.3
29.9
33.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Germany
42.7
36.7
37.6
Ireland . . -
39.4
46.0
40.8
Foreign-born, by race:
German -
35.5
38.1
36.9
Greek
12.0
12.0
12.0
Grand total
28.0
32.4
29.5
Total native-born of foreign father
36.9
38.3
37.6
Total native-born
35.9
32.7
34.6
Total foreign-born
18.6
31.0
20.6
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of the total number of males 18 years of age or over employed
in tin's industry, 29.5 per cent earn $15 or over per week. A compari-
son between the two localities studied shows that the proportion
of the native-born of native father, as well as those native-born
whose fathers were born in Germany, earning $15 or over per week,
is larger in the East than in the Middle West, while the proportion
of each other race is the same in each locality, or larger in the
Middle West than in the East.
In the table next presented the percentage of male employees 18
years of age or over earning $10 or over per week is shown, by locality
and by general nativity and race.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
251
TABLE 29.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $10 or over per week,
by locality and by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting in each locality. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of native father, White . .
78.3
69.4
74.9
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Germany .
83.9
76.8
77.8
Ireland .
78.0
79.6
78.3
Foreign-born, by race:
German . .
79.6
68.6
73.7
'Greek
32.6
48.9
38.0
Grand total
68.4
71.0
69.3
Total native-born of foreign father
77.7
78.2
77.9
Total native-born
78.0
72.4
75.6
Total foreign-born
56.8
65.1
58.2
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
Of the total number of males 18 years of age or over employed in
the shoe-manufacturing industry, 69.3 per cent earn $10 or over
per week. Of the total number employed in the Middle West, 71
per cent earn $10 or over per week, as compared with 68.4 per cent
of the total number employed in the East. A larger proportion of
the foreign-born employed in the Middle West than of those employed
in the East earn $10 or over per week. This is true also of the native-
born of foreign father, while the native-born of native father, white,]
shows a larger proportion of those employed in the East than of those
employed in the Middle West earning $10 or over per week.
In the tables next presented the female employees are considerecl?
the first table showing, by general nativity and race, the percentage1
of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week.
252
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 30. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
So or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$15 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
2,373
158
98
460
556
92
119
81
84
$7.98
8.57
8.56
8.38
8.85
8.95
8.08
7.21
7.90
99.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.8
94.3
91.8
95.7
97.3
97.8
97.5
'.'.;. ,s
94.0
58.6
70.3
69.4
63.5
74.5
71.7
60.5
45.7
58.3
19.6
27.2
30.6
23.5
29.1
35.9
23.5
4.9
19.0
2.4
4.4
4.1
3.5
3.4
2.2
.0
.0
1.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian French
Canadian, Other . . . .
Hebrew, Russian.
Irish
Grand total .
4,406
8.16
99.8
93.8
61.6
21.7
2.6
Total native-born of foreign father
1,390
3,766
640
8.60
8.21
7.89
100.0
99.7
100.0
95.7
93.8
93.8
69.1
62.5
56.6
26.6
22.2
19.2
3.7
2.9
1.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of 4,406 individuals employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry,
0.2 per cent receive less than $2.50 per week, 93.8 per cent receive
$5 or over, 61.6 per cent receive $7.50 or over, 21.7 per cent receive
$10 or over, and 2.6 per cent receive $15 or over per week. Compar-
ing the native-born of foreign father, native whites born of native
father, and foreign-born, it is seen that the first-named class show
considerably higher proportions earning each specified amount other
than $2.50 or over than either of the other two, while the difference
in the proportions of the two classes last named is not marked in any
instance. As regards the individual race groups, native-born of for-
eign father, it is seen that all earn $2.50 or over per week, and the
difference in proportions earning each specified amount is not marked.
Of the different foreign-born races, all earn $2.50 per week or more,
and the Canadian French show the highest percentage earning each
specified amount per week and the Russian Hebrews the lowest.
The table following shows, by locality and general nativity and
race, the percentage of female employees 18 years of age or over
earning $10 or over per week.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
253
TABLE 31. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning $10 or over per
week, by locality and by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
{This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting in each locality. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle.
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Native-born of native father White
22.3
16.0
19.6
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father, Ireland. .
25.0
39.7
29.1
Grand total
22.6
20.5
21.7
Total native-born of foreign father
25.9
27.4
26.6
Total native-born
23.5
20.5
22.2
Total foreign-born
19.1
20.7
19.2
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is tal.cn of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of the total number of females 18 years of age or over employed in
the shoe-manufacturing industry, 21.7 per cent earn $10 or over per
week, only a small difference being shown between the proportions
of the total number earning this amount in each of the two localities.
Comparing the two localities, it is seen that a larger proportion of the
native-born of native father, white, in the East than of those in the
Middle West earn SlOorover perweek. The difference between the pro-
portions of the native-born of foreign father and also of the foreign-
born is only slight between the two localities.
In the next table presented the per cent of female employees 18
years of age or over earning $7.50 or over per week is shown, accord-
ing to locality and general nativity and race.
TABLE 32. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning $7 .50 or over per
week, by locality and by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting in each locality. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Native-born of native father, White
64 3
51.0
58.6
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father, Ireland. .
72.3
80.1
74.5
Grand total.
64 1
57 7
61.6
Total native-born of foreign father.
70.0
68.0
69.1
Total native-born
66 2
57 8
62 5
Total foreign-born. .
56.5
56.9
56.6
* This table shows wages or earnings for tho period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of the total number of females 18 years of age or over employed in
this industry, 61.6 per cent earn $7.50 or over per week. Of the total
number employed in the East, 64.1 per cent earn $7.50 or over per
week, as compared with 57.7 per cent of those employed in the
Middle West. The proportion of native whites born of native father
employed in the East and earning $7.50 or over per week is larger
254
The Immigration Commission.
than the proportion in the Middle West. The difference between the
proportion of each other nativity group in the two localities does not
exceed 2 per cent.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week :
TABLE 33. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.J
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
§2.50 or
over.
So or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father. White
807
41
224
95
59
$5.84
6.23
5.75
6.18
6.66
98.8
100.0
98.7
100.0
100.0
66.7
80.5
62. 9
81.1
83.1
22.7
24.4
19.2
24.2
33.9
4.0
7.3
4.5
4.2
8.5
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race, Italian, South.
Grand total
1,495
5.99
99.1
70.7
24.1
4.9
Total native-born of foreign father.
471
1,280
215
:,.\'i;
5.88
6.66
99.4
99.0
99.5
71.3
(IS. 4
84.2
21.9
22.3
34.4
4.7
4.2
8.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of the 1,495 males 14 and under 18 years of age employed in the
shoe-manufacturing industry, 4.9 per cent earn $10 or over, 24.1 per
cent $7.50 or over, 70.7 per cent $5 or over, and 99.1 per cent $2.50
or over per week. The foreign-born show a larger proportion than
the native-born of foreign father earning each specified amount,
while the native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion than
the native-born of native father earning each specified amount
except $7.50 or over, where the native-born of native father show a
slightly larger proportion.
The table following shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
255
TABLE 34. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
S2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
854
191
96
$5.21
5.32
6.18
97.2
99.0
97.9
55.3
58.6
82.3
12.8
12.0
25.0
1.4
1.6
4.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Grand total
1,392
5.43
97.9
59.8
15.8
2.2
Total native-born of foreign father
421
1,276
116
5.63
5.35
6.31
98.8
97.7
100.0
65.3
58.5
74.1
17.3
14.3
32.8
2.1
1.6
7.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of the 1,392 females from 14 to 18 years of age employed in the
shoe-manufacturing industry 97.9 per cent earn $2.50 or over, 59.8
per cent earn $5 or over, 15.8 per cent earn $7.50 or over, and 2.2 per
cent earn $10 or over per week. The foreign-born, followed by the
native-born of foreign father, shows the largest and the native-born
of native father, white, the smallest proportion earning each specified
amount.
RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.
The extent to which industrial efficiency or earning ability of the
employees of foreign birth is increased after designated periods of
residence in this country is indicated by the following series of tables.
By grouping the proportion in each period of residence under the
several races the first table makes possible a study of industrial
advancement of each race enumerated.
256
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States*
(STDDT OP EMPLOYEES.)
{By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]
Race and years in United
States.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5 or
over.
$7. 50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
S12.50
or over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Canadian, French:
Under 5
13
24
295
215
43
18
201
94
63
114
99
72
246
160
122
149
109
43
100.0
100.0
99.7
91.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
98. 9
100.0
99.1
100.0
98.6
98.8
99.4
99.2
99.3
99.1
100.0
100.0
95.8
94.2
64. 2
86.0
94.4
87.1
97.9
96.8
88.6
98.0
93.1
72.4
91.3
91.0
83.2
91.7
97.7
61.5
70.8
SO.O
30.7
62.8
66.7
57.7
70.2
79.4
45.6
66.7
63.9
26.0
63.8
59.0
23.5
45.9
55.8
30.8
33.3
47.8
9.8
10. 3
50.0
19.9
37.2
50.8
12.3
17.2
31.9
7.7
21.9
25.4
1.3
6.4
11.6
23.1
29.2
39.7
8.4
10.3
44.4
15.9
33.0
41.3
7.9
10.2
18.1
2.8
13.8
16.4
.0
.9
4.7
0.0
8.3
12.9
2.3
4.7
16.7
5.5
11.7
14.3
3.5
7.1
4.2
.4
5.0
2.5
.0
.0
.0
0.0
4.2
3.4
.0
.0
5.6
.0
1.1
1.6
.9
.0
.0
.4
1.3
.8
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
5 to 9
10 or over
Greek:
Under 5. .
5 to 9
10 or over
Hebrew, Russian:
Under 5
5 to 9..
10 or over. .
Italian, North:
Under 5
5 to 9..
10 or over
Italian, South:
Under 5..
5 to 9
10 or over
Slovak:
Under 5...
5 to 9
10 or over
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
The proportion of French Canadians earning each specified amount
except $5 or over, $7.50 or over, or $20 or over per week, increases
with the length of residence in the United States. Of the Greeks the
proportion earning each specified amount is largest of those with a
period of residence of ten years or over and smallest of those with a
period of residence of less than five years — none earning as high as $25
Eer week. The proportion of Russian Hebrews earning each speci-
ed amount from $10 to $25 per week is largest of those with a period
of residence of ten years or over, and smallest of those with a period
of residence of less than five years — the proportion earning $7.50 or
over per week being largest of those with a period of residence of from
five to nine years and the proportion of those earning $5 or over being
100 per cent of those with a period of residence of less than five years
as well as of those with a residence of ten years or over, and 98.9 per
cent of those with a period of residence of from 5 to 9 years. The
proportion of North Italians earning each specified amount below
$12.50 per week is largest of those with a period of residence of from
five to nine years, while the proportion earning $12.50 or over and
$15 or over is largest of those with a period of residence of ten years or
over — less than 1 per cent earning as high as $20 per week. The pro-
portion of South Italians earning each specified amount below $12.50
and from $17.50 to $25 per week is largest of those with a period of
residence of from five to nine years, while the proportion earning $12.50
or over or $15 or over per week is largest of those with a period of
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
257
residence of ten years or over. The proportion of Slovaks earning
each specified amount is largest of those with a period of residence of
ten years or over and smallest of those with a period of residence of
less than five years, except of those earning $5 or over. None earn
as high as $17.50 per week.
The following table is based upon the same data as the one immedi-
ately preceding, but presented in a different form. It shows, by
race and length of residence in the United States, the proportion of
male employees 18 years of age or over who earn weekly each specified
amount.
TABLE 36. — Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of
age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
(By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]
IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$12.50
or over.
$15 or
over.
S17.50
or over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Canadian, French
13
215
201
114
246
149
100.0
91.2
100. 0
99.1
98.8
99.3
100.0
64.2
87.1
88.6
72.4
83.2
61.5
30.7
57.7
45.6
26.0
23.5
30.8
9.8
19.9
12.3
7.7
1.3
23.1
8.4
15.9
7.9
2.8
.0
0.0
2.3
5.5
3.5
.4
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.9
.4
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak
IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Canadian, French . . .
24
100.0
95.8
70.8
33.3
29.2
8.3
4.2
0.0
Greek
43
100.0
86.0
62.8
16.3
16.3
4.7
.0
.0
Hebrew Russian
94
98 9
97 9
70.2
37.2
33.0
11.7
1.1
.0
Italian, North
99
100.0
98.0
66.7
17.2
16.2
7.1
.0
.0
Italian, South
160
99.4
91.3
63.8
21.9
13.8
5.0
1.3
.0
Slovak.. ..
109
99.1
91.7
45.9
6.4
.9
.0
.0
.0
IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Canadian, French
295
99.7
94.2
80.0
47.8
39.7
12.9
3.4
1.0
Greek
18
100.0
94.4
66.7
50.0
44.4
16.7
5.6
.0
Hebrew, Russian
63
100.0
90.8
79.4
50 8
41 3
14 3
•1.6
.0
Italian, North
72
98.6
93.1
63.9
31.9
18. 1
4.2
.0
.0
Italian, South
122
99.2
91.0
59.0
25.4
16.4
2.5
.8
.0
Slovak
43
100 0
97 7
55 8
11 6
4 7
0
.0
o
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
Of those of each race, included in the preceding table, who have
been in the United States less than five years, the French Canadian
shows the largest proportion earning each specified rate per week from
$7.50 or over to $15 or over — none of the French Canadians or Slovaks
and but small proportions of the other races earning $17.50 or over.
The Slovaks show the smallest proportion earning $10 or over or $12.50
or over per week — the Greeks showing a smaller proportion than the
Slovaks earning $7.50 or over, but a larger proportion earning $15
or over or $17.50 or over. Of those of each race who have been in
the United States from five to nine years, the Russian Hebrews show
258
The Immigration Commission.
the largest proportion earning $12.50 or over, $15 or over, or $17.50
or over per wees — the French Canadians showing the largest propor-
tion earning $10 or over and the North Italian the largest propor-
tion earning $7.50 or over. Of those of each race who have been in
the United States ten years or over the Greeks show the largest pro-
portion earning $15 or over, $17.50 or over, or $20 or over per week —
the Russian Hebrews showing the largest proportion earning $12.50 or
over, the Canadian French the largest proportion earning $10 or over,
and the Slovaks thelargest proportion earning $7.50orover. Although
all the Slovaks earn $5 or over and a larger proportion of the Slovaks
than of those of any other given race earn $7.50 or over, the Slovaks
show the smallest proportion earning $12.50 or over or $15 or over,
and none earn as high as $17.50.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.
The extent to which male heads of families studied were regularly
employed, together with their average annual earnings, is set forth in
the table following, which shows, by general nativity and race, the
proportion of husbands at work, in the households studied.
TABLE 37. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
I STUDY dl' HOUSEHOLDS.)
.General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families.a
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Average
yearly
earnings of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
79
71
71
100 0
$926
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
15
15
15
(b)
741
Irish...
32
28
27
96. '4
761
Foreign-born:
Armenian
43
42
41
97.6
444
Canadian, French
101
97
93
95.9
682
English
23
23
22
95 7
756
Greek...
33
32
31
96.9
405
Hebrew
79
75
69
92.0
446
Irish
31
22
17
77 3
676
Italian, North
11
11
11
(6)
495
Italian, South. . .
74
73
71
97.3
464
Lithuanian
64
64
64
100.0
389
Polish
54
54
54
100 0
410
Syrian
13
12
12
(6)
559
Grand total
652
619
598
96.6
573
Total native-born of foreign father
47
43
42
97.7
754
Total native-born
126
114
113
99.1
862
Total foreign-born ...
526
505
485
96.0
506
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The foregoing table shows that 652 families were selected for study.
That number of families represent 619 husbands, of whom 96.6 per
cent are at work. The average earnings of that number are $573
per year. The families whose heads were native-born of foreign
father show a slightly larger proportion of husbands at work than do
the foreign-born. The percentage for the former, 97.7 and for the
latter, 96. The native whites born of native father, show not only
the highest average rate of earnings but also that 100 per cent of the
husbands are at work. Of the foreign families studied 100 per cent
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
259
each of the Lithuanians and Polish husbands are at work, with the
latter showing a slightly larger average rate of earnings than do the
former. All of the other races, except the Irish, show that over 90
per cent of the husbands are at work, with average earnings ranging
from $756 per year, as in the case of the English, to $405 per year, as
in the case of the Greeks. Of the Irish 77.3 per cent of the husbands
are at work, with average earnings of $676 per year.
The range in annual earnings of male heads of families is shown in
the following table, according to general nativity and race of indi-
vidual:
TABLE 38. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525].
General nativity and race of in-
dividual.
bi>
3
a
lH
o>
£L
fc
Average earnings.
Number earning—
Per cent earning —
w
o
o
e@
1
1—1
e#
i— <
&»
o
8
&H
01
id
P
§
•&
9>»
h
01
•a
P
o
1
1
a
P
ee
M
OJ
•a
a
P
i— 1
e#
1
P
<a
T3
O
P
1
a
P
to
T3
a
P
a
•O
a
P
a>
a
P
•3
a
P
o
T3
a
Native-born of native father.
White . .
71
15
27
41
93
22
31
69
17
11
71
64
54
12
$926
741
761
444
682
756
405
446
676
495
464
389
410
559
l
5
23
7
9
31
33
6
24
54
6
9
54
59
49
7
44
10
18
38
65
12
28
68
13
9
62
63
53
12
56
12
23
41
80
20
30
68
16
11
69
64
54
12
0.0
(»)
.0
.0
1.1
.0
6.5
1.4
(a)
(a)
1.4
1.6
.0
(<0
1.4
00
3.7
9.8
3.2
.0
25.8
4.3
(a)
(a)
8.5
6.3
.0
(a)
7.0
(a)
3.7
51.2
19.4
9.1
61.3
49.3
(a)
(a)
49.3
54.7
53.7
(a)
32.4
(a)
33.3
75.6
35.5
27.3
77.4
78.3
(a)
(a)
76.1
92.2
90.7
(a)
62.0
(a)
66.7
92.7
69.9
54.5
90.3
98.6
(a)
(a)
87.3
98.4
98.1
(a)
78.9
(a)
85.2
100.0
86.0
90.9
96.8
98.6
(a)
(a)
97.2
100.0
100.0
(0)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish..
....
1
4
3
1
21
18
2
19
34
2
4
35
35
29
3
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian, French ...
English
Greek.
2
1
8
3
Hebrew. ..
Irish
Italian, North...
Italian, South...
1
1
6
4
Lithuanian
Polish...
Syrian .
Grand total
598
573
6
30
208
371
495
556
1.0
5.0
34.8
62.0
82.8
93.0
Total native-born of foreign
father .
42
113
485
754
862
506
"e"
1
2
28
1
6
202
16
39
332
28
72
12.3
35
91
465
.0
.0
1.2
2.4
1.8
5.8
2.4
5.3
41.6
38.1
34.5
68.5
66.7
63.7
87.2
83.3
80.5
95.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The greater proportion, 62 per cent, of the total number of male
heads earn under $600 per year. This is likewise true of 68.5 per cent
of the foreign-born heads. The greater proportion of the male heads
of the native-born of foreign father and of the native-born of native
father earn under $800 per year. The foreign-born show the largest
proportion earning under each specified amount. Consequently, rela-
tively low earnings are more general among them than any other
class. There is, however, considerable variation in the earnings of
the specified races. The greater proportion of the English and
French Canadian male heads earn under $800. The Hebrews and
South Italians in the greater number of cases earn under $600. The
male heads of the remaining races in the greater proportion of families
earn under $400.
260
The Immigration Commission.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table next presented shows the yearly earnings of all males in
the households studied 18 years of age or over working for wages, by
general nativity and race of individual:
TABLE 39. — Yearly earnings (approximate] of males 18 years of age or over, by general t
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father, White
99
38
4
1
51
1
3
89
111
34
75
106
21
20
107
167
127
27
S756
571
(a)
(«)
696
(a)
(a)
408
657
753
360
444
631
429
421
337
395
578
3
1
14
12
1
36
24
3
79
35
3
1
44
1
3
89
97
30
74
105
20
20
105
167
127
27
3.0
2.6
(a)
(a)
7.8
(a)
(a)
16.9
5.4
5.9
25.3
2.8
4.8
.0
13.1
7.2
5.5
.0
14.1
31.6
(a)
(a)
21.6
(«)
(a)
50.6
20.7
11.8
69.3
48.1
14.3
50.0
54.2
55.7
53.5
22.2
36.4
63.2
(a\
(»)
35.3
(a)
(a)
80.9
40.5
26.5
82.7
81.1
38.1
80.0
81.3
92.8
92.9
51.9
79.8
92.1
(a)
w
86. 3
(a)
(a)
100.0
87.4
88.2
98.7
99.1
95.2
100.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther:
Canadian, French...
English
Hebrew
Irish
4
11
1
18
1
3
72
45
9
62
86
8
16
87
155
118
14
Italian South
Polish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
15
6
2
19
3
1
45
23
4
52
51
3
10
58
93
68
6
Canadian, French...
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian North
Italian, South
14
12
7
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,081
502
87
452
757
1,027
8.0
41.8
70.0
95.0
Total native-born of for-
eign father
98
197
884
633
695
459
5
8
79
25
39
413
49
85
672
87
166
861
5.1
4.1
8.9
25.5
19.8
46.7
50.0
43.1
76.0
88.8
84.3
97.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From the foregoing table a report is had from 1,081 males, 18 years
of age or over, each one of whom earns, on an average, $502 a year.
Of the total number reporting, 8 per cent earn under $200 per yearf
41.8 per cent under $400, 70 per cent under $600, and 95 per cent
earn $1,000. The earners of the highest wages are members of the
group native-born of native father, whose annual average is $756, as
against $633 for the native-born of foreign father. It will b'e noted
that of the foreign races the English averaging over $700 per year
display the highest ability as wage-earners, and the Canadian French
and Irish, each averaging over $600, are next in order. These three
are of the older immigration. One race, the Syrian, averages over
$500 a year, while the Hebrews, North Italians, South Italians, and
Armenians each average over $400, and the Poles and the Greeks
average over $350 a year, while last place is held by the Lithuanians,
whose yearly average is $337.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
261
No North Italians or Syrians earn under $200 a year, and less than
8 per cent of Lithuanians, English, Poles, Canadian French, Irish,
and Hebrews do so, while there are about 15 per cent of Armenians
and South Italians and over 25 per cent of Greeks whose earning
capacity is such. Sixty-nine and three-tenths per cent of the Greeks,
about 50 per cent of Lithuanians, South Italians, Poles, Armenians,
North Italians, and Hebrews are earning under $400 a year, while the
same is true of about 20. per cent of Canadian French and Syrian,
14.3 per cent of the Irish, and 11.8 per cent of the English. Over
90 per cent of Polish and Lithuanian males, about 80 per cent of the
Greeks, South Italians, Hebrews, Armenians, and North Italians, are
earning less than $600 a year. More than 50 per cent of Syrians and
about 40 per cent of Canadian French and Irish are in that class,
while of the English there is only 26.5 per cent earning under $600.
All Armenians, North Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Syrians and
over 95 per cent of Hebrews, Greeks, South Italians, and Irish are
reported as earning under $1 ,000 a year, while not quite 90 per cent
of English and Canadian French are thus reported.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the yearly earnings of females, in the households studied, IS
years of age or over working for wages :
TABLE 40. — Yearly earnings (approximate} of females IS years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
S500.
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
8400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native
father, White
44
24
2
4
1
4
29
1
3
20
5
4
5
32
5
4
13
25
27
2
$489
406
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
441
(a)
(a)
352
(°)
(a
(°)
304
(a)
(a)
246
215
224
(a)
1
3
4
4
1
1
13
15
1
3
1
1
12
1
3
10
3
2
4
23
1
3
12
25
27
1
24
19
1
4
1
1
19
1
3
17
5
2
5
30
3
3
13
25
27
1
2.3
12.5
(a)
(<0
w
(»)
6.9
(a)
w
10.0
O)
(a)
(a)
18.8
(a)
y
36.0
37.0
(a)
9.1
16.7
(°)
a
(«>
(a)
24.1
(a)
(a)
35.0
(a)
w
(a)
56.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
80.0
66.7
(«)
29.5
62.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
41.4
(a)
(a)
50.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
71.9
(a)
(«)
(a)
100.0
100.0
(a)
54.5
79.2
(«)
(«)
(a)
(a)
65.5
(«)
(»)
85.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
93. g
fa]
(a)
(a)
100.0
100.0
(Q)
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther:
Canadian, French...
Canadian, Other
English
German
Hebrew
Irish . .
2
7
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
2
2
1
1
2
6
1
3
4
9
10
2
7
2
2
3
18
1
3
9
20
18
Canadian, French...
Canadian, Other
English
Greek
Hebrew .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
254
353
47
102
161
204
18.5
40.2
63.4
80.3
Total native-born of for-
eign father
65
109
145
424
450
280
5
6
41
13
17
85
34
47
114
46
70
134
7.7
5.5
28.3
20.0
15.6
58.6
52.3
43.1
78.6
70.8
64.2
92.4
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
H
262
The Immigration Commission.
In the greater number of cases females 18 years of age and over
and working for wages earn under $400 per year. This is true of
78.6 per cent of the foreign-born and 52.3 per cent of the native-born
of foreign father. The greater proportion, however, of the native
females born of native father earn under $500 per year. The native-
born of native father show the smallest proportion earning less than
each specified amount ; the foreign-born show the largest proportion.
Consequently, relatively low earnings are most general in the latter
class.
ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.
The annual income of families the heads of which are employed
in the shoe-manufacturing industry, together with the several sources
of family income and their relative importance, are studied in the
next series of tabulations. The first table submitted in this connec-
tion, which follows, shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the percentage of families having a total yearly income of
each specified amount:
TABLE 41. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount,
by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Two families axe included which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families.**
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
N;I in.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White
79
32
43
101
23
33
79
31
74
64
54
$1,048
985
608
932
1,048
612
656
942
576
542
555
0.0
.0
9.3
3.0
4.3
21.2
11.4
3.2
18.9
9.4
5.6
13.9
12.5
41.9
10.9
13.0
54.5
35.4
12.9
56.8
51.6
53.7
39.2
37.5
69.8
42.6
17.4
75.8
73.4
32.3
77.0
84.4
83.3
64.6
59.4
90.7
64.4
39.1
81.8
89.9
74.2
89.2
98.4
94.4
89.9
87.5
97.7
88.1
91.3
93.9
96.2
87.1
97.3
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish..
Grand total
652
765
7.5
32.1
59.7
78.7
93.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
47
126
526
961
1,010
705
.0
.0
9.3
12.8
13.5
36.5
42.6
40.5
64.3
63.8
64.3
82.1
85.1
88.1
94.9
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
o For selection of families, see p. 525.
The greater proportion of the total number of selected families
have a yearly income under $750. This is likewise true of 64.3 per
cent of the foreign-born families. The greater proportion of the
families of the native-born of native father and of the native-born of
foreign father have a yearly income under $1,000. The foreign-born
show in every instance the largest proportion having a total yearly
income under each specified amount. Consequently, comparatively
small incomes are more general among them than any other class.
The greater part of the English have an income under $1,500; Irish
and French Canadian families show the greater part having an income
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
263
under $1,000. The Hebrews and Armenians have in the greater pro-
portion of cases an income under $750. The remaining races show
the greater proportion of families having an income under $500.
WIVES AT WORK.
The extent to which the wives of the families studied engage in
regular employment outside the home in order to supplement the
earnings of their husbands is shown in the following table, according
to general nativity and race of head of family:
TABLE 42. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number of
selected
families."
Number of
wives.
Number of
wives at
work.
Per cent of
wives at
work.
Average
yearly
earnings
of wives
at work.
Native-horn of native father, White
79
79
9
11.4
(b)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French. . . .
15
15
4
(b)
(b)
Irish
32
32
1
3.1
(b)
Foreign-born:
Armenian. . .
43
43
2
4.7
(6)
Canadian French
101
101
13
12 9
S235
English
23
23
8
34 8
(&)
Greek
33
33
4
12.1
(b)
Hebrew
79
79
1
1 3
(b)
Irish
31
31
.0
Italian, North. . .
11
11
1
(6)
c>)
Italian, South. . .
74
74
7
9.5
(b)
Lithuanian
64
64
10
15.6
174
Polish. .
54
54
10
18.5
153
Syrian
13
13
(6)
Grand total
652
652
70
10 7
246
Total native-born of foreign father
47
47
5
10 6
(b)
Total native-born
126
J.26
14
11. 1
375
Total foreign-born
526
526
56
10 6
213
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
& Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 652 wives included in the foregoing table, 70, or 10.7 per
cent, are at work and earn an average of $246 per annum. None of
the wives of the families the heads of which are Irish, as compared
with 34.8 per cent of the wives of the families the heads of which
are English, are at work.
RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE
OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.
Although a considerable proportion of the wives of families, the
heads of which were shoe-manufacturing employees, as well as other
female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the
home as a means of contributing to the family support, a very much
larger proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands
by taking boarders or lodgers into the home. The extent to which
the wives find it necessary to supplement in this way the earnings of
the husbands is set forth in the table following, according to yearly
earnings of the husband and general nativity and race of head of
family .
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-18
264
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 43. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Number of husbands
earning—
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Number of wives having
employment or keep-
ing boarders or lodgers
where husbands' earn-
ings are —
Under
$400.&
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
71
15
28
42
97
23
32
75
22
11
73
64
54
12
5
18
7
8
10
15
4
5
20
4
5
19
24
20
4
48
8
18
10
60
16
7
15
11
2
17
5
5
5
17
8
7
16
32
9
11
23
2
3
29
53
42
6
2
5
4
1
5
3
2
10
4
5
6
22
&
3
7
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
2
22
22
3
20
40
7
4
37
35
29
3
1
5
7
1
8
10
1
2
14
31
24
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French . .
English
Greek
Hebrew
6
Irish
Italian, North
1
6
20
15
2
Italian, South.
9
2
3
3
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total . . .
019
229
163
227
258
107
70
81
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born . .
43
114
505
2
7
222
15
33
130
jt;
74
153
15
32
226
1
3
104
5
10
60
9
19
62
Total foreign-born
a- For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both husband
and wife present appear in this table.
& This column includes 21 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
c This column includes 7 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 44. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both
husband and wife present appear in this table.]
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or over.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
40.0
27.8
20.8
23.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish —
Foreign-born:
Armenian
(»)
22.7
12.5
50.0
27.8
60.0
25.0
38.1
Canadian, French
31.8
20.0
36.7
33.0
English
(6)
(6)
37.5
39.1
Greek
40.0
.0
42.9
34.4
Hebrew
25.0
30.0
46.7
30.7
Irish
14.3
(ft)
9.1
9.1
Italian South
37.8
31.6
52.9
39.7
Lithuanian
SS. 1,
83.3
40.0
82.8
Polish
82.8
75.0
60.0
77. &
Grand total
46.7
42.9
35.7
41.7
Total native-born of foreign father
(6)
:;::.,;
34.6
34.9
Total native-born
42.9
30.3
25.7
28.1
Total foreign-born
46.8
46.2
40.5
44.8
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are—
oThis column includes 7 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
265
Of a total number of 229 families whose heads have a yearly income
of less than $400, 46.7 per cent of the wives either have employment
or keep boarders or lodgers. Where the husband's income is between
$400 and $600 yearly, 42.9 per cent of the wives either have employ-
ment or keep boarders or lodgers, and where it is $600 or over the
proportion of wives who either have employment or keep boarders
or lodgers is 35.7 per cent. In each specified rate of earnings the
proportion for the foreign-born is greater than for the native-born of
foreign father, excepting the first column, when the number of the latter
group reporting is too small for computation. Among those who
earn under $400 yearly, the Lithuanians, with 88.6 per cent, show
the largest proportion of wives who either have employment or
keep boarders or lodgers. The Poles show a proportion almost as
large as that shown by the Lithuanians. The Greeks show 40 per
cent and the French Canadians and South Italians each between
30 and 40 per cent. Among the families the heads of which earn yearly
between $400 and $600, the Lithuanians show that 83.3 per cent of
the wives either have employment or keep boarders or lodgers. This
is the largest proportion, and the French Canadians, next to the
Greeks, who show zero, show the smallest proportion. Sixty per cent
each of the wives of the Armenian and Polish husbands who earn
$600 or more during the year, either have employment or keep
boarders or lodgers. The South Italians, with 52.9 per cent, show
the next highest proportion, and the Irish, with 9.1 per cent, show
the smallest proportion.
SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income
in detail. The first of these, which immediately follows, shows, by
general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of families
having an income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources. The past year referred to
in the table means the twelve months immediately preceding the
collection of data.
TABLE 45. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
( STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races
Two families excluded which report income as "none.'1]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families, a
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of—
Contribu-
tions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
79
32
41
101
23
33
89.9
84.4
100.0
92.1
95.7
93.9
11.4
3.1
4.9
12.9
34.8
12.1
35.4
28.1
22.0
36.6
30.4
9.1
13.9
25.0
34.1
22.8
8.7
24.2
19.0
18.8
17.1
14.9
17.4
18.2
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek. .
- For selection of families, see p. 525.
266
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 45. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, etc. — Continued.
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
ofselected
families.
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of—
Contribu-
tions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Foreign-born— Continued.
Hebrew
79
31
74
64
54
87.3
54.8
95.9
100.0
100.0
1.3
.0
9.5
15.6
18.5
31.6
64.5
14.9
.0
5.6
29.1
12.9
33.8
73.4
66.7
13.9
32.3
5.4
15.6
7.4
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
650
92.0
10.8
24.2
33.4
14.6
Total native-born of foreign father
47
126
524
89.4
89.4
92.6
10.6
11.1
10.7
21.3
30.2
22.7
29.8
19.8
36.6
14.9
17.5
13.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 650 families selected for study, the greater proportion have
an income from earnings of husband than from any other source.
The proportion is 92 per cent as compared with 33.4 per cent who
have an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, 24.2 per cent
from children, and 10.8 per cent from earnings of wife. The foreign-
born races show a greater proportion of families having an income
from each of these sources than do the native-born of foreign father.
One hundred per cent each of the Armenian, Lithuanian, and Polish
families studied have an income from earnings of husband, while
more than 90 per cent each of the French Canadians, English, Greeks,
and South Italians have an income from husbands' earnings. The
Irish show the smallest proportion of families who have an income
from earnings of husband.
None of the Irish families have an income from earnings of wife.
The English show the largest proportion who have an income from
that source. The Armenians, Hebrews, and South Italians show
less than 10 per cent each. The Irish report the largest proportion
of families who have an income from contributions of children. The
proportion is 64.5 per cent as compared with 5.6 per cent of the
roles or none of the Lithuanians. Only 8.7 per cent of the English
families have an income from payments of boarders or lodgers, as
compared with 73.4 per cent of the Lithuanians. Among the families
having an income from sources other than those specified, the Irish
show the largest proportion and the South Italians the smallest.
The proportion of Irish families is 32.3 per cent. The next highest,
which is only 18.2 per cent, is shown by the Greeks.
The table next presented also shows the sources of family income,
according to general nativity and race of head of family, but differs
from the preceding table in that each specified source is exclusive of
all other sources.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
267
TABLE 46. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number of selected fami-
lies.o
Per cent of families having entire income from—
T3
1
a
a>
f
•O
g
T3
§
ft
3
w
i,
0
id
3d
p
&
C3
£!
w
3
W
T3
§
<sf •
'*t
-T3
•as
B.C
o3 o
ft
tn
M
•A
% .
5g
T3 b£>
C'O
03 _0
•0 t,
go
.SB
w o>
w
<2
$
d
£
2
"3
"2
3
3
£
£
o>
"S .
(5 ^
-0 &
MO
11
«8 i_
o
.•§
£
d
o>
fl
2
1
•*
h
fl CD
*3
B o
ra •— i
s°
•S&
~* a*
o
S2
o>
so
•6
_o
t-t
o
e
y>
•8
§
«
Sources or combina-
tion of sources not
before specified.
Native-born of native father,
White
79
32
41
101
23
33
79
31
74
64
54
44.3
37.5
39.0
34.7
26.1
;•.!. i
39.2
22.6
48.6
14.1
18.5
6.3
3.1
2.4
5.9
26.1
12.1
1.3
.0
6.8
9.4
11.1
16.5
9.4
9.8
•-M..S
21.7
6.1
15.2
16.1
8.1
.0
1.9
1.3
.0
2.4
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.5
18.8
22.0
9.9
.0
21.2
21.5
.0
25.7
54.7
50.0
1.3
.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
3.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.8
6.3
.0
1.0
.0
.0
5.1
22.6
1.4
.0
.0
0.0
.63
.0
3.0
.0
3.0
2.5
6.5
1.4
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
24.1
18.8
24.4
17.8
26.1
18.2
15.2
32.3
8.1
21.9
18.5
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
650
34.8
6.6
11.7
.6
21.8
.3
.5
.0
•J. x
1.8
.0
19.1
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
47
126
524
38.3
11'. 1
33.0
6.4
6.3
6.7
8.5
13.5
11.3
.0
.8
.6
19.1
8.7
25.0
.0
.8
.2
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
.0
4.3
4.0
2.5
4.3
1.6
1.9
.0
.0
.0
19.1
22.2
18.3
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
Of 650 families selected for study the above table shows that
34.8 per cent have their entire income from husband, 21.8 per cent
from husband and boarders and lodgers, 11.7 per cent from husband
and children, 6.6 per cent from husband and wife, and 19.1 per cent
from sources or combination of sources not specified, less than 3
per cent having entire income from each other specified source.
Comparing the nativity groups, it is seen that those the heads of
which are native-born of native father show the largest and those
the heads of which are foreign-born the smallest proportion having
the entire income from husband or sources or combination of sources
not specified. Practically the same proportions of each nativity
group have entire income from husband and wife. The families the
heads of which are native-born of native father show the largest and
the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father the
smallest proportion having their entire income from husband and chil-
dren. Less than 2 per cent of the families the heads of which are of
each nativity group have their entire income from husband, wife, and
children; wife; wife and children. The proportion of families having
their entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers is largest
of those the heads of which are foreign-born and smallest of those the
heads of which are native-born of native father. The proportion of
families haying entire income from children, or children and boarders
or lodgers, is less than 5 per cent for any nativity group. No families
report an entire income from boarders and lodgers or wife and
boarders or lodgers.
268
The Immigration Commission.
Considering the foreign-born families, it is seen that those the
heads of which are Armenians or French Canadians are the only ones
showing a proportion having entire income from husband, wife, and
children, and those the heads of which are French Canadians are the
only ones showing a proportion having entire income from wife, or
wife and children. Less than 10 per cent of the families the heads
of which are of any of the specified races, except English, Greek, or
Polish, have their entire income from husband and wife, and less than
10 per cent of those the heads of which are of any of the specified
races except Canadian French, English, Hebrew, or Irish, have their
entire income from husband and children. Over 20 per cent of the
families the heads of which are of any of the specified races, except
Canadian French, English, or Irish, draw their entire income from
husband and boarders or lodgers, those the heads of which are Lith-
uanians or Polish showing 54.7 per cent and 50 per cent, respectively,
as having entire income from this source. Over 20 per cent of the
families the heads of which are Irish, as compared with less than 5
per cent of the families the heads of which are of any of the other
specified races, except Hebrew, have their entire income from chil-
dren. Over 15 per cent of the families the heads of which are of any
of the specified races, except Italian, South, have their entire income
from sources or combination of sources not specified, those the heads
of which are Irish showing the largest proportion, or 32.3 per cent.
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The extent to which the families studied depend upon the desig-
nated sources of income is set forth in the following table, which
shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage
of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders, or
lodgers, and other sources:
TABLE 47. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders, or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Per cent of total income from—
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
79
32
41
101
23
33
79
31
74
64
54
79.4
65.2
69.7
67.3
69.0
62.1
59.4
39.4
77.3
71.8
73.9
4.6
.7
1.0
3.2
12.1
5.0
«.„
3.0
5.0
5.1
9.8
21.9
10.7
18.5
11.1
3.4
28.4
48.4
10.1
.0
3.9
3.3
6.4
12.9
7.1
2.0
10.9
8.7
5.1
7.1
17.5
14.4
2.8
5.8
5.8
3.9
5.7
18.6
3.5
7.1
2.5
5.7
2.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
650
68.7
3.4
15.1
8.2
4.6
Total native-born of foreign father
47
126
524
70.1
76.1
66.1
3.2
4.1
3.2
15.6
11.8
16.2
7.1
4.7
9.4
4.1
3.2
5.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.. . . . ...
For selection of families, see p. 525.
6 Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. 269
The earnings of husband constitute 68.7 per cent of the total income
of the selected families; 15.1 per cent comes from the contributions
of children. The other sources are less important items in the income
of the total group. In each nativity group the proportion of income
from the earnings of husband is considerably greater than the pro-
portion from any other source. The native-born of native father
have a larger proportion of their income from the earnings of husband
and wife and a smaller proportion from every other source than any
other class. The foreign-born have a smaller proportion from the
earnings of husband and a larger proportion from contributions of
children, payments of boarders or lodgers, and sources other than
specified than any other class.
The greater part of the income of each specified race, excepting
the Irish, comes from the earnings of the husband. The Irish have
a larger proportion of their income from the contributions of children
than any other source.
The Lithuanians show an entire lack of income from the contribu-
tions of children.
CHAPTER IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 48 to 50
and General Table 22].
REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
The regularity of employment offered as well as the relative indus-
triousness of the several races and nativity is exhibited by the tables
which follow. The table first submitted shows, by general nativity
and race of individual, the months worked during the past -year by
males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over:
TABLE 48. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working —
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, White . . .
116
50
57
92
119
36
77
120
24
22
115
167
128
26
43.1
26.0
36.8
19.5
36.1
25.0
22.1
30.0
41.7
27.3
12.2
21.0
33. f
88.5
75.9
68.0
73.7
51.1
68.9
80.6
40.3
66.7
83.3
40.9
46.1
65.9
65.6
96.2
94.0
96.0
89.5
83.7
95.0
97.2
72.7
92.5
95.8
90.9
81.7
94.6
95.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
97.8
98.3
100.0
93.5
99.2
95.8
100.0
96.5
98.8
98.4
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French ... . . . .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian . . .
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total
1,162
29.9
64.1
90.9
98.3
Total native-born of foreign father.
120
236
926
35.8
39.4
27.4
72.5
74.2
61.6
93.3
93.6
90.2
99.2
99.6
97.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . . .
In the greater proportion of cases males 16 years of age or over,
employed away from home, worked at least nine months during the
past year. This is true of 75.9 per cent of the native-born of native
father, 72.5 per cent of the native-born of foreign father, and of 61.6
per cent of the foreign-born. The latter class, on the whole, worked
the least number of months, the foreign-born showing the smallest
proportion working each specified length of time. The greater pro-
271
272
The Immigration Commission.
portion of the South Italians^ North Italians, and Greeks worked six
months or over. The other specified races worked in the greater
proportion of cases nine months or over.
The following table shows, according to general nativity and race
of individual, the number of months worked during the past year by
females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over:
TABLE 49. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
{This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, White
50
27
42
21
39
26
29
40.0
29.6
35.7
19.0
46.2
19.2
34.5
84.0
66.7
64.3
57.1
76.9
57.7
65.5
100.0
92.6
95.2
90.5
94.9
80.8
86.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.6
Native-born of foreign father, bv race of
father:
Canadian French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
Hebrew
Lithuanian
Polish . .
Grand total •
295
33.9
67.8
91.5
99.3
Total native-born of foreign father.
85
135
160
34.1
36.3
31.9
65.9
72.6
63.8
95.3
97.0
86.9
100.0
100.0
98.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that nearly all of the 295 women included
worked three months or over during the past year and 33.9 per cent
worked the whole year. The native-born of foreign father have a
higher proportion in each group than the foreign-born. Of the four
foreign-born races enumerated the Hebrews had above the average
number employed all the year.
THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.
The extent to which the operatives studied were members of labor
organizations is set forth in the table next presented. It shows by
general nativity and race of individual the affiliation with trade
unions of males 21 years of age or over in the households studied.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
273
TABLE 50. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for
wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
104
32
4
50
87
117
34
70
97
26
16
106
151
123
22
30
14
1
22
35
71
25
35
33
8
2
31
46
16
13
28.8
43.8
(a)
44.0
40.2
60.7
73.5
50.0
34.0
30.8
(a)
29.2
30.5
13.0
59.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French .
English . .
Irish .
Foreign-born:
Armenian ^
Canadian, French .
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian .
Polish .
Syrian
Grand total
1,039
382
36.8
Total native-born of foreign father
86
190
849
37
67
315
43.0
35.3
37.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,039 males for whom information was obtained, only 36.8
per cent are affiliated with trade unions — the foreign-born reporting
37.1 per cent as compared with 43 per cent of the native-born of
foreign father and 28.8 per cent of the native whites born of native
father. Among the foreign-born races, it will be noted that the
English, with 73.5 per cent affiliated with trade unions, show a slightly
larger proportion than do the French Canadians or Syrians, a con-
siderably larger proportion than do the Greeks or Armenians, and a
much larger proportion than do the Hebrews, Irish, Lithuanians,
South Italians, or Poles, in the order named. Considering the number
of Poles for whom information was obtained, it will be seen that the
proportion taking an active interest in trade unions is very low as
compared with the other races.
CHAPTER V.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartmenta
occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion — [Text Tables 51 to 63 and
General Tables 23 to 34].
RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.
The monthly rent payments of the households the heads of which
are employed in the shoe manufacturing industry are significant in
their bearing upon the standard of living of the employees because
of the practice of crowding persons in the apartments in order to
reduce the per capita rent outlay. The prevailing condition is dis-
closed by the following series of tables, the first of which shows, by
general nativity and race of head of household, the average rent per
month per apartment, per room, and per person:
TABLE 51. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per —
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White
75
9
27
47
89
23
36
72
16
10
78
54
43
14
$15. 76
(a)
15.03
12.06
12.31
14.93
10.99
13.90
13.44
9.50
12.14
10.33
9.49
0.14
$3.08
(a)
2.94
2.49
2.39
2.82
2.62
3.11
2.42
2.26
2.68
2.58
2.37
1.94
$4.30
(a)
3.22
2.22
2.32
4.35
2.41
2.57
2.79
1.73
2.28
1.55
1.37
2.21
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian. French
Irish..
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish...
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
593
12. G.3
2.69
2.44
Total native-born of foreign father
36
111
482
15.37
15.63
11.94
3.04
3.07
2.59
3.13
3.84
2.19
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a- Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that the average rent per apartment per
month is $12.63, the average rent per room per month is $2.69, and
the average rent per person per month is $2.44. Persons native-
born of native father report the highest rent per apartment per
275
276
The Immigration Commission.
month, closely followed by persons native-born of foreign father,
while the average monthly rent of foreign-born persons is much
lower than that of the two first named. The same order is preserved
showing the monthly rent per room and per person, in each instance
the monthly rent of foreign-born being much lower than that of native-
born of native father and native-born of foreign father. Among the
foreign-born, English persons report the highest rent per month per
apartment and per person and Hebrews the highest rent per month
per room. Syrians show the lowest monthly rent per apartment and
per room, while Poles show the lowest monthly rent per person.
The range in monthly rent payments is indicated by the following
table. This table shows the percentage of households paying each
specified rent per month per apartment, according to general nativity
and race of head of household:
TABLE 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Native-born of native father, White
75
27
47
89
23
36
72
78
54
43
$15. 76
15.03
12.06
12.31
14.93
10.99
13.90
12.14
10.33
9.49
0.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
1.9
2.3
0.0
3.7
2.1
10.1
.0
8.3
2.8
15.4
16.7
32.6
6.7
7.4
38.3
36.0
4.3
44.4
27.8
33.3
50.0
55.8
30.7
22.2
59.6
59.6
26.1
63.9
47.2
44.9
75.9
74.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English . . .
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total . .
593
12.63
.8
9.9
31.7
52.6
Total native-born of foreign father
36
111
482
15.37
15.63
11.94
2.8
.9
.8
2.8
.9
12.0
5.6
6.3
37.6
22.2
27.9
58.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of 593 households reported in the above table, 0.8 per cent pay
under $5, 9.9 per cent pay under $7.50, 31.7 per cent pay under $10,
and 52.6 per cent pay under $12.50 monthly rental per apartment.
The average rent per month per apartment for all households is $12.63.
Households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father
show 2.8 per cent paying under $5, as contrasted with 0.8 per cent
of the households the heads of which are foreign-born, and no house-
holds the heads of which are native-born whites of native father paying
under this amount. The households the heads of which are of foreign
birth show a considerably higher per cent than those the heads of
which are native-born of foreign father paying under $7.50 monthly
rental per apartment, while no households the heads of which are
native-born whites of native father pay under this amount. House-
holds the heads of which are of foreign birth show a considerably
higher per cent paying under $10 and under $12.50 than the house-
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
277
holds the heads of which are native-born whites of native father and
those whose heads are native-J3orn of foreign father, which follow in the
order named.
The households the heads of which are native-born whites of native
father pay an average monthly rental per apartment of $15.76, the
average rent paid by the households the heads of which are native-
born of foreign father is $15.37, while the households the heads of
which are of foreign birth pay $11.94.
Households the heads of which are South Italians, Poles, and
Lithuanians show small proportions paying under $5 rent per month
per apartment, as contrasted with no households whose heads are of
other specified races paying under this amount. The households the
heads of which are Poles show 32.6 per cent, as contrasted with no
households the heads of which are English paying under $7.50 rent
per month per apartment. The households the heads of which are
Poles also show the highest per cent and those whose heads are English
the lowest per cent paying under $10, and the households the heads
of which are Lithuanians show the highest per cent and those whose
heads are English the lowest per cent paying under $12.50 rent per
month per apartment.
The households the heads of which are native-born of Irish father pay
an average rent per month per apartment of $15.03. Among house-
holds whose heads are of foreign birth, those whose heads are English
pay the highest monthly rental per apartment, or $14.93, and those
whose heads are Poles pay the lowest average rent per month, or $9.49.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified
rent per month per room.
TABLE 53. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting.
The totals, however , are for all races.J
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under
$1.
Under
$2.
Under
$3.
Under
$4.
Native-born of native father White
75
27
47
89
23
36
72
78
54
43
$3.08
2.94
2.49
2.39
2.82
2.62
3.11
2.68
2.58
2.37
0.0
3.7
.0
1.1
.0
.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
5.3
7.4
12.8
36.0
4.3
16.7
2.8
15.4
14.8
32.6
42.7
44.4
72.3
74.2
60.9
61.1
50.0
61.5
70.4
69.8
73.3
77.8
97.9
93.3
82.6
80.6
81.9
91.0
94.4
93.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian French ....
English
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
593
2.69
.5
16.9
62.1
87.5
Total native-born of foreign father
36
111
482
3.04
3.07
2.59
2.8
.9
.4
5.6
5.4
19.5
38.9
41.4
66.8
77. &
74.8
90.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
278
The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table shows 0.5 percent of households paying under
$1 rent per month per room, 16.9 per cent pay under $2 rent per room
per month, 62.1 per cent pay under $3, and 87.5 per cent pay under $4
rent per room per month. Households native-born of foreign father
show the greatest proportion paying under $1 rent per room per
month, followed by foreign-born in very small proportions, while
native-born of native father have no households paying under this
amount. Foreign-born show a high percentage of households pay-
ing under $2 rent per room per month when contrasted with house-
holds native-born of foreign father and native-born of native-father.
Foreign-born also show a considerably greater proportion paying
under $3 and under $4 rent per room per month than either native-
born of native father or native-born of foreign father. Native-born
of native father show a higher percentage than native-born of foreign
father paying under $3 rent per room per month, and native-born of
foreign father show a higher percentage of households paying under
$4 rent per room per month than native-born of native father.
Among the foreign-born, South Italians and French Canadians show
small proportions paying under $1 rent per room per month. French
Canadians show the highest percentage and Hebrews the lowest pay-
ing under $2 rent per room per month, French Canadians the highest
and Hebrews the lowest per cent paying under $3 rent per room per
month, and Armenians the highest percentage of households and
Greeks the lowest paying under $4 rent per room per month.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent
per month per person :
TABLE 54. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however,are forall races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying—
Under
$1.
Under
82.
Under
83.
Under
84.
Native-born of native father. White
75
27
47
89
23
36
72
78
54
43
$4.30
3.22
2.22
2.32
4.35
2.41
2.57
2.28
1.55
1.37
0.0
3.7
6.4
3.4
.0
.0
.0
3.8
5.6
25.6
4.0
18.5
44.7
34.8
.0
25.0
26.4
37.2
68.5
74.4
13.3
44.4
70.2
62.9
13.0
66.7
65.3
61.5
96.3
95.3
45.3
59.3
83.0
82.0
39.1
86.1
86.1
78.2
100.0
97.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Canadian French
English
G reek
Hebrew
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
593
2.44
4.0
34.2
60.2
77.2
Total native-born of foreign father
36
111
482
3.13
3.84
2.19
2.8
.9
4.8
19.4
9.0
40.0
47.2
24.3
68.5
63.9
51.4
83.2
Total native-born . .-
Total foreign-born
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
279
The totals of the preceding table show 4 per cent of households
paying under $1 rent per person per month, 34.2 per cent pay under
$2, 60.2 per cent pay under $3, and 77.2 per cent pay under $4 rent
per person per month. Foreign-born show a somewhat higher per-
centage of households paying under $1 rent per person per month
than native-born of foreign father, while native-born of native father
show no households paying under this amount. Foreign-born con-
tinue to show a much greater proportion of households paying under
$2, under $3, and under $4 rent per month per person than either
native-born of foreign father or native-born of native father, which
follow in the order named. The percentage of households whose
heads are native-born of foreign father paying each specified monthly
rent per person is considerably higher in each instance than that of
those whose heads were native-born of native father. Among the
foreign-born, Poles show a very high percentage of households paying
under $1 and under $2 rent per month per person, when compared
with the other races given, English, Greeks, and Hebrews showing no
households paying under $1, and English no households paying under
$2 rent per month per person. Lithuanians report the highest per-
centage of households paying under $3 and under $4 rent per month
per person, and English households the lowest percentage in each
instance.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
The practice of the housewives in keeping boarders or lodgers in
order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been
shown. In the present connection the bearing of the practice upon
living conditions is considered. The table which follows shows, by
general nativity and race of head of household, the number and
percentage of households keeping boarders or lodgers:
TABLE 55.— Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
encire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging^]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent .
Native-born of native father, White . .
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
13
6
6
16
21
4
10
22
7
3
23
51
42
8
13.7
(a)
16.2
30.8
20.0
13.8
25.6
25.6
18.4
(a)
28.4
83.6
85.7
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish. ...
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total...
710
232
32.7
Total native-born of foreign father
H,
141
569
12
25
207
26.1
17.7
36.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 12—11 19
280
The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table shows that 32.7 per cent of the 710 households
included in this inquiry were keeping boarders or lodgers. The per-
centage for foreign-born was somewhat higher and that for the
native-born of foreign father was somewhat lower. Most of the
foreign-born races do not show any wide variations from the average.
The exceptions are the Lithuanians and Poles, both of which races
have more than double the average percentage of households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
The table next submitted shows the average number of boarders
or lodgers per household, by general nativity and race of head of
household. The averages are based (1) on the total number of
households studied and (2) on the number of households having
boarders or lodgers.
TABLE 56. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household —
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Based n
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
13
6
6
16
21
4
10
22
7
3
23
51
42
8
18
7
8
30
40
5
17
36
15
7
48
164
129
15
0.19
(a).22
.58
.38
.17
.44
.42
.39
.64
.59
2.69
2.63
.83
1.38
(a)
(a)
1.88
1.90
(a)
1.70
1.64
(°)
(a)
2.09
3.22
3.07
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French. .
Enalish
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian ....
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
710
232
539
.76
2.32
Total native-born of foreign father
46
141
569
12
25
207
15
33
506
.33
.23
.89
1.25
1.32
2.44
Total native-born ... ....
Total foreign-born
" Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 710 households concerning which information was secured 232
are keeping boarders or lodgers, the number of boarders or lodgers
kept being 539. The average number of boarders or lodgers per
household as based on the total number of households is 0.76 and
the average number per household as based on the number of house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers is 2.32. The households the heads
of which are foreign-born show a considerably higher average num-
ber of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the total number
of households than do either the households the heads of which are
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
281
native-born of foreign father or those whose heads are native whites
born of native father, which follow in the order named. The house-
holds the heads of which are foreign-born a1 so show a considerably
higher average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based
on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers than either
the households the heads of which are native whites born of native
father or native-born of foreign father, which follow in the order
named. Of the races among the foreign-born the households the
heads of which are Lithuanians and Poles show by far the highest
average number of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the
total number of households and also on the number of households
keeping boarders or lodgers. The households the heads of which
are English show the smallest average number of boarders or lodgers
per household as based on the total number of households, and the
households the heads of which are Hebrew the lowest average num-
ber of boarders or lodgers per household as based on the number of
households keeping boarders or lodgers.
SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.
The range in the size of apartments occupied by the households
studied is set forth in the table next presented. This table shows,
by general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of
households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms :
TABLE 57. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
house-
hold.
Per cent of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father, Irish
95
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
81
61
49
5.38
5.41
4.90
5.28
5.59
4.26
4.55
6.45
4.57
4.05
4.16
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.2
.0
.0
1.0
3.4
10.3
.0
.0
4.9
3.3
4.1
5.3
5.4
5.8
4.8
3.4
25.6
9.3
.0
16.0
24.6
18.4
15.8
27.0
46.2
21.0
13.8
30.8
46.5
13.2
27.2
47.5
44.9
27.4
27.0
26.9
31.4
24.1
10.3
27.9
13.2
23.5
14.8
22.4
27.4
21.6
9.6
29.5
31.0
17.9
14.0
23.7
27.2
89
. Z
10.2
21.1
18.9
11.5
12.4
24.1
5.1
2.3
50.0
1.2
1.6
.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French. .
English
Greek .
Hebrew. .
Irish
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
710
4.91
.0
2.5
10.8
30.4
24.2
20.4
11.5
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
46
141
509
5.30
5.35
4.80
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
2.6
6.5
5.7
12.1
28.3
19.9
33.0
26.1
27.0
23.6
21.7
25.5
19.2
17.4
19.9
9.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
A 4-room apartment is occupied by a greater proportion of the
total number of households than any other size. Comparatively
large proportions occupy 5 and 6 room apartments. The smaller
apartments, 1,2, and 3 rooms, are least frequently occupied. The
households native-born of native father occupy 5 and 6 rooms most
282
The Immigration Commission.
commonly. The native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born
occupy 4-room apartments more frequently than any other size.
Unusually large proportions of the Greek households occupy 2 and 3
room apartments. The greater number of the specified races most
frequently occupy 4 rooms. Of the Irish households, however, 50
per cent occupy apartments of 7 rooms or more. The French Cana-
dians, English, and South Italians quite commonly occupy 5 and 6
room apartments.
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table following exhibits the range in the size of households
studied. It shows the percentage of households of each specified
number of persons, by general nativit}" and race of head of household.
TABLE 58. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of
persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
95
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
81
61
49
3.53
4.81
5.54
5.29
3.55
4.54
5.52
5.26
5.35
6.80
6.98
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
23.2
13.5
11.5
9.5
37.9
10.3
.0
5.3
8.6
1.6
.2
30.5
13.5
9.6
21.9
17.2
30.8
14.0
18.4
19.8
6.6
2.0
25.3
18.9
17.3
16.2
17.2
15.4
17.4
5.3
16.0
8.2
4.1
14.7
16.2
15.4
5.7
13.8
17.9
27.9
28.9
7.4
19.7
16.3
5.3
21.6
17.3
13.3
6.9
10.3
15.1
13.2
17.3
11.5
18.4
0.0
8.1
5.8
11.4
6.9
2.6
S.I
18.4
13.6
19.7
2(i. 5
1.1
2.7
11.5
11.4
.0
7.7
8:1
7.9
8.6
8.2
20.4
0.0
5.4
3.8
7.6
.0
2.6
5.8
2.6
4.9
9.8
2.0
0.0
.0
7.7
2.9
.0
2.6
3.5
.0
3.7
14.8
10.2
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father
Foreign-born :
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew ....
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian .
Polish
Grand total
710
5.20
.0
9.9
17.9
15.5
15.8
13.9
10.7
8.0
4.4
3.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
46
141
569
4.98
4.00
5.50
0.
0.
0.
10.9
19.1
7.6
13.0
24.8
16.2
15.2
22.0
13.9
19.6
16.3
15.6
26.1
12.1
11. t
6.5
2.1
12.8
2.2
1.4
9.7
6.5
2.1
4.9
.0
.0
4.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 710 households studied, 17.9 per cent consist of 3 persons;
15.8 per cent consist of 5 persons and slightly smaller proportions con-
sist of 4 persons. Only 3.9 per cent consist of 10 or more persons.
The foreign-born show a small proportion of households consisting of
10 or more persons, while the native-born of foreign father and native-
born of native father show none. Among households of more than
6 persons the foreign-born predominate. In households consistirg
of 2 persons the native-born of foreign father show a decidedly larger
proportion of households than do the foreign-born. Among the
foreign-born races that report households consisting of 2 persons the
English show the largest proportion, or 37.9 per cent. The Hebrews
report none and French Canadians, Irish, South Italians, Lithuanians,
and Poles show proportions less than 10 per cent. The Hebrews, in
contrast with the small proportion of households consisting of 3 persons
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
283
show the largest proportion consisting of 4 persons. The Poles pre-
dominate in the tabulation of households consisting of 6 persons.
That race shows 18.4 per cent, as compared with but 6.9 per cent of
the English. None of the races show a proportion equal to 10 per
cent of households consisting of 9 persons, while the English show
none. None of the Irish or English households consist of 10 or more
persons. Of the Lithuanians 14.8 per cent and of the Poles 10.2 per
cent consist of 10 or more persons.
CONGESTION.
The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of the
employees in the shoe manufacturing industry is indicated by the
preceding tables. In the following series of tables the degree of con-
gestion and its effect upon living arrangements is more directly set
forth. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race
of head of household, the average number of persons in apartments of
each specified number of rooms.
TABLE 59. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms.
household.
1.
2¥
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
(a)
(a)
3.73
3.08
3.65
3.90
3.53
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian French
(a)
(a)
(a)
(")
(a)
(°)
Irish
(a)
4.20
4.80
(")
(a)
4.81
Foreign-born:
Armenian
(a)
4.54
5.14
(a)
(a)
5.54
Canadian, French
(a)
(a)
3.73
5.18
6.42
6.38
5.29
English
(a)
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
3.55
Greek
(a)
3.00
4.42
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.54
Hebrew
(a)
5.03
5.92
6.33
(a)
5.52
Irish
(a)
(a)
(a)
5.32
5.26
Italian North
(a)
(a)
(a)
5.36
Italian, South
(a)
4.54
5.23
5.58
5.64
(a)
5.35
Lithuanian . .
(a)
4.60
7.07
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.80
Polish
(a)
(a)
6.82
8.27
(a)
6.98
Syrian
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.56
Grand total
3.56
4.25
5.04
5.30
5.72
5.76
5.20
Total native-born of foreign father
(a)
4.31
4.92
5.20
(a)
4.98
Total native-born
(a)
(a)
4.00
3.66
4.08
4.57
4.00
Total foreign-born. .
3.60
4.33
5.19
5.77
6.27
6.37
5.50
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From the above table it appears that there is an average of 5.20
persons to each apartment regardless of size. In apartments of 2
rooms each there are on an average 3.56 persons; in 3-room apart-
ments the average number is 4.25 persons; the average for 4-room
apartments is 5.04 persons; in the apartments of 6 rooms the
average is 5.72 persons, and for apartments of 7 rooms or more the
average is 5.76 persons. A comparison between the native-born of
native father and the native-born of foreign father reveals a smaller
average number of persons per apartment in the case of the former,
and a comparison between these classes and those of foreign birth
284
The Immigration Commission.
shows the latter to have a considerably larger average number of
persons per apartment than either of the other groups. Among the
foreign-born races, only two, Polish and Lithuanian, average over 6
persons per apartment, while Armenians, Hebrews, North Italians,
South Italians, French Canadians, and Irish average over 5 persons;
with the Syrians and Greeks the average is over 4 persons to each
apartment, and the lowest average is shown by the English with 3.55
persons per apartment. Among those living in 3-room apartments the
Lithuanians and South Italians lead, averaging over 4 persons per
apartment, and the Greeks show an average of 3 persons. Averaging
over 7 persons per 4-room apartment, the Lithuanians show the most
congested condition; second place is held by the Poles, with over 6
persons per apartment; then follow the South Italians and the
Hebrews, each averaging over 5 persons; those averaging over 4 per-
sons per apartment are the Armenians and Greeks, while the French
Canadians with an average of something over 3 persons per apartment,
is last on the list. An exceedingly high figure is shown by the Poles
living in 5-room apartments; in fact, their average is over 8 persons
per apartment. Each of these races, Hebrews, South Italians,
French Canadians, and Armenians, average over 5 persons. Both
French Canadians and Hebrews average more than 6 persons to each
6-room apartment, and the South Italians' average in the same regard
is less than 6 persons. The French Canadians and the Irish are the
only races reported with figures in the column living in those apart-
ments of 7 rooms or more; the former averages over 6 persons per
apartment, while the latter average is less than 6, but more than 5
persons.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the average number of persons per apartment, per room,
and per sleeping room :
TABLE 60. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Average number of persons per —
Total
General nativity and race of head of household.
number of
households.
Apart-
ment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
95
3 53
0 66
1 56
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
9
(")
(a)
(a)
Irish
37
4.81
.89
1 84
Foreign-born:
Armenian
52
5 54
1 13
1 97
Canadian, French
105
5 29
1 00
1 93
English
29
3 55
64
1 72
Greek
39
4.54
1 07
2 03
Hebrew
86
5 52
1 21
2 38
Irish .
38
5 26
82
1 57
Italian, North
11
5.36
1 31
2 03
Italian, South
81
5 35
1 17
9 09
Lithuanian
61
6.80
1 68
2 41
Polish
49
6.98
1.19
2 43
Syrian
18
4.56
.89
1 67
Grand total
710
5.20
1 06
2 02
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
46
4 98
94
1 88
Total native-born
141
4 00
75
1 67
Total foreign-born
569
5 50
1 15
0 10
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
285
The total number of households for which data were obtained aver-
ages 5.20 persons per apartment, 1.06 persons per room, and 2.02
persons per sleeping room. Considering the totals, the native-born
of native father have the minimum average number of persons in each
particular; the foreign-born have the largest average number of per-
sons per apartment, per room, per sleeping room. The English, Irish,
and Syrian households, on the whole, show the least degree of crowding.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and. race of
head of household, the number of persons per room:
TABLE 61. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons
per room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
0.66
(a)
.89
1.13
1.00
.64
1.07
1.21
.82
1.31
1.17
i.es
1.19
.89
19
7
17
37
63
6
26
70
12
9
56
59
48
10
1
1
20.0
(a)
45.9
71.2
60.0
20.7
66.7
81.4
31.6
(a)
69.1
96.7
98.0
(a)
1.1
Wo
1.9
1.0
.0
12.8
8.1
.0
(a)
13.6
31.1
26.5
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
1.2
.0
4.1
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
. .0
.0
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French.
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
1
1
Canadian, French
English. ..
Greek.
5
7
Hebrew.. . .
Irish
Italian, North
1
11
19
13
Italian, South.
1
Lithuanian
Polish...
2
Syrian ...
Grand total
710
1.06
439
60
3
61.8
s. :,
.4
.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
4G
141
569
.94
.75
1.15
24
43
396
1
2
58
52.2
30.5
69.6
2.2
1.4
10.2
.0
.0
.5
.0
.0
.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born...
3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that in 710 households studied the aver-
age number of persons per room is 1.06. Of the total number of
households 61.8 per cent have 1 or more persons per room, 8.5 per
cent have 2 or more persons per room, and 0.4 per cent have 3 or
more persons per room, while no households show 4 or more persons
per room. The households the heads of which are foreign-born show
an average of 1.15 persons per room, the households the heads of which
are native-born of foreign father show an average of 0.94, and those
whose heads are native-born whites of native father show an average
of 0.66 persons per room. The households the heads of which are
foreign-born show a considerably higher per cent having 1 or more and
2 or more persons per room than do either the households the heads of
which are native-born of foreign father and those whose heads are na-
tive whites born of native father, which follow in the order named.
The households the heads of which are of foreign birth show less than
1 per cent having 3 or more persons per room, while no households the
286
The Immigration Commission.
heads of which are native-born of foreign father and native whites of
native father show any households having 3 or more persons per room.
The households the heads of which are Poles show the largest propor-
tion having 1 or more or 3 or more persons per room, and the house-
holds the heads of which are English the smallest percentage having 1
or more persons per room. No households the heads of which are
English or Irish have 2 or more persons per room.
The range in the number of persons per sleeping room is shown by
general nativity and race of head of household in the following table:
TABLE 62. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per
sleeping
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
sleeping room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
sleeping room.
a;
c;
o
OJ
OJ
g
0
0
0^
b.
0
aJ
LH
O
g
o
0)
EH
0
a
O
a
8
cq
O
E
o
o
£
o
£
0
m
0
-r
o
to
0
0
0
IM
o
C<5
0
-F
o
>o
o
0
Native-born of native father,
White . .
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
1.56
(a)
1.84
1.97
1.93
1.72
2.03
2.38
1.57
2.03
2.29
2.41
2.43
1.67
33
5
19
36
61
16
25
66
10
7
59
50
44
8
10
3
6
8
15
1
9
26
1
1
29
15
13
3
4
34.7
(«)
51.4
69.2
58.1
55.2
64.1
76.7
26.3
(«)
72.8
82.0
89.8
(a)
10.5
(«)
16.2
15.4
14.3
3.4
23.1
30.2
2.6
(a)
35.8
24.6
26.5
(a)
4.2
(ay
2.7
1.9
.0
.0
10.3
9.3
.0
(a)
11.1
4.9
6.1
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.2
.0
(a)
4.9
.0
.0
(a)
00
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(°)
3.7
.0
.0
(")
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish . . . .
1
1
Foreien-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English. .
Greek
4
8
Hebrew. .
1
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South..
9
3
3
1
4
3
Lithuanian
Polish.
Syrian. . .
Grand total
710
2.02
439
140
34
5
3
61.8
19.7
4.8
.7
.4
Total native-born of foreign
father..
46
141
569
1.8S
1.67
2.10
24
57
382
9
19
121
1
5
29
52.2
40.4
67.1
19.6
13.5
21.3
2.2
3.5
5.1
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
5
3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that 2.02 is the average number of persons
per sleeping room among the 710 households covered by the table.
The average among foreign-born households is slightly higher, and
that among native-born of foreign father considerably lower. The
foreign-born have higher percentages of households which have each
specified number of persons per sleeping room than the second genera-
tion, showing a considerably higher degree of crowding. Among the
9 foreign-born races for which percentages have been computed the
South Italians, Greeks, and Hebrews show the greatest degree of
crowding each reporting comparatively large proportions with 4 or
more persons per sleeping room. The English and Irish show the
least congestion.
In the following table which concludes the series the effect of con-
gestion in the household upon sleeping and living arrangements is set
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
287
forth. The table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the number and percentage of households regularly sleep-
ing in all except each specified number of rooms :
TABLE 63. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except, each speci-
fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
house-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
ing rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of house-
holds sleeping in —
Per cent of house-
holds sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept 1
room.
A 11 ex-
cept 2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept 1
room.
All ex-
ccpt2
rooms.
Native-born of native father,
White
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
5.38
(a)
5.41
4.90
5.28
5.59
4.26
4.55
6.45
4.09
4.57
4.05
4.16
5.11
2.26
(a)
2.62
2.81
2.73
2.07
2.23
2.33
3.34
2.64
2.33
2.S2
2.88
2.72
6
1
4
15
8
1
13
8
"4"
24
46
31
2
20
6
10
21
46
2
18
46
12
6
27
11
10
8
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
2.3
.0
(a)
1.2
3.3
8.2
(a)
6.3
(a)
10.8
28.8
7.G
3.4
33.3
9.3
.0
(a)
29.6
75.4
63.3
(a)
21.1
(a)
27.0
40.4
43.8
6.9
46.2
53.5
31.6
(a)
33.3
18.0
20.4
(a)
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
i
2
"i"
i
2
4
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
710
4.91
2.57
11
163
243
1.5
23.0
34.2
Total native-born of foreign
father
46
141
569
5.30
5.35
4.80
2.65
2.39
2.61
5
11
152
16
36
207
.0
.0
1.9
10.9
7.8
26.7
34.8
25.5
36.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
11
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From the above table it appears that 710 households had an aver-
age of nearly 5 rooms per household and more than 2 sleeping rooms.
The averages per household of the foreign-born are nearly the same
as the general averages, but the average number of rooms per house-
hold among the second generation is larger. The greater degree of
crowding among the foreign-born in the locality is shown by their
higher percentages of those sleeping in all rooms, all except one, and
all except two, this nativity group being above the average in each
class. The Polish, Lithuanians, Hebrews, and Greeks show the most
congested conditions.
CHAPTER VI.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and
members of their households — [Text Tables 64 to 78 and General Tables 35 to 44].
LITERACY.
The general literacy of the employees of the shoe manufacturing
industry is set forth in the two tables which follow. The first table
presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the per cent
of employees for whom information was secured who were able to
read and per cent who were able both to read and to write.
TABLE 64. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
5,358
110
371
192
1,120
829
74
70
131
103
402
209
153
241
348
431
210
329
618
125
189
109
351
97
3,575
67
229
145
698
725
17
35
7
11
133
178
58
68
11
126
122
37
53
19
25
14
34
14
8,933
177
600
337
1,818
1,554
91
105
138
114
535
387
211
309
359
557
332
366
671
144
214
123
385
111
99.8
100.0
99.5
99.5
99.8
100.0
98.6
100.0
96.9
100.0
94.3
100.0
98.7
99.6
95.4
98.4
98.6
93.9
90.5
91.2
92.1
86.2
94.9
100.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.5
95.2
98.4
97.3
84.9
73.7
100.0
92.9
79.4
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.7
99.7
99.9
100.0
98.9
100.0
97.1
100.0
95.7
100.0
99.1
99.7
94.2
97.7
98.5
94.3
90.0
88.9
93.0
87.0
93.5
100.0
99.8
100.0
99.2
99.5
99.8
99.8
98.6
100.0
96.2
99.0
92.5
99.5
98.7
99.2
94.5
97.2
98.6
92.7
89.5
85.6
85.2
83.5
94.3
100.0
99.5
100.0
100.0
99.3
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
54.5
94.4
97.5
97.3
' 81.1
57.9
100.0
92.9
79.4
100.0
99.7
100.0
99.5
99.4
99.8
99.9
98.9
100.0
96.4
99.1
94.4
99.7
99.1
99.0
93.3
96.6
98.2
93.2
88.8
81.9
86.9
84.6
93.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Austria-Hungary.
Canada
England .
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Scotland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French.
Canadian, Other..
English... .
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian ...
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total...
12,717
6,563 19,280
98.2
99.2
98.5
97.7
99.0
98.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
2,924
8,337
4,380
2,025
5,606
957
4,949
13,943
5,337
99.8
99.8
95.1
100.0
99.7
96.1
99.9
99.8
95.3
99.7
99.7
93.9
99.9
99.6
95.3
99.8
99.7
94.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
289
290
The Immigration Commission.
From information secured from 19,280 employees in the shoe-
manufacturing industry, 98.5 per cent can read and 98.«L per cent can
both read and write. Of 12,717 males and 6,563 females constituting
the totals, a slightly lower percentage of the males can read and both
read and write than the females. Comparing the nativity groups,
it is seen that but a very slight difference exists in the proportions
of males and females who can read and both read and write of the
native-born of native father or native-born of foreign father, while
both of these classes show considerably higher proportions in both
the male and female groups than the foreign-born. Among the
different foreign-born races it is seen that all races except the Rus-
sians and Lithuanians show proportions higher, than 90 per cent
who can read, and ah1 races except those above mentioned, and the
Polish and South Italian, show more than 90 per cent who can both
read and write. The most marked differences in the proportions who
can read and both read and write shown by males and females exist
in the case of the following races: Greek, Lithuanian, and Slovak,
and in each instance the males show the higher proportions.
The following table shows, by sex, general nativity, and race of
individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over, in the
households studied, who read, and the per cent who both read and
write.
TABLE 65. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over vjho read and per cent who read
and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
144
83
79
113
128
38
92
154
34
145
182
145
31
177
88
90
67
129
23
36
146
46
110
95
90
22
321
171
169
180
257
61
128
300
80
255
277
235
53
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
89.1
100.0
93.5
98.1
97.1
82.8
78.0
84.1
96.8
100.0
97.7
100.0
77.6
91.5
100.0
44.4
88.4
82.6
60.0
62.1
77.8
72.7
100.0
98.8
100.0
88.3
90.3
100.0
79.7
93.3
72.9
72. r,
81.7
86.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
94.7
82.0
100.0
93.5
illi.,S
91.2
82.8
61.5
77.9
90.3
100.0
97.7
100.0
77.6
84.5
100.0
44.4
85.6
82.6
59.1
36.8
67.8
63.6
100.0
98.8
100.0
88.3
83. 3
100.0
79.7
91.3
86.3
72.5
53.1
74.0
79.2
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish. . .
Syrian
Grand total
1,428
1,236
2.664
91.2
.85.3
88.4
87.4
81.3
84.6
Total native-born of foreign
father
198
342
1,086
253
430
806
451
772
1,892
100.0
100.0
88.4
99.2
99.5
77.7
99.6
99.7
83.8
100.0
100.0
83.4
99.2
99.5
71.6
99.6
99.7
78.4
Total native-born...
Total foreign-born
The above table is concerned with the conditions of literacy among
2,664 persons over 6 years of age. The notable point which the table
brings out is the advance in education made by the second generation
over the foreign-born. Thus, while practically all the second gen-
eration of each sex can both read and write, only 83.4 per cent of the
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
291
foreign-born men and 71.6 per cent of the foreign-born women studied
are literate. Slightly higher proportions of each sex among the for-
eign-born can read but not write. Among the races the Lithuanians
show the highest degree of illiteracy, only 61.5 per cent of the men
and 36.8 per cent of the women being able to read and write. The
Hebrews show a notably high proportion of each sex who can both
read and write.
The table next presented shows the percentage of employees who
read, by sex, by general nativity and race, and by locality.
TABLE 66. — Per cent of employees who read, by locality, by sex, and by general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting in each locality. The totals, however, are
for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Per cent of males who read in
each specified locality.
Per cent of females who read
in each specified locality.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
East.
Middle
West.
Total
boots and
shoes.
Native-born of native father, White
99.9
100.0
99.4
• 100.0
100.0
94.8
99.7
98.5
99.9
100.0
99.3
96.6
99.8
99.5
99.8
100.0
99.6
95.4
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.5
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.5
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
England
Germany
Ireland .
Foreign-born, by race:
German
Greek
Grand total
97.7
99.1
98.2
98.6
99.9
99.2
Total native-born of foreign father
99.8
99.9
95.0
99.8
99.7
96.0
99.8
99.8
95.1
100.0
99.5
95.7
100.0
99.9
100.0
100.0
99.7
96.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.
Over 95 per cent of the total number reporting in each locality in
the preceding table can read.
The native-born females whose fathers were born abroad (in Eng-
land, Germany, or Ireland) show 100 per cent who read, while the
native-born males whose fathers were born in Ireland show 100 per
cent, and those whose fathers were born in Germany and England
99.8 per cent and 99.5 per cent, respectively.
The degree of literacy which prevails among persons of foreign
birth after designated periods of residence in this country may be
seen from the next table presented. This table shows, by years in
the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-
born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the percentage
who both read and write.
292
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 67. — Per cent o/ foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by years
in United States.
Per cent who read and write,
by years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian
180
257
61
128
300
80
255
277
235
53
88.0
88.2
100.0
77.8
90.2
82.5
95.0
(a)
81.0
90.9
92.3
90.0
100.0
100.0
99.0
88.8
70.2
88.1
86.2
100.0
88.0
76.5
100.0
77.8
87.2
82.5
95.0
(a)
81.0
89.4
92.3
82.7
100.0
100.0
98.0
86.3
70.2
73.8
75.9
94.1
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
72.5
67.5
81.5
72.2
75.3
72.3
80.3
88.9
71.6
44.7
74.8
61.1
75.3
54.5
71.8
83.3
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian . .
Total
1,892
79.6
80.1
90.7
73.2
74.2
86.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 1,892 foreign-born persons who are 10 years of age or over, 79.6
per cent of those who have been in the United States under five
years, 80.1 per cent of those with a residence of from five to nine
years, and 90.7 per cent of those who have been in this country ten
years or over are able to read. Of those who have been in the United
States under five years, 73.2 per cent can read and write, and of those
with a residence of from five to nine years 74.2 per cent and of per-
sons that have been in this country ten years or over 86.6 per cent
can both read and write. It will be observed that the percentage
who are able both to read and write in each period is smaller than the
percentage who can read in each corresponding period. The English
show 100 per cent in each period which has been computed who can
read and who can both read and write. After the English the
Hebrews report the highest percentage and the Lithuanians the
lowest percentage who can read in the group of persons who have
been in the United States under five years. In the group with a
residence of from five to nine years the French Canadians show the
greatest proportion, which is 95 per cent, and the Lithuanians the
smallest proportion, which is 72.3 per cent, who can read. Among
the persons with a residence of ten years or over, the English, Greeks,
and Syrians show 100 per cent and the South Italians only 70.2 per
cent who can read. In the group showing persons with a residence
of under five years, next to the English the Armenians show the
highest per cent and the Lithuanians the lowest per cent who can
both read and write. Among those with a residence of from five to
nine years the French Canadians report the highest percentage
and the Lithuanians the lowest percentage who can both read and
write. Among persons who have been in the United States ten years
or over, the English and Greeks show 100 per cent and the South
Italians only 70.2 per cent. It will be further noted that the same
proportion of the Armenians, the English, and the Greeks in each
corresponding period of residence who can read can also read and
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
293
write. The persons of other specified races in most cases show
smaller proportions who are able to both read and write than the
proportion with the ability to read.
The literacy of the foreign-born persons according to their ages
at the time of arrival in this country is set forth in the table next
presented. This table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons
10 years of age or over, in the households studied, who could read
and the percentage who could both read and write, by race of individ-
ual and age of individual at the time of coming to the United States.
TABLE 68. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all
foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read , by
age at time of coin-
ing to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Armenian
180
257
61
128
300
80
255
277
235
53
100.0
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
93.0
84.6
100.0
90.0
86.5
86.0
100.0
77.8
91.0.
88.0
68.9
72.0
81.3
86.0
100.0
92.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
90.0
93.0
84.6
100.0
80.0
86.5
76.7
100.0
77.8
88.2
84.0
68.4
51.5
73.5
79.1
Canadian, French
English . ..
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,892
96.0
81.0
94.6
74.7
The above table shows that of the 1,892 individuals included in
this inquiry 94.6 per cent of those who were 14 years of age or under
at the time of coming to this country could both' read and write. Of
those who were over that age when they came, 74.7 per cent were
literate and 81 per cent of this age group were partially literate. The
Lithuanians show the smallest degree of literacy and the English
the highest. The figures indicate that the younger immigrants are
more apt to learn to read and write than the older ones; also that a
considerable number learn to read, but do not learn to write.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The conjugal condition of the employees of the shoe-manufacturing
industry is studied in the series of tables next submitted. The
table first presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race,
the percentage of employees 20 years of age or over, for whom
information was secured, who were in each conjugal condition.
294
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 69. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are-
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White..
4,187
301
159
753
704
56
126
93
3S7
206
149
214
251
369
209
279
484
126
155
94
314
94
33.6
35.2
32.1
45.3
41.6
35.7
43.7
22.6
22 2
23^3
24.8
17.8
72.9
44.4
34.9
43.4
45.7
50.0
43.2
41.5
23.2
34.0
62.3
61. 1
61.6
52.5
55.0
64.3
54.8
76.3
70.5
71.4
71.8
77.6
26.3
55.3
59.3
56.3
52.7
50.0
56.1
56.4
75.5
64.9
4.1
3.7
6.3
2.3
3.4
.0
1.6
1.1
7.2
5.3
3.4
4.7
.8
.3
5.7
.4
1.7
.0
.6
2.1
1.3
1.1
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England . . .
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian .
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian .
Slovak . .
Swedish
Grand total
10,242
37.0
59.7
3.3
Total native-born of foreign father
2,164
6,401
3,841
42.3
36.5
37.8
54.7
59.8
59.6
3.0
3.7
2.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England :
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
German
Gree1--
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish...
Grand total .
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
2,036
54.5
32.6
12.8
151
60.9
34.4
4.6
109
56.9
26.6
Hi. 5
340
82.4
9.7
7.9
556
78.2
13.5
8.3
24
41.7
37.5
20.8
5
.0
100.0
.0
6
66.7
16.7
16.7
115
54.8
37.4
7.8
167
40.7
40.7
18.6
51
45.1
41.2
13.7
42
54.8
38. 1
7.1
10
20.0
80.0
.0
51
84.3
11.8
3.9
107
70.1
22.4
7.5
19
36.8
47.4
15.8
20
3S.5
57.7
3.8
15
33.3
60.0
6.7
9
66.7
22.2
11.1
4
(a)
(a)
(a)
23
26.1
60.9
13.0
14
50.0
35.7
14.3
4,029
60.3
28.5
11.2
1,241
74.8
16.6
8.6
3,332
62.0
26.7
11.3
697
51.8
37.3
10.9
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
295
TABLE 69. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
report ing
complete
data.
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White . .
6,273
452
268
1,093
1,260
80
131
99
502
373
200
256
261
420
316
298
510
141
164
98
337
108
40.5
43.8
42.2
56.8
57.8
37.5
42.0
25.3
29.7
31.1
30.0
23.8
70.9
49.3
46.8
43.0
45.3
48.2
44.5
42.9
23.4
36.1
52.5
52.2
47.4
39.2
36.7
56.3
56.5
72.7
62.9
57.6
64.0
71.1
28.4
50.0
46.8
55.7
52.9
51.1
54.3
55.1
74.5
61.1
7.0
4.0
10.4
4.0
5.6
6.3
1.5
2.0
7.4
11.3
6.0
5.1
.8
.7
6.3
1.3
1.8
.7
1.2
2.0
2.1
2.8
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Scotland . .
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian ..
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian South .
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
14,271
43.6
50.9
5.5
Total native-born of foreign father
3,405
9,733
4,538
54.1
45.2
39.9
40.8
48.4
56.2
5.1
6.3
3.9
Total native-born -
Total foreign-born
Of the 14,271 persons included in the preceding table, 50.9 per cent
are married, 43.6 per cent single, and 5.5 per cent widowed. The
foreign-born shows the largest and the native-born of foreign father
the smallest proportion who are married, the reverse being true as
regards those who are single. The Greek is the only foreign-born
race showing a larger proportion single than married. Comparing
the males and females, it is seen that a much larger proportion of the
former are married than single and a relatively small proportion
widowed. The reverse is true as regards the females. The Arme-
nians, Greeks, Lithuanians, and South Italians show a larger pro-
portion of married women than of married men, who are employed.
The proportion of widows ranges from 13.6 per cent of the Canadians
"Other" to none as shown by the Armenians and Greeks, while
the proportion of widowers ranges from 7.2 per cent of the French
Canadians to none of the Lithuanians.
The table next presented further classifies the totals of the one pre-
ceding and shows the percentage of employees for whom information
was secured who were in each conjugal condition, by general nativity
and race and by age groups.
48298°— VOL 12—11-
-20
296
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 70. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALES.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
50
I|
&3
£ <u
t- *j
K «
£&
a!
^
Per cent
who are —
M
fl
o/o
t£
K£
£&
19
&
Per cent
who are —
M)
fl .
£-2
a^
<U oj
^ ^
n<B
<^"o
£> 5
C K
is
&
Per cent
who are —
bo
o
£ =5
H
>H O>
H«
M2
eg
3 S
X
Per cent
who are —
V
"So
.a
OQ
•d
.X
1
•d
n>
&
o
•a
£
_oJ
"Sib
a
33
T3
_OJ
"C
u
03
a
"8
1
•a
is
_oj
U
a
35
•d
o>
!
^
•d
oj
ts
o
T3
is
OJ
U
a
3a
1
C3
S
•8
o
•a
^
4.1
3.7
6.3
2.3
3.4
7.2
5.3
3.4
4.7
.8
rf
.4
1.7
1.3
Native-born of native
father, white. .
2,079
149
67
440
263
108
59
44
47
188
270
46
176
289
188
55.4
53.7
55.2
64.8
68.4
50.0
50.8
54.5
48.9
86.7
57.8
78.3
61.4
69. 6
35.6
43.6
46.3
43.3
35.0
30.4
48.1
47.5
43.2
51.1
13.3
41.9
21.7
38.6
29.8
63.8
1.0
.0
1.5
2
LI
1.9
1.7
2.3
.0
.0
.4
.0
.0
.7
.5
1,417
124
63
238
326
178
102
62
74
56
90
97
90
161
101
15.2
18.5
17.5
18.9
30.1
16.3
14.7
14.5
16.2
35.7
8.9
28.9
14.4
12.4
5.9
79.9
75.0
74.6
77.3
67.2
77.0
79.4
85.5
s::. s
60.7
91.1
(19. 1
84.4
84.5
93.1
4.9
6.5
7.9
3.8
2.8
6.7
5.9
.0
.0
3.6
.0
2.1
1.1
3.1
1.0
691
28
29
75
115
101
45
43
93
7
9
66
13
34
25
5.6
10.7
10.3
14.7
13.0
3.0
6.7
9.3
3.2
(<0
(«)
13.6
.0
.0
.0
82.6
78.6
75.9
76.0
76.5
83.2
84.4
81.4
86.0
(a)
(a)
71.2
100.0
97.1
92.0
11.7
10.7
13.8
9.3
10.4
13.9
8.9
9.3
10.8
(a)
(<0
15.2
.0
2.9
8.0
4,187
301
159
753
704
387
206
149
214
251
369
209
279
484
314
33.6
35.2
32.1
45.3
41.6
22.2
23.3
24.8
17.8
72.9
44.4
34.9
43.4
45.7
23.2
62.3
61.1
61.6
52.5
55.0
70.5
71.4
71.8
77.6
26.3
55.3
59.3
56.3
52.7
75.5
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
of birth of father:
Canada
Eneland
Germany ....
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French...
Canadian, Other
English
German.
Greek ..
Hebrew, Russian —
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak .
Grand total
5,103
59.8
39.5
.7
3,656
17.3
78.8
3.9
1,483
6.9
82.1
11.0
10,242
37.0
59.7
3.3
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,061
3,162
1,941
64.8
58.5
62.0
34.8
40.7
37.6
.5
.8
.4
836
2,272
1,384
23.3
18.3
15.8
72.5
77.1
81.6
4.2
4.6
2.6
267
967
511
12.4
7.5
5.6
77.9
81.3
83.7
9.7
11.2
10.7
2,164
6,401
3,841
42.3
36.5
37.8
54.7
59.8
59.6
3.0
3.7
2.6
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father, White
1,322
110
66
272
361
66
74
31
27
8
51
63
14
16
15
71.9
72.7
77.3
90. 1
88.9
71.2
67.6
67. 7
74.1
(a)
84.3
87.3
50.0
62.5
40.0
23.1
25.5
18.2
7.0
8.9
28.8
28.4
25.8
29 9
(a)
11.8
12.7
50.0
37.5
53.3
5.0
1.8
4.5
2.9
2.2
.0
4.1
6.5
3.7
(a)
3.9
.0
.0
.0
6.7
549
36
34
61
171
36
68
17
13
2
25.7
25.0
29.4
52.5
59.6
36.1
20.6
11.8
23.1
(a)
52.5
66.7
41.2
21.3
24.0
47.2
00.3
58.8
69.2
(a)
21.9
8.3
29.4
26.2
16.4
16.7
19.1
29.4
7.7
(a)
215
5
9
7
24
13
25
3
2
20.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
50.0
23.1
16.0
(°)
(Q)
40.9
(<0
(a)
(a)
8.3
53.8
24.0
(a)
(a)
38.1
(«)
(a)
(a)
41.7
23.1
60.0
(a)
(a)
2,086
151
109
340
556
115
167
51
42
10
51
107
19
26
23
54. 5
60.9
56.9
82.4
78.2
54.8
40.7
45.1
54. S
20.0
84.3
70.1
36.8
38.5
26.1
32.6
34.4
26.6
9.7
13.5
37.4
40.7
41.2
38.1
80.0
11.8
22.4
47.4
57.7
60. 9
12.8
4.6
16.5
7.9
8.3
7.8
18.6
13.7
7.1
.0
3.9
7.5
15.8
3.8
13.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada .
England
Germany
Ireland .. .
Foreign-born by race:
Canadian, French...
Canadian, Other
English. ..
German. . .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
38
3
9
8
50.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
31.6
(°)
(»)
(a)
18.4
(a)
(a)
(«)
6
2
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(°)
(a)
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Slovak..
Grand total
2,621
76.3
19.9
3.7
1,08732.6
46.7
20.7
321
22.7
37.1
40.2
4,029
60.328.5
11.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father. . ..
869
2,195
426
86.2
77.5
70.2
11.3
18.5
27.5
2.5
4.0
2.3
322
872
215
49.7
34.5
24.7
31.1
44.5
55.8
19.3
21.0
19.5
50
265
56
38.0
24.2
16.1
16.0
36.2
41.1
46.0
39.6
42.9
1,241
3,332
697
74. 8 16. f
62. 0 26. 7
51.837.3
8.6
11.3
10.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.. .
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
297
TABLE 70. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
M
•2-
&
gj
£d
eg
3 5
fc
Per cent
who are —
W>
•3*
13
O> <L>
'— —
P
il
a o
fc
Per cent
who are —
M
3«
o"5
ft*
O> Oi
t- -4-J
If
P B
P o
s s
£
Per cent
who are—
to
*$
&
<3j Q}
t-H -4J
(- <u
II
I8
Per cent
who are—
<D
"So
02
•d
a;
•g
C3
a
•d
<D
iS
O
T3
£
o5
"So
a
02
•d
03
L<
Ut
03
a
•d
0)
O
2
is
a>
"to
a
00
O>
£
a
•d
£
o
g
£
OJ
"3b
.a
02
•d
.2
03
a
•d
1
o
TS
£
Native-born of native
father, White... .
3,401
259
133
712
624
174
133
75
74
196
321
109
190
305
203
61. 8
61.8
66.2
74.4
80.3
58.0
60.2
60.0
58.1
84.2
62.0
83.5
60.5
69. 2
36.0
35.6
37.5
30.8
24.3
17.9
40.8
36.8
36.0
40.5
15.8
37.1
16.5
39.5
30.2
63. 1
2.6
.8
3.0
1.3
1.8
1.1
3.0
4.0
1.4
.0
.9
.0
.0
.7
1.0
1,966
160
97
299
497
214
170
79
87
58
90
135
93
170
109
18.2
20.0
21.6
25.8
40.2
19.6
17.1
13.9
17.2
34.5
8.9
34.8
14.0
11.8
5.5
72.2
73.1
62.9
65.9
52.3
72.0
71.8
79.7
81.6
62.1
91.1
58.5
82 8
85.3
91.7
9.6
6.9
15.5
8.4
7.4
8.4
11.2
6.3
1.1
3.4
.0
6.7
3.2
2.9
2.8
906
33
38
82
139
114
70
46
95
7
9
72
15
35
25
9.3
18.2
10.5
17.1
19.4
5.3
10.0
8.7
3.2
(a)
(a)
13.9
.0
.0
.0
72.7
66.7
65.8
70.7
64.7
79.8
62.9
82. 6
85.3
(a)
(a)
70.8
93.3
94.3
92.0
18.0
15.2
23.7
12.2
15.8
14.9
27.1
8.7
11.6
(a)
(a)
15.3
6.7
5.7
8.0
6,273
452
268
1.093
1,260
502
373
200
256
261
420
316
298
510
337
40.5
43.8
42.2
56.8
57.8
29.7
31.1
30.0
23.8
70.9
49.3
46.8
43.0
45.3
23.4
52.5
52.2
47.4
39.2
36.7
62.9
57.6
64.0
71.1
28.4
50.0
46.8
55.7
52.9
74.5
7.0
4.0
10.4
4.0
5.6
7.4
11.3
6.0
5.1
.8
.7
6.3
1.3
1.8
2.1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
English
German
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
7,724
65.4
32.9
1.7
4,743
20.871.5
7.7
1,804
9.7
74.1
16.2
14,271
43.6
50.9
5.5
Total native-born of for-
eign father ....
1,930
5,357
2,367
74.4
66.3
63.5
24. 2
si!e
35.8
1.1
2.1
.8
1,158
3,144
1,599
30.7
22.8
17.0
61.0
68.1
78.1
8.4
9.2
4.9
317
1,232
572
16.4
11.1
6.6
68.1
71.6
79.5
15.5
17.3
13.8
3.405
9,733
4,538
54.1
45.2
39.9
40.8
48.4
56.2
5.1
6.3
3.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
<J Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of 14,271 persons reporting conjugal
condition 43.6 per cent are single, 50.9 per cent are married, and 5.5
per cent are widowed. Of persons from 20 to 29 years of age, 32.9
per cent are married, and 1.7 per cent are widowed. Of those from
30 to 44 years of age, 71.5 per cent are married and 7.7 per cent are
widowed. The employees who are 45 years of age or over show 74.1
per cent who are married and 16.2 per cent widowed. The foreign-
born employees show a higher percentage of married in each age group
than either the native whites born of native father or the native-born,
of foreign father, which follow in the order named. In each age group
the employees who are native whites born of native father show a higher
percentage widowed than those who are native-born of foreign father
or foreign-born, which follow as named. Among the employees who
are native-born of foreign father those whose fathers were born in
Canada show the highest percentage married in the group of persons
from 20 to 29 years of age. The employees whose fathers were born in
Canada also show the highest percentage married in the group from
30 to 44 years of age and in the group including all persons 20 years
of age or over. Among the employees 45 years of age or over, those
whose fathers were born in Germany show the highest percentage
married, while the employees whose fathers were born in Ireland show
the smallest proportion married in each age group. The employees
298
The Immigration Commission.
whose fathers were born in England show the highest percentage
widowed in each age group, the employees whose fathers were born in
Canada showing the smallest proportion of persons widowed who were
from 20 to 29, and from 30 to 44 years of age, while in the group of per-
sons 45 years of age or over the employees whose fathers were born in
Germany show the smallest proportion widowed. Among the foreign-
born employees the Slovaks show the highest proportion married
and the English the highest percentage widowed of those who are from
20 to 29 years of age. The Slovaks show the highest per cent married
and the Canadians other than French the highest per cent widowed
in the group of persons from 30 to 44 years of age. Among those who
are 45 years of age or over the South Italians exhibit the greatest pro-
poritons who are married and the Canadians other than French the
greatest proportion who are widowed. Of the employees who are 20
years of age or over the Slovaks show the highest percentage who are
married and the Canadians other than French show the highest per-
centage widowed. In the group including persons from 20 to 29 years
of agetheGreeks show the smallest proportion who are married and the
Greeks, Irish, and North Italians no persons who are widowed. Among
the employees from 30 to 44 years of age the Irish show the smallest
percentage married and the Russian Hebrews no persons who are
widowed. In the group including persons from 45 years of age or
over the Canadians other than French show the smallest proportion
married. Of the employees 20 years of age or over, the Greeks show
the smallest percentage married and the Russian Hebrews the smallest
percentage widowed. In each age group the male employees show
a higher percentage married than the female employees, while the lat-
ter show a considerably higher percentage widowed than the male.
Ihe following table shows, by sex, age groups, and by general
nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the
households studied who were in each conjugal condition:
TABLE 71. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS. )
[This table includes only races with SO or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Percent who
are —
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Percent who
are —
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent who
are —
Num-
ber
re-
port
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent who
are —
oj
"Si
a
iffl
•d
O)
"G
Lj
03
a
•d
0>
o
pE
OJ
"3
a
OS
.§
§
s
•d
o>
&
o
-3
$
o>
"3
_a
in
•d
!
a
•d
O)
o
T3
£
oJ
"3>
g
bo
•d
•|
a
S
-3
&
o
•a
fc
Native-born of native
father, White
32
12
24
35
45
60
56.3
91.7
54.2
28.6
71.1
38. 3
43.8
8.3
45.8
68.6
28.9
60.0
0.0
.0
.0
2.9
.0
1.7
48
29
50
46
29
36
12.5
37.9
30.0
10.9
17.2
58.3
87.5
55.2
68.0
80.4
82.8
41.7
0.0
6.9
2.0
8.7
.0
.0
34
15
19
46
2
17
2.9
.0
10.5
2.2
(a)
.0
94.1
80.0
84.2
89.1
(")
100.0
2.9
20.0
5.3
8.7
(»)
.0
113
56
93
127
76
113
21.9
39.3
32.3
12.6
48.7
:tx. it
77.2
51.8
65.6
80.3
51.3
60.2
0.9
8.9
2.2
7.1
.0
.9
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian, French.
Greek.
Hebrew..
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
299
TABLE 71. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity awl race of individual — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent who
are —
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent who
are —
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent who
are —
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent who
are —
_0
"3>
.9
03
d
a)
'£
Lj
C3
s
•8
o
•O
i£
.2
"3>
.a
W
-3
<u
V,
FH
C3
I«H
K5
i
&
o
T3
£
_0j
"3>
ra
•d
QJ
'LH
c
03
a
i
o
2
<u
To
:a
CO
T3
.X
i
a
70.6
77.6
54.8
CO. 9
•d
1
o
'd
£
Foreign-born— Cont ' d.
Irish
4
53
99
75
(a)
43.4
60.6
56.0
oo
56.6
39.4
42.7
oo
0.0
.0
1.3
13
50
64
54
15.4
4.0
23.4
16.7
76.9
96.0
76.6
83.3
7.7
.0
.0
.0
17
13
3
4
0.0
.0
00
(a)
70. r
92.3
(a)
(«)
23.5
7.7
00
00
34
116
166
133
14.7
21.6
45.2
38. 3
14.7
.9
.0
.8
Italian, South.. ..
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
494
53.8
45.5
.6
461
20.2
77.7
2.2
193
2.6
89.1
8.3
1,148
31.7
65.8
2.5
Total native-born of
foreign father
39
71
423
79.5
69.0
51.3
20.5
31.0
48.0
.0
.0
.7
39
87
374
30.8
•JO. 7
20.1
64.1
77.0
77.8
5.1
2.3
2.1
17
51
142
.0
2.0
2.8
76.5
88.2
89.4
2.3.5
9.8
7.7
95
209
939
45.3
32.5
31.5
48.4
64.1
ee. a
6.3
3.3
2.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father, White
44
26
19
33
22
63
38.6
84.6
15.8
15.2
.0
28.6
59.1
15.4
78.9
84.8
100.0
71.4
2.3
.0
5.3
.0
.0
.0
44
35
23
44
(l
33
15
34
14
12
25.0
37.1
4.3
.0
00
.0
20.0
.0
14.3
.0
68.2
60.0
95.7
97.7
00
97.0
80.0
100.0
85.7
100.0
6.8
2.9
.0
2.3
(a)
3.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
43
14
8
37
2
15
31
11
2
1
4.7
21.4
(a)
5.4
(Q)
.0
6.5
.0
00
(a)
62.8
42.9
(<0
67.6
00
73.3
45.2
63.6
(a)
00
32.6
35.7
00
27.0
00
26.7
48.4
36.4
(a)
00
131
75
50
114
30
111
46
87
74
76
22.9
50.7
8.0
6.1
.0
16.2
10.9
5.7
9.5
17.1
63.4
41.3
86.0
84.2
93.3
79.3
56. 5
89.7
90.5
82.9
13.7
8.0
6.0
9.6
6.7
4.5
32.6
4.6
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther Irish
Foreign-born-
Armenian
Canadian, French.
Greek
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
42
58
63
11.9
8.6
20.6
88.1
91.4
79.4
.0
.0
.0
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total . .
436
25.9
73.6
.5
305
10.8
86.6
2.6
184
4.9
63.6
31.5
925
16.8
75.9 7.4
Total native-born of
foreign father
68
112
324
67.6
56.3
15.4
32.4
42.9
84.3
.0
.9
.3
45
89
216
31.1
28.1
3.7
66.7
67.4
94.4
2.2
4.5
1.9
18
61
123
16.7
8.2
3.3
55.1
60.7
65.0
27.8
31.1
31.7
131
262
663
48.1
35.5
9.4
47.3
55.3
84.0
4.6
9.2
6.6
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father White
76
38
4.3
68
67
123
4
95
157
138
46.1
86.8
37.2
22.1
47.8
33.3
00
29.5
41.4
39.9
52. (
13.2
60.5
76.5
52.2
65.9
00
70.5
58.6
59.4
1.3
.0
2.3
1.5
.0
.8
00
.0
.0
. t
92
64
73
90
35
69
28
84
78
66
18.5
37.5
21.9
5.6
14.3
30.4
17.9
2.4
21.8
13.6
78.3
57.8
76.7
88.9
85.7
68.1
78.6
97.6
78.2
86.4
3.3
4.7
1.4
5.6
.0
1.4
3.6
.0
.0
.0
77
29
27
83
4
32
48
24
5
5
3.9
10.3
7.4
3.6
00
.0
4.2
.0
00
CO
76.6
62. 1
81.5
79.5
00
87.5
56. 3
79.2
00
00
19.5
27.6
11.1
16.9
00
12.5
39.6
20.8
00
00
245
131
143
241
106
224
80
203
240
209
22.4
45; 8
23.8
9.5
34.9
27.7
12.5
14.8
34.2
30.6
69.?
45.8
72.7
82.2
63.2
69.6
62.5
82.8
65.8
68.9
7.8
8.4
3.5
8.3
1.9
2.7
25.0
2.5
.0
.5
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French.
Greek.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
930
40.8
58.7
.5
766
16.4
81.2
2.3
377
3.7
76. 7
19.6
2.073
25. 0 70. 3
4.7
Total native-born of
foreign father
107
183
747
72.0
61.2
35.7
28.0
38.3
63.7
.0
.5
.5
84
176
590
31.0
24.4
14.1
65.5
72.2
83.9
3.6
3.4
2.0
35
112
265
8.6
5.4
3.0
65.7
73.2
78.1
25.7
21.4
18.9
226
471
1,602
46.9
34.2
22.3
47.8
59.2
73.5
5.3
6.6
4.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
300
The Immigration Commission.
The maximum proportion who are married of the total number
reporting are 30 to 44 years of age. The minimum proportion who
are married, 58.7 per cent, are 20 to 29 years of age. The latter age
group includes the largest proportion of single individuals. The 45
years of age or over group includes the maximum proportion of
wiodowed. Of the total number of male individuals the maximum
proportion who are married are 45 years or over; the minimum pro-
portion, 20 to 29 years. Moreover, the greater part of the males in
the 20 to 29 years of age are single. The maximum proportion of
the females who are married are 30 to 44 years of age; the minimum
proportion, 45 years of age or over; in every age group, however, the
greater part of the females are married. The most notable difference
in the conjugal condition of the sexes is the proportion who are
widowed of those 45 years of age or over, only 8.3 per cent of the
males being in that state and 31.5 per cent of the females.
The native-born of foreign father have a smaller proportion who
are married in every age group than any other class. The foreign-
born, on the contrary, have the largest proportion of married in every
age group. The native-born of native father show a greater propor-
tion of males who are married than of females in each age group,
excepting 20 to 29 years of age. The native-born of foreign father
show a greater proportion of males than of females married only in
the 45 years of age or over group. Likewise the foreign-born show a
greater proportion of males than of females only among those 45 years
of age or over.
The following table shows the percentage of employees 20 years
of age or over who are married, by sex, by general nativity and race,
and by locality:
TABLE 72. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over who are married, by locality, by
sex, and by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting in each locality. The totals, however,
are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Native-born of native father, White
67.9
51.1
62.3
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
England
60.2
64.7
61.6
Germany . .
57.6
51.5
52.5
Ireland
55.8
51.2
55.0
Foreign-born, by race, German . ...
76.0
78.9
77.6
Grand total
63.0
51.7
59.7
Total native-born of foreign father
57.7
50.9
54.7
Total native-born
64.7
51.3
59.8
Total foreign-born . ...
60.8
53.4
59.6
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
40.9
15.9
32.6
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
England
32.5
12.5
26.6
Germany
18.8
7.6
9.7
Ireland . .
17.0
4.0
13.5
Foreign-born, by race, German
41.7
36.7
38.1
Grand total . . .
35.6
13.0
28.5
Total native-born of foreign father
23.1
7.3
16.6
Total native-born .
34.8
12.3
26.7
Total foreign-born .
38.3
27.4
37.3
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
301
TABLE 72. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over who are married, by locality, by
sex, and by general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
Native-born of native father, White . . ...
58.9
39.4
52.5
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
England
48.6
44.6
47.4
Germany
44.0
38.2
39.2
Ireland ..
39.8
25.6
36.7
Foreign-born, by race, German
72.3
70. 1
71.1
Grand total
55.4
40.2
50.9
Total native-born of foreign father
n. 6
35.8
40.8
Total native-born
54.4
38.3
48.4
Total foreign-born
57.1
50.9
56.2
Of the total number of persons 20 years of age or over employed
in this industry, 50.9 per cent are married. As regards the two
localities studied it is seen that the proportion who are married in
the East is larger than the proportion in the Middle West; this is
true of each nativity group — the one foreign-born race and each
division of the native-born of foreign father. A comparison between
the males and females in the different localities shows that a decidedly
larger proportion of the men than of the women employees, in each,
are married.
While a considerable proportion of the foreign-born male employees
were married, it is significant, in connection with their conjugal con-
dition, that a number of them, upon immigrating to this country,
left their wives abroad. This fact is disclosed by the following table,
which shows, by race of husband, the percentage of foreign-born
husbands who report wife in the United States and the percentage
who report wife abroad:
TABLE 73. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and
per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 49 or more husbands ruportino;. The total, however, is for all
foreign-bora.]
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent reporting wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Armenian
69
70
272
144
101
ICO
64
193
116
149
250
€0
82
52
228
57
71.0
58.6
98.5
99.3
96.0
97.5
34.4
89.6
100.0
77.2
66.8
93.3
90.2
55.8
71.9
96.5
29.0
41.4
1.5
.7
4.0
2.5
65.6
10.4
.0
22.8
33.2
6.7
9.8
44.2
28.1
3.5
Bohemian and Moravian . . ..
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other .
English
German
Greek .
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian .. . .
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish .
Total.
2/213
83.1
16.9
302
The Immigration Commission.
The wives of 83.1 per cent of the 2,213 husbands included in the
preceding table are in the United States, leaving 16.9 per cent whose
wives are abroad. The Irish is the only race which reports the entire
number of wives in the United States, while the Greeks report the
lowest proportion, or 34.4 per cent.
The table next presented shows the percentage of foreign-born
husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband and by locality :
TABLE 74. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report ivife abroad, by locality and by
race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with. 40 or more husbands reporting in each locality. The total, however,
is for all foreign-born.]
Race of husband.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
German
2.7
2 3
2 5
Total. .
17.0
16 5
16 9
Of the total number of foreign-born husbands employed in the shoe
manufacturing industry in the East, 17 per cent report wife abroad,
as compared with 16.5 per cent of those in the Middle West. A differ-
ence of less than 1 per cent is shown between the two localities as
regards the German, which is the only race reporting sufficient
numbers for computation.
The tendency on the part of the husbands of foreign birth, who
came to this country without their wives, to send for them after
designated periods of residence may be seen from the table next
presented. This table shows, by race of husband and by years hus-
band has been in the United States, the percentage of foreign-born
husbands who report wife abroad.
TABLE 75. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband
and by years husband has been in the United States.
(ST0DT OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]
Race of husband.
Number having been in United States
each specified number of years who
report location of wife.
Per cent having been in United States
each specified number of years who
report wife abroad.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
5
1
21
7
77
2
38
77
92
16
7
5
9
59
4
60
83
94
251
136
75
144
57
110
51
90
42
272
144
101
160
193
116
149
250
228
0.0
(")
19.0
14.3
18.2
(a)
52.6
63.6
55.4
0.0
.0
.0
11.1
10.2
(a)
15.0
26.5
11.7
1.6
.7
.0
1.4
.0
.0
9.8
13.3
4.8
1.5
.7
4.0
2.5
10.4
.0
22.8
33.2
28.1
English
German
Hebrew, Russian. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
303
The totals for all foreign-born husbands irrespective of length of
residence in the United States show South Italian husbands having
the highest percentage of wives who are abroad; Slovak and North
Italian husbands follow in somewhat smaller proportions, each, how-
ever, showing over 20 per cent of husbands having wives abroad.
Russian Hebrews show over 10 per cent and English, German,
French Canadian, and Canadian other than French husbands, in the
order named, show less than 5 per cent having wives abroad, while
no Irish husbands report wives in Europe. In each specified period
of residence the North Italian, South Italian, and Slovak husbands
show the highest per cent having wives abroad, while the French
Canadian husbands who have been in the United States under five
years all report wives in this country. The French Canadian, Cana-
dian other than French, and English husbands with a residence of
from five to nine years report no wives abroad and all English, Russian
Hebrew, and Irish husbands with a residence of ten years or over
report wives in the United States.
VISITS ABROAD.
The extent to which employees of foreign birth return to their
native country for long or short periods appears from the following
table. This table shows, by sex, years in the United States, and race
of individual, the visits abroad made by foreign-born employees.
TABLE 76. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Kace.
Number in United States —
Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by
years in United States.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years'
or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other . .
, 12
9
14
168
172
14
109
249
158
28
12
13
36
76
15
96
157
105
295
147
165
22
58
146
78
124
40
335
168
192
226
306
175
283
530
303
75.0
55.6
.0
8.3
2.3
.0
11.0
8.4
4.4
60.7
58.3
7.7
22.2
.0
6.7
22.9
22.9
16.2
64.4
70.1
9.7
27.3
3.4
14.4
23.1
25.8
15.0
64.5
68.5
8.9
12.4
2.0
12.6
18.4
16.8
9.9
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North.
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
1,312
762
1,415
3,489
7.4
18.9
32.9
20.2
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
7
10
14
21
76
91
97
122
42.9
60 0
71.4
71 4
68.4
75 8
67.0
73 8
German
14
13
19
46
7 1
o
15 8
8 7
Greek
4
3
7
(a)
(a)
o
Hebrew, Russian. . . .
Irish
58
14
11
15
4
44
73
73
.0
o
.0
13 3
(a)
20 5
.0
15 1
Italian, North
9
11
6
26
o
18 2
16 7
11 5
Italian, South
14
9
11
84
o
o
0
Slovak..
21
8
5
34
o
o
60 0
8 8
Total
201
118
307
626
5 0
25 4
49 8
30 §
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
304
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 76. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race
Number in United States —
Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by
years in United States.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
19
19
28
172
230
28
118
263
179
42
33
26
39
87
30
107
166
113
371
238
184
22
62
190
84
135
45
432
290
238
233
379
248
309
564
337
63.2
57.9
3.6
8.1
1.7
.0
10.2
8.0
3.9
64.3
66.7
3.8
20.5
.0
10.0
22.4
21.7
15.0
65.2
72.3
10.3
27.3
3.2
15.8
22.6
23.7
20.0
65.0
70.7
8.8
12.0
1.6
13.3
17.8
15.8
9.8
German..
Greek..
Hebrew, Russian
Irish... .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak .
Total
1.513
880
1,722
4,115
7. 1
19.8
35.9
21.8
Of a total of 4,115 foreign-born individuals in the shoe industry,
21.8 per cent have made one or more visits abroad; 7.1 per cent of
those who have been in the United States under five years, 19.8 per
cent from five to nine years, and 35.9 per cent of those who have been
in the United States ten years or over have made one or more visits
abroad. It is noted that a very high proportion of both the Canadian
French and Canadian other than French have made visits abroad,
which is doubtless due to the fact that they are so convenient to their
native homes. Of the other races, the more recent races, with the ex-
ception of the Russian Hebrews, show higher proportions making one
or more visits abroad in each period, generally speaking. Of 3,489
males 20.2 per cent have made one or more visits abroad. As was
shown by the totals, the percentage of visits abroad increase in the
longer periods of residence. The Russian Hebrews show the lowest
proportion who have made visits. Among the other races, exclusive of
the Canadian French and Canadian Other, the older immigrant races,
or German and Irish, show considerably lower proportions in each
period than do the more recent immigrants. Among 626 females a
somewhat larger proportion, or 30.8 per cent, have made visits abroad
than of the males. As in the case of the males, the Canadian races
show very high proportions in every period as having made visits
abroad, but of the other races the Germans alone show a percentage
for those who have been here under five years as having made visits
abroad. The Greeks, Russian Hebrews, and South Italians are the
only races employed in which none of the females reporting have made
one or more visits abroad.
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR
HOUSEHOLDS.
The age characteristics of the persons in the households studied
may be seen from the table next presented. This table shows, by sex
and general nativity and race of head of household, the percentage of
persons in the households studied who are within each age group.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
305
TABLE 77. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
150
86
154
280
54
119
238
86
216
246
205
39
12.7
20.9
15.6
16.4
9.3
17.6
20.2
8.1
19.4
18.7
22.0
15.4
10.0
15.1
12.3
18.9
7.4
5.9
18.5
14.0
13.9
5.7
6.3
5.1
1.3
5.8
1.3
4.3
3.7
.8
3.4
5.8
3.2
1.2
.5
.0
6.0
7.0
10.4
7.1
13.0
11.8
10.5
7.0
8.3
6.1
6.8
10.3
16.7
10.5
15.6
20.4
16.7
37.8
25.2
16.3
25.0
40.7
36.6
35.9
29.3
22.1
32.5
16.8
22.2
24.4
15.1
30.2
23.6
26.4
25.9
30.8
24.0
18.6
12.3
16.1
27.8
1.7
7.1
18.6
6.5
1.2
2.0
2.6
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English .. .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South . ...
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total .
1,927
17.5
12.2
2.5
8.1
25.6
23.9
10.0
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born. .
113
263
1,664
21.2
16.3
17.7
15.9
12.5
12.2
4.4
2.7
2.5
6.2
6.1
8.4
10.6
14.1
27.5
24.8
27.4
23.4
16.8
20.9
8.3
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish.
179
92
8.4
14.1
11.7
16.3
4.5
4.3
5.0
9.8
15.6
18.5
27.9
22.8
26.8
14.1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
119
28.6
11.8
3.4
8.4
19.3
21.0
7.6
Canadian, French
275
18.2
16.0
4.7
9.5
20.0
16.4
15.3
English .
49
4.1
6.1
6.1
12.2
18.4
32.7
20.4
Greek
58
22.4
10.3
.0
8.6
44.8
10.3
3.4
Hebrew
237
17.7
17.7
5.1
11.0
28.3
13.9
6.3
Irish .
110
3.6
16.4
3.6
1.8
20.9
28.2
25.5
Italian, South
203
28.6
16.3
4.4
5.9
22.7
16.7
5.4
Lithuanian
150
26.7
7.3
1.3
12.7
41.3
9.3
1.3
Polish
133
29.3
7.5
.8
8.3
44.4
9.0
.8
Syrian. . . ..
41
36.6
12.2
4.9
.0
26.8
17.1
2.4
Grand total
1,701
20.0
13.6
3.7
8.3
25.6
17.9
10.8
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
115
294
17.4
11.9
15.7
13.3
3.5
4.1
8.7
6.5
20.0
17.3
22.6
25.9
12.
21.1
Total foreign-born
1,407
21.7
13.7
3.6
8.7
27.4
16.3
8.7
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
329
178
10.3
17.4
10.9
15.7
3.0
5.1
5.5
8.4
16.1
14.6
28.6
22.5
25.5
16.3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
273
21.2
12.1
2.2
9.5
17.2
27.5
10.3
Canadian, French
555
17.3
17.5
4.5
8.3
20.2
16.6
15.7
English .
103
6.8
6.8
4.9
12.6
17.5
27.2
24.3
Greek
177
19.2
7.3
.6
10.7
40.1
19.8
2.3
Hebrew
475
18.9
18.1
4.2
10.7
26.7
14.5
6.7
Irish . . . . . . .
196
5.6
15.3
4.6
4.1
18.9
29.1
22.4
Italian, South
419
23.9
15.0
3.8
7.2
23.9
20.3
6.0
Lithuanian
396
21.7
6.3
1.3
8.6
40.9
19.9
1.3
Polish
338
24.9
6.8
.6
7.4
39.6
19.2
1.5
Syrian
80
26.3
8.8
2.5
5.0
31.3
23.8
2.5
Grand total
3,628
18.7
12.9
3.1
8.2
L'.Vli
21.1
10.4
Native-born of foreign father
228
19.3
15.8
3.9
7.5
15.4
23.7
ii :.
Native-born
557
14.0
12.9
3.4
6.3
15.8
26.6
21.0
Foreign-born
3,071
19.5
12.9
3.0
8.5
27.4
20.1
8.5
306
The Immigration Commission.
Upon information secured from 3,628 persons in the preceding
table, 34.7 per cent are under 16 years of age, while 57.1 per cent are
20 years of age or over, the remainder, or 8.2 per cent, being from 16 to
19 years of age. The group native-born of foreign father shows a
higher proportion of young persons than either the native-born of
native father or the foreign-born, the proportions who are under 20
years of age being 46.5 per cent, 29.7 per cent, and 43.9 per cent,
respectively. Among the foreign-born races the Armenian, French
Canadian, and South Italian show over 50 per cent of their number to
be 20 years or over; over 50 per cent of the English and Irish are 30
years of age or over and over 50 per cent of the Greek, Lithuanian,
Polish, and Syrian are 20 and under 45 years of age. The Hebrew is
the only race showing as high as 50 per cent of their number under 20
years of age.
The table next presented shows by sex and general nativity and
race the percentage of employees within each specified age group.
TABLE 78. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White. . .
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
5,635
110
389
200
1,137
SMi
75
70
134
103
414
220
158
241
359
442
218
329
628
128
191
109
354
97
24.9
46.4
22.4
19.5
33.2
19.2
62.7
20.0
6.0
9.7
6.5
5.9
4.4
11.2
30.1
16.5
4.1
15.2
22.9
1.6
18.8
13.8
11.3
2.1
22.2
24.5
23.7
20.0
22.3
15.9
21.3
21.4
23.1
14.6
10.6
11.8
11.4
8.7
35.1
39.4
9.6
31.0
25.5
32.0
37.2
25.7
26.3
12.4
15.1
10.0
14.7
13.5
16.8
14.3
8.0
7.1
26.1
20.4
15.5
15.0
16.5
10.8
17.3
21.7
11.5
22.5
20.5
29.7
17.3
26.6
26.8
18.6
11.2
7.3
12.9
14.5
10.2
13.8
5.3
20.0
17.9
17.5
19.3
20.0
13.9
10.0
8.1
10.0
16.1
14.0
13.9
19.5
10.5
13.8
15.8
19.6
14.1
10.9
19.3
18.0
10.9
23.7
1.3
21.4
24.6
29.1
23.7
26.8
25.9
20.7
7.5
10.4
28.4
13.4
11.8
15. 6
13.1
11.0
12.7
33.0
8.0
.9
5.4
10.5
5.3
10.6
1.3
5.7
2.2
8.7
12.6
15.5
20.3
23.7
1.9
2.0
15.1
3.3
4.9
.0
2.1
9.2
6.5
9.3
4.5
.0
1.8
4.0
1.3
2.5
.0
4.3
.0
.0
11.8
5.0
7.6
14.9
.0
.0
15.1
.6
.5
1.6
1.0
.0
.6
5.2
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Scotland . . ....
Foreign-born , by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
German
Greek .
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North ...
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian .
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
13,184
21.8
22.4
16.5
12.2
15.7
7.7
3.6
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
3,027
8,718
4,466
27.8
25.8
13.9
* 20.4
21.6
24.0
14.9
15.0
19.4
11.7
11.4
13.9
16.3
14.9
17.1
7.0
7.7
7.8
1.9
3.6
3.8
Total foreign-born
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
307
TABLE 78. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race — Continued .
FEMALE.
General nativity and race
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White. . .
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of Hrth of father:
Austria-Hungary
3,687
68
236
146
709
758
17
37
7
11
136
189
60
70
11
129
124
37
57
20
25
14
34
14
43.0
80.9
35.6
24.7
51.5
24.9
88.2
29.7
28.6
45.5
15.4
11.1
15.0
40.0
9.1
60.5
12.9
48.6
54.4
25.0
64.0
71.4
32.4
.0
25.4
13.2
29.7
27.4
29.2
29 2
5.9
27.0
14.3
45.5
30.9
22.8
25.0
28.6
54.5
34.9
29.8
29.7
19.3
50.0
24.0
28.6
26.5
42.9
10.7
2.9
17.4
18.5
9.7
19.3
5.9
8.1
28.6
.0
17.6
16.4
26.7
10.0
18.2
4.7
21.0
8.1
8.8
20.0
8.0
.0
17.6
14.3
6.3
.0
6.4
11.6
4.5
10.7
.0
8.1
28.6
.0
13,2
14.8
16.7
12.9
18.2
.0
14.5
5.4
7.0
.0
4.0
.0
5.9
14.3
8.6
2.9
8.9
11.6
4.1
12.7
.0
13.5
.0
9.1
13.2
21.7
11.7
5.7
.0
.0
10.9
2.7
8.8
5.0
.0
.0
17.6
21.4
4.5
.0
1.3
6.2
1.0
3.0
.0
10.8
.0
.0
6.6
12.7
3.3
.0
.0
.0
3.2
2.7
1.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.1
1.4
.0
.8
.0
.0
.3
.0
2.7
.0
.0
2.9
.5
1.7
2.9
.0
.0
1.6
2.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Canada.
England
( I ermany
Ireland
Italy
Scotland ........
Foreign-born , by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian , French
Canadian, Other .
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish. . . .
Grand total
6, 762
39.8
26.8
12.3
7.2
9.0
3.8
1.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born .... . .....
2,083
5,776
986
39.3
41.7
29.1
28.2
26.5
28.7
14.2
12.0
14.5
7.2
6.7
10.6
8.5
8.6
11.4
2.2
3.7
4.5
.2
1.0
1.2
Total foreign-born .
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White..
Native-born of foreign father, by
ountry of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
9,322
178
32.1
59.6
23.5
20.2
13.3
7.3
9.3
4.5
12.0
7.9
6.6
.6
3.3
.0
Canada
625
27.4
25. 9
15.7
10.4
15.4
3.8
1.4
England
346
21.7
23.1
15.6
13.3
15.3
8.7
2.3
Germany
1,846
40.2
24.9
14.1
8.0
8.3
3.6
.8
Ireland.
1,644
21.8
22.0
16. 6
12.3
18.6
7.1
1.5
Italy
92
67.4
18.5
7.6
4.3
1.1
1.1
.0
Scotland
107
23.4
23.4
7.5
15.9
18.7
7.5
3.7
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
141
7.1
22.7
26.2
18.4
23.4
2.1
.0
Bohemian and Moravian
114
13.2
17.5
18.4
15.8
27.2
7.9
.0
Canadian French
550
8.7
15.6
16.0
17.8
21.1
11.1
9.6
Canadian, Other ....
409
8.3
10. 9
15.6
17.6
24.4
14.2
2.9
English
218
7.3
15.1
19.3
14.7
22.0
15.6
6.0
German
311
17.7
13.2
10.6
10.6
17.4
18.3
12.2
Greek
370
29.5
35.7
17.3
8.4
7.3
1.9
.0
Hebrew Russian
571
20. 4
38. 4
17.9
7.7
8.1
1.6
.0
Irish
342
7.3
17.0
14.9
15.5
24.3
10.8
10.2
Italian North .
366
18.6
30.9
21.0
13.1
12.3
3.3
.8
Italian, South
CSS
25.5
25.0
19.6
13.3
11.5
4.7
.4
Lithuanian
148
4.7
34.5
28.4
16.9
14.2
.0
1.4
Polish
216
24.1
35.6
16. 2
9.7
11.6
1.9
.9
Russian
123
20.3
26.0
23.6
12 2
9.8
8.1
.0
Slovak
388
13.1
26.3
26.0
14.9
13.1
5.9
.5
Swedish
111
1.8
16.2
18.0
18.9
31.5
9.0
4.5
Grand tota
19,946
27.9
23.9
15.1
10.6
13.4
6.4
2.7
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
5,110
14,494
32.5
32.1
23.6
23.5
14.6
13.8
9.9
9.5
13.1
12.4
5.0
6.1
1.2
2.5
Total foreign-born. ...
5,452
16.7
24.9
18.5
13.4
16.0
7.2
3.3
308 The Immigration Commission.
The preceding table compiled from data secured from 19,946 persons
employed in this industry shows that 27.9 per cent are from 14 to 19,
23.9 per cent are from 20 to 24, 15.1 per cent are from 25 to 29, 10.6
per cent are from 30 to 34, 13.4 per cent are from 35 to 44, 6.4 per
cent are from 45 to 54 and 2.7 per cent are 55 years of age or over.
In the group of employees from 14 to 19 years of age those native-
born of foreign father show the highest percentage, closely followed by
the native whites born of native father, while the foreign-born show
comparatively small proportions. Among the employees from 20 to
24, 25 to 29, 30 to 34, and 35 to 44 years of age, the foreign-born show
the highest percentage followed by the native-born of foreign father
and the native whites born of native father. Among the employees
from 45 to 54 and 55 years of age or over the foreign-born continue
to show the largest proportion followed by the native whites born
of native father and the native-born of foreign father, in the order
named. Among the employees who were native-born of foreign
father, those whose fathers were born in Italy show the highest per-
centage who are from 14 to 19 years of age. The employees whose
fathers were born in Canada show the highest percentage who were
from 20 to 24 years of age and those whose fathers were born in
Ireland the highest percentage from 25 to 29 years of age. The
employees whose fathers were born in Scotland show the highest
percentage who are from 30 to 34, from 35 to 44, and 55 years of age or
over, and the employees whose fathers were born in England show the
highest percentage who are from 45 to 54 years of age. Among the
foreign-born, the Greek employees show the highest percentage from
14 to 19 years of age, the Russian Hebrew employees the highest
percentage who were from 20 to 24, the Lithuanian employees the
highest percentage from 25 to 29, the Swedish employees the highest
percentage from 30 to 34 and also from 35 to 44 years of age, while
the German employees show the highest percentage from 45 to 54
and 55 years of age or over. It is particularly noticeable that the
older immigrant races show a much higher percentage of employees
of an advanced age than the races from southern and eastern Europe.
In comparing the males and the females in the preceding table it will
be observed that a greater proportion of female employees than of the
male employees are from 14 to 19 and from 20 to 24 years of age.
The male employees show a greater proportion of persons who are
from 25 to 55 years of age or over than the females.
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Ownership of homes — Status of children in the households studied — Citizenship —
Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 79 to 91 and General Tables 45 to 53].
OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.
Home ownership by families, the heads of which were of foreign
birth, may be considered a strong indication of permanent settle-
ment, and the facts in this connection relative to the families, the
heads of which were employed in the shoe industry, are set forth in
the following table according to general nativity and race of head of
family :
TABLE 79. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
number of
families.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
98
17
38
58
117
31
36
91
41
14
88
80
63
20
17
17.3
(a)
26.3
8.6
13.7
19.4
5.6
15.4
53.7
(a)
3.4
8.8
9.5
20.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
10
5
16
6
2
14
22
1
3
7
6
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French. . . .
English
Greek
Hebrew. .
Irish
Italian, North. .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total
792
113
14.3
Total native-born of foreign father
55
153
639
10
27
86
18.2
17.6
13.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total number of families shown in the above table 14.3 per
cent own homes. Families native-born of foreign father show the
highest percentage owning homes, closely followed by those native-
born of native father, while foreign-born report somewhat smaller
proportions than native-born of native father. Of the foreign-born
races the Irish show 53.7 per cent of their families owning homes,
which is a proportion far higher than that of any of the other races
given in the table. Syrians and English follow with 20 and 19.4 per
cent, respectively, while South Italians, with 3.4 per cent of families
owning homes, show the smallest proportion of the foreign-born races.
309
310
The Immigration Commission.
STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The status of children in the households studied may be seen in
the following table, which shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of children 6 and under 16 years of age
who were at home, at school, and at work:
TABLE 80. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
At home. At school. At work
Native-born of native father, White 39
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French 55
Hebrew 21
Foreign-born:
Hebrew 31
Italian, South , 22
Grand total 285
Total native-born of foreign father -. 148
Total native-born 187
Total foreign-born 98
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White 51
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French 48
Hebrew 30
Foreign-born:
Hebrew 24
Italian, South 23
Grand total 295
Total native-born of foreign father 156
Total native-born 207
Total foreign-born 88
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White 90
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French 103
Hebrew 51
Foreign-born:
Hebrew 55
Italian, South 45
Grand total 580
Total native-born of foreign father 304
Total native-born '•'<' ' t
Total foreign-bora 186
0.0
10.9
.0
.0
4.5
3.5
5.4
4.3
2.0
100.0
81.8
100.0
90.3
81.8
91. 6
91.2
93.0
0.0
7.3
.0
9.7
13.6
4.9
3.4
2.7
9.2
2.0
2.0
3.3
8.3
17.4
4.4
3.2
2.9
8.0
98.0
89.6
86.7
87.5
69.6
88.5
89.7
91.8
80.7
0.0
8.3
10.0
4.2
13.0
7.1
7.0
5.3
11.4
1.1
6.8
2.0
3.6
11.1
4.0
4.3
3.6
4.8
98.9
85.4
92.2
89.1
75.5
90.0
90.5
92.4
84.9
0.0
7.8
5.9
7.3
13.3
6.0
5.3
4.1
10.2
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
311
Ninety per cent are at school of the total number of children 6
and under 16 years of age for whom data were obtained. Six per cent
are at work; 4 per cent are at home.
The native-born of native father show the maximum proportion,
98.9 per cent, at school; the foreign-born, the minimum proportion,
84.9 per cent. The foreign-born have a comparatively large pro-
portion of children at work.
A slightly greater proportion of males are at school than of females.
The latter sex, on the contrary, has a larger proportion at work and
at home.
Moreover, in each class of children, by general nativity, the pro-
portion of children at school is largest among the males, and the pro-
portion of female children at work is greater than the proportion of
male children.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
father and by birthplace of child, the number and percentage of chil-
dren in the households studied, 6 and under 16 years of age, who were
at home, at school, and at work.
TABLE 81. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more
children born abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
Number —
Per cent —
Number
General nativitv and race
Birthplace of
reporting
of father.
child.
complete
At
At
At
At
At
At
home.
school.
work.
home.
school.
work.
Native-born, White
United States
90
1
89
1.1
98.9
0.0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew
1 United States.
\Abroad
51
55
1
2
47
49
3
4
2.0
3.6
92.2
89.1
5.9
7.3
Italian, South.
(United States.
\Abroad
34
45
1
5
32
34
1
6
2.9
11.1
94.1
75.5
2.9
13.3
In comparing the first and second generations of Hebrews and
South Italians it will be noted that a greater proportion of the chil-
dren born in the United States, of each race are in school than of the
children born abroad. A larger proportion of the children born
abroad of the Hebrew and South Italian races are at home and at
work than of the children of these races born in the United States.
The difference between the groups of South Italian children again is
most marked.
CITIZENSHIP.
The table next presented shows, by race, the present political con-
dition of foreign-born male employees who had been in the United
States five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming to this country.
48296°— VOL 12—11 -21
312
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 82. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Armenian
24
8
60
35
2
1
42
3
76
26
62
14
44
68'
130
40
6
3
38
1
3
20
6
68
2
35
5
1
4
2
10
1
21
12
1
9
2
7
4
w
(")
35.0
w
(a)
(0)
54.8
(a)
82.9
(a)
29.0
(a)
61.4
20.6
13.1
15.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(a)
(<0
11.8
(«)
(a)
(«)
(")
(a)
(a)
(a)
(°)
11.7
(a)
(a)
(rf)
16.7
(°)
11.8
(a)
35.5
(a)
20.5
25.0
17.7
12.5
(«)
(a)
M
(a)
(°)
(a)
(a)
19.1
(a)
(«>
(a)
(a)
(o)
(a)
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Danish
Dutch
1
7
1
9
5
22
4
9
17
23
5
4
English
23
1
63
2
18
5
27
14
17
6
1
3
6
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian .
Polish
9
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
5
Russian
5
3
8
Scotch
Slovak
13
Slovenian
Swedish
24
10
1
Syrian
Turkish .
Austrian (race not specified)
1
2
2
Swiss (race not SDecified) . .
Total.
829
274
170
33.1
20.5
oNot computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 829 foreign-born male employees who have been in the United
States five years or over, and who were 21 years of age or over at the
time of coming, 33.1 per cent are fully naturalized and 20.5 per cent
have first papers only. German employees exhibit over 80 per cent
and English and Irish employees show over 50 per cent who are fully
naturalized. French Canadian, Russian Hebrew, and North Italian
employees follow in the order mentioned, but in very much lower
percentages, while Lithuanian, South Italian, and Slovak employees
show considerably under 20 per cent of males who are fully naturalized.
Russian Hebrew, North Italian, and Irish employees show the highest
proportion having first papers only and German and French Canadian
the lowest.
The disposition to acquire citizenship after designated periods of
residence in this country is set forth in the table next presented which
shows, by years in the United States and race, the present political
condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming to the United States.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
313
TABLE 83.— Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who ivere 21
years of age or over at time of coining to the United States, by years in the United States
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race.
In United States 5 to
9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
In United States 5
years or over.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent—
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Fully
natural-
ized.
Hav-
ing
first
papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Hav-
ing
first
papers
only.
Fully
natural-
ized.
Hav-
ing
first
papers
only.
Italian South
78
5.1
16.7
52
25.0
19.2
130
13.1
17.7
Total
403
7.2
26.8
426
57.5
14.6
829
33.1
20.5
Of 829 foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming to the United States, and who have been in
this country five years or over, 33.1 per cent are citizens and 20.5
per cent have declared their intention of becoming naturalized. Of
403 employees who have been in the United States from five to nine
years only 7.2 per cent are fully naturalized and 26.8 per cent have
first papers only. Of the 426 employees shown in the table who
have been in this country ten years or over, 57.5 per cent are citizens
and 14.6 per cent have first papers. In the group of employees
who have been in the United States from five to nine years, the
South Italians show a somewhat smaller percentage fully natural-
ized and having first papers only, than is exhibited in the totals for
ah1 foreign-born employees. South Italians also show a smaller per-
centage fully naturalized in the group including employees with a
residence of ten years or over, and also in the group of employees
who have been in the United States five years or over than is shown
in the totals for all employees. South Italian employees, however,
report a higher percentage having first papers only in the group
including persons with a residence of ten years or over than is shown
for all employees.
The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the present
political condition of foreign-born males, in the households studied,
who had been in the United States five years or over, and who were
21 years of age or over at tune of coming to this country.
314
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 84. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race
of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Armenian
33
35
14
?2
40
6
5
50
48
38
8
21
16
12
3
13
6
1
4
3
5
1
63.6
45.7
(a)
13.6
32.5
(a)
(a)
8.0
6.3
.0
(»)
15.2
2.9
(a)
13.6
37.5
(a)
(a)
18.0
2.1
15.8
(a)
Canadian, French
English
Greek
3
15
Hebrew
Irish . .
Italian, North
2
9
1
6
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
299
79
42
26.4
14.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 299 foreign-born males for whom information was obtained
in this industry, only 26.4 per cent are fully naturalized and an addi-
tional 14 per cent have secured first papers only. Of all races, for
which proportions are shown in the above table, it will be noted
that the Armenians, with 63.6 per cent, have a considerably larger
proportion fully naturalized than have the French Canadians or
Hebrews and a very much larger proportion than have the Greeks,
South Italians, or Lithuanians. None of the Poles, it will be noted,
have acquired full citizenship. Among those who have manifested
a desire to become citizens by taking out first papers, the propor-
tion of Hebrews is considerably in excess of the proportion of South
Italians, Poles, Armenians, and Greeks, and very largely in excess
of the proportion of French Canadians and Lithuanians.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The table following shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied, 6
years of age or over, who could speak English.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
315
TABLE 85. — Per cent oj persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how-
ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female. Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
109
24
122
133
97
166
22
152
183
147
31
105
36
71
129
40
159
18
121
95
93
23
214
60
193
262
137
325
40
273
278
240
54
99.1
100.0
86.9
96.2
57.7
91.0
77.3
80.9
60.7
51.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.9
83.7
30.0
71.1
77.8
44.6
20.0
44.1
78.3
99.5
100.0
75.1
90.1
49.6
81.2
77.5
64.8
46.8
48.8
90.7
Hebrew
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, Noi th. .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total
1,244
949
2,193
79.5
65.0
73.2
Total native-born of foreign father
191
1,053
197
752
388
1,805
99.5
75.9
100.0
55.9
99.7
67.5
Total foreign-born
A total of 2,193 persons reported complete data in the foregoing
table and of the number 1,244 are males and 949 are females. Of the
males 79.5 per cent can speak English and of the females 65 per cent.
Of the total 73.2 per cent can speak English. The native-born of
foreign father when compared with the foreign-born show both for the
males and females the largest proportion of persons who speak Eng-
lish. Among the foreign-born males 100 per cent of the Syrians speak
English. The proportion for the French Canadians is 96.2 per cent
and for the Hebrews 91 per cent. The Armenians and South Italians
each show a proportion of between 80 and 90 per cent of the foreign-
born male who speak English. The Polish males, of whom only 51.7
per cent speak English, show the smallest proportion. Except in the
case of the North Italians, each race reports a smaller proportion of
English-speaking females than of males. Of the North Italian
females 77.8 per cent speak English. The French Canadians show
83.7 per cent who speak English and the Syrians 78.3 per cent. The
Lithuanian females, of whom only 20 per cent speak English, show
the smallest proportion.
316
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by sex and race, the percentage of
foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races who speak
English :
TABLE 86. — Per cent of foreign-bom employees who speak English, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
TotaL
Armenian
126
102
406
238
345
427
319
615
126
184
108
342
94
5
11
126
67
11
121
37
55
20
23
14
34
14
131
113
532
305
356
548
356
670
146
207
122
376
108
73.8
58.8
98.0
96.2
62.3
93.4
75.2
63.7
66.7
57.1
63.0
52.9
96.8
60.0
100.0
96.0
91.0
54.5
83.5
89.2
63.6
20.0
47.8
85.7
23.5
100.0
73.3
62.8
97.6
95.1
62.1
91.2
76.7
63.7
60.3
56.0
65.6
50.3
97.2
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French.
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
3,730
:,i,4
4,294
74.6
78.5
75.1
Of the 4,294 persons included in the preceding table, 3,730 are
males and 564 are females. Of the total number, 75.1 per cent speak
English, as compared with 74.6 per cent of the males, and 78.5 per
cent of the females. Of the males of each of the several races the
proportion who speak English ranges from 98 per cent of the French
Canadians to 52.9 per cent of the Slovaks, while of the females the
proportions range from 100 per cent of the Bohemian and Moravian
and Swedes each to 20 per cent of the Lithuanians.
As regards the ability to speak English by locality, the following
table shows the percentage of foreign-born employees who speak
English, according to sex and race:
TABLE 87. — Percent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by locality, by sex,
and by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting in each locality.
The total, however, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
German
99.0
94.1
96.2
Greek . . .
65.9
55.2
62.3
Total.
74.4
75.6
74.6
FEMALE.
German
100.0
87.8
91.0
Greek
54.5
54.5
Total
76.7
89.7
78.5
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
317
TABLE 87. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by locality, by sex,
and by race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
East.
Middle
West.
Total boots
and shoes.
German
99.2
92.4
95.1
Greek
65.4
55.2
62.1
Total
74.7
77.1
75.1
Of the total number of foreign-born employees in the shoe manu-
facturing industry, 75.1 per cent speak English. Of the total number
employed in each of the two localities studied, only a small difference
is shown between the proportions who speak English — 74.7 per cent
in the East as against 77.1 per cent in the Middle West. The propor-
tion of both males and females employed in the Middle West who
speak English is slightly larger than the proportion in the East.
The progress of younger and older immigrants in acquiring an
ability to speak English according to age at time of arrival in this
country is considered in the table next submitted.
TABLE 88. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaMnE; races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.)
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak En1
glish, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
193
262
137
325
40
273
278
240
54
97.4
98.2
95.0
94.2
100.0
91.8
92.9
80.0
100.0
69.7
840
41.9
75.1
66.7
57.1
44.3
47.4
88.4
Canadian French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian North
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,805
95.3
60.1
Upon information obtained in this industry concerning 1,805 foreign-
born persons, it will be noted that of those who were under 14 years
of age at time of coming to the United States 95.3 per cent now
speak English, as compared with 60.1 per cent of those who were
14 years of age or over at time of coming. All North Italians and
Syrians who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to the
United States now speak English, the smallest proportion, or 80
per cent on the other hand, is shown by the Poles. With the above
exceptions, proportions of the other races vary little from the pro-
portion shown for all races. As regards those who were 14 years of
age or over at time of coming to the United States, the Syrians, with
318
The Immigration Commission.
88.4 per cent who now speak English, show a slightly larger propor-
tion than the French Canadians, a considerably larger proportion
than the Hebrews, Armenians, and North Italians, and a much
larger proportion than do the South Italians, Poles, Lithuanians, or
Greeks, in the order named, the last named reporting only 41.9
per cent.
The progress made by persons of non-English-speaking races in
acquiring the ability to speak English, after designated periods of
residence in this country, is set forth in the following table, which
shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, the
percentage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who
were 6 years of age or over and who could speak English :
TABLE 89. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table
includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for
all non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by
years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
193
262
137
325
40
273
278
240
54
54.8
73.7
31.0
68.8
33.3
51.6
30.1
33.1
78.9
79.5
87.0
80.0
88.1
100.0
73.9
54.9
63.9
94.4
98.5
91.8
100.0
96.0
85.0
78.9
73.8
86.2
100.0
Canadian French
Gree'-v
Hebrew
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,805
47.4
72.8
90.5
There is a greater increase in the extent to which English is spoken
between the periods under five years and five to nine years than
between the latter period and ten years and over. The Armenians
and Greeks, however, show a comparatively small proportion speak-
ing English for those who have been here under five years and a
comparatively large proportion for those who have been in this country
every other period or time. The North Italians show a relatively large
proportion speaking English for those who have been here from five
to nine years, but a comparatively small proportion for those who
have been here a shorter or longer period.
The table following shows by race the percentage of foreign-born
employees who speak English, by sex and age at time of coming to
the United States.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing.
319
TABLE 90. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by age
at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Total.
Canadian French
406
238
345
427
319
615
184
342
99.5
100.0
87.5
100.0
98.1
98.9
95.2
95.5
96.6
94.0
61.7
92.7
70.8
57.7
52.1
50.0
98.0
96.2
62.3
93.4
75.2
63.7
57.1
52.9
German
Greek .
Hebrew Russian
Italian, North
Italian, South
Polish .
Slovak
Total
3,730
99.0
69.8
74.6
FEMALE.
Canadian French
126
98.8
90.9
96.0
German
67
100.0
77.8
91.0
Greek
11
(a)
60.0
54.5
Hebrew Russian . .
121
97.6
76.3
83.5
Italian North
37
94.4
84.2
89.2
Italian, South
55
100.0
41.2
63.6
Polish
23
100.0
25.0
47.8
Slovak
34
100.0
10.3
23.5
Total
564
98.4
63.2
78.5
TOTAL.
Canadian French
532
99.3
95.6
97.6
German
305
100.0
91.6
95.1
Greek
356
77.8
61.7
62.1
Hebrew, Russian
548
98.9
89.8
91.2
Italian North . ...
356
97.1
71.7
76.7
Italian, South
670
99.1
56.7
63.7
Polish
207
96.4
49.7
56.0
Slovak
376
96.3
46.7
50.3
Total .. .
4,294
98.8
69.2
75.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 4,294 individuals employed in the shoe-manufacturing indus-
try the greater proportion, or 75.1 per cent, speak English, and
98.8 per cent of those who were under 14 and 69.2 per cent of those
who were 14 years of age or over when they came to the United
States speak English. Among those who were under 14 years of age on
coming to the United States, over 95 per cent of each race, except the
Greeks, speak English, and in the case of those who were 14 years of
age or over on coming to the United States the proportions are lower
in each instance. The older immigrant races and the Russian
Hebrews show a considerably higher proportion than the more recent
races, and the difference in proportions of the two age groups is not
so marked with them. Among the males it is seen from returns
made by 3,730 who reported that the totals are very nearly the same
as that shown in the totals for both males and females. All races
except the Greeks show more than 95 per cent of those who were under
320
The Immigration Commission.
14 years of age on coming to the United States as able to speak
English, while the proportions are very much reduced, especially
among the more recent races, the Russian Hebrews excepted, with
those who were 14 years of age or over. Of 564 females 78.5 per
cent speak English, while of those who came to the United States
under 14 years of age 98.4 per cent speak English and 63.2 per cent
of those who were 14 years of age or over at the time of coming to the
United States. Among the different races reporting it is seen that a
very high proportion of those who were under 14 years of age at the
time of coming to the United States, of all races, can speak English,
while a very much lower precentage is shown by those who were 14
years of age or over at the time of coming. This difference is more
marked in cases of the more recent immigrant races, especially the
Slovak and Polish races.
The following table shows, by sex, years in the United States, and
race, the percentage of foreign-born employees who speak English:
TALBE 91. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non- English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by vears in United
States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
406
238
345
427
319
615
184
342
89.5
92.6
54.9
90.0
52.4
42.4
35.6
32.6
97.1
87.0
83.6
96.3
88.3
79.3
70.3
66.9
98.6
97.9
95.8
100.0
92.7
87.1
87.8
91.8
98.0
96.2
62.3
93.4
75.2
63.7
57.1
52.9
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North
Italian, South
Polish
Slovak
Total
3,730
54.1
s_>. x
'.I,',. '.)
74.6
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
126
100.0
90.0
96.9
96.0
German
67
68.4
100.0
100.0
91.0
Greek
11
57.1
(a)
(a)
54.5
Hebrew, Russian
121
75.3
100.0
100.0
83.5
Italian, North
37
75.0
93.8
100.0
89.2
Italian, South
55
37.5
71.4
94.1
63.6
Polish
23
20.0
(a)
100.0
47.8
Slovak
34
4.8
50.0
60.0
23.5
Total
564
57 7
87.3
96.7
78.5
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
532
92.9
94.5
98.2
97.6
German
305
82.6
92.3
98.2
95.1
Greek . .
356
54.9
82.8
92.0
62.1
Hebrew, Russian
548
86.3
96.9
100.0
91.2
Italian, North
3.56
54.3
89.0
93.4
76.7
Italian, South ....
670
42.0
78.7
87.8
63.7
Polish
207
33.3
71.6
89.5
56.0
Slovak ...
376
29.6
65.9
88.9
50.3
Total
4,294
54.6
83.3
96.0
75.1
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing. 321
From information secured from 4,294 employees in the shoe-
manufacturing industry it is seen that the greater proportion or
75.1 per cent speak English. The increase in each of the periods of
residence over the one preceding is quite marked. More than 80 per
cent of the Canadian French, Russian Hebrews, and Germans who
have been in the United States under five years can speak English,
while of the other races all except the Greek and North Italian show
less than 50 per cent in this period who can speak English. Only
the Polish, Slovak, and South Italian races show less than 80 per
cent in the five to nine year period who can speak English, while all
races other than these show higher than 90 per cent who can speak
English in the ten year or over period. The older immigrant races
and the Russian Hebrew show higher proportions in each period.
Among the 3,730 males reporting it is seen that the totals are
slightly lower throughout than the totals shown for the females.
Among the males who have been in the United States under five years,
the Germans, with 92.6 per cent, show the highest proportion and
the Slovaks, with 32.6, the lowest, and in the case of the females the
Canadian French, with 100 per cent, show the highest and the Slovaks,
with 4.8 per cent, the lowest. In the period from five to nine years
in the United States, the French Canadians, with 97.1 per cent, show
the highest proportion among the males, while with the females the
Germans and Russian Hebrews show 100 per cent who can speak
English, the Slovaks showing the lowest proportions in both cases.
In the ten year or over period the Russian Hebrews show the highest
proportion among the males speaking English and the South Italians
the lowest, while 100 per cent of the females of the German, Russian
Hebrew, North Italian, and Polish races speak English.
PART II.— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRY IN THE EAST.
323
PART II— THE BOOT AND
SHOE MANUFACTURING
THE EAST,
INDUSTRY IN
GENERAL SURVEY.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Employees for whom information was secured — Representative boot and shoe manu-
facturing communities — [Text Table 92 and General Table 54].
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
As has already been pointed out, the data secured for employees
has been used as a basis for the statistical survey of the industry in
the East. The data secured from the households investigated appear
in the studies of representative communities designated as A and B.
The following table shows by sex the number and percentage of em-
ployees of each race for whom information was secured in the East :
TABLE 92. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
3,240
12
22
368
2
134
14
175
1
716
61
1
3
2
1
28
53
16
1
3
8
129
54
1,861
5
3
225
3
100
10
100
5,101
17
25
593
5
234
24
275
1
1.259
76
2
5
3
2
40
82
25
5
5
8
136
54
37.8
.1
.3
4.3
(<0
1.6
^2
2^0
(")
8.3
.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
.3
.6
.2
(«)
(a)
.1
1.5
.6
48.8
.1
.1
5.9
.1
2.6
.3
2.6
.0
14.2
.4
(a)
.1
(a)
W.3
.8
.2
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
41.2
.1
.2
4.8
(°)
1.9
.2
2.2
(")
10.2
.6
(a)
(a)
CO
(a).3
.7
.2
(a)
00
.1
1.1
.4
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, bv country
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
Canada
Denmark ...
England
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
543
15
1
2
1
1
12
29
9
4
2
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
Foreign-born, by race:
\lbanian
Armenian
7
Bohemian and Moravian. .
a Less than 0. 05 per cent.
325
326
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 92. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Canadian French
409
217
1
1
4
1
138
1
5
104
238
404
38
192
293
589
127
3
19
7
143
8
4
9fi
5
26
135
187
1
544
404
2
1
4
1
194
1
7
122
249
533
47
304
330
646
147
3
19
8
163
8
4
110
5
44
1
387
3
91
12
4
2
1
11
3
4.8
2.5
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.6
(<0
.1
1.2
2.8
4.7
.4
2.2
3.4
6.9
1.5
(0).2
.1
1.7
(O)L!
.1
.3
.0
4.1
(a).l
.1
(a)
(a)
(«)
(a)'
3.5
4.9
(«)
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.1
.5
.3
3.4
.2
2.9
1.0
1.5
.5
.0
.0
(fl).5
.0
.0
.4
.0
.5
(o)
.9
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
(«)
(°)
4.4
3.3
(a)
(a)
(0)
<0),.6
(a)
LO
2.0
4.3
.4
2.5
2.7
5.2
1.2
^ .2
.1
1.3
.1
(<1).9
(0)
.4
(a)
3.1
(a)
'.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(»)
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish .
Dutch
English
56
Finnish
French
2
18
11
129
9
112
37
57
20
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Matrvar
Norwegian
1
20
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
14
Ruthenian
Scotch
18
1
34
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
353
3
77
12
4
2
1
10
2
Slovenian
Swedish
14
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
8,581
3.S11
12,392
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father
1,601
4,853
3,728
1,060
2,926
885
2,661
7,779
4,613
18.7
56.6
43.4
27.8
76.8
23.2
21.5
62.8
37.2
Native-born
Foreign-born .
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
REPRESENTATIVE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING COMMUNITIES.
In addition to the statistical survey of the industry in the East,
two community studies are added to this geographical division of the
report. These communities are primarily engaged in the manufac-
ture of boots and shoes, and immigrants of both recent and past years
have been extensively employed in their factories. These community
studies, as in the case of other industries, are presented for the follow-
ing reasons: First, to secure a verification of the tendencies exhibited
by the more extended tabulations; second, to present material not
included in the statistical tables but bearing directly upon American
life and institutions, and third, to attempt to reach more definite
conclusions as to the economic effects of immigration.
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of immigration — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born
employees — Racial classification of employees at the present time — [Text Tables 93
and 94 and General Table 55].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.
The racial movements to the eastern States of persons engaged in
the manufacture of shoes, so far as indicated by the Federal Census
returns, by country of birth and parentage of foreign-born boot and
shoe factory employees, have already been discussed.0 No more
satisfactory statistics are available, but as further illustrative of the
history of immigration to the industry, reference should be made to
the racial displacements in the two representative shoe manufactur-
ing communities of the East which are a part of the study of the
eastern division of the industry.6 The racial movements and dis-
placements which have occurred in these communities may be con-
sidered as typical of those to the industry as a whole in the eastern
States.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES.
The racial movement to the East is also indicated by the following
series of tables which shows, by sex and race, the percentage of
foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years. Length of residence in tin's country of foreign-born opera-
tives and period of employment in the industry are not necessarily
identical, but they approximate each other and indicate the number
of years each race has been employed.
TABLE 93. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Armenian
124
408
211
133
103
234
395
184
290
583
37.1
4.7
6.2
23.3
6.8
72.6
56.2
7.1
39.0
47.5
26.6
8.6
8.1
7.5
8.7
17.5
24.8
9.2
33.8
29.3
15.3
8.6
16.6
6.8
2.9
6.4
7.1
7.6
13.4
12.7
17.7
18.1
18.0
19.5
17.5
3.0
9.1
11.4
8.6
6.9
3.2
60.0
51.2
42.9
64.1
.4
2.8
64.7
5.2
3.6
Canadian , French
Canadian, Other
English
German .
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, North ....
Italian. South..
a See Part I, Chapter II.
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-22
See Part II, Communities A and B, pp. 361 and 445.
327
328
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 93. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Lithuanian
125
139
95
347
75
39.2
54.7
68.4
51.9
22.7
38.4
33.8
21.1
34.0
20.0
18.4
6.5
3.2
7.5
17.3
3.2
4.3
4.2
4.6
18.7
0.8
. 7
3.2
2.0
21.3
Polish
Russian.
Slovak
Swedish.. .
Total
3,658
38.0
22.7
9.8
10.0
19.5
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
20 0
60 0
0 0
0 0
20 n
Canadian, French.
126
7 1
15 9
11 1
19 8
46 0
Canadian, Other
177
12.4
15 8
16 4
18 1
37 3
English
55
27 3
7 3
3 6
21 8
40 0
German
18
22 2
27 8
0
22 2
27 8
Greek
11
63.6
27 3
0
o
9 1
Hebrew, Russian .
122
66 4
17 2
7 4
9 0
0
Irish
105
19 0
23 8
11 4
16 2
29 5
Italian North
37
32 4
43 2
13 5
5 4
*\ 4
Italian, South
57
45 6
24 6
22 8
7 0
o
Lithuanian
20
75 0
25 0
o
o
Polish
18
83 3
16 7
o
o
o
Russian
14
78 6
14 3
7 i
o
o
Slovak
34
61 8
23.5
5 9
5 9
2 9
Swedish .
14
14 3
o
7 i
49 9
35 7
Total
847
32 2
18 9
10 9
13 9
24 i
TOTAL.
Armenian
129
36 4
27 9
14 7
17 1
3 9
Canadian, French
534
5 2
10 3
9 2
18 5
56 7
Canadian, Other
:;ss
9 0
11 6
16 5
18 0
44 8
English... .
188
24 5
7 4
5 9
20 2
4° 0
German
121
9.1
11.6
2 5
18 2
58 7
Greek
245
72 2
18 0
6 1
2 9
g
Hebrew, Russian
517
58 6
23 0
7 2
9 1
2 1
Irish
289
11 4
14 5
9 0
13 1
51 9
Italian, North
327
38 2
34 9
13 5
8 3
5 2
Italian, South
640
47 3
28 9
13 6
6 9
3 3
Lithuanian
145
44 1
36 6
15 9
2 8
7
Polish
157
58 0
31.8
5 7
3 8
6
Russian
109
69 7
20 2
3 7
3 7
2 8
Slovak
381
52 8
33 1
7 3
4 7
2 1
Swedish .
89
21 3
16 9
15 7
22 5
23 6
Total
4 505
36 9
22 0
10 0
10 7
20 4
The preceding table shows that 38 per cent of the foreign-born
male employees have been in the United States under five years and
that 22.7 per cent have been in this country from five to nine years,
as contrasted with 32.2 per cent of the foreign-born female employees
who have been in the United States under five years and 18.9 per
cent with a residence of from five to nine years. In the groups
including employees with a residence of from ten to fourteen, from
fifteen to nineteen, and twenty years or over, the females show a
higher proportion in each group mentioned than the male employees.
Among the foreign-born male employees the Greeks show 72.6 per cent
and the Russians, Russian Hebrews, Poles, and Slovaks over 50 per
cent who have been in this country under five years. In this group
the French Canadians show the smallest percentage. Among the male
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 329
employees with a residence of from five to nine years, the Lithuanians
show the highest percentage, and the English the lowest percentage.
Among the males who have been in this country from ten to fourteen
years the Lithuanians show the highest per cent and the Germans the
lowest. Among those with a residence of from fifteen to nineteen years
the English show the highest per cent and the Greeks the lowest.
Among employees who have been in the United States twenty years or
over the Irish show the highest per cent, and the Poles, Lithuanians,
and Greeks less than 1 per cent having this period of residence. Ajnong
the female employees the Poles show the highest per cent who have
been in the United States under five ^years, and the French Canadians
the lowest. In the group including females with a residence of from
five to nine years the North Italians show the highest per cent as con-
trasted with no Swedes in this group. Among those with a residence
of from ten to fourteen years the South Italians show the highest per
cent, while no Armenians, Germans, Greeks, Lithuanians, and Poles
appear in this group. The Swedes show the highest percentage with
a residence of from fifteen to nineteen years and the English the
highest percentage who have been in the United States twenty years
or over. No Armenians, Greeks, Lithuanians, Poles, or Russians
have been in this country from fifteen to nineteen years and no Rus-
sian Hebrews, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians have
a residence of twenty years or over.
Of the total, or 4,505, foreign-born employees reported, 36.9 per
cent have been in the United States under five years, 22 per cent from
five to nine years, 10 per cent from ten to fourteen years, 10.7 per
cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 20.4 per cent have been in
this country twenty years or over. The Greek employees and the
Russians show a considerably higher percentage than employees of
other specified races who have been in the United States under five
years. The Russian Hebrews, the Poles, and the Slovaks show over
50 per cent having a residence of under five years as contrasted with
only 9.1 per cent of the Germans, 9 per cent of the Canadians other than
French, and 5.2 per cent of French Canadians who have been in this
country under the above specified time. Among employees who have
been in the United States from five to nine years, the Lithuanians,
North Italians, Slovaks, and Poles show over 30 per cent, while the
Germans, Canadians other than French, French Canadians, and
English show comparatively small proportions having this period of
residence. Among employees who have been in the United State
from ten to fourteen years, the English show the highest percentage
and the Germans the lowest. The Swedes show the highest per-
centage and the Lithuanians the lowest percentage of employees with
a residence of from fifteen to nineteen years. In the group including
employees who have been in this country twenty years or over, the
Germans show the highest percentage and the Greeks, Lithuanians,
and Poles the lowest proportions, each reporting less than 1 per cent
having tin's period of residence.
RACIAL, CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
The racial make-up of the operating force in the East at the present
time is indicated by the table next presented, which shows by sex the
number and percentage of employees of each race for whom infor-
mation was secured.
330
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 94. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
3,240
12
22
368
2
134
14
175
1
716
61
1
3
2
1
28
53
16
1
3
8
129
54
409
217
1
1
4
1
138
1
5
104
238
404
38
192
293
589
127
3
19
7
143
8
4
96
5
26
1,861
5
3
225
3
100
10
100
5,101
17
25
593
5
234
24
275
1
1,259
76
2
5
3
2
40
82
25
5
5
8
136
54
544
404
2
1
4
1
194
1
7
122
249
533
47
304
330
646
147
3
19
8
163
8
4
110
5
44
1
387
3
91
12
4
2
1
11
3
37.8
.1
.3
4.3
(a)
1.6
.2
2.0
(a)
8.3
.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
W.3
.6
.2
tft
(a)
.1
1.5
.6
4.8
2.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.6
(Q).l
1.2
2.8
4.7
.4
2.2
3.4
6.9
1.5
(a)
.2
.1
1.7
.1
(«)
1.1
.1
.3
.0
4.1
(a)
.9
.1
(a)
(»)
(a)
(")'
48.8
.1
.1
5.9
.1
2.6
.3
2.6
.0
14.2
.4
(«)
(a)'
(0).3
.8
.2
.1
.1
.0
.2
.0
3.5
4.9
(a)
.0
.0
.0
1.5
.0
.1
.5
.3
3.4
.2
2.9
1.0
1.5-
.5
.0
.0
(a)
.5
.0
0.0
.4
.0
.5
(«)
.9
.0
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
41.2
.1
.2
4.8
00
1.9
.2
2.2
(a)
10.2
.6
(")
(a)
(")
(«)
.3
.7
.2
(a)
(a)
.1
1.1
.4
4.4
3.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1.6
(°)
i!o
2.0
4.:i
. 4
2 5
2 7
5.2
1.2
(a)
.2
.1
1.3
.1
(")
.9
(")
(fl)3"
(fl).7
.1
(a)
(a)
(a)'.,
(a)
Negro.
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
Canada
Denmark
England
France
Germany
Greece
Ireland
543
15
1
2
1
1
12
29
9
4
2
Italy .
Netherlands. . .
Norway
Portugal
Roumania. .
Russia
Scotland
Sweden .
Switzerland
Wales
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian ..
Armenian. . .
7
Bohemian and Moravian .
Canadian, French
135
187
1
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish.. . .
Dutch
English
56
Finnish.
French
2
18
11
129
9
112
37
57
20
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Norwegian
1
20
Polish
Portuguese..
Roumanian
Russian
14
Ruthenian . . .
Scotch
18
1
34
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
353
3
77
12
4
2
1
10
2
Slovenian
Swedish...
14
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total . . .
8,581
3,811
12,392
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
1,601
4,853
3,728
1,060
2,926
885
2,661
7,779
4,613
18.7
56.6
43.4
27.8
76.8
23.2
21.5
62.8
37.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 331
The preceding table shows that information was secured for 12,392
persons employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry in the East. Of
this number, 8,581 are males and 3,811 are females. Of the males,
43.4 per cent are of foreign birth; 37.8 per cent are native whites born
of native father; 18.7 per cent are native-born of foreign father, and
less than 1 per cent are native-born negroes, while of the females, 23.2
per cent are of foreign birth; 48.8 per cent are native-born of native
father, white; 27.8 per cent are native-born of foreign father, and less
than 1 per cent are native-born negroes. Of the total number of
males for whom information was secured, the South Italian is the
only foreign-born race showing as high as 5 per cent, while, of the
total number of females, no foreign-born race shows as high as 5 per
cent. Those native-born whose fathers were born in Ireland show a
larger proportion of the total number of males, as well as the total
number of females, than those whose fathers were born in any other,
specified country.
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States-
Weekly earnings — Relation between period of residence and earning ability—
[Text 'Tables 95 to 101 and General Tables 56 to 61].
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING
TO THE UNITED STATES.
In order that an intelligent conception may be had of the economic
status of immigrant employees in the East or North Atlantic States,
it is necessary to set forth their industrial condition before emigrating
from their native countries. Such an exhibit is also valuable in
showing what training and experience foreign-born shoe-manufac-
turing employees had abroad in the same industry in which they are
now employed; consequently, before entering into a discussion of
their present economic status, the following table is submitted, which
shows, by race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born male
employees who were in each specified occupation before coming to
the United States:
TABLE 95.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before
coming to the United States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Number
Per cent w
ho were en
gaged in-
Race.
reporting
complete
data.
Shoe
manufac-
turing.
Other
manufac-
turing.
Farming
or farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian
80
45.0
3.8
6.3
3.8
18.8
17.5
5.0
Canadian, French —
Canadian, Other...
163
92
36.8
29.3
5.5
6.5
41.1
30.4
3.1
.0
4.9
5.4
4.3
7.6
4.3
20.7
English
84
56.0
15.5
1.2
4.8
4.8
9.5
8.3
Greek
131
16.8
3.8
29.8
1.5
7.6
34.4
6.1
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North
242
217
47.9
56.2
8.7
1.8
4.1
19.4
.0
6.9
10.7
5.5
23.1
5.1
5.4
5.1
Italian, South
425
68.7
1.2
10.8
3.5
7.5
3.5
4.7
Lithuanian
98
6.1
2.0
78.6
5.1
5.1
1.0
2.0
Polish
106
11.3
4.7
78.3
2.8
1.9
.9
.0
Slovak
300
11.0
4.3
70.7
4.3
6.3
.7
2.7
Total
2,362
40. 1
4.8
31.5
3.0
7.2
7.9
5.5
The preceding table shows that 40.1 per cent of the 2,362 foreign-
born male employees who reported were engaged in shoe manuf acturing
before coming to the United States, 4.8 per cent were employed in other
manufacturing, 31.5 per cent were farming or farm laborers, 3 per
cent were general laborers, 7.2 per cent were in hand trades, 7.9 per
333
334
The Immigration Commission.
cent were in trade, and 5.5 per cent were engaged in other occupa-
tions before coming to the United States. The South Italian
employees show the greatest proportion who have had previous
experience in shoe manufacturing, 68.7 per cent of those reporting
having been thus engaged. The North Italians and English show
the next largest proportion, somewhat less than 60 per cent having
been employed in this industry abroad. The Russian Hebrew,
Armenian, and French Canadian employees also show considerable
proportions, while the Canadians other than French, Greek, Polish,
Slovak, and Lithuanian employees show comparatively small pro-
portions who have had any previous experience in their present
occupation. The English employees show the highest percentage
and the South Italians the lowest percentage who were engaged
in other manufactures abroad. The Lithuanian, Polish, and Slovak
employees show over 70 per cent who were engaged in farming or
were farm laborers in Europe, which is far in excess of the pro-
portions of employees of other races who were thus engaged, the
English showing only 1.2 per cent in this group. The North Italians
report the highest percentage who were general laborers and the
Russian Hebrews and Canadians other than French no persons who
were thus employed. The Armenians show the highest percentage who
were engaged in hand trades and the Poles the lowest. The Greek
and Russian Hebrew employees show large proportions who were in
trade, and the Poles and Slovaks less than 1 per cent. The Cana-
dians other than French show a considerably higher percentage who
were engaged in occupations other than specified than employees of
other races, and none of the Poles were thus engaged.
WEEKLY EARNINGS.
The series of tabulations next presented set forth the average
weekly earnings and the range in amount of weekly earnings of
employees of the shoe-manufacturing industry in the East. The
first table submitted shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each speci-
fied amount per week.
TABLE 96. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
Number
General nativity and
race.
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
$5 or
$7.50
or
$10 or
$12.50
or
$15 or
$17.50
or
$20 or
$25 or
over.
over.
over.
over.
over.
over.
over.
over.
Native-born of native
father. White
2,507
$12. 79
99.7
94.7
78.3
46.6
35.3
12.4
3.9
0.9
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
252
12.83
99.2
94.4
77.0
46.0
34.5
14.3
3.2
.4
England
106
12.82
100.0
97.2
80.2
37.7
29.2
17.0
4.7
1.9
Germany
124
13 91
100 0
95 2
83 9
51.6
42 7
25 0
9 7
.8
Ireland. . .
518
13.01
99.6
96.1
78.0
49.2
39.4
13.7
3.9
.8
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
335
TABLE 96. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
So or
over.
S7.50
or
over.
$10 or
over.
S12.50
or
over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or
over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Ill
328
150
95
93
184
329
153
255
503
111
128
300
10.81
12.81
14.13
13.83
12.99
9.29
11.23
12.59
10.58
9.96
10.87
9.21
9.27
98.2
99.7
98.7
100.0
100.0
98.4
99.7
100.0
99.2
99.0
100.0
97.7
99.3
90.1
94.5
95.3
96.8
95.7
C5.8
91.2
93.5
93.7
82.9
94.6
85.2
88.3
58.6
78.4
87.3
83.2
79.6
32.6
62.9
75.8
55.3
44.3
56.8
34.4
36.0
25.2
45.4
61.3
56.8
44.1
12.5
25.2
39.9
16.1
15.3
18.0
4.7
4.7
9.9
37.5
49.3
43.2
35.5
12.0
20.4
31.4
9.8
8.9
14.4
2.3
1.0
2.7
11.6
21.3
16.8
19.4
4.3
6.4
10.5
3.5
2.0
5.4
.0
.0
.0
3.0
8.7
7.4
1.1
.5
.3
2.6
.0
.8
.9
.0
.0
.0
.9
1.3
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Canadian, French...
Canadian, Other
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish.
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Slovak.
Grand total . .
6,668
12.03
99.5
92.3
68.4
36.8
28.0
10.3
3.0
.6
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,129
3,646
3,022
13.00
12.85
11.04
99.6
99.7
99.3
95.5
94.9
89.0
77.7
78.0
56.8
46.7
46.7
25.0
36.9
35.9
18.6
15.9
13.5
6.5
4.8
4.1
1.7
.9
.9
.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that of 6,668 male employees 18 years of
age or over, 99.5 per cent earn $5 or over per week, 92.3 per cent
earn $7.50 or over, 68.4 per cent $10 or over, 36.8 per cent $12.50
or over, 28 per cent $15 or over, 10.3 per cent $17.50 or over, 3 per
cent $20 or over, and 0.6 per cent earn $25 or over per week. The
percentage of employees of foreign birth earning each specified
amount per week is smaller in every instance than that of the native
whites born of native father or the native-born of foreign father. The
employees who are native-born of foreign father exhibit a higher
percentage earning $7.50 or over, $12.50 or over, $15 or over, $17.50
or over, and $20 or over than the native-born whites of native father;
the latter show the same proportion as the former earning $25 or
over per week and a higher percentage earning $5 or over and $10
or over per week. Among the foreign-born employees, the French
Canadians, Canadians other than French, and English alone show
proportions earning $25 or over per week. The Armenian, North
Italian, Polish, and Slovak employees show no persons earning $20
or over per week, and no Polish or Slovak employees earn $17.50 or
over per week. The English, German, Irish, and Lithuanian employ-
ees show 100 per cent earning $5 or over per week, and the Polish
employees only 97.7 per cent earning this amount.
In the next table presented the percentage of female employees
18 years of age or over earning each specified amount per week is
shown according to general nativity and race.
336
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 97. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table Includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$15 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
1,358
149
400
92
117
81
$8.29
8.53
8.63
8.95
8.02
7.21
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
95.4
94.0
97.0
97.8
97.4
93.8
64.3
69.8
72.3
71.7
59.8
45.7
22.3
26.8
25.0
35.9
22.2
4.9
2.9
4.0
2.8
2.2
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Grand total
2,664
8.27
99.9
95.0
64.1
22.6
2.5
Total native-born of foreign father .
721
2,082
582
8. 50
8.38
7.88
100.0
99.9
100.0
95.7
95.5
93.6
70.0
66.2
56.5
25.9
23.5
19.1
2.8
2.8
1.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables hi this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of 2,664 female employees who are 18 years of age or over, 99.9
per cent earn $2.50 or over, 95 per cent $5 or over, 64.1 per cent
$7.50 or over, 22.6 per cent $10 or over, and 2.5 per cent $15 or over
per week. The foreign-born female employees show a lower per-
centage earning each specified amount per week than that shown
in the totals for all employees, except the rate of $2.50 per week
or over; here the foreign-born show a slightly higher per cent than
that exhibited in the totals. Both female employees who are native-
born of foreign father and who are of foreign birth show 100 per
cent earning $2.50 or over per week as contrasted with slightly
smaller proportions of the native-born whites of native father.
The female employees who are native-born of foreign father show
a slightly higher per cent earning $5 or over, $7.50 or over, and $10
or over per week than either the native whites born of native father
or the foreign-born, which follow in the order named. The female
employees who are native whites born of native father show the
highest percentage earning $15 or over per week, foUowed by the
native-born of foreign father and the foreign-born in the order
mentioned. Among the native-born of foreign father the females
whose fathers were born in Ireland show the highest percentage earn-
ing $5 or over and $7.50 or over per week, while the female employees
whose fathers were born in Canada show the highest percentage
earning $10 or over and $15 or over per week. Among the foreign-
born, all races show 100 per cent of female employees earning $2.50
or over per week; the French Canadians show the highest percentage
earning each following specified amount per week and the Russian
Hebrews the lowest percentage. None or the latter or Canadians
other than French show any female employees earning $15 or over
per week, and the proportion of the Russian Hebrew female employees
earning $10 or over per week is very small.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
337
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week:
TABLE 98. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table Includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White. .
186
40
73
49
$6.64
6.25
6.34
6.52
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
88.2
80.0
83.6
79.6
29.6
25.0
26.0
32.7
4.8
7.5
5.5
10.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada. . .
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race, Italian, South
Grand total
544
6.45
100.0
83.6
28.1
5.7
Total native-born of foreign father
210
396
148
6.15
6.38
6.64
100.0
100.0
100.0
76.7
82.1
87.8
22.9
L'ii. ii
33.8
5.2
5.1
7.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
The above table compiled from data secured from 544 male
employees who are 14 and under 18 years of age shows that 100 per
cent earn $2.50 or over, 83.6 per cent earn $5 or over, 28.1 per cent
earn $7.50 or over, and 5.7 per cent earn $10 or over per week. The
employees of foreign birth show 100 per cent earning $2.50 or over
per week and a higher percentage earning each following specified
amount per week than is shown in the totals for all employees from
whom information was secured. In each nativity group all employees
earn $2.50 or over per week. The native whites born of native father
show the highest percentage earning $5 or over per week, followed in
the order named by the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign
father. The foreign-born show the highest percentage earning $7.50
or over per week, Followed by the native whites born of native father
and the native-born of foreign father. The foreign-born exhibit the
highest percentage earning $10 or over per week, followed by the
native-born of foreign lather and the native whites born of native
father in a decreasing ratio. The employees whose fathers were born
in Ireland show a higher percentage earning $5 or over and $7.50 or
over than the employees whose fathers were born in Canada, while the
latter show slightly larger proportions earning $10 or over per week
than the former.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the
percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week .
338
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 99. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
175
61
$5.92
5.98
99.4
98.4
73.7
82.0
20.0
18.0
3.4
3.3
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father, Ireland . .
Grand total
417
5.95
99.5
74.1
21.8
3.8
Total native-born of foreign father
154
329
88
5.85
5.89
6.20
99.4
99.4
100.0
74.0
73.9
75.0
18.8
19.5
30.7
2.6
3.0
6.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
The preceding table compiled from data secured from 417 female
employees 14 and under 18 years of age shows 99.5 per cent earning
$2.50 or over, 74.1 per cent earning $5 or over, 21.8 per cent earning
$7.50 or over, and 3.8 per cent earning $10 or over per week. The
female employees of foreign birth show a higher percentage earning
each specified rate per week than that exhibited in the totals for all
female employees reporting complete data. The female foreign-born
employees also show a higher percentage earning each specified rate
per week than the native whites born of native father or the native-
born of foreign father. The two last-named nativity groups show the
same proportion earning $2.50 or over per week, the native-born of
foreign father showing a slightly higher percentage than the native
wThites born of native father earning $5 or over, while the latter shows
a higher percentage than the former earning $7.50 or over and $10
or over per week.
RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.
The extent of progress in industrial efficiency or earning ability of
foreign-born employees after designated periods of residence in this
country is indicated in the table- next submitted. It shows, by race
and length of residence in the United States, the earnings per week of
foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over, the proportion
in each specified period of residence being grouped under the several
races in order to make possible a study of the progress of each race.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
339
TABLE 100. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by race and length of residence in the United States*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]
This table includes
Race and years In United
States.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$12.50
or over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Canadian, French:
Under 5
13
24
291
183
86
60
100
86
69
235
150
118
148
109
43
100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0
98.8
100.0
99.0
100.0
98.6
98.7
99.3
99.2
99.3
99.1
100.0
100.0
95.8
94.2
86.3
97.7
96.7
90.0
97.7
94.2
73.6
91.3
90.7
83.1
91.7
97.7
61.5
70.8
79.7
55.2
68.6
78.3
44.0
61.6
63.8
25.1
63.3
58.5
23.0
45.9
55.8
30.8
33.3
47.1
14.2
32.6
48.3
10.0
10.5
31.9
7.7
20.0
24.6
1.4
6.4
11.6
23.1
29.2
38.8
10.9
27.9
38.3
5.0
9.3
17.4
2.6
13.3
16.1
.0
f\
4.7
0.0
8.3
12.4
3.8
8.1
11.7
3.0
3.5
4.3
.4
4.7
1.7
.0
.0
.0
0.0
4.2
3.1
.0
.0
1.7
.0
.0
.0
.4
1.3
.8
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
1.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
5 to 9
10 or over .
Hebrew. Russian:
Under 5. .
5 to 9 .
10 or over
Italian, North:
Under 5
5 to 9
10 or over .
Italian, South:
Under 5
5 to 9
10 or over..
Slovak:
Under 5
5 to 9
10 or over..
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
The preceding table shows that 100 per cent of the French Canadian
employees who have been in the United States under five years and
from five to nine years earn $5 or over per week as contrasted with
99.7 per cent with a residence of ten years or over earning the above
amount. The French Canadian employees also show a higher per-
centage with a residence of under five years earning $7.50 or over per
week than those with a residence of from five to nine years, while the
latter show a slightly larger proportion earning this amount than
those with a residence of ten years or over. The French Canadians
show an increase in earning capacity for each following specified
amount per week according to the increase in length of residence,
except among the employees earning $20 or over. None of the
employees of this race who have been in the United States under
five years earn $17.50 or over per week, and none with a residence
of from five to nine years earn $25 or over per week. The Russian
Hebrews also show an increase in earning capacity as length of resi-
dence increases, and the North Italians exhibit the same tendency.
The South Italian employees show a higher percentage in the group
having a residence of from five to nine years earning $17.50 or over
per week and $20 or over per week than is shown for those having a
residence of ten years or over earning the same amounts. The Slovak
employees also show an increase in earnings according to length of
residence, but no employees of this race earning $17.50 or over per
week.
340
The Immigration Commission.
The following table embodies the same data as the one immediately
preceding, but in a somewhat different form:
TABLE 101. — Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male employees 18 years of
age or over, by race and length of residence in the United States*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more males reporting.]
IN UNITED STATES LESS THAN 5 YEARS.
Race.
Number
report-
ing com-
plete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$12.50
or over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Canadian, French
13
183
100
235
148
100.0
100.0
99.0
98.7
99.3
100.0
86.3
90.0
73.6-
83.1
61.5
55.2
44.0
25.1
23.0
30.8
14.2
10.0
7.7
1.4
23.1
10.9
5.0
2.6
.0
0.0
3.8
3.0
.4
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak
IN UNITED STATES 5 TO 9 YEARS.
Canadian, French
24
100.0
95.8
70.8
33.3
29.2
8.3
4.2
0.0
Hebrew, Russian
86
98.8
97.7
68.6
32.6
27.9
8.1
.0
.0
Italian North
86
100 0
97 7
61 6
10 5
9 3
3 5
.0
.0
Italian, South. .
150
99.3
91.3
63 3
20.0
13.3
4.7
1.3
.0
Slovak
109
99.1
91.7
45.9
6.4
.9
.0
.0
.0
IN UNITED STATES 10 YEARS OR OVER.
Canadian, French . .
291
99.7
94.2
79.7
47.1
38.8
12.4
3.1
1.0
Hebrew, Russian
60
100.0
96.7
78.3
48.3
38.3
11.7
1.7
.0
Italian, North
69
98.6
94.2
63.8
31.9
17.4
4.3
.0
.0
Italian, South . .
118
99.2
90.7
58.5
24.6
16.1
1.7
.8
.0
Slovak
43
100.0
97.7
55.8
11.6
4.7
.0
.0
.0
* This table shows wa.tres or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
The preceding table shows that as a general rule the earning
capacity of the individual increases with the length of residence in
the United States. Among the foreign-born male employees reporting
a residence of less than five years or a residence of from five to nine
years in the United States none earn $25 or over per week. Among
the employees who have been in the United States ten years or
over 1 per cent of the French Canadians earn $25 or over per week.
In the group of males who have been in the United States less than
five years, the Russian Hebrew and North Italian show a consider-
ably higher per cent earning $17. 50 or over per week than the South
Italian; the French Canadian and Slovak employees show no per-
sons earning the above amount. Among the employees who have
been in the United States from five to nine years and ten years or
over the French Canadians show the highest per cent earning $17.50
or over per week and the Slovaks no persons earning this amount.
Among the employees earning $15 or over per week the French
Canadians and the Russian Hebrews show the highest proportions
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 341
* ^
for each period of residence and the Slovaks the lowest, the employees
of each race showing an increase in earning capacity according to
length of residence in the United States. The same order is observed
among the employees earning $10 or over per week. The Slovaks
show the highest percentage earning $7.50 or over per week in the
group who have been in the United States ten years or over, the
Russian Hebrews and North Italians show the highest percentage
earning the aboA^e amount in the group having a residence from five
to nine years, while the French Canadians show 100 per cent earn-
ing $7.50 or over per week in the group including employees with a
residence of less than five years.
CHAPTER IV.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees —
[Text Tables 102 to 108 and General Tables 62 to 66].
LITERACY.
The degree of literacy which prevails among employees of the shoe-
manufacturing industry in the eastern States is set forth in the table
next presented. It shows by sex and general nativity and race the
percentage of employees who were able to read, and the percentage
who were able to read and write.
TABLE 102. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
3,025
350
127
168
662
53
126
398
206
134
104
230
397
184
293
582
124
141
96
350
77
1,793
218
99
97
517
27
7
132
176
54
18
11
126
110
37
53
19
20
14
34
14
4,818
568
226
265
1,179
80
133
530
382
188
122
241
523
294
330
635
143
161
110
384
91
99.9
99.4
100.0
99.4
100.0
100.0
96.8
94.2
100.0
99.3
100.0
94.8
98.2
98.4
93.2
90.5
91.1
89.4
86.5
94.9
100.0
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.5
95.2
98.2
97.3
84.9
73.7
100.0
92.9
79.4
100.0
99.6
99.6
100.0
99.6
100.0
100.0
97.0
95.7
100.0
99.5
100.0
92.9
97.5
98.3
93.6
90.1
88.8
90.7
87.3
93.5
100.0
99.9
99.1
100.0
99.4
99.7
100.0
96.0
92.5
99.5
99.3
100.0
93.5
97.2
98.4
91.8
89.5
85.5
80.9
84.4
94.3
100.0
99.2
100.0
99.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54.5
94.4
97.3
97.3
81.1
57.9
100.0
92.9
79.4
100.0
99.6
99.5
99.6
99.6
99.8
100.0
96.2
94.3
99.7
99.5
100.0
91.7
90. 6
98.0
92.4
88.8
81.8
83.2
85.5
93.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian South. .
Lithuanian.
Polish
Russian .
Slovak
Swedish...
Grand total
8,206
3,676
11, 882
97.7
98.6
98.0
97.0
98.4
97.4
Total native-born of foreign
father. .
1,513
4,550
3,056
1,O20
2,818
858
2, 533
7, 368
4,514
99.8
99.9
95.0
100.0
99.5
95.7
99.9
99.7
95.1
99.6
99.8
93.6
99.9
99.4
94.9
99.7
99.6
93.8
Total native-born.. . . .
Total foreign-born
48296°. -VOL 12—11-
-23
343
344
The Immigration Commission.
Over 95 per cent of the total number of both males and females
employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry in this locality read
and write. Both the native whites born of native father and the
native-born of foreign father show over 99 per cent of their number
as having ability to both read and write, as compared with 95 per
cent of the foreign-born males and 95.7 per cent of the foreign-born
females who read only, and a slightly smaller proportion who both
read and write. The proportion of the males, of each foreign-born
race who read ranges from 86.5 per cent of the Russians to 100 per
cent of the Canadians other than French, Germans, and Swedes, while
the proportion of females of each who read ranges from 54.5 per cent
of the Greek to 100 per cent of the Armenians, French Canadians,
Canadians other than French, English, Germans, Poles, and Swedes.
In the majority of cases the proportion who both read and write is
slightly smaller than the proportion who read.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The table next presented shows by sex and general nativity and
race the percentage of the employees 20 years of age or over in each
conjugal condition.
TABLE 103. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White .
2,803
282
108
118
577
121
382
203
132
100
172
334
183
250
460
125
117
84
313
74
26.9
35.5
31.5
39.0
40.7
42.1
22.3
23.6
23.5
16.0
72.7
45.2
33.3
42.4
45.4
49.6
42.7
39.3
23.0
35.1
67.9
60.6
60.2
57.6
55.8
56.2
70.4
70.9
72.7
76.0
27.3
54.5
60.1
57.2
53.0
50.4
57.3
60.7
75.7
63.5
5.2
3.9
8.3
3.4
3.5
1.7
7.3
5.4
3.8
8.0
.0
.3
6.6
.4
1.5
.0
.0
.0
1.3
1.4
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other - ..
English
German
Greek . . ....
Hebrew Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian .
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total .
7,266
33.2
63.0
3.8
Total native-born of foreign father
1,202
4,017
3,249
38.7
30.5
36.6
57.7
64.7
60.8
3.7
4.8
2.6
Total native-born . ...
Total foreign-born
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
345
TABLE 103. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White
1,396
143
77
64
406
5
114
165
48
12
10
51
96
19
26
15
8
4
23
14
45.8
60.8
53. 2
76.6
75.6
.0
55.3
40.6
43.8
58.3
20.0
84.3
68.8
36.8
38.5
33. 3
62.5
(a)
26.1
50.0
40.9
34.3
32.5
18.8
17.0
100.0
36.8
40.6
43.8
41.7
80.0
11.8
25.0
47.4
57.7
60.0
25.0
(a)
60.9
35.7
13.3
4.9
14.3
4.7
7.4
.0
7.9
18.8
12.5
.0
.0
3.9
6.3
15.8
3.8
6.7
12.5
(a)
13.0
14.3
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other...
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
2,768
53.2
35.6
11.2
Total native-born of foreign father
732
2,133
635
69.1
53.8
51.2
23.1
34.8
38.3
7.8
11.4
10.6
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White
4,199
33.2
58.9
7.9
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada
425
44.0
51.8
4.2
England
185
40 5
48 6
10 8
Germany
182
52.2
44.0
3.8
Ireland
983
55.1
39.8
5.1
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
126
40.5
57.9
1.6
Canadian, French
496
29.8
62.7
7.5
Canadian, Other...
368
31.3
57.3
11.4
English
180
28 9
65.0
6 1
German
112
20.5
72.3
7.1
Greek
182
69.8
30.2
.0
Hebrew, Russian
385
50.4
48.8
.8
Irish
279
45.5
48.0
6.5
Italian, North
269
42.0
56.5
1.5
Italian, South .
486
45.1
53.3
1.6
Lithuanian
140
47.9
51.4
.7
Polish
125
44.0
55.2
.8
Russian ...
88
40.9
59.1
.0
Slovak
336
23.2
74.7
2.1
Swedish .
88
37.5
59.1
3.4
Grand total
10, 034
38.7
55.4
5.9
Total native-born of foreign father. .
1,934
50.2
44.6
5.2
Total native-born
(i, 150
38 6
54. 4
7.1
Total foreign-born
3,884
39.0
57.1
3.9
a Not computed , owing to small number involved.
Of the 10,034 persons employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry
in this locality, 55.4 per cent are married; 38.7 per cent single; and 5.9
per cent widowed. The native whites born of native father report a
larger proportion than the foreign-born, who in turn showrs a larger
proportion than the native-born of foreign father, who are married.
The positions of the nativity groups are reversed as regards those
346
The Immigration Commission.
who are single, as the proportion who are widowed is relatively small.
The Greek and Kussian Hebrew are the only races showing a larger
proportion single than married, each other race, except the Irish,
showing over 50 per cent, but under 75 per cent, of their number who
are married. The Canadian other than French is the only race group
showing a proportion as high as 10 per cent who are widowed. A
comparison between the male and female employees shows that,
while a larger proportion of the males are married than single and a
relatively small proportion widowed, the reverse is true as regards
the females. The same statement applies to each nativity group.
The proportion of the females of each foreign-born race who are
single ranges from 84.3 per cent of the Russian Hebrews to 20 per cent
of the Greeks (the Armenians showing none), as compared with a
range of from 72.7 per cent of the Greek males to 16 per cent of the
German males. The proportion of the females who are widowed
ranges from 18.8 per cent of the Canadians other than French to 3.8
per cent of the South Italians, the Armenians, Germans, and Greeks
showing none. Among the males the range is from 8 per cent of the
Germans to less than 1 per cent of the Russian Hebrews and North
Italians. The Greeks, Lithuanians, Poles, and Russians report none
of their males widowed.
The following table divides the totals of the table immediately pre-
ceding and shows, by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and
race, the percentage of employees who were in each conjugal condition :
TABLE 104. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups
and by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OJf EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. J
MALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
M
3*
I!
£ »
*- *j
<*£
1
Per cent who
are —
M
a •
T^. £d
ll
& ®
t.-S
"-.2
la
i|
Per cent who
are—
M
f!
Qi 0}
>- £
^S
It
Is
Per cent who
are —
bp
&
E3
£2
<-2i
%%
P
Per cent who
are —
o5
Ti
33
•€
<u
1
•2
-g
o
t
OJ
"b£
C
53
•d
.2
§
s
a;
O
•3
£
_aj
"M
c
3
•d
o>
kl
t~
03
a
•d
0)
0
•a
£
_oj
"3j
a
33
•8
1
s
-%
o
•s
£
5.2
3.9
3.5
7.3
5.4
.3
6.6
.4
1.5
1.3
Native - born of native
father, White
Native - born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
1,092
141
202
107
59
246
41
155
274
187
50.1
53.2
69.8
50.5
50.8
58.5
75.6
61.3
69.0
35.3
48.6
46.8
29.7
47.7
47.5
41.1
24.4
38.7
30.7
64.2
1.3
.0
.5
1.9
1.7
.4
.0
.0
.4
.5
1,098
117
274
174
101
79
83
82
152
101
15.3
18.8
29.9
16.1
14.9
8.9
26.5
13.4
13.2
5.9
79.8
74.4
66.8
77.0
79.2
91.1
71.1
85.4
83.6
93.1
4.9
6.8
3.3
6.9
5.9
.0
2.4
1.2
3.3
1.0
613
24
101
101
43
9
59
13
34
25
6.2
12.5
11.9
3.0
7.0
I'M
13.6
.0
.0
.0
80.9
75.0
78.2
83.2
83.7
(a)
69.5
100.0
97.1
92.0
12.9
12.5
9.9
13.9
9.3
(a)
16.9
.0
2.9
8.0
2,803
282
577
382
203
334
183
250
460
313
26.9
35.5
40.7
22.3
23.6
45.2
33.3
42.4
45.4
23.0
67.9
60.6
55.8
70.4
70.9
54.5
60.1
57.2
53.0
75.7
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Irish . .
Italian North
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
3,217
57.2
42.2
. 7
2,834
17.3
78.8
4.0
1,215
6.9
81.3
11.8
7,26633.2
63.0
3.8
Total native-born of for-
eign father. ...
489
1,588
1,629
63.0
54.2
60.0
36.8
44.8
39.5
.2
.9
.4
534
1,634
1,200
25.5
18.6
15.5
69.7
76.5
81.8
4.9
4.9
2.7
179
795
420
11.7
7.5
5.7
78.8
80.4
83.1
Q ^
1,20238.7
4,01730.5
3,24936.6
57.7
64.7
60.8
3.7
4.8
2.6
Total native-born
12.1
11.2
Total foreign-born
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
347
TABLE 104. — Percent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups
and by general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of age.
30 to 44 years of age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
M
I|
&3
Q Qi
1- ^_»
t-.a>
V
Per cent who
are —
M
C .
53 d
&
<D Q)
t- +-
^ 2
£&
c e
I8
Per cent who
are —
taO
3*
al
0> Oj
t- -^
M®
It
I8
Per cent who
are —
to
t!
£3
<"£
QJ~
P
Per cent who
are —
_aj
"M
a
55
•6
0)
i
a
"8
o
T3
%
a;
"So
_c
53
TJ
O
14
%
s
•6
o)
o
•a
is
o5
"So
a
53
1
%
s
$
o
T3
$
_oj
"3)
a
53
•d
03
5
S
•d
I
-§
£
Native - born of native
father, White
739
104
238
65
73
51
56
14
16
15
65.1
72.1
87.0
72.3
68.5
84.3
85.7
50.0
62.5
40.0
31.0
26.0
ll.B
27.7
27.4
11.8
14.3
50.0
37.5
53.3
3.9
1.9
1.3
.0
4.1
3.9
.0
.0
.0
6.7
466
34
148
36
67
24.5
26.5
60.8
36.1
19.4
56.2
64.7
27.0
47.2
61.2
19.3
8.8
12.2
16.7
19.4
191
5
20
13
25
23.0
(a)
50.0
23.1
16.0
41.9
(a)
5.0
53.8
24.0
35.1
(a)
45.0
23.1
00.0
1,396
143
406
114
165
51
96
19
26
23
45.8
60.8
75.6
55.3
40.6
84.3
IIS. s
36.8
38.5
26.1
40.9
34.3
17.0
30.8
40.6
11.8
25.0
47.4
57.7
60. 9
13.3
4.9
7.4
7.9
18.8
3.9
6.3
15.8
3.8
13.0
Native - born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada. ...
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French. ..
Canadian , O ther
Hebrew, Russian
Irish .
35
3
9
8
48.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
34.3
(°)
(a)
(a)
17.1
(")
(a)
(a)
5
2
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Italian, North
Italian South
Slovak
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,577
70.9
26.2
2.9
908
31.5
51.2
17.3
283
24.0
37.8
38.2
2,768
53.2
35.6
11.?
450
1, 193
384
81.3
71.2
70.1
16.7
25.6
27.9
2.0
3.2
2.1
241
708
200
51.9
33.8
23.5
36.5
49.4
57.5
11.6
16.8
19.0
41
232
51
:;<;.<;
25.4
17.6
14.6
37.1
41.2
48.8
37.5
41.2
732
2, 133
635
69.1
53.8
51.2
23.1
34.8
38.3
7.8
11.4
10.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native - born of native
father, White
1,831
245
440
172
132
297
97
169
290
202
56.1
61.2
79.1
58.7
60.6
63.0
81.4
60.4
68.6
35.6
41.5
38.0
20.0
40.1
36.4
36.0
18.6
39.6
31.0
63.4
2.3
.8
.9
1.2
3.0
1.0
.0
.0
.3
1.0
1,564
151
422
210
168
79
118
85
161
109
18.0
20.5
40.8
19.5
16.7
8.9
33.1
12.9
12.4
5.5
72.8
72.2
52.8
71.9
72.0
91.1
60.2
83.5
84.5
91.7
9.2
7.3
6.4
8.6
11.3
.0
6.8
3.5
3.1
2.8
804
29
121
114
68
9
64
15
35
25
10.2
20.7
18.2
5.3
10.3
(«)
14.1
.0
.0
.0
71.6
62.1
66.1
79.8
61.8
00
70.3
93.3
94.3
92.0
18.2
17.2
15.7
14.9
27.9
(a)
15.6
6.7
5.7
8.0
4,199
425
983
496
368
385
279
269
486
336
33.2
44.0
55.1
29.8
31.3
50.4
45.5
42.0
45.1
23.2
58.9
51.8
39.8
62.7
57.3
48.8
48.0
56.5
53.3
74.7
7.9
4.2
5.1
7.5
11.4
.8
6.5
1.5
1.6
2.1
Native - born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
Ireland ..
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North. .
Italian, South
Slovak..
Grand total
4,794
61.7
36.9
1.4
3, 742 20. 7
72.1
7.2
1,498
10.1
73. 1 16. 8
10, 034
38.7
55.4
5.9
Total native-born of for-
eign father ...
939
2,781
2,013
71.8
61.5
61.9
27.2
36.6
37.3
1.1
1.9
.7
775 33. 7
2,34223.2
1,40016.6
59.4
68.3
78.4
7.0
8.5
5.0
220
1.027
471
16.4
11.6
7.0
1
66. 8 16. 8
70. 6 17. 8
78.614.4
1,934
6,150
3,884
50.2
38.6
39.0
44.6
54.4
57.1
5.2
7.1
3.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 10,034 persons 20 years of age or over employed in the shoe-
manufacturing industry in this locality, 55.4 per cent are married,
38.7 per cent single, and 5.9 per cent widowed. Comparing the total
number in each age group, it is seen that the proportion who are
single decreases and the proportion who are married, as well as the
proportion who are widowed, increases with age. This is true of
each nativity group, except the native-born of native father, which
varies in that a slightly larger proportion of those who are from 30
348
The Immigration Commission.
to 44 years of age than of those who are 45 years of age or over are
married. The same is true also of each foreign-born race group,
except the Canadian other than French, which varies in the same
respect as does the native-born of native father. A comparison
between the total number of male and female employees, who are 20
years of age or over, shows that a larger proportion of the former
are married than single. Comparing the total number of male and
female employees in each age group, it is seen that while a larger pro-
portion of each who are from 20 to 29 years of age are single than
married, the reverse is true as regards those of each who are from 30
to 44 years of age, as well as those who are 45 years of age or over.
The proportion of widows in each age group is noticeably larger than
the proportion of widowers. Particular attention is called to the fact
that the proportion of widows in. the 45 years of age or over group
is larger than the proportion who are either married or single.
The most significant fact in connection with the conjugal condition
of employees of foreign birth, especially those of recent immigration,
is found in the location of the wives of married males. Although a
large proportion of foreign-born shoe-manufacturing employees are
married, a considerable proportion, especially of recent immigrants,
left their wives in their native lands when immigrating to the United
States. The following table shows, by race of husband, the percent-
age of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States
and percentage who report wife abroad.
TABLE 105. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and
per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of husband.
Number
report ing
complete
data.
Per cent reporting
wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Armenian..
68
40
268
141
90
74
45
172
102
138
240
60
62
50
228
45
72.1
27.5
98.5
99.3
95.6
97.3
40.0
90.1
100.0
76.8
67.9
93.3
87.1
54.0
71.9
95.6
27.9
72.5
1.5
.7
4.4
2.7
60.0
9.9
.0
23.2
32.1
6.7
12.9
46.0
28.1
4.4
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
German.. .
Greek . .
Hebrew. Russian
Irish
Italian, North. .
Italian, South
T/it.hna.nian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
1,910
83.0
17.0
From data secured from 1910 foreign-born husbands, it was found
that 83 per cent report wives in the United States and 17 per cent
wives abroad. Bohemian and Moravian husbands show over 70
per cent and Greek husbands 60 per cent having wives abroad, which
is considerably in excess of the proportions exhibited by husbands
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
349
of other races specified. Russian husbands report over 45 per cent
and South Italian husbands over 30 per cent of wives abroad, as
contrasted with only 2.7 per cent of Germans, 1.5 per cent of French-
Canadians, 0.7 per cent of other Canadians, and no Irish husbands
who have wives in Europe. It is particularly noticeable that hus-
bands who belong to the older immigrant races show a very much
higher percentage of wives in the United States than do husbands
who are from races of southern and eastern Europe which are of more
recent immigration.
The extent to which foreign-born employees who came to this
country without their wives send for their wives after designated
periods of residence is set forth in the table next presented, which
shows by race of husband, and by years husband has been in the
United States, the percentage of foreign-born husbands who report
wife abroad.
TABLE 106. — Per cent offoreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by race of husband
and by years husband has been in the United States.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]
Race of husband.
Number having been in United States
each specified number of years who
report location of wife.
Per cent having been in United States
each specified number of years who
report wife abroad.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
Canadian Other
5
1
65
2
33
72
92
10
7
54
3
54
80
94
247
133
53
97
51
88
42
268
141
172
102
138
240
228
0.0
00
16.9
(a)
54.5
63.9
55.4
0.0
.0
11.1
(a)
16.7
25.0
11.7
1.6
.8
.0
.0
9.8
12.5
4.8
1.5
.7
9.9
.0
23.2
32.1
28.1
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among foreign-born husbands wTho have been in the United States
under five years, South Italians show over 60 per cent and Slovak
and North Italian husbands over 50 per cent who report wives
abroad, as contrasted with only 16.9 per cent of Russian Hebrews
whose wives are in Europe. Among husbands who have been in the
United States from five to nine years, South Italians continue to show
the highest percentage, followed by North Italian, Slovak, and Rus-
sian Hebrew husbands in the order mentioned. In the two groups
mentioned no French Canadian husbands report wives abroad.
Among foreign-born husbands with a residence of ten years or
over, South Italians show 12.5 per cent of husbands having wives
abroad, as contrasted with no Russian Hebrew and Irish husbands
thus reporting. The totals show slightly over 30 per cent of South
Italian husbands and slightly less than 30 per cent of Slovak husbands
having wives abroad, as compared with less than 1 per cent of Cana-
dian, other than French, and no Irish husbands whose wives are
abroad.
350
The Immigration Commission.
VISITS ABROAD.
The tendency manifested by employees of foreign birth to return
to their native lands for visits of varying duration after designated
periods of residence in this country is considered in the table next
submitted. It shows by sex, years in the United States, and race,
the visits abroad made by foreign-born employees.
TABLE 107. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by ser, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number in United States —
Per cent reporting 1 or more visits, by
years in United States.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other. .. .
12
9
154
12
95
239
157
28
12
68
12
86
144
105
292
144
54
127
74
121
40
332
165
276
151
255
504
302
75.0
55. 6
2.6
.0
8.4
8.8
4.5
60.7
58.3
.0
8.3
23.3
24.3
16.2
65.1
70.1
1.9
15.7
23.0
25.6
15.0
65.1
68.5
1.8
13.9
17.6
17.3
9.9
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian North
Italian South . .
Slovak
Total
1,076
660
1,199
2,935
8.2
20.6
36.6
22.6
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
Canadian Other
7
10
14
21
75
89
96
120
42.9
60.0
71.4
71.4
68.0
75.3
66.7
73.3
Hebrew Russian
58
11
4
73
.0
.0
(a)
.0
Irish
11
15
39
65
.0
13.3
20.5
15.4
Italian, North
9
11
6
26
.0
18.2
16.7
11.5
Italian, South
14
9
11
34
.0
.0
.0
.0
Slovak
21
8
5
34
.0
.0
60.0
8.8
Total..
182
107
282
571
4.9
28.0
51.4
32.2
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
19
19
42
33
367
233
428
285
63.2
57.9
64.3
66.7
65.7
72.1
65.4
70.5
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
212
23
79
27
58
166
349
216
1.9
.0
.0
11.1
1.7
16.9
1.4
14.4
Italian, North
104
97
80
281
7.7
22.7
22.5
17.1
Italian, South
253
153
132
538
8.3
22.9
23.5
16.2
Slovak
178
113
45
336
3.9
15.0
20.0
9.8
Total..
1.258
767
1.481
3.506
7.7
21.6
39.4
24.2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that of 3,506 foreign-born employees,
24.2 per cent have made one or more visits abroad. Of those who
have been in this country under five years, 7.7 per cent have visited
abroad, and of those with a residence of from five to nine years, 21.6
per cent have made one or more visits abroad. Of the employees who
have been in the United States ten years or over, 39.4 per cent have
made one or more visits abroad. Among the employees who have
been in the United States under five years, the Frencn Canadian and
Canadian other than French show the greatest tendency to make
visits abroad, 63.2 per cent of the former and 57.9 per cent of the
latter having visited their native land. The employees of these
two races continue to show by far the highest percentage of persons
visiting abroad among the employees given in the table in each
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
351
residential period. After the two races discussed above, the South
Italian employees show the highest percentage in the group who
have been in this country under five years and the group with a
residence of from five to nine years having made visits abroad. In
the first of these groups none of the Irish employees have visited
abroad, and in the second group none of the Russian Hebrews have
made one or more visits abroad. Among the employees who have
been in this country ten years or over the French Canadian and
other Canadian employees show the highest percentage, followed by
the South Italians and the North Italians; the Russian Hebrews show
the lowest percentage of persons who have visited abroad, the same
order being followed in the totals for all employees, excepting that the
North Italians show a slightly larger proportion than the South
Italians. In the group having a residence of under five years, the males
show a higher percentage than do the females, who have made one
or more visits abroad, while in the following specified periods of
residence from five to nine years and ten years or over and also in the
totals, the reverse is true, the females showing a much higher per-
centage who have visited abroad than the males:
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES.
The range in ages of employees is exhibited in the following table,
which shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of
employees in each age group :
TABLE 108. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general, nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Canada
3,240
368
134
175
716
53
129
409
217
138
104
238
404
192
293
589
127
143
96
353
77
12.6
23.1
17.9
32.6
18.0
20.8
6.2
6.6
6.0
2.9
3.8
27.7
17.3
4.7
14.7
21.9
1.6
18.2
12.5
11.3
2.6
18.2
23.9
18.7
17.1
15.2
15.1
23.3
10.5
12.0
11.6
8.7
34.0
39.6
10.4
31.7
25.5
32.3
40.6
27.1
26.1
14.3
15.8
14.4
8.2
11.4
13.5
7.5
25.6
15.6
15.2
15.9
8.7
17.6
21.3
10.9
21.2
21.1
29.9
14.7
26.0
26.9
16.9
13.6
12.8
15.7
16.0
14.5
22.6
17.1
19.6
20.3
14.5
6.7
10.5
9.2
15.6
15.0
14.3
18.9
10.5
15.6
15.9
22.1
20.6
19.3
20.9
14.3
24.6
20.8
25.6
23.0
26.7
26.1
25.0
7.6
10.4
27.6
13.0
11.5
15.7
15.4
11.5
12.7
32.5
12.2
5.4
13.4
7.4
11.2
7.5
2.3
12.7
15.2
21.7
31.7
2.5
2.2
15.1
3.8
5.3
.0
.7
7.5
6.5
7.8
7.1
1.1
5.2
1.1
2.9
5.7
.0
12.0
4.6
7.2
15.4
.0
.0
15.6
.7
.5
1.6
.0
.0
.6
3.9
England
Germany
Ireland.
Scotland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian..
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other.
English
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian . .
Irish ....
Italian, North . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian . . .
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish.. .
Grand total
8,581
14.8
20.8
16.9
14.1
19.1
9.6
4.7
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
1,601
4,853
3,728
24.1
16.4
12.7
18.2
18.3
24.1
12.6
14.8
19.6
13.9
13.7
14.8
20.0
20.4
17.5
8.9
11.1
7.8
2.3
5.5
3.5
Total foreign-born
352
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 108. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father. White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Canada
1,861
225
100
100
543
29
7
135
187
56
18
11
129
112
37
57
20
20
14
34
14
24.3
36.0
22.0
36.0
23.2
27.6
28.6
15.6
11.2
14.3
33.3
9.1
60.5
13.4
48.6
54.4
25.0
60.0
71. t
32.4
.0
25.7
30.2
25.0
29.0
25.0
24.1
14.3
31.1
23.0
25.0
27.8
54.5
34.9
29.5
29.7
19.3
50.0
30.0
2s.r,
26.5
42.9
14.5
16.4
19.0
10.0
19.7
10.3
28.6
17.0
16.0
26.8
11.1
18.2
4.7
20.5
8.1
8.8
20.0
5.0
.0
17.6
14.3
10.0
6.2
11.0
11.0
12.7
10.3
28.6
13.3
15.0
16.1
16.7
18.2
.0
13.4
5.4
7.0
.0
5.0
.0
5.9
14.3
15.2
8.9
14.0
11.0
15.5
13.8
.0
13.3
21.4
12.5
11.1
.0
.0
18.8
2.7
8.8
5.0
.0
.0
17.6
21.4
7.9
1.3
9.0
3.0
3.7
10.3
.0
6.7
12.8
3.6
.0
.0
.0
3.6
2.7
1.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
7.1
2.5
.9
.0
.0
.2
3.4
.0
3.0
.5
1.8
.0
.0
.0
.9
2.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
England . .
Germany
Ireland
Scotland
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian.
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English . .
German ... .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
ItaLan, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Grand total
3.811
26.6
26.6
15.2
10.3
13.8
6.0 (• 1.5
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
UN)
2, 926
885
29.4
26.1
28.0
26.3
26.0
28.8
17.0
15.4
14.6
10.4
10.2
10.7
12.9
14.3
12.1
3.6
6.3
4.7
.4
1.7
1.0
Total foreign-born .
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Canada ° .
5,101
593
16.9
28.0
20.9
26.3
15.3
15.2
12.3
10.3
18.6
15.3
10.6
3.9
5.4
1.0
England
234
19.7
21.4
12.8
13.7
17.9
11.5
3.0
Germany
275
33.8
21.5
10.9
14.2
13.1
5.8
.7
Ireland
1,259
20.3
19.5
16.2
13.7
20.7
7.9
1.7
Scotland
82
23.2
18.3
8.5
18.3
18.3
8.5
4.9
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
136
7.4
22.8
25.7
17 6
24.3
2 2
.0
Canadian, French
.".11
8.8
15.6
16.0
18.0
20.6
11.2
9.7
Canadian, Other .
404
8.4
17.1
15.6
17.8
24.3
14.1
2.7
English
194
6.2
15.5
19.1
14.9
22 2
16.5
5.7
German
122
8.2
11.5
9.0
8.2
23.0
27.0
13.1
Greek
249
26.9
34.9
17 7
10 8
7.2
2 4
.0
Hebrew, Russian
533
27.8
38.5
17.3
6.9
7.9
1.7
.0
Irish
304
7.9
17.4
14.5
14.8
24.3
10.9
10.2
Italian, North
330
18.5
31.5
19.7
13 9
11.8
3.6
.9
Italian, South
646
24.8
24.9
20.0
13.6
11.3
5.0
.5
Lithuanian ...
147
4.8
34.7
28.6
16.3
14.3
.0
1.4
Polish
163
23.3
39.3
13.5
9.8
13.5
.8
.0
Russian.
110
20.0
27.3
22.7
13.6
10.0
6.4
.0
Slovak
387
13.2
26.1
26.1
15 0
13.2
5.9
.5
Swedish .
91
2.2
18.7
16.5
20.9
30.8
7.7
3.3
Grand total . .
12, 392
18.4
22.6
16.3
13.0
17.5
8.5
3.7
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
2,661
7 77'l
26.2
20 0
21.5
21 2
14.3
15 0
12.5
12 3
17.2
18 1
6.8
9 3
1.5
4 1
Total foreign-born
4,613
15.7
25.0
18.6
14.0
16.5
7.2
3.1
Of a total of 12,392 persons employed in the shoe-manufacturing
industry in this locality, none are under 14 years of age, and the largest
proportion for any specified age group, or 22.6 per cent, are from 20 to
24 years of age. Not a great difference is shown between the proper-
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 353
tions who are each specified age from 24 to 44 years, and comparatively
small proportions are from 45 to 54 years of age or 55 years of age
or over. The native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion
than the native-born of native father, which in turn show a larger pro-
portion than the foreign-born, who are from 14 to 19 years of age. Only
a small difference between the proportions of the different nativity
groups is shown as regards those within each specified age group
from 20 to 44 years, while the native-born of native father show the
largest and the native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion
who are from 45 to 54 years of age or 55 years of age or over. Over
50 per cent of each race of more recent immigration employed in
this industry are less than 30 years of a*ge, as compared with over
50 per cent of each race of older immigration who are 30 years of age
or over.
A comparison between the total number of male and female
employees shows that while a larger proportion of the females than
of the males are from 14 to 19 or from 20 to 24 years of age the reverse
is true as regards each other specified age.
A larger proportion of the females than of the males of each race
except the Greek and Swedish are less than 20 years of age. The
Armenian, Russian Hebrew, North Italian, South Italian, and Polish
races each show a larger proportion of males than females who are
from 20 to 24 years of age. The Slovak is the only race showing
a larger proportion of females than males who are from 35 to 44 years
of age. Each race shows a larger proportion of males than females
in each specified age group above 44 years, excepting the Scotch in
the 45 to 54 and the North Italians 55 years of age or over.
CHAPTER V.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Citizenship— Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 109 to 113 and General Tables
67 to 69].
CITIZENSHIP.
The extent to which foreign-born employees have acquired or
manifested an interest hi attaining citizenship is set forth in the fol-
lowing table which shows, by race, the present political condition of
the foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States
five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at tune of
coining to this country:
TABLE 109. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully natu-
ralized.
Having first
papers only.
Armenian
23
4
58
34
1
39
3
46
21
59
11
38
62
125
39
5
1
32
1
1
15
6
68
2
30
2
1
4
9
9
(°)
(a)
36.2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
87.0
(a)
30.5
(a)
(a)
21.0
13.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(a)
(a)
11.8
fa)
(°)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(a)
12.1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
8.7
(a)
33.9
(")
(a)
25.8
17.6
(a)
(»
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
19.1
(«)
(a)
(«)
(a)
(a)
Bohemian and Moravian ....
Canadian French
21
12
7
4
Canadian, Other
Danish
English..
21
1
40
2
18
5
24
13
17
6
1
1
3
7
1
4
3
20
4
6
16
22
5
3
French .
German ...
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Maevar .
Norwegian
Polish
8
Portuguese. .
Roumanian
1
3
Russian
3
3
8
Scotch
Slovak
13
Slovenian
Swedish
20
9
Syrian
Turkish . . .
Austrian (race not specified)
1
2
Total
731
229
147
31.3
20.1
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
355
356
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 731 males included in the foregoing table 31.3 per cent are
fully naturalized and 20.1 per cent have signified their intentions of
becoming citizens. Of the races for which computations are made,
the German shows the largest and the Slovaks the smallest propor-
tion who are fully naturalized, while the proportion who have taken
out first papers only ranges from 33.9 per cent of the Russian Hebrews
to 8.7 per cent of the Germans.
The interest exhibited by foreign-born shoe-manufacturing employ-
ees in the East in acquiring citizenship after designated periods of
residence in this country is indicated in the following table which
shows, by years in the United States and race, the present political
condition of foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming to the United States:
TABLE 110. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees_ who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming to the United States, by years in United States and
race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
By years in the United States is meant years since first, arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 100 or more males reporting. The total, ho.vever, is for ail foreiga-bom.]
Baea
In United States 5 to 9
years.
In United States 10
years or over.
In United States 5 years
or over.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent —
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per cent—
Fully
natu-
ralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
natu-
ralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Fully
natu-
ralized.
Having
first
papers
only.
Italian, South
74
5.4
16.2
51
25.5
19.6
125
13.6
17.0
Total
359
6.1
25.6
372
55.6
14.8
731
31.3
20.1
Of 731 foreign-born male employees who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming to the United States, 31.3 per cent are fully
naturalized and 20.1 per cent have first papers only. Of employees
who have been in the United States from five to nine years only
6.1 per cent are fully naturalized and 25.6 per cent have first papers.
Of those with a residence of ten years or over, 55.6 per cent are citi-
zens and 14.8 per cent have first papers.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
357
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The following table shows, by sex and race, the percentage of foreign-
born employees of non-English-speaking races who were able to speak
English:
TABLE 111. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Armenian.
121
402
102
229
393
286
579
125
138
95
341
75
5
125
18
11
121
37
55
20
18
14
34
14
126
527
120
240
514
323
634
145
156
109
375
89
74.4
98.0
99.0
65.9
93.6
75.2
63.0
66.4
52.9
58.9
53.1
96.0
60.0
96.0
100.0
54.5
83.5
89.2
63.6
20.0
33.3
85.7
23.5
100.0
73.8
97.5
99.2
65.4
91.2
76.8
63.1
60.0
50.6
62.4
50.4
96.6
Canadian, French
German
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Russian
Slovak
Swedish
Total
3,009
486
3,555
74.4
76.7
74.7
Of 3,555 persons reporting in this industry 3,069 are males and
486 are females. Of this number 74.4 per cent of the males, 76.7
per cent of the females, and 74.7 per cent of the total number of
males and females can speak English. The German, French Cana-
dian, Swedish, and Russian Hebrew employees show over 90 per cent
who are able to speak English. The North Italian, Armenian, Greek,
South Italian, Russian, and Lithuanian employees, in the order men-
tioned, show between 60 and 77 per cent who can speak English, and
Polish and Slovak employees only slightly over 50 per cent who have
this ability. The German, South Italian, and Swedish employees
who are females show slightly larger proportions who are able to speak
English than the males of these races, while Russian and North
Italian female employees show a very much higher percentage who
can speak English than the male employees of these races. Male
employees of other races not specified above show a higher percentage
who can speak English than females, the Lithuanian, Polish, and
Slovak male employees showing a very much higher percentage who
can speak English than the female employees of these races.
The tabulation next submitted makes possible a comparison of the
relative proportion of the younger and older immigrants able to
speak English. It shows, by sex, age at time of coming to the United
States, and race the percentage of foreign-born employees who speak
English.
358
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 112. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
MALES.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by age
at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
402
229
393
286
579
341
99.5
100.0
100.0
97.9
98.7
95.5
96.5
65.2
92.8
70.6
57.5
50.2
98.0
65.9
93.6
75.2
63.0
53.1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
3,069
99.1
69.9
74.4
FEMALE.
Canadian French
125
98.8
90.9
96 0
Greek .
11
(a)
60.0
54 5
Hebrew, Russian
121
97.6
76.3
83.5
Italian, North..
37
94.4
84.2
89 2
Italian, South
55
100.0
41.2
63.6
Slovak
34
100 0
10 3
23 5
Total
486
98.0
62.2
76.7
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
527
99.3
95.5
97.5
Greek
240
83.3
65.0
65.4
Hebrew Russian
514
98.9
89.7
91 2
Italian, North
323
97.0
71.6
76.8
Italian, South
634
99.0
56.4
63.1
Slovak
375
96.3
46.8
50.4
Total
3 555
98.8
69.1
74 7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 3,555 foreign-born employees shown in the above table, 98.8
per cent of those who were under 14 years of age and 69.1 per cent
of those who were 14 years of age or over at the time of coming to
the United States can speak English, and 74.7 per cent of all foreign-
born employees reporting irrespective of age at the time of coming
to this country can speak English. Of the foreign-born employees
who were under 14 at the time of landing the French Canadian,
South Italian, Russian Hebrew, and Slovak employees, in the order
named, show over 95 per cent who can speak English as contrasted
with only 83.3 per cent of the Greek employees in this group having
this ability. Among employees who were 14 years of age or over at
the time of landing the French Canadian employees exhibit over 95
per cent who can speak English. The Russian Hebrews show
slightly less than 90 per cent and the employees of other races exhibit
considerably smaller proportions, the Slovaks showing only 46.8
per cent who can speak English. In the total the French Canadian
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
359
employees show over 95 per cent and the Russian Hebrews over 90
per cent who can speak English as contrasted with only 50.4 per
cent of the Slovaks having this ability. Among the employees who
were under 14 years of ago and who were 14 years of age or over
at time of coming to the United States the males show a higher
per cent than the females who are able to speak English, while in the
totals, irrespective of age at the time of landing, the females show a
greater proportion who are able to speak English than the males.
In the group showing the employees who were under 14 years of
age at time of coming to the United States the South Italian and
Slovak females show a higher percentage who are able to speak
English than the males of these races. In the group of employees
who were 14 years of age or over at the time of landing, the North
Italian females show a higher per cent who can speak English than
the males of this race, while the Slovak male employees show slightly
over 50 per cent as contrasted with only 10.3 per cent of the female
employees who can speak English. In the totals the North and
South Italian female employees show a higher per cent who can
speak English than the male employees of these races.
The advancement manifested by employees of foreign birth and of
non-English-speaking races in acquiring an ability to speak English
after designated periods of residence is set forth in the following
table. It shows, by sex, years in the United States, and race, the
percentage of foreign-born employees who speak English.
TABLE 113. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by years in
United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
402
229
393
286
579
341
89.5
57.8
90.0
50.0
42.3
32.8
97.1
82.5
96.9
89.8
77.6
66.9
98.6
95.7
100.0
92.3
86.7
91.8
98.0
65.9
93.6
75.2
63.0
53.1
Greek
Hebrew. Russian
Italian , North
Italian South
Slovak
Total
3,069
54.0
82.1
95.4
74.4
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
125
100 0
90 0
96.9
96 0
Greek
.11
57.1
(a)
(a)
54.5
Hebrew, Russian
121
75 3
100 0
100 0
83 5
Italian , N orth
37
75.0
93.8
100.0
89.2
Italian, South
55
37 5
71 4
94 1
63 6
Slovak
34
4 8
50.0
60.0
23.5
Total
486
56 7
85.3
96.0
76.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 12—11 24
360
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 113. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by years in
United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Canadian, French.
527
240
514
323
634
375
92.9
57.8
86.0
52.5
41.9
29.7
94.5
81.4
97.5
90.4
77.2
65.9
98.2
91.7
ino. o
93.1
87.5
88.9
97.5
65.4
91.2
76.8
63.1
50.4
Greek
Hebrew. Russian.
Italian , North
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
3,555
54.4
82.4
95.5
74.7
a. Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of a total of 3,555 persons included in the preceding table 74.7
per cent speak English. Generally speaking the ability of foreign-
born persons to speak English increases proportionately with the
length of residence in the United States. The Russian Hebrew is
the only race showing its entire number with a given period of
residence as having ability to speak English. The Slovaks show
the smallest proportion in each division. Little difference is shown
between the male and female members of the several races as regards
ability to speak English.
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A.
CHAPTER VI.
INTRODUCTION.
Industrial significance of the community — Households studied — Members of house-
holds for whom detailed information was secured — Employees for whom informa-
tion was secured— [Text Tables 114 to 118 and General Tables 70 to 72].
INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMMUNITY.
For many years Community A has been one of the principal boot
and shoe manufacturing cities of the United States.
NOTE. — In order that a more detailed exhibit may be had of the industrial as well
as the general effects of recent immigration upon American life and institutions,
two representative boot and shoe manufacturing communities in which immigrants
of recent and past years have found extensive employment have been selected for
intensive study. These communities, owing to the confidential character of some
of the data received, are designated as Communities A and B. A household study
furnishes the statistical basis for the study of Community B, and both households
and employees for Community A.
Not only is Community A one of the principal boot and shoe manu-
facturing cities in the United States, but the manufacture of boots
and shoes is, by all odds, the most important industry of the city.
In 1905 the value of boots and shoes manufactured equaled 47.2
per cent of the total value of all manufactures reported for the city.
In 1900 the proportion was 42.8 per cent. These figures supply an
indication of the relative importance of the industry.
There were in the city, in 1905, 127 boot and shoe manufacturing
establishments, with a total capital of $8,815,739. Of the 11,402
wage-earners employed in these establishments, 6,917 were men 16
years of age or over, 4,412 were women 16 years of age or over, and
73 were children under 16 years of age. The men received during
the year $4,476,774, the women $1,741,797, the children $18,650, and
all employees combined $6,237,221 in wages. The materials used in
the industry cost $14,718,508.
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
A total of 463 households in Community A, the heads of which
were engaged in the boot and shoe manufacturing industry, were
studied in detail. The table next presented shows the households
studied, by general nativity and race of head of household .
361
362
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 114. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.
•
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father,
White
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
15.3
1.9
8.0
7.6
10.4
6.3
5.8
11.2
6.0
Foreign-born — Continued .
Italian South
48
32
29
18
10.4
6.9
6.3
3.9
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
Lithuanian... .
Polish
Syrian
Irish
Grand total
Foreign-born:
Armenian
463
100.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
Canadian, French . . .
46
117
346
9.9
25.3
74.7
English
Greek
Total native-born
Hebrew
Total foreign-born
Irish
The preceding table shows that 74.7 per cent of the heads of the
total number of households studied were of foreign birth, 15.3 per cent of
the heads were native-born whites of native father, and 9.9 per cent
of the heads were native-born of foreign father. Among households the
heads of which wTere native-born of foreign father, those the heads
of which are Irish show a higher percentage than households the
heads of which are French Canadians. Among households the heads of
which are of foreign birth, those whose heads are Hebrews, South
Italians, and French Canadians show over 10 per cent, while house-
holds the heads of which are Armenians, Lithuanians, Poles, English,
Irish, and Greeks show between 5.8 per cent and 7.6 per cent, while
households the heads of which are Syrians show only 3.9 per cent
of the total number of households studied.
MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS
SECURED.
The table which follows shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, persons in the households studied and persons
for whom detailed information was secured :
TABLE 115. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
loas secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
I STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father, White
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52 '
257
51
178
187
263
103
116
290
11.0
2.2
7.6
8.0
11.3
4.4
5.0
12.4
253
50
178
172
263
103
116
290
11.1
2.2
7.8
7.5
11.5
4.5
5.1
12.7
Native-born of foreign father:
Canadian, French
Irish. . .
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
Canadian French
English
Greek.. .
Hebrew . .
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
363
TABLE 115. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household — Continued.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number of
households.
Persons in households.
Persons for whom de-
tailed information
was secured.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Irish
28
48
32
29
18
145
248
233
184
82
6.2
10.6
10.0
7.9
3.5
142
239
214
184
80
6.2
10.5
9.4
8.1
3.5
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Polish
Synan
Grand total
463
2,337
mil. (i
2,284
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
46
117
346
229
486
1,851
9.8
20.8
79.2
228
481
1,803
10.0
21.1
78.9
Total native-born ...
Total foreign-born
Of the 2,337 persons in the 463 households studied, 79.2 per cent
are foreign-born, 11 per cent native-born of native father, and 9.8
per cent native-born of foreign father. Of the total number of per-
sons, the largest proportion, or 12.4 per cent, are Hebrews, and the
smallest proportion, or 2.2 per cent, are the native-born of French
Canadian father. Detailed information was secured for 2,284 of the
2,337 persons. Of those for whom detailed information was secured,
78.9 per cent are foreign-born, 11.1 per cent native-born of native
father, white, and 10 per cent native-born of foreign father. The
Hebrews constitute the largest and the second generation of French
Canadians the smallest proportion of the total number of persons
for whom information was secured.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the sex of persons for whom detailed information was
secured :
TABLE 116. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativ-
ity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
115
27
86
98
128
54
72
156
63
116
138
110
39
138
23
92
74
135
49
44
134
79
123
76
74
41
253
50
178
172
263
103
116
290
142
239
214
184
80
45.5
54.0
48.3
57.0
48.7
52.4
62.1
53.8
44.4
48.5
64.5
59.8
48.8
54.5
46.0
51.7
43.0
51.3
47.6
37.9
46.2
55.6
51.5
35.5
40.2
51.3.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
Irish...
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek . . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,202
1,082
2,284
52.6
47.4
Total native-born of foreign father
113
228
974
115
253
829
228
481
1,803
49.6
47.4
54.0
50.4
52.6
46.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
364
The Immigration Commission.
Detailed information was secured for a total of 2,284 persons in
this locality. Of this number 52.6 per cent are males and ^7.4 per
cent are females. The foreign-born shows a larger proportion of
males than the native-born of foreign father, which in turn shows a
larger proportion than the native-born of native father. The posi-
tion of the nativity groups is naturally reversed as regards the pro-
portion of females. Considering the foreign-born by race it is seen
that the Lithuanians show the largest and the Irish the smallest
proportion of males, the same races reversed showing the largest
and smallest proportion of females.
The table next presented exhibits, by sex and by general nativity
and race of individual, the number and percentage of persons in the
households studied for whom detailed information was secured.
TABLE 117. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number.
Per cent distribution.
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
178
202
380
14.8
18.7
16.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
\rmenian
20
19
39
1.7
1.8
1.7
Canadian French
70
65
135
5.8
6.0
5.9
Canadian Other
1
4
5
.1
.4
.2
English
12
15
27
1.0
1.4
1.2
German . .
1
1
.0
.1
(°)
Greek
16
10
26
1.3
.9
1.1
Hebrew
43
35
78
3.6
3.2
3.4
Irish
73
84
157
6.1
7.8
6.9
Italian, North
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
Italian South
30
42
72
2.5
3.9
3.2
Lithuanian.
31
24
55
2.6
2.2
2.4
Polish
26
24
50
2.2
2.2
2.2
Scotch .
1
1
.0
.1
(")
Syrian
7
16
23
.6
1.5
1.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
77
50
127
6.4
4.6
5.6
Canadian French
68
77
145
5.7
7.1
6.3
Canadian Other
3
17
20
.2
1.6
.9
English
42
23
65
3.5
2.1
2.9
German
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
Greek
56
31
87
4.7
2.9
3.8
Hebrew .
113
99
212
9.4
9.1
9.3
Irish
27
33
60
2.2
3.0
2.6
Italian North
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
Italian, South :
86
79
165
7.1
7.3
7.2
Lithuanian
107
50
157
8.9
4. (i
6.9
Polish
84
52
136
7.0
4.8
6.0
Scotch
1
1
.0
.1
(a)
Spanish .
1
1
.0
.1
(«)
Syrian
32
24
56
2.7
2.2
2.0
Grand total
1,202
1,082
2,284
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
329
341
670
27.4
31.5
29.3
Total native-born
507
543
1,050
42.2
50.2
46.0
Total foreign-born .
695
539
1,234
57.8
49.8
54.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Detailed information was secured for a total of 2,284 persons in
this locality. Of this number 1,202 are males and 1,082 females.
Of the males, 57.8 per cent are foreign-born; 27.4 per cent native-
born of foreign father, and 14.8 per cent native-born of native father.
Of the females, 49.8 per cent are foreign-bom, 31.5 per cent native-
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
365
born of foreign father, and 18.7 per cent native whites born of native
father. Considering the foreign-born by race it is seen that the
Hebrew shows the largest proportion of both males and females.
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
Detailed information was also received for 4,959 operatives in the
community, of whom the number and percentage of each race is
shown, by sex, in the table below.
TABLE 118. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1.175
6
2
192
1
67
5
32
322
17
1
2
2
14
26
13
1
51
203
151
1
1
74
2
17
88
247
20
85
103
220
7
9
7
12
3
3
30
17
1
66
2
4
1
1
672
5
1,847
11
2
294
2
121
11
47
586
21
2
4
2
20
43
19
1
56
275
288
1
1
108
4
22
95
321
24
152
119
253
13
9
8
12
3
3
38
33
1
77
2
4
1
2
1
35.5
.2
.1
5.8
(0)
2.0
2
I'o
9.7
.5
(0).l
.1
.4
.8
.4
(<0
1.5
6.1
4.6
(a)
(a)
2.2
.1
.5
2.7
7.5
.6
2.6
3.1
6.8
.2
'.3
.2
.4
.1
.1
.9
.5
(a)
2.0
.1
.1
(")
(")
.0
40.8
.3
.0
6.2
.1
3.3
.4
.9
16.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.4
1.0
.4
.0
.3
4.4
8.3
.0
.0
2.1
.1
.3
.4
4.5
.2
4.1
1.0
1.6
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.5
1.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
37.2
.2
(a)
5.9
(a)
2.4
2
!g
11.8
.4
(a)
(a)
.4
.9
.4
(0)1.1
5.5
5.8
(a)
(°)
2.2
.1
.4
1.9
6.5
.5
3.1
2.4
5.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.8
.7
(a)
1.6
<".,
ft
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country,
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary . . .
Canada
102
1
54
6
15
264
4
1
2
Denmark
England .....
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Russia
6
17
6
Scotland
Sweden
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian
5
72
137
Canadian, French
Canadian Other
Cuban
Danish
English
34
2
5
7
74
4
67
16
27
6
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italiai}, North . . .
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
1
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
8
10
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish
11
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
]
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
3,310
1,049
4,959
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
696
1,877
1,433
47S
1,155
494
1,174
3,032
1,927
21.0
5G.7
43.3
29.0
70.0
30.0
23.7
61.1
38.9
Total na ti ve-born
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
CHAPTER VII.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of immigration — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born
employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at
the present time — [Text Tables 119 to 122 and General Tables 73 and 74].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.
Data showing in detail the history of the movement of immigrant
races to Community A are, unfortunately, unavailable. The Massa-
chusetts State census, however, classifies the population of the city,
by country of birth, in the census years 1855, 1865, 1875, 1885, 1895,
and 1905. From these figures it is possible to determine in a general
way the history of immigration to the community. The data are
presented in the following table:
TABLE 119. — Population of Community A, by country of birth, in years in which a State
census was taken. a
[Compiled from the Massachusetts State census on population.]
Nativity.
1855.
1865.
1875.
1885.
1895.
1905.
Native-born
13,332
17,751
26,864
36,099
46,060
55,070
Foreign-born, by country of birth:
Africa
1
1
3
4
American citizens (born at sea)
4
2
Armenia
162
Australia
16
Austria
3
10
96
Asia, not specified
27
5
At sea.
15
19
Belgium .... .
1
4
4
British Possessions, not specified
22
26
14
12
Bulgaria
Canada (English). ..
6263
6385
61,685
393
3,074
1,872
Canada (French)
423
1,035
1,607
China
1
29
66
Cuba
«3
3
2
Denmark
9
4
4
6
24
40
England....
160
196
425
643
1,479
1,662
Finland
15
France
5
4
15
32
64
64
Germany .
dli
14
32
138
260
328
Greece
409
Hawaii
1
Holland
4
2
11
11
Hungary
43
Ireland
1,857
2,307
3,344
4,609
5,374
5,322
Italy
2
1
1
45
102
814
Japan.
Mexico
1
New Brunswick
583
600
1,085
Newfoundland
43
317
506
Norway
«9
«9
«17
4
69
89
Nova Scotia
2,299
1,979
3,471
Poland
23
22
659
Portugal . .
2
3
/10
4
6
17
Portuguese Possessions..
5
a The nativities specified differ from census to census.
6 Includes all of British America.
c Includes West Indies.
d Includes Holland.
« Includes Sweden.
/ Includes colonies.
367
368
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 119. — Population of Community A, by country of birth, in years in which a State
census was taken — Continued.
Nativity.
1855.
1865.
1875.
1885.
1895.
1905.
Foreign-born, by country of birth — Con.
Prince Edward Island
134
175
336
Rnnm:inia
2
Russia. .
07
6
87
1 164
Sandwich Islands .
1
Scotland
(it
42
84
180
464
498
South America .
3
2
2
Spain
1
62
2
2
4
Sweden
96
603
1 137
Switzerland.
2
5
20
20
Syria
Turkey
124
143
Wales
2
1
11
10
26
23
West Indies
1
1
28
19
Other countries . .
6
8
7
51
c4
d2
American citizens born abroad . .
174
215
Total foreign-born
2,381
2,979
«5,091
9 768
16 29 i
21 972
Unknown
17
45
Grand total
15, 713
20, 747
32,600
45, 867
62,354
77.042
a Includes 1'oland and Finland.
6 Includes colonies.
c Includes one Servian.
Includes Central America.
Details 17 less than total.
It appears from the above table that the population of Community
A increased from 15,713 in 1855 to 77,042 in 1905. During the
fifty-year period the increase was quite regular. Since 1875 there
has been a marked increase in the proportion of foreign-born inhabit-
ants. The first immigrants to come to the city in any number
appear to have been the Irish. There were 1,857 of these people in
the community in 1855, and 2,307 in 1865. From 1865 to 1895 the
Irish population increased rapidly, but the figures for 1905 show a
slight decrease. Even in 1905, however, the Irish are present in
larger numbers than persons of any other European race. Canadian
immigration to Community A has been heavy since 1875. Many of
the persons of Canadian nativity are from Nova Scotia, New Bruns-
wick, and Prince Edw^ard Island and many others are of French
descent. English and Scotch immigration, while not so heavy as the
Irish and Canadian immigration, has been regular since before 1855.
Since 1885 there has been a limited Scandinavian immigration. The
immigration of persons cf southern or eastern European nativity
was very light until after 1895. By 1905, however, persons of Polish,
Russian, Italian, and Austrian birth had come to the community in
considerable numbers.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.
The racial movements to the industry in the community are also
indicated by the following series of tables, which set forth the length
of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households. Period of residence in this country
and in Community A are not necessarily identical, but they closely
approximate each other and the tabulations afford an insight into
the character of recent and past immigration. The first table sub-
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
369
mitted shows, by sex and race, the percentage of foreign-born em-
ployees who had been in the United States each specified number
of years.
TABLE 120. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified num-
ber of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
Canadian, French
203
146
70
87
242
80
101
225
6.4
5.5
27.1
03.2
53.3
6.3
37.6
35.1
10.3
6.8
10.0
20.7
26.0
3.8
31.7
32.9
7.9
13.7
10.0
9.2
7.4
3.8
17.8
17.3
21.2
14.4
18.6
6.9
9.9
8.8
7.9
8.4
54.2
59.6
34.3
.0
3.3
77.5
5.0
6.2
Canadian, Other
English
Greek
Hebrew, Russian..
Irish..
Italian, North
Italian, South
Total
1,399
30.2
19.6
11.5
13.5
25.2
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
65
10.8
16.9
12 3
18 5
41 5
Canadian, Other
129
11.6
14.0
17.8
18.6
38 0
English
33
27.3
9.1
3 0
18 2
42 4
Greek .. .
7
57.1
42.9
.0
.0
0
Hebrew, Russian..
69
72.5
20.3
4.3
2.9
.0
Irish..
63
19.0
14.3
12 7
15 9
38 1
Italian, North
16
25.0
43.7
18.8
.0
12 5
Italian, South
27
55.6
22.2
18.5
3.7
.0
Total.. ..
467
30.2
16.1
12.0
13.7
28.1
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
268
7.5
11.9
9.0
20.5
51.1
Canadian, Other
275
8.4
10.2
15.6
16.4
49.5
English
103
27.2
9 1
7 8
18 4
36 9
Greek .. .
94
62.8
22.3
8.5
6.4
.0
Hebrew, Russian
311
57.6
24.8
6.8
8.4
2.6
Irish..
143
11 9
8.4
7.7
11.9
60 1
Italian, North
117
35.9
33.3
17.9
6.8
6.0
Italian, South
252
37 3
31 7
17 5
7 9
5 6
Total
1,866
30.2
18.7
11.6
13.6
25.9
From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that of the
males for whom information was secured, 30.2 per cent have been in
the United States under five years, 19.6 per cent have been here from
five to nine years, 11.5 per cent have been here from ten to fourteen
years, 13.5 per cent have been here from fifteen to nineteen years,
and 25.2 per cent have been here twenty years or over. The propor-
tion for male employees who have been in the United States under five
years is largest for the Greeks and Russian Hebrews, and the pro-
portion who have been here from five to nine years and from ten to
fourteen years is largest for the North and South Italians. The
French Canadians, English, and Canadians other than French, in the
370
The Immigration Commission.
order mentioned, have the largest proportions for individuals who have
been in this country from fifteen to nineteen years and the Irish,
Canadians other than French, and French Canadians, in the order
mentioned, have the largest proportions for individuals who have been
here twenty years or over. Of the females, 30.2 per cent have been
here under five years, 16.1 per cent from five to nine years, 12 per
cent from ten to fourteen years, 13.7 per cent from fifteen to nineteen
years, and 28.1 per cent twenty years or over. The proportion for
females who have been in the United States under five years is
largest for the Russian Hebrews, Greeks, and South Italians, in the
order mentioned, and the proportion for individuals who have been
here from five to nine years is largest for the North Italians and
Greeks, in the order mentioned, while the English, French Canadians,
Irish, and Canadians other than French have the largest proportion
of individuals who have been in the United States twenty years or
over.
The following table sets forth, by race of individual, the percentage
of foreign-born persons in the households studied, who had been in
the United States each specified number of years :
TABLE 121. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by race of individual .
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
|By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Armenian. .
127
141
65
87
212
GO
1G5
153
136
56
52.8
8.5
36.9
58.6
57.1
.0
49.7
45.8
64.0
37.5
74.0
23.4
38.5
95.4
80.2
.0
83.0
86.3
92.6
69.6
94.5
56.0
60.0
100.0
98.6
1.7
97.6
98.7
99.3
100.0
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total .. ...
1,225
43.8
68.7
85.9
Of 1,225 persons employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry in
this locality, 43.8 per cent have been in the United States under five
years, 68.7 per cent under ten years, and 85.9 per cent under 20
years. The Irish group shows the largest and the Greek and Syrian
the smallest proportion having been in the United States twenty
years or more, while of those of each other race having been in the
United States under ten years the Greek shows the largest pro-
portion and the Irish none. Over 50 per cent of the Armenians,
Greeks, Hebrews, and Poles have been in the United States under
five years.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
371
RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
The racial classification of the operating forces of the boot and shoe
factories in Community A may be seen in the following table which
shows by sex the number and per cent of employees of each race for
whom information was secured.
TABLE 122. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OB" FMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,175
6
2
192
1
67
5
32
322
17
1
2
2
14
26
13
1
51
203
151
1
1
74
2
17
88
247
20
85
103
226
7
9
7
12
3
3
30
17
1
66
2
4
1
1
672
5
1,847
11
2
294
2
121
11
47
586
21
2
4
2
20
43
19
1
56
275
288
1
1
108
4
22
95
321
24
152
119
253
13
9
8
12
3
3
38
33
1
77
2
4
1
2
1
35.5
.2
.1
5.8
(°)
2.0
.2
1.0
9.7
.5
(a)
!i
.4
.8
.4
(a)
1.5
6.1
4.6
(a)
(a)
2.2
.1
.5
2.7
7.5
.6
2.6
3.1
6.8
.2
.3
.2
.4
.1
.1
.9
.5
(a)
2.0
.1
.1
(a)
(a)
.0
40.8
.3
.0
6.2
.1
3.3
.4
.9
16.0
.2
.1
.1
.0
.4
1.0
.4
.0
.3
4.4
8.3
.0
.0
2.1
.1
.3
.4
4.5
.2
4.1
1.0
1.6
.4
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.5
1.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
37.2
.2
(»)
5.9
(a)
2.4
.2
.9
11.8
.4
<•>:,
(a)
.4
.9
.4
(a)
1.1
5.5
5.8
(a)
(a)
2.2
.1
.4
1.9
6.5
.5
3.1
2.4
5.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.8
.7
(a)
1.6
(a)
(»)
(a)
(a)
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary. . .
Canada
102
1
54
6
15
264
4
1
2
Denmark
England
France
Germany
Ireland . .
Italy
Netherlands
Norway.
Portugal
Russia
6
17
6
Scotland. .
Sweden . .
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian. .
5
72
137
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Danish
English .
34
2
5
7
74
4
67
16
27
6
French..
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian . .
Hebrew, Other
Irish . .
Italian, North..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
1
Polish..
Portuguese..
Roumanian
Russian
8
16
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish .
11
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
3,310
1,649 4,959 100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
696
1,877
1,433
478
1,155
494
1,174
3,032
1,927
21.0
56.7
43.3
29.0
70.0
30.0
23.7
61.1
38.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. . .
Less than 0.05 per cent.
372 The Immigration Commission.
Of the individuals in this locality for whom information was secured
43.3 per cent of the males and 30 per cent of the females are foreign-
born, 21 per cent of the males and 29 per cent of the females are
native-born of foreign father, 35.5 per cent of the males and 40.8 per
cent of the females are native white, born of native father, and only
0.2 per cent of the males and 0.3 per cent of the females are native
negro, born of native-father. Both males and females, whose fathers
were born in Ireland or hi Canada, have by far the largest represen-
tation among the native-born of foreign father. In the case of the
males, the principal races are the Russian Hebrews, South Italians,
French Canadians, and Canadians other than French, in the order
mentioned, and in the case of the females, the Canadians other than
French, Russian Hebrews, French Canadians, and Irish.
CHAPTEE VIII.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — Principal
occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States — General
occupation of males at the present time, in the households studied — General occu-
pation of women at the present time, in the households studied — Comparison of
occupations of the first and second generations — Occupations entered in the boot
and shoe industry — Weekly earnings — Relation between period of residence and
earning ability — Annual earnings of male heads cf families studied — Annual earn-
ings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Annual earnings
of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied — Annual family income —
Wives at work — Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of
wives of keeping boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative impor-
tance of different sources of family income — [Text Tables 123 to 148 and General
Tables 75 to 90].
INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
In order that a comparison may be made of the condition of the
immigrants connected with the shoe industry in this country with
their condition while abroad, it is necessary to point out their gen-
eral industrial status and the principal occupations followed by them
before emigrating from their native countries. This is done in the
following series of tables, the first of which shows, by race of indi-
vidual, the industrial condition before coming to the United States
of foreign-born males in the households studied who were 16 years
of age or over at time of coming to this country.
TABLE 123. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent—
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Armenian . ....
48
31
24
38
69
61
94
74
23
7
1
12
21
22
15
33
29
15
24
6
10
3
1
10
6
7
64
27
7
19
6
1
10
23
16
15
21
7
14.6
3.2
.0
7.9
10.1
14.8
.0
2.7
13.0
25.0
67.7
91.7
39.5
47.8
47.5
16.0
32.4
26.1
20.8
9.7
4.2
26.3
8.7
11.5
68.1
36.5
30.4
39.6
19.4
4.2
26.3
33.3
26.2
16.0
28.4
30.4
Canadian, French
English
Greek
3
7
9
Hebrew . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish . . .
2
3
Syrian
Total
471
33
180
139
119
7.0
38.2
29.5
25.3
373
374
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 471 males included in the preceding table, 38.2 per cent
were working for wages, 29.5 per cent were working without wages,
25.3 per cent were working for profit, and 7 per cent were without
occupation before coming to the United States. The English and
Lithuanian are the only races not showing a proportion who were
without occupation. Among those who were working for wages the
English shows the largest and the Lithuanian the smallest proportion,
while among those who were working without wages the Lithuanian
shows the largest and the English the smallest proportion. Of those
of each race who were working for profit the proportion ranges from
39.6 per cent of the Armenian to 4.2 per cent of the English.
The following table shows the principal occupations before coming
to the United States of foreign-born males in the households studied
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, and is presented,
according to race of individual:
TABLE 124. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent without occu-
pation.
Per cent working for wages.
Per cent work-
ing without
wages.
Per cent work-
ing for profit.
i
o
fl
~2
gfe
ol
ft
* .
~* M
C3 O
sg
Z*
o
a
g£
o •**
•c 2
ra 3
T3
O
h- 1
•d
2»
c3 a*
-1
a^
t— (
*z
|-2
._ ri
0 ft
a§
"c3
+a
0
H
$
,0
C3 .
B<
a
ft
°§
fel
— "S
<j 2
0 ft
5§
13
-t-j
o
EH
E
3
a
ft
°§
fel
•S"S
,_> G3
0 ft
£§
1
o
H
Armenian
48
31
24
38
69
61
94
74
23
14.6
3.2
.0
7.9
10.1
14.8
.0
2.7
13.0
8.3
3.2
4.2
2.6
.0
4.9
7.4
20.3
17.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.6
1.1
1.4
.0
0.0
38.7
66.7
.0
13.0
24.6
.0
1.4
.0
2.1
6.5
.0
5.3
2.9
6.6
.0
6.8
.0
14.6
19.4
20.8
31.6
31.9
9.8
7.4
2.7
8.7
25.0
67.7
91.7
39.5
47.8
47.5
16.0
32.4
26.1
8.3
9.7
.0
23.7
4.3
3.3
68.1
36.5
30.4
12.5
.0
4.2
2.6
4.3
8.2
.0
.0
.0
20.8
9.7
4.2
26.3
8.7
11.5
68.1
36.5
30.4
8.3
12.9
.0
5.3
.0
.0
13.8
24.3
13.0
31.3
6.5
4.2
21.1
33.3
26.2
2.1
4.1
17.4
39.6
19.4
4.2
26.3
33.3
26.2
16.0
28.4
30.4
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
471
7.0
8.1
.6
11.3
3.6
14.6
38.2
25.9
3.6
29.5
9.3
15.9
25.3
Of the 471 males included in the preceding table, 7 per cent were
without occupation, 38.2 per cent were working for wages, 29.5 per
cent were working without wages, and 25.3 per cent were working
for profit before coming to the United States. The 38.2 per cent
who were working for wages comprises the following — 11.3 per cent
engaged in the shoe manufacturing industry, 8.1 per cent as farm
laborers, 3.6 per cent in hand trades, less than 1 per cent as general
laborers and 14.6 per cent engaged in occupations other than those
specified in this table. The 29.5 per cent working without wages,
comprises 25.9 per cent engaged as farm laborers and 3.6 per cent
otherwise employed. Of the 25.3 per cent working for profit, 9.3 per
cent were farmers and 15.9 per cent were engaged in occupations
other than farming. Among those of each race who were working
for wages the proportion who were farm laborers ranges from 20.3
per cent of the Polish to none of the Hebrews. The proportion
who were employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry ranges from
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
375
66.7 per cent of the English to 1.4 per cent of the Polish, the Arme-
nian, Greek, Lithuanian, and Syrian showing none, however. The
proportions for those who were working for wages in occupations
other than those specified, ranges from 31.9 per cent of the Hebrew
to 2.7 per cent of the Polish. Each race, except the Armenian,
English, Hebrew, and South Italian, shows that of those who were
working without wages a larger proportion were farm laborers than
were otherwise employed. With the exception of the French Cana-
dian, Lithuanian, and Polish groups, each race shows that a larger
proportion of their number who were working for profit were engaged
in occupations other than farming.
The table next submitted shows, by race of individual, the indus-
trial conditions before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over
at time of coming to this country.
TABLE 125. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Armpnian
36
29
25
66
48
40
40
35
19
24
51
39
13
29
1
9
97.2
65.5
96.0
77.3
81.2
32.5
72.5-
2.8
31.0
.0
18.2
12.5
10.0
17.5
0.0
3.4
4.0
3.0
4.2
57.5
10.0
0.0
.0
.0
1.5
2.1
.0
.0
Canadian, French
1
1
2
2
23
4
Greek
Hebrew
12
6
4
7
1
1
Italian, South
Lithuanian. .
Polish...
Total
344
251
53
37
3
73.0
15.4
10.8
.9
Of the 344 females included in the preceding table, 73 per cent
were without occupation, 15.4 per cent were working for wages, 10.8
per cent were Working without wages, and less than 1 per cent were
working for profit before coming to the United States. Of those of
each race who were without occupation the proportion ranges from
97.2 per cent of the Armenians to 32.5 per cent of the Lithuanians.
The French 'Canadian shows the largest and, with the exception of
the Greek which shows none, the Armenian shows the smallest pro-
portion who were working for wages; while the Lithuanian shows
the largest and, with the exception of the Armenian which shows
none, the Hebrew the smallest proportion working without wages.
rlke Hebrew and South Italian show 1.5 per cent and 2.1 per cent,
respectively, who were working for profit, other races showing none.
The table next presented analyzes the preceding table into the prin-
cipal occupations followed by foreign-born females in the households
studied, before coming to the United States, who were 16 years of
age or over at time of coming to this country. The presentation is
by race of individual.
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-25
376
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 126. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
•
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
OJ
a
Per cent work-
Per cent work-
ft
.2
Per cent working for wages.
ing without
ing for
6
8
ft
wages.
profit.
M
O
§
OJ
1
03
&
03
- .
O
.
ft
ft
ft
Race of individual.
t ii
3
0
>
(H
£ .
g
o
a
P,^
^
w
WJ
F^
O
^
o .
Q
o
.'^
O>
o
3
CO
o>
0
£>
73
.s
MM
gj
o
fcl
£.2
<u
1
a
0)
o
|
8
0
•a
0)
o
C/3
I*
O
•3
G
0
"3
01
a
o
•3
§
PH
PH
HH
a
j — i
a
M
a
h- i
o
H
03
q
o
H
03
a
hH
o
H
Armenian .
36
97.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
2.8
0 0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0 0
0 0
Canadian French
29
65.5
.0
6.9
3.4
10.3
10 .3
31 0
3 4
o
3 4
o
o
o
Greek
25
96.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
4 0
o
4 0
o
o
o
Hebrew .
66
77.3
.0
.0
.0
9.1
9.1
18 2
3 0
o
3 0
o
1 5
1 5
Italian, South
48
81.2
.0
4.2
.0
8.3
.0
12. 5
2 1
2.1
4 2
.0
2 1
2 1
Lithuanian
40
32.5
2.5
5.0
2.5
.0
0
10 0
57 5
o
57 5
o
o
o
Polish
40
72.5
.0
17.5
.0
.0
.0
17 5
10 0
o
10 0
o
o
o
Total
344
73.0
.3
5.8
1.2
4.4
3.8
15.4
10.2
.6
10.8
.0
.9
.9
Of the 344 females reporting complete data in the above table, 73
per cent were without occupation, 15.4 per cent were working for
wages, 10.8 per cent were working without wages, and 0.9 per cent
were working for profit before coming to the United States. Among
those who were working for wages the largest proportion were in
domestic service, the next largest proportion having been engaged
in sewing, embroidering, etc., and only 1.2 per cent of the total num-
ber reporting were engaged in the shoe-manufacturing industry.
Among those who were working without wages less than 1 per cent
were employed other than as farm laborers, and among those work-
ing for profit the entire proportion were engaged in occupations other
than farming. Only two races, the French Canadian and Lithua-
nian, show a proportion who have been employed in the shoe-man-
ufacturing industry. The entire proportion of Poles who were work-
Ing for wages were in domestic service and the entire proportion of
Armenians were in occupations other than those specified. Among
those who were working without wages only one race, the South
Italian, shows a proportion who were employed as other than farm
laborers.
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING
TO THE UNITED STATES.
The table next presented shows, by race, the percentage of foreign-
born male employees who were in each specified occupation before
coming to the United States.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
377
TABLE 127. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occupation before
coming to the United States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
facturing.
Other
manu-
facturing.
Farming
or farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Canadian, French
Hebrew, Russian. . .
84
154
81
186
41.7
48.7
88.9
88.2
6.0
9.7
.0
1.1
36.9
2.6
2.5
1.1
4.8
.0
3.7
.0
3.6
10.4
1.2
5.4
4.8
24.0
2.5
2.2
2.4
4.5
1.2
2.2
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Total
863
00.8
5.6
11.6
L.5
5.7
10.0
4.9
Tliis table contains data from 863 males employed in the shoe
manufacturing industry. Before immigrating to the United States,
60.8 per cent of these persons were employed in shoe manufac-
turing, 5.6 per cent were employed in manufacturing other than
shoe manufacturing, 11.6 per cent worked at farming or farm
labor, 1.5 per cent were general laborers, 5.7 per cent followed
hand trades, 10 per cent were in trade, and 4.9 per cent were engaged
in occupations not specified in this table. Over 88 per cent of both
North and South Italians were engaged in shoe manufacturing, while
the proportion of the French Canadians and Russian Hebrews thus
engaged was 41.7 per cent and 48.7 per cent, respectively. No
North Italians and very few South Italians were engaged in manufac-
turing other than shoe manufacturing, but 6 per cent of the French
Canadians and 9.7 per cent of the Russian Hebrews were so emplo^yed.
The French Canadians show 36.9 per cent who followed farming or
farm labor before coming to the United States, whereas less than 3 per
cent of any of the other races reported were so occupied. No Russian
Hebrews or South Italians and less than 5 per cent of French Cana-
dians and North Italians were general laborers. Among those who fol-
lowed hand trades, the Russian Hebrews report 10.4 per cent and the
South Italians 5.4 per cent, while the remaining races each show a
proportion under 4 per cent. With 24 per cent engaged in trade the
Russian Hebrew shows by far the greatest proportion in that respect,
each other race showing less than 5 per cent. Less than 5 per cent
of any race are reported as following other occupations than those
herein specified.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME, IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
In contrast with the preceding tabulations, the series of tables
next presented exhibit the industrial condition of immigrant employees
and members of their households in this country. The first table
submitted shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the
general occupations of males in the households studied who were
16 years of age or over.
378
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 128. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent —
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
Otherwise
employed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father ^'hite
103
27
64
65
61
37
51
86
27
72
100
80
31
77.7
74.1
76.6
49.2
82.0
94.6
78.4
84.9
44.4
81.9
32.0
12.5
87.1
19.4
22.2
12.5
41.5
16.4
2.7
19.6
8.1
25.9
11.1
66.0
82.5
9.7
1.0
3.7
6.3
6.2
1.6
2.7
2.0
7.0
29. 6
4.2
2.0
3.8
3.2
1.9
.0
4.7
3.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.8
.0
1.3
.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian . .
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
816
64.1
30.0
4.5
1.3
Total native-born of foreign father
102
205
611
71.6
74.6
60.6
18.6
19.0
33.7
5.9
3.4
4.9
3.9
2.9
.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-horn
Upon information secured for 816 individuals in this locality 64.1
per cent are employed in the shoe manufacturing industry and 30
per cent are otherwise employed, 4.5 per cent being at home and
1.3 per cent at school. The group native-born of native father
shows a larger proportion than the native-born of foreign father,
which in turn shows a larger proportion than the foreign-born who
are employed in the shoe manufacturing industry. The foreign-born
report the largest and the native-born of foreign father the smallest
proportion who are otherwise employed. The native-born of foreign
father shows the largest proportion at home and at school, while the
native-born of native father shows the smallest proportion at home
and the foreign-born the smallest proportion at school. Considering
the foreign-born, by race, it is seen that the largest proportion of each
race, except the Lithuanian and Polish, are employed in the shoe
manufacturing industry. The proportion who are otherwise employed
ranges from 82.5 per cent of the Poles to 2.7 per cent of the English.
The Armenian, South Italian, and Polish show 3.1 per cent, 2.8 per
cent, and 1.3 per cent, respectively, at school, while the proportion
of each race who are at home ranges from 29.6 per cent of the Irish
to 1.6 per cent of the Canadian French.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF FEMALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
In the table next presented the general occupation of females in the
households studied who were 16 years of age or over is shown
according to general nativity and race of individual.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
379
TABLE 129. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Per cent —
General nativity and race of individual.
reporting
complete
data.
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
In do-
mestic
service.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At
school.
Native-born of native father White
124
22.6
0.0
12.9
58.9
5.6
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian French
25
48.0
.0
20.0
24.0
8.0
Irish
73
39.7
.0
13.7
46.6
.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
39
5.1
.0
.0
92.3
2.6
Canadian French
67
11.9
3.0
7.5
77.6
.0
English
22
27.3
.0
.0
72.7
.0
Greek.
28
10.7
.0
7.1
82.1
.0
Hebrew
78
21.8
.0
3.8
74.4
.0
Irish
33
15.2
.0
.0
84.8
.0
Italian South
55
23.6
1.8
.0
74.5
.0
Lithuanian
46
13.0
.0
13.0
73.9
.0
Polish
45
.0
.0
17.8
82.2
.0
Grand total
692
20.5
.7
8.7
68.5
1.6
Total native-born of foreign father
116
41.4
.9
15.5
39.7
2.6
Total native-born
240
31.7
.4
14.2
49.6
4.2
Total foreign-born..
452
14.6
.9
5.8
78.5
.2
Of the 692 females 16 years of age or over studied in this locality
20.5 per cent are employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry, 0.7
per cent are in domestic service, and 8.7 per cent are otherwise
employed, 68.5 per. cent being at home and 1.6 per cent at school.
Of the different nativity groups the native-born of foreign father
shows the largest and the foreign-born the smallest proportion who
are employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry, as well as in
occupations other than specified, while none of the native-born of
native father and less than 1 per cent of either the native-born of for-
eign father or the foreign-born are in domestic service. The foreign-
born shows the largest and the native-born of foreign father the
smallest proportion at home, while the native-born of native father
shows the largest and the foreign-born the smallest proportion at
school. The largest proportion of each foreign-born race are at
home, the proportions ranging from 92.3 per cent of the Armenians
to 72.7 per cent of the English, as compared with a range of from
27.3 per cent of the English to none of the Poles who are employed
in the shoe manufacturing industry. Only two races (the French
Canadian and South Italian) show a proportion in domestic service,
and the Armenian is the only race showing a proportion at school.
380
The Immigration Commission.
COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERA-
TIONS.
ie following table shows, by general nativity and race of father
by birthplace of individual, the percentage of males 16 years of
The
and
age or over who were engaged in the manufacture of shoes :
TABLE 130. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of
boots and shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more
born abroad. The native-born are shown for comparative purposes.]
General nativity and race of father.
Birthplace of
individual.
Number
employed.
Per cent—
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
Otherwise
employed.
Native-born, White .
United States.
/United States.
100
26
60
80.0
76.9
83.3
20.0
23.1
16.7
Foreign-born, Canadian , French
1 Abroad
Of those born abroad whose fathers are French Canadians 83.3 per
cent are engaged in the manufacture of shoes as compared with 80
per cent of the native-born of native father and 76.9 per cent of the
native-born whose fathers are French Canadians.
OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY.
The tables next submitted set forth the distribution of the several
races and nativity groups in the principal departments of a representa-
tive boot and shoe manufacturing establishment of Community A.
TABLE 131. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race of individual —
Company No. 1.
Department.
American, White.
English.
German.
Irish-American.
,d
w
•3
h-<
Scotch-American.
Scotch.
Canadian , French .
Swedish.
Greek.
Hebrew.
Italian, North.
Italian, South.
'1
ft
GO
4^ .
o-o
*£
"3
-4-3
HH
Lithuanian.
Magyar.
Polish.
•3
1
EH
Stock room
•>6
6
5
1
4
?,
44
7
1
f
1
1?
49
5
9
14
4
1
is
1
84
Stitching room
111
3
Ti
q
1
17
209
Turn room
?3
1
2
3
?,
1
3
6
2
16
4
6
4
73
I9
4
9
6
8
1
1
6
40
Making room
10'?
13
s
n
?8
«>
?"i
4
4
?,6
117
?4
364
Packing room
46
4
fl
7
6
8
1
81
Total *
40?
37
12
16
q,S
1
q
55
10
1
35
38
134
48
4
6
4
907
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
381
TABLE 132. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race of individual —
Company No. :.'.
Department.
American, White.
English.
Canadian, French.
jn
'C
(—*
Armenian.
Greek.
Hebrew.
Italian.
Lithuanian.
Polish.
Syrian.
"3
-K>
0
EH
Stock room
30
9
3
1
1
1
45
Cutting room
53
1
12
12
2
80
Making room
25
15
15
1
1
1
58
Stitching room
145
40
2
5
1
7
200
Turn room
50
20
1
4
75
Lasting room . ...
9
3
1
20
3
1
21
58
Finishing room
10
30
7
5
1
53
Packing and shipping room
9
25
25
i
60
Total
331
1
154
53
5
33
13
8
1
28
2
629
WEEKLY EARNINGS.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of male employees who were 18 years of age or over, and who
were earning each specified amount weekly.
TABLE 133. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OE< EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and
race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5 or
over.
$7.50
or
over.
$10 or
over.
$12.50
or
over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or
over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Native-born of native
father, White
831
133
223
160
101
195
88
205
$13. 85
13.37
13.48
13.29
14.33
10.93
10.92
10.38
99.6
100.0
99.6
100.0
99.0
99.5
98.9
100.0
96.1
97.0
95.5
96.9
95.0
91.8
96.6
85.9
85.6
78.9
81.2
78.8
86.1
59.0
59.1
51.2
57.3
48.9
57.8
48.8
59.4
21.5
18.2
16.6
48.3
38.3
49.3
41.9
50.5
17.9
13.6
11.2
20.6
19.5
17.9
16.3
26. 7
5.1
5.7
2.4
6.5
5.3
4.0
4.4
11.9
.5
.0
1.5
1.8
.8
.9
1.3
2.0
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race: •
Canadian, French...
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North . .
Italian, South
Grand total . .
2,424
12.85
99.7
93.4
75.2
45.1
37.6
15.8
4.S
1.1
Total native-born of for-
eign father
477
1,312
1,112
13.48
13.71
11.83
99.8
99.7
99.6
95.8
96.0
90.5
80.9
83.8
64.9
53.2
55.9
32.5
44.7
47.0
26.4
19.9
20.4
10.3
4.8
5.9
3.5
.8
1.4
.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
382
The Immigration Commission.
Slightly over 75 per cent of the 2,424 male employees earn $10 or
over per week, 37.6 per cent earning $15 or over, 4.8 per cent $20 or
over, and only 1.1 per cent as high as $25. The native-born of native
father show a larger proportion than the native-born of foreign
father, who in turn show a larger proportion than the foreign-born,
earning each specified rate, except $5 or over, where the proportions
are approximately the same. Over 90 per cent of those of each for-
eign-born race, except the South Italian, earn $7.50 or over per week.
The Canadian other than French, is the only race showing as high as
50 per cent earning either $12.50 or over or $15 or over per week.
This same race shows the largest proportion earning $17.50 or over,
$20 or over, and $25 or over per week.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of female employees who were 18 years of age or over and
who were earning each specified amount weekly:
TABLE 134. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Average
Per cent
earning ea
ch specifle
d amount
per week.
General nativity and race.
complete
data.
earnings
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
S5or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$15 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
421
88.48
99.8
97.4
66.5
24.9
3.3
Native-born of foreign father by
country of birth of father,
Ireland . . . .
175
8.44
100.0
97.7
70.3
21.1
2 9
Foreign-born, by race, Cana-
dian, other than French .
89
7.82
100 0
96 6
56 2
19 1
0
Grand total
1,026
8.23
99.9
96.6
63.4
22 2
2 2
Total native-born of foreign
father . . .
295
8.35
100.0
96 6
67.5
23 4
2 0
Total native-born
719
8 42
99 9
97 1
06 8
24.2
2 8
Total foreign-born
307
7.79
100 0
95 4
55 4
17 6
1 0
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Only 0.1 per cent of the 1,026 females included in the preceding
table earn less than $2.50 per week; 96.6 per cent earn $5 or over;
22.2 per cent, $10 or over, and only 2.2 per cent earn as high as $15.
The native whites born of native father show a larger proportion
than either the native-born of foreign father or the foreign-born earn-
ing $5 or over, $10 or over, and $15 or over per week. In each
instance the foreign-born show the smallest proportion. Of those
earning $7.50 or over a slight variation is shown in that the native-
born of foreign father show a proportion slightly in excess of the
native whites born of native father.
The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race,
the percentage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age who
were earning each specified amount each week.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
383
TABLE 135. — Per cent of male employees 14 years and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
43
$6.92
100.0
93.0
30.2
7.0
Grand total
156
6.68
100.0
89.7
28.2
6.4
Total native-born of foreign father
63
106
50
6.26
6.53
6.99
100.0
100.0
100.0
84.1
87.7
94.0
20.6
24.5
36.0
6.3
6.6
6.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Of 156 male employees studied, all earn $2.50 or over a week, 89.7
per cent earn $5 or over, 28.2 per cent $7.50 or over, and 6.4 per cent
$10 or over. The foreign-born show a larger proportion than the
native-born of native father, who in turn show a larger proportion
than the native-born of foreign father, earning each specified amount
up to $10, while the native-born of native father show the largest and
the foreign-born the smallest proportion earning $10 or over a week.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the
percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age who-
were earning each specified amount weekly:
TABLE 136. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY O# EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
44
$5.64
100.0
75.0
11.4
2.3
Grand total
138
5.86
100.0
78.3
18.1
.7
Total native-born of foreign father
58
102
36
6.17
5.94
5.61
100.0
100. 0
100.0
86.2
81.4
69.4
22.4
17.6
19.-
.0
1.0
.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
All of the 138 female employees studied earn $2.50 or over a week,
78.3 per cent earn $5 or over, 18.1 per cent earn $7.50 or over, and less
than 1 per cent earn $10 or over. The native-born of foreign father
show a larger proportion than the native-born of native father, who
in turn show a larger proportion than the foreign-born, earning $5 or
384
The Immigration Commission.
over. For those earning $7.50 or over per week, the native-born of
foreign father show the largest proportion, and the native-born of
native father the smallest proportion. Less than 3 per cent of any
nativity group earn $10 or over weekly.
RELATION BETWEEN PERIOD OF RESIDENCE AND EARNING ABILITY.
The progress of male employees of foreign birth in industrial effi-
ciency or earning abilit}7" after designated periods of residence in the
United States is next considered. The only race reporting over 200
is the South Italian, whose weekly earnings are shown in the following
statement:
Race.
Amount.
Under 5
years.
5 to 9.
years.
10 or
over.
Italian, South
$5 or over
100.0
100.0
100.0
$7.50 or over
78.3
89.9
89.6
'
$10 or over
23.2
72.5
58.2
$12 50 or over
4.3
23.2
22.4
$15 or over
4.3
14.5
14.9
$17.50 or over
$20 or over
.0
.0
5.8
2.9
1.5
1.5
9
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the number and percentage of husbands at work, together
with their average annual earnings:
TABLE 137. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families. a
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Average
yearly
earnings of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
60
54
54
100.0
$1,008
Native-born of foreign father, by race of fa-
ther:
Canadian, French
15
15
15
(b)
741
Irish
32
28
27
96.4
761
Foreign-born:
Armenian
27
27
27
100.0
416
Canadian, French . .
49
48
46
95.8
759
English
23
23
22
95.7
756
Greek
25
24
23
95.8
407
Hebrew
52
50
45
90.0
441
Irish
21
15
10
66.7
718
Italian South
44
44
43
97.7
516
Lithuanian
36
36
36
100.0
407
Polish.
33
33
33
100.0
420
Syrian
13
12
12
(b)
559
Grand total
430
409
393
96.1
618
Total native-born of foreign father
47
43
42
97.7
754
Total native-born
107
97
96
99.0
897
Total foreign-born
323
312
297
95.2
527
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
385
Of the 409 husbands in the 430 families selected for study in the
preceding table, 96.1 per cent are at work and earn an average of
16 18. All of the husbands who were native-born of native father,
as compared with 97.7 per cent of those who were native-born of
foreign father and 95.2 per cent of those who were foreign-born, are
at work. The average earnings are $1,008, $754, and $527, respec-
tively. Of the several foreign-born races the Armenian, Lithuanian,
and Polish are the only ones showing their entire number of husbands
to be at work, other races ranging from 97.7 per cent of the South
Italian to 66.7 per cent of the Irish. The average earnings of the
French Canadians are highest and of the Lithuanians the lowest.
The range in annual earnings of male heads of families is set forth
in the following table, according to general nativity and race of
husband:
TABLE 138. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of familes, see p. 525.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number earning.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
99
w
8
CM
e@
8
•^
s«
i
ee
»— »
«e
h
CD
T3
fl
P
8
t&
8
•a
a
P
8
§1
^
«e
o
S
&$
o
6ft*
CD
T3
d
p
CD
TJ
a
p
CD
•a
p
t>
CD
•a
a
P
CD
1
P
CD
T3
a
t>
CD
3
P
CD
73
P
CD
-a
a
P
CD
13
a
C>
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
54
15
27
27
46
22
23
45
10
43
36
33
12
$1,008
741
761
416
759
756
407
441
718
516
407
420
559
2
16
7
9
22
14
6
19
33
2
28
32
29
7
33
10
18
26
25
12
20
44
6
35
35
33
12
41
12
23
27
36
20
22
44
9
42
36
33
12
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
2.2
.0
4.3
.0
(a)
2.3
2.8
.0
(a)
0.0
(a)
3.7
7.4
4.3
.0
26.1
4.4
(a)
4.7
11.1
.0
(a)
3.7
(a)
3.7
63.0
10.9
9.1
60.9
57.8
(a)
41.9
44.4
51.5
(«)
29.6
(a)
33.3
81.5
30.4
27.3
82.6
73.3
(a)
65.1
88.9
87.9
(a)
61.1
(a)
66.7
96.3
54.3
54.5
87.0
97.8
(a)
81.4
97.2
100.0
(a)
75.9
(«)
85.2
100.0
78.3
90.9
95.7
97.8
(a)
97.7
100.0
100.0
(a)
Irish
"i
1
2
2
1
17
5
2
14
26
2
18
16
17
3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
i
6
2
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
i
i
2
4
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
393
618
4
19
123
224
309
357
1.0
4.8
31.3
57.0
78.6
90.8
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born .
42
96
297
754
897
527
"4
1
1
18
1
3
120
16
32
192
28
61
248
35
76
281
.0
.0
1.3
2.4
1.0
6.1
2.4
3.1
40.4
38.1
33.3
64.6
66.7
63.5
83.5
S3. 3
79.2
94.6
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 393 male heads of families selected for study, the foregoing table
shows that 90.8 per cent earn under $1,000, 78.6 per cent under $800,
57 per cent under $600, 31.3 per cent under $400, 4.8 per cent under
$200, and 1 per cent under $100 per annum, the average earnings
being $618. The foreign-born show a larger proportion than either
the native-born of foreign father or the native-born of native father
earning under each specified amount, and consequently lower average
earnings. With the exception of those earning under $400, the
native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion earning under
each specified amount than the native-born of native father, 2.4 per
386
The Immigration Commission.
cent of the former and none of the latter earning under $200. All
of the Armenians, Lithuanians, and Poles earn under $1,000 per
annum, as compared with 78.3 per cent of the French Canadians.
None of the English and Poles earn under $200, as compared with
26.1 per cent of the Greeks. All of the Poles and 97.8 per cent of
the Hebrews earn under $800 per annum, as compared with only
slightly over 50 per cent of the French Canadians and English.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
In the table next submitted the average and range of annual earn-
ings of all males in the households studied who were 18 years of age
or over are shown, by general nativity and race of individual.
Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
TABLE 139.—
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
- WO.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000
Native-born of native father,
White...
78
22
4
49
1
3
53
55
34
44
67
14
62
91
71'
27
§791
695
(a)
713
(")
(fl)
414
766
753
393
428
639
480
104
417
578
2
9
2
1
9
1
26
11
3
16
1
3
43
17
9
36
53
4
44
81
64
14
GO
19
3
42
1
3
53
44
30
43
66
13
60
91
72
27
2.6
.0
(a)
8.2
(a)
(°)
9.4
1.8
5.9
20.5
3.0
(a)
9.7
8.8
1.4
.0
11.5
9.1
(a)
18.4
(a)
(a)
52.8
7.3
11.8
61.4
59.7
(°)
46.8
49.5
51.4
22.2
33.3
50.0
(a)
32.7
(a)
(a)
81.1
30.9
26.5
81.8
79.1
(a)
71.0
89.0
88.9
51.9
76.9
86.4
(a)
85.7
(a)
(a)
100.0
80.0
88.2
97.7
98.5
(a)
96.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
English ...
Irish
4
Italian, South
Polish...
Foreign-born:
Armenian
5
1
2
9
2
1
6
8
1
28
4
4
27
40
3
29
45
37
6
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish...
Syrian
Grand total
676
552
41
245
425
627
6.1
36.2
62.9
92.8
Total native-born of foreign
father
79
157
519
690
740
495
4
6
35
13
22
22.3
34
60
365
(18
128
499
5.1
3.8
6.7
16.5
14.0
43.0
43.0
38.2
70.3
86.1
81.5
96.1
Total native-born . . .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average earnings of the 676 males included in the above table
are $552 per annum, 92.8 per cent earning under $1,000, 62.9 per
cent under S600, 36.2 per cent under $400, and 6.1 per cent under
$200. The foreign-born group shows a larger proportion than the
group native-born of foreign father, which in turn shows a larger
proportion than the native-born of native father, earning under each
specified amount, and consequently lower average yearly earnings.
None of the Armenians, Lithuanians, Poles, or Syrians earn as high
as $1,000 per year, and over 50 per cent of the Armenians, Greeks,
Hebrews, and Poles earn under $400, as compared with 7.3 per cent
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
387
of the French Canadians and 11.8 per cent of the English. The
Greeks show 20.5 per cent of their number earning under $200, as
compared with none of the Syrians, 1.4 per cent of the Poles, and 1.8
per cent of the French Canadians.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following tables show, by general nativity and race of individ-
ual, the yearly earnings of all females, in the households studied., who
were 18 years of age or over and who were working for wages :
TABLE 140. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native father, White
39
10
2
4
1
1
20
1
12
4
4
3
15
5
1
11
10
5
2
$502
399
(«-)
(a)
(a)
(«)
443
(a)
335
(a)
(a)
(a)
260
(a)
(a)
259
208
(a)
(«)
3
2
1
1
11
5
1
3
1
1
11
1
5
3
2
3
12
1
1
10
10
5
1
20
8
1
4
1
1
17
1
12
4
2
3
15
3
1
11
10
5
1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French.
2
Canadian, Other
English
German.
Hebrew
Irish
2
7
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
5
1
1
3
4
1
4
2
2
2
11
1
1
7
7
2
Canadian, Other
English
Greek
Hebrew. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total
156
380
24
53
87
120
Total native-born of foreign father
45
84
72
419
457
290
4
4
20
11
14
39
23
34
53
33
53
67
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 141. — Per cent of females 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount
(approximate) per year, by general nativity.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity.
Number
working for
wages and
reporting
amount.
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
S500.
Grand total
156
15.4
34.0
55.8
76.9
Total native-born of foreign father
45
84
72
8.9
4.8
27.8
24.4
16.7
54.2
51.1
40.5
73.6
73.3
63.1
93.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
388
The Immigration Commission.
Of the 156 females included in the preceding table 15.4 per cent
earn under $200, 34 per cent under $300, 55.8 per cent under $400,
and 76.9 per cent under $500 per annum, the average earnings being
$380. The foreign-born group shows a larger proportion than the
native-born of foreign father, earning under each specified amount,
and consequently lower average earnings.
ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.
The average amount and range of annual family income, together
with the different sources of family income and their relative impor-
tance, are next considered. The following table shows, by general
nativity and race of head of family, the per cent of families having a
total yearly income of each specified amount:
TABLE 142. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount,
by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families.a
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total in-
come —
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
81,500.
Native-born of native father, White ....
60
32
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
$1,125
985
548
1,031
1,048
623
598
1,090
685
577
532
0.0
.0
7.4
2.0
4.3
28.0
17.3
.0
15.9
11.1
3.0
13.3
12.5
59.3
6.1
13.0
60.0
40.4
9.5
43.2
50.0
57.6
38.3
37.5
81.5
32.7
17.4
72.0
78.8
23.8
63.6
72.2
84.8
61.7
59.4
92.9
51.0
39.1
80.0
92.3
61.9
84.1
97.2
97.0
86.7
87.5
96.3
83.7
91.3
92.0
96.2
81.0
95.5
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
430
813
7.7
30.9
55.1
74.7
91.6
Total native-born of foreign father
47
107
323
961
1,053
733
.0
0
10.2
IL'.S
13.1
36.8
42.6
40.2
60.1
63.8
62.6
78.6
85.1
86.0
93.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
Of the 430 families selected for study in the foregoing table 91.6
per cent have a total yearly income under $1,500, the income of 74.7
per cent being under $1,000, the income of 55.1 per cent being under
$750, the income of 30.9 per cent being under $500, and the income
of 7.7 per cent, composed entirely of families the heads of which
are foreign-born, being under $300. The average family income
is $813. The families the heads of which are foreign-born show a
larger proportion than the families the heads of which are either
native-born of foreign father or native-born of native father, having
an income under each specified amount, consequently the lowest aver-
age income. Although the families whose heads are native-born of
native father show a larger proportion than the families the heads of
which are native-born of foreign father, having an income under $500
and under $1,500, the average income is $1,125 as compared with an
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
389
average of $961 for the families the heads of which are native-born of
foreign father. None of the families the heads of which are Irish, as
compared with 28 per cent of the families the heads of which are
Greek, have a total income under $300.
WIVES AT WORK.
The extent to which the wives of the families studied were regu-
larly employed for wages outside the home is shown in the following
table according to general nativity and race of head of family :
TABLE 143. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number of
selected
families.^
Number of
wives.
Number of
wives at
work.
Per cent of
wives at
work.
Native-born of native father White
60
GO
7
11.7
Native-bom of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian French
15
15
4
(b)
Irish
32
32
1
3.1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
27
27
1
3.7
Canadian, French
49
49
6
12.2
English
23
23
8
34.8
Greek
25
25
1
4.0
Hebrew
52
52
1
1.9
21
21
.0
Italian, South
44
44
6
13.6
Lithuanian
36
36
5
13.9
Polish .
33
33
2
6.1
Syrian
13
13
(6)
Grand total
430
430
42
9.8
Total native-born of foreign father
47
47
5
10.6
Total native-born
107
107
12
11.2
Total foreign-born .
323
323
30
9.3
« For selection of families, see p. 525.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 430 wives in the above table 9.8 per cent are at work. A
larger proportion of the wives of the families the heads of which are
native-born of native father than of the families the heads of which
are native-born of foreign father, and a larger proportion of the wives
of the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father
than of the families the heads of which are foreign-born, are at work.
Of the wives at work, it is seen that the proportion of those of the
English families is largest and those of the Irish families the smallest.
RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE
OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.
Although a considerable proportion of the wives in the families, the
heads of which were connected with the shoe industry, as well as other
female members of the families, seek regular employment outside the
home as a means of contributing to the family support, a much larger
proportion of the wives add to the earnings of their husbands by
taking boarders or lodgers in the home. The extent to which the
wives in the families find it necessary to supplement, in this way, the
earnings of their husbands is set forth in the tables next presented.
390
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 144. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families, o
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or
lodgers.
Number of wives hav-
ing employment or
keeping boarders or
lodgers where hus-
bands' earnings are —
Under
$400. b
S400
and
under
$600.
8600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
54
15
28
27
48
23
24
50
15
44
36
33
12
2
14
7
8
5
9
4
5
7
38
8
18
5
32
16
4
12
8
15
4
4
5
13
8
7
5
22
9
6
15
2
20
30
23
6
1
3
4
1
1
3
2
9
4
5
2
14
6
2
4
1
8
2
2
3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian French .
Irish
2
17
7
3
15
31
7
19
16
17
3
1
2
5
1
4
8
1
9
15
13
1
Foreign-born :
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew
3
Irish
Italian , South
10
16
12
4
3
13
8
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
409
139
101
169
166
61
43
62
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born
43
97
312
2
4
135
15
29
72
26
64
105
15
28
138
1
2
59
5
8
35
9
18
44
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and
wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 16 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
cThis column includes 5 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 145. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races. For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both hus-
band and wife present appear in this table.]
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are —
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
8400.1
$400 and
under $000.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
(&)
21.4
23.7
24.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father, Irish
Foreign- born:
Armenian
(«•>
11.8
12.5
20.0
27.8
40.0
25.0
18.5
Canadian, French . . . . .
71.4
33.3
43.8
45.8
English
(6)
(6)
37.5
39.1
Greek
26.7
.0
(6)
25.0
Hebrew
25.8
42.9
33.3
30.0
Italian, South
47.4
30.0
53.3
45.5
Lithuanian
93.8
81.3
(b)
83.3
Polish
76.5
66.7
(b)
69.7
Grand total
43.9
42.6
36.7
40.6
Total native-born of foreign father
(6)
33.3
34.6
34.9
Total native-born
(<>)
27.6
28.1
28.9
Total foreign-born .
43.7
48.6
41.9
44.2
a. This column includes 2 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
391
A larger proportion of the wives in the foreign-born families than
of the wives in the families the heads of which are native-born of
foreign father have employment or keep boarders or lodgers regard-
less of earnings of husband, the native whites born of native father
showing a smaller proportion in each instance than the native-born
of foreign father. A larger proportion of the wives in the families
the heads of which are Lithuanians than any other given race have
employment or keep boarders or lodgers, the Armenians showing the
smallest proportion.
SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The two tables next presented exhibit the sources of family income
in detail. The first of these submitted shows, by general nativity
and race of head of family, the percentage of families who had an
income within the year from husband, wife, children, boarders or
lodgers, and other sources. The year referred to in the table means
the twelve months immediately preceding the collection of the data.
TABLE 146. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races. ]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families-^
Per cent of families having an income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
60
32
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
90.0
84.4
100.0
93.9
95.7
92.0
86.5
47.6
97.7
100.0
100.0
11.7
3.1
3.7
12.2
34.8
4.0
1.9
.0
13.6
13.9
6.1
31.7
28.1
25.9
26.5
30.4
12.0
26.9
76.2
15.9
.0
3.0
15.0
25.0
14.8
34.7
8.7
24.0
28.8
19.0
36.4
75.0
06.7
18.3
18.8
14.8
18.4
17.4
24.0
9.6
38.1
6.8
25.0
6.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English . . .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
430
91.4
9.8
23.0
33.3
15.8
Total native-horn of foreign father
47
107
323
89.4
89.7
92.0
10.6
11.2
9.3
21.3
27.1
21.7
29.8
21.5
37.2
14.9
16.8
15.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
Of the 430 families selected for study in the preceding table, 91.4
per cent have an income from earnings of husband, 9.8 per cent from
earnings of wife, 23 per cent from contributions of children, 33.3 per
cent from payments of boarders or lodgers, and 15.8 per cent from
other sources. Of the foreign-born families, 92 per cent have an income
from earnings of husband, as compared with 90 per cent of the families
the heads of which are native-born of native father, and 89.4 per cent
of the families native-born of foreign father. A larger proportion of
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-26
392
The Immigration Commission.
the families the heads of which are native-born of native father, than
of either the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign
father or the families the heads of which are foreign-born, have an
income from earnings of wife, contributions of children, and from
sources not specified, while a larger proportion of the foreign-born
families, than of those the heads of which are native-born of either
native or foreign father have an income from payments of boarders
or lodgers.
All of the families the heads of which are Armenians, Lithuanians,
or Poles, as compared with 47.6 per cent of the Irish families, have
an income from earnings of husband, while none of the Irish families
and 34.8 per cent of the families the heads of which are English have
an income from earnings of wife. Of the families of each race, having
an income from contributions of children, the proportion ranges from
76.2 per cent of the Irish to none of the Lithuanian. Of the Lithua-
nian families 75 per cent have an income from payments of boarders
or lodgers, as compared with 8.7 per cent of those the heads of which
are English. Of the families having an income from sources other
than specified, the proportion ranges from 38.1 per cent of the Irish
to 6. 1 per cent of the Poles.
The following table also shows the source of family income, accord-
ing to general nativity and race of head of family, but differs from
the preceding table in that each specified source is exclusive of all
other sources:
TABLE 147. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number of selected fami-
lies. a
Per cent of families having entire income from—
•d
a
c«
.Q
W
3
w
<£
'is
-d
a
a
•d
a
03
&
OT
3
a
o
•d
3d
<D
&
C3
J^
§
a
•d
a
03
aT .
a c
££
~2
is
o3 o
,Q
§
a
-d
3 .
O CO
•°%
•d M
a-g
C3 O
•d n
0 0
5E
c/-j o>
a
<2J
£
d
0)
H
2
"3
•d
§
£
$.
«
55
•d
g ra
o t-
•° 8*
bfi
JS
«J n
o
£
$•
d
o>
H
2
(J
•d
ll
.Q (U
If
gg
•SS
^ ^
a
o
CO
I*
53
60
•d
_o
EH
O
w
h
O)
•d
u
GJ
O
«
Sources or combina-
tion of sources not
before specified.
Native-born of native father, White. .
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father, Irish
00
32
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
46.7
37.5
55.6
32. 7
20.1
40.0
46.2
14.3
40.9
11.1
27.3
C.7
3.1
.0
4.1
20.1
4.0
1.9
.0
9.1
8.3
3.0
13.3
9.4
11.1
14.3
21.7
8.0
11.5
19.0
9.1
.0
.0
0.0
.0
3.7
4.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.3
18.8
7.4
18.4
.0
20.0
21.2
.0
27.3
50.0
57.0
1.7
.0
.0
2.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.3
6.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.8
19.0
2.3
.0
.0
0.0
6.3
.0
4.1
.0
4.0
3.8
9.5
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
25.0
18.8
22.2
20.4
20.1
24.0
11.5
38.1
11.4
30.6
12.1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English. ...
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian. South. . .
Lithuanian
Polish. .
Grand total
430
36.3
5.8
10.2
.7
21.6
.5
.0
.0
2.6
2.3
.0
20.0
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born. .
47
107
323
38.3
43.0
34.1
6.4
6.5
5.6
8.5
11.2
9.9
.(1
.0
.9
19.1
10.3
25.4
.0
.9
.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.3
3.7
2.2
4.3
1.9
2.5
.0
.0
.0
19.1
22.4
19.2
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 393
Less than 1 per cent of the 430 families selected for study in the fore-
going table have their entire income from husband, wife and chil-
dren, or wife; less than 3 per cent have their entire income from
children, or children and boarders or lodgers; and none have their
entire income from wife and children, wife and boarders or lodgers,
or boarders or lodgers. Of the remainder 36.3 per cent have entire
income from husband, 5.8 per cent from husband and wife, 10.2 per
cent from husband and children, 21.6 per cent from husband and
boarders or lodgers, and 20 per cent from sources or combinations of
sources not specified. Comparing the households the heads of which
are of each nativity group, it is seen that a larger proportion of those
native-born of native father, than of those either native-born of
foreign father or foreign-born, have entire income from husband, the
foreign-born showing the smallest proportion. Those the heads of
which are native-born of foreign father show the smallest proportion
having entire income from husband and cliildren. Little difference is
shown between the proportions having entire income from husband
and wife, families the heads of which are native-born of native father
showing 6.7 per cent and the foreign-born 5.6 per cent. Of the foreign-
born families, 25.4 per cent have their entire income from husband
and boarders or lodgers, as compared with 19.1 per cent of those the
heads of which are native-born of foreign father and only 3.3 per cent
of those the heads of which are native-born of native father.
The families native-born of foreign father show the largest and the
foreign-born show the smallest proportion having entire income from
children. None of the families the heads of which are native-born
of native father, as compared with 4.3 per cent of those the heads of
which are native-born of foreign father, and 2.5 per cent of those the
heads of which are foreign-born, have entire income from children
and boarders or lodgers. Practically the same proportions of the
households native-born of foreign father, as of the foreign-born, and
a larger proportion of the native-born of native father, have entire
income from sources or combination of sources not specified. Among
the households of the different races studied the proportion having
entire income from husband ranges from 55.6 per cent of the Arme-
nians to 11.1 per cent of the Lithuanians. Over 50 per cent of the
families the heads of which are Lithuanian or Polish, over 20 per
cent of the Greek, Hebrew, and South Italian, 18.4 per cent of the
French Canadian, 7.4 per cent of those the heads of which are Arme-
nian, and none of those the heads of which are English or Irish have
entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers. Only the
French Canadian families show a proportion who are entirely depend-
ent on the income from wife. The children of 19 per cent of the
families the heads of which are Irish contribute the entire family
income, less than 5 per cent of the families the heads of which are
Hebrew or South Italian, and none of the families of any of the other
specified races having entire income from this source. Less than 10
per cent of the families of any given race have entire income from
children and boarders or lodgers, while the proportion having entire
income from sources or combinations of sources not specified ranges
from 38.1 per cent of the Irish to 11.4 per cent of the South Italians.
394
The Immigration Commission.
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The extent to which the families studied depend upon the desig-
nated sources of income is set forth in the table next submitted,
which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the per-
centage of total yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders
or lodgers, and other sources.
TABLE 148. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families."
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
60
32
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
80.6
65.2
75.9
69.1
69.0
60.1
63.8
31.4
73.6
70.6
78.9
4.6
.7
.7
2.5
12.1
2.0
(ft)
.0
4.0
4.5
2.4
8.3
21.9
10.0
12.5
11.1
4.4
22.6
54.1
12.2
.0
2.5
3.7
0.4
9.5
10.2
2.0
9.3
11.4
6.5
6.8
16.3
14.9
2.8
5.8
4.0
5.7
5.7
24.2
2.2
8.1
3.4
8.6
1.3
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian, French.
English . .
Greek.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian .
Polish
Grand total
430
69.4
3.3
13.7
8.4
5.1
Total native-born of foreign father
47
107
323
70.1
76.4
66.1
3.2
4.0
3.0
15.6
11.2
14.8
7.1
5.0
10.1
4.1
3.3
6.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
For selection of families, see p. 5_'5.
Less than 0.05 per cent.
Of the total yearly income of 430 families selected for study in the
above table, 69.4 per cent is from earnings of husband, 3.3 per cent
from earnings of wife, 13.7 per cent from contributions of children,
8.4 per cent from payments of boarders or lodgers, and 5.1 per cent
from other sources. Larger proportions of the total income of the
families the heads of which are native-born of native father than of
either the families the heads of which are native-born of foreign
father or the families the heads of which are foreign-born, are from
earnings of husband and wife, the reverse being true as regards the
total income from each other specified source. The children of the
families the heads of which are native-born of foreign father con-
tribute a larger proportion of the total family income than do either
the children of the families the heads of which are native-born of
native father, or the children of the families the heads of which are
native-born of foreign father. Over 60 per cent of the total income
of the families the heads of which are or each specified race, except
Irish, is from earnings of husband, the families the heads of which
are English being the only ones showing as high as 10 per cent of their
total income from earnings of wife. The children of the families
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 395
the heads of which are Irish contribute 54.1 per cent of the total
family income, as compared with none contributed by the children
of the families the heads of which are Lithuanians and 2.5 per cent
contributed by the children of the families the heads of which are
Polish. Over 10 per cent of the total income of the families the
heads of which are French Canadian, Hebrew, Lithuanian, or Polish,
as compared with 2 per cent of the total income of the families the
heads of which are English, is from payments of boarders or lodgers.
CHAPTER IX.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 149 to
151 and General Table 91].
REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
The regularity of work offered, as well as the relative industrious-
ness of the operatives of the several races, is set forth in the two tables
next presented. The first table which follows shows, by general
nativity and race of individual, the months worked during the past
year by males, in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or
over and who were employed away from home.
TABLE 149. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working —
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, White
93
25
55
54
57
36
43
74
65
91
72
26
39.8
16.0
38.2
13.0
33.3
25.0
20.9
23.0
10.8
29.7
31.9
88.5
76.3
72.0
76.4
40.7
78.9
80.6
37.2
56.8
49.2
73.6
75.0
96.2
95.7
100.0
89.1
87.0
96.5
97.2
69.8
90.5
80.0
93.4
98.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.2
100.0
98.2
100.0
95.3
100.0
95.4
98.9
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French ....
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian ....
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian .
Polish.
Syrian
Grand total
716
30.4
67.6
91.5
98.7
Total native-born of foreign father .
88
181
535
35.2
37.6
28.0
76.1
76.2
64.7
93.2
94.5
90.5
98.9
99.4
98.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . . .
Of the 716 males included in the above table 98.7 per cent have
worked three months or over; 91.5 per cent six months or over; 67.6
per cent nine months or over, and 30.4 per cent twelve months during
the past year. The native-born of native father shows a larger pro-
portion than the native-born of foreign father, which in turn shows
a larger proportion than the foreign-born, having worked each speci-
fied number of months. Of the foreign-born races the French Cana-
dians, Greeks, South Italians, and Lithuanians are the only
397
ones
398
The Immigration Commission.
showing a proportion working less than three months. All of the
Syrians worked six months^or over, as compared with 69.8 per cent
of the Greeks. Over 50 per cent of each race, except the Armenians,
Greeks, and South Italians, worked nine months or over, and the pro-
portion having worked the entire year ranges from 88.5 per cent of
the Syrians to 10.8 per cent of the South Italians.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the months worked during the past year by females, in the
households studied, who were 16 years of age or over and who were
employed away from home:
TABLE 150. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over em-
ployed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working —
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father \Vhite
43
39
44.2
33.3
86.0
64.1
100.0
94.9
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Grand total
183
34.4
69.4
92.9
99.5
Total native-born of foreign father
61
104
79
32.8
37.5
30.4
67.2
75.0
62.0
95.1
97.1
87.3
100.0
100.0
98.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born ...
Of the 183 females included in the preceding table, 99.5 per cent
have worked three months or over, 92.9 per cent six months or over,
69.4 per cent nine months or over, and 34.4 per cent 12 months dur-
ing the past year. All persons native-born of native father and native-
born of foreign father have worked three months or over, as compared
with 98.7 per cent of the foreign-born. All persons native-born of
native father and 95.1 per cent of the native-born of foreign father
have worked six months or over, as compared with 87.3 per cent of
the foreign-born. The native-born of native father shows the largest
and the foreign-born the smallest proportion having worked nine
months or over and twelve months.
THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.
The extent to which the operatives are members of labor organiza-
tions is indicated by the table next submitted, which shows, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions
of males, in the households studied.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
399
TABLE 151. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for
wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
82
22
3
49
50
55
34
41
60
19
58
78
08
22
27
11
32.9
50.0
(a)
42.9
42.0
58.2
73.5
56.1
46.7
(a)
41.4
32.1
13.2
59.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian , French ....
English
Irish
21
21
32
25
23
28
8
24
25
9
13
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English... . . .. .
Greek .
Hebrew
Irish....
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish..
Syrian
Grand total .
641
267
41.7
Total native-born of foreign father
74
156
485
32
59
208
43.2
37.8
42.9
Total native-born. . .
Total foreign-born ....."
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 641 males studied in the preceding table 41.7 per cent are
affiliated with trade unions. There is only a small difference between
the proportion of the foreign-born and the native-born of foreign
father, while the proportion of the native-born of native father white is
somewhat lower than either. Among the foreign-born races the English
shows the largest proportion, or 73.5 per cent, while the Polish shows
the smallest, or 13.2 per cent who are affiliated with trade unions.
CHAPTER X.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments
occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion — [Text Tables 152 to 163 and
General Tables 92 to 103].
RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.
The monthly rent payments of households the heads of which were
employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry are significant in their
bearing upon the standard of living of the employees because of the
practice of crowding persons in the apartments in order to reduce
the per capita rent outlay. This condition is disclosed by the follow-
ing series of tables, the first of which shows, by general nativity and
race of head of household, the average rent per month, per apart-
ment, per room, and per person :
TABLE 152. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White.
58
9
27
32
42
23
24
46
11
47
27
25
14
$16. 74
00
15. 03
13.34
15.14
14.93
11.56
16.11
15.64
14.63
12.42
11.68
9.14
$3. 39
(a)
2.94
2.70
3.01
2.82
2.95
3.58
2.82
3.06
2.97
2.86
1.94
$4.51
(a)
3.22
2.60
2.79
4.35
2.69
2.91
3.58
2.81
1.69
1.23
2.21
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English.
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
385
14.70
2.97
2.89
Total native-born of foreign father
36
94
291
15.37
16.21
13.88
3.04
3.26
2.88
3.13
3.89
2.62
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From 385 households paying rent and reporting the amount it is
found that the average rent per apartment is $14Y.70, the average rent
per room is $2.97, and the average rent per person per month is $2.89.
Households the heads of which are native whites born of native
father show the highest average rent per month per apartment, house-
holds the heads of which are native-born of foreign father follow with
somewhat smaller averages, while households the heads of which are
401
402
The Immigration Commission.
foreign-born show a considerably lower average rent per month per
apartment than the first two mentioned. The same order is observed
for rent per room and per person per month, households the heads of
which are native-born whites of native father showing the highest
average and households the heads of winch are foreign-born the lowest
average. Among households the heads of which are of foreign birth,
households the heads of which are Hebrews pay an average monthly
rental per apartment of $16.11, households the heads of which are
Irish, French Canadian, English, and South Italian, follow, paying
between $14.63 and $15.64 rent per month per apartment. House-
holds the heads of which are Armenians, Lithuanians, Poles, Greeks,
or Syrians show between $9.14 and $13.34 rent per apartment per
month. Households the heads of which are Hebrews, South Italians,
and French Canadians show an average monthly rental per room of
over $3 as contrasted with only $1.94 paid by households the heads
of which are Syrians. Households the heads of which are English
pay an average monthly rental per person of $4.35, households the
heads of which are Irish pay $3.58, while no households the heads
of which are of other specified races pay over $3 rent per person
per month. Households the heads of which are Lithuanians pay
only $1.69 and households the heads of which are Poles pay only
$1.23 rent per person per month.
The range in monthly rent payments per apartment is indicated
by the following table.
TABLE 153. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
puying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent PIT
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying —
Under
$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Native-born of native father, White
58
27
32
42
23
24
46
47
27
25
sir,. 74
15.03
13.34
15.14
14.93
11.56
16.11
14.63
12.42
11.68
0.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.()
.0
0.0
3.7
.0
9.5
.0
12.5
2.2
.0
7.4
4.0
1.7
7.4
21.9
16.7
4.3
45.8
15.2
8.5
29.6
24.0
22.4
22.2
43.8
28.6
26.1
54.2
23.9
10.6
51.9
50.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew .
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand lotal
385
11 70
.3
4.4
16.1
32.5
Total native-born of foreign father
36
94
291
15.37
16.21
13.88
2.8
1.1
.0
2.8
1.1
5.5
5.6
3.2
20.3
22.2
22. :<
35.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
Of 385 households studied, 0.3 per cent pay under $5 per month
per apartment, 4.4 per cent pay under $7.50, 16.1 per cent pay under
$10, and 32.5 per cent pay under $12.50 rent per month per apart-
ment. The average rent per month per apartment for all house-
holds studied is $14.70. No households the heads of which are
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
403
native whites born of native father or foreign-born pay under $5,
while 2.8 per cent of households the heads of which are native-born
of foreign father pay under this rent per apartment per month.
Households the heads of which are foreign-born show a higher per-
centage paying under $7.50, under $10, and under $12.50 rent per
apartment per month than households the heads of which are native-
born of foreign father, while the latter show larger proportions paying
under each amount mentioned above than households the heads of
which are native-born of native father. Households the heads of
which are native-born of native father pay an average monthly
rental per apartment of $16.74, households the heads of which are
native-born of foreign father pay $15.37, and households the heads of
which are foreign-born pay $13.88. Among households the heads of
which are foreign-born, the Greeks show the highest per cent paying
under $7.50 per month per apartment, while no households the heads
of which are South Italian, English, or Armenian pay under this
amount. Households the heads of which are Greek also show the
highest per cent paying under $10 and English the lowest percentage
paying under this amount of rent per month per apartment. House-
holds the heads of which are Poles, Greeks, or Lithuanians show
over 50 per cent paying under $12.50 rent per month per apartment,
as contrasted with only 23.9 per cent of households the heads of which
are Hebrews, and 10.6 per cent of households the heads of which are
South Italians paying under this amount. Among households the
heads of which are native-born of foreign father, those whose heads
are of Irish parentage show 3.7 per cent paying under $5 rent per
month per apartment, as contrasted with no households the heads
of which are foreign-born paying under this amount.
The next table presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the percentage of households paying each specified
rent per month per room:
TABLE 154. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Per cent paying —
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Native-born of native father, White .
58
27
32
42
23
24
40
47
27
25
S3. 39
2.94
2.70
3.01
2.82
2.95
3.58
3.06
2.97
2.86
0.0
3.7
.0
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
7.4
.0
11.9
4.3
8.3
.0
.0
7.4
8.0
25.9
44.4
59.4
45.2
60.9
41.7
23.9
42.6
48.1
48.0
65.5
77.8
96.9
85.7
82.6
70.8
71.7
85.1
88.9
88.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek.
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
385
2.97
.5
5.5
43.1
80.8
Total native-born of foreign father
36
94
291
3.04
3.26
2.88
2.8
1.1
.3
5.6
2.1
6.5
38.9
30.9
47.1
77.8
70.2
84.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
404 The Immigration Commission.
Of 385 households studied, 0.5 per cent pay under $1 rent per
month per room, 5.5 per cent pay under $2 rent per month per room,
43.1 per cent pay under $3, and 80.8 per cent pay under $4 rent per
month per room. The average rent per month per room for all
households studied is $2.97. Households the heads of which are
native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage paying
under $1 rent per month per room; households the heads of which
are foreign-born show very small proportions paying under this
amount; and households the heads of which are native whites born
of native father show no households paying under SI rent per month
per room. Households the heads of which are of foreign birth
show the highest percentage paying under $2, under $3, and under
$4 rent per month per room. Households the heads of which
are native-born of foreign father follow with a somewhat smaller
percentage paying under each amount, while households the heads
of which are native whites born of native father show a con-
siderably smaller proportion paying under $3 and under $4 rent per
room per month and none paying under $2. Households the heads
of which are native whites born of native father pay an average rent
per room per month of $3.39, while households the heads of which
are native-born of foreign father pay $3.04, and households the
heads of which are foreign-born pay $2.88. Households the heads of
which are French Canadians show a small proportion paying under
$1 rent per room per month. No foreign-born households the heads
of which are of other specified races pay under the above amount.
No households the heads of which are Armenians, Hebrews, and
South Italians pay under $2 rent per room per month, while house-
holds the heads of which are French Canadians show the highest per-
centage. Households the heads of which are English and Arme-
nians show the highest percentage paying under $3, and households
the heads of which are Hebrews the smallest per cent paying under
this amount. Households the heads of which are Armenians show
96.9 per cent paying under $4, and households the heads of which
are Greek only 70.8 per cent paying under this amount of rent per
month per room.
The per capita rent payment is set forth in the table following,
which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household,
the percentage of households paying each specified rent per month
per person.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
405
TABLE 155. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of.
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Native-born of native father, White
58
27
32
42
23
24
46
47
27
25
$4.51
3.22
2.60
2.79
4.35
2.69
2.91
2.81
1.69
1.23
0.0
3.7
3.1
2.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.7
18.5
25.0
19.0
.0
16.7
17.4
19.1
70.4
56.0
8.6
44.4
59.4
54.8
13.0
58.3
52.2
48.9
100.0
92.0
41.4
59.3
78.1
76.2
39.1
79.2
78.3
66.0
100.0
96.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Irish. ...
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
385
2.89
.8
21.6
49.6
68.8
Total native-born of foreign father .
36
94
291
3.13
3.89
2.62
2.8
1.1
.7
19.4
8.5
25.8
47.2
23.4
58.1
63.9
50.0
74.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of 385 households concerning which information was secured, 0.8
per cent pay under $1 rent per month per person, 21.6 per cent pay
under $2, 49.6 per cent pay under $3, and 68.8 per cent pay under
$4 rent per month per person. The average rent per month per
person is $2.89. Households the heads of which are native-born of
native father pay $4.51 ; households the heads of which are native-
born of foreign father pay $3.13; and households the heads of which
are foreign-born pay $2.62. Households the heads of which are
foreign-born show the highest percentage paying under each specified
rent per month per person except that of under $1 ; here, households
the heads of which are native-born of foreign father show the highest
percentage as contrasted with a very small proportion of households
the heads of which are foreign-born, and no households the heads
of which are native-born of native father paying under the above-
mentioned amount. For all other specified amounts the house-
holds the heads of which are native-born of foreign father show a
lower percentage than households the heads of which are foreign-
born, and a higher percentage than households the heads of which are
native-born whites of native father. Households the heads of
which are English pay an average rental per month per person of
$4.35; households the heads of which are Hebrews show the next
highest average monthly rental per person, which is $2.91; while
households the heads of which are Lithuanians and Poles pay
$1.69 and $1.23, respectively. Among the foreign-born race group,
Armenian and French Canadian households show the highest per-
centage paying under $1, no households the heads of which are of
other specified races paying under this amount. Households the
heads of which are Lithuanians show the highest percentage paying
under $2 rent per person per month, while no households whose
heads are English pay under this amount. Households whose heads
406
The Immigration Commission.
are Lithuanians show 100 percent and households the heads of which
are English only 13 per cent paying under $3 rent per month per
person; households the heads of which are Poles report 96 per cent
paying under $4; and households the heads of which are English
only 39.1 per cent paying under this amount rent per month per
person. Households the heads of which are native-born of Irish
parentage show a higher percentage paying under $1 rent per month
per person than is exhibited by households the heads of which are
foreign-born.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
The practice of housewives in keeping boarders or lodgers in order
to supplement the earnings of their husbands has already been
dealt with. In the present connection the extent of the practice
and its bearing upon living conditions are considered. The table
which immediately follows shows, according to general nativity and
race of head of household, the number and percentage of households
keeping boarders or lodgers.
TABLE 156. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White. ...
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
12
6
6
5
16
4
8
14
7
13
30
25
8
16.9
(a)
16.2
14.3
33.3
13.8
29.6
26. 9
25.0
27.1
93.8
86.2
00
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian , Frenjch
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
Canadian, French. . . . .
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian , South ....
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
4C3
154
33.3
Total native-born of foreign father . .
46
117
346
12
24
130
26.1
20.5
37.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
"Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows 33.3 per cent of the total number of
households studied keeping boarders or lodgers. Households the heads
of which are of foreign birth show a considerably higher percentage
keeping boarders or lodgers than either the households the heads
of which are native-born of foreign father or households the heads
of wliich are native-born of native father, which follow in the order
named. Among households the heads of wliich are foreign-born those
whose heads are Lithuanians show 93.8 per cent and households
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
407
the heads of which are Poles 86.2 per cent keeping boarders or
lodgers, a proportion far in excess of the proportion shown by house-
holds the heads of which are of other specified races. Households
the heads of which are Armenians or English show only 14.3 per
cent and 13.8 per cent, respectively, keeping boarders or lodgers.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per
household.
TABLE 157. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Number of
households
keeping-
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household-
Based on
total num-
ber of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders
or lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White .
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
12
6
6
5
16
4
8
14
7
13
30
25
8
16
7
8
12
32
5
12
22
15
24
94
70
15
0.23
(0)
.22
.34
.67
.17
.44
.42
.54
.50
2.94
2.41
.83
1.33
(a)
(a)
(•)
2.00
(a)
(a)
1.57
(a)
1.85
3.13
2.80
(a)
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
463
154
332
.72
2.16
Total native-born of foreign father
46
117
346
12
24
130
15
31
301
.33
.26
.87
1.25
1.29
2.32
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 463 households studied, 154 keep boarders or lodgers, the total
number of boarders or lodgers being 332. As based on the total
number of households, there are 72 boarders or lodgers to every 100
households. As based on the number of households keeping boarders
or lodgers, there are 216 boarders or lodgers to every 100 households.
Households the heads of which are foreign-born show 87 boarders or
lodgers, households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father
33, and households the heads of which are native whites born of native
father 23 boarders or lodgers per 100 households, as based on the
total number of households studied. Households the heads of which
are foreign-born show 232, households the heads of which are native
whites born of native father show 133, and households the heads of
which are native-born of foreign father show 125 boarders or lodgers
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-27
408
The Immigration Commission.
per 100 households, as based on the number of households keeping
boarders or lodgers. Households the heads of which are Lithuanians
or Poles show 294 and 241 boarders, respectively, or lodgers per 100
households, as based on the total number of households. Households
the heads of which are Syrians show the next highest average number
of boarders or lodgers per household, or 83 boarders or lodgers per 100
households, while households whose heads are English show only 17
boarders or lodgers per 100 households. Where the average number
is based on the number of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
households whose heads are Lithuanians or Poles show 313 and 280
boarders or lodgers, respectively, per 100 households. Households the
heads of which are French Canadians show 200, households the heads
of which are South Italians 185, and households the heads of which
are Hebrews 157 boarders or lodgers per 100 households.
SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.
The range in the size of apartments occupied by the households
studied is set forth in the table next presented, which shows by gen-
eral nativity and race of head the percentage of households occupying
apartments of each specified number of rooms:
TABLE 158. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.}
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of
each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
71
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
5.23
5.41
5.03
5.10
5.59
4.04
4.52
6.54
4.77
4.19
4.21
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
4.2
.0
.0
2.1
3.4
14.8
.0
.0
4.2
.0
3.4
7.0
5.4
8.G
10.4
3.4
33.3
13.5
.0
10.4
18.8
17.2
16.9
27.0
42.9
16.7
13.8
25.9
38.5
14.3
29.2
50.0
44.8
29.6
27.0
22.9
31.3
24.1
7.4
30.8
10.7
16.7
25.0
24.1
22.5
21.6
11.4
33.3
31.0
11.1
17.3
21.4
39.6
6.3
10.3
19.7
18.9
14.3
6.3
24.1
7.4
.0
53.6
.0
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian....
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian..
Polish
Grand total .
463
4.97
.0
2.8
11.2
27.6
24.2
21.8
12.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
46
117
346
5.30
5.26
4.88
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
2.9
6.5
6.8
12.7
28.3
21.4
29.8
26.1
28.2
22.8
21.7
22.2
21.7
17.4
18.8
10.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
From a total number of 463 households studied it was found that
the average number of rooms per apartment was 4.97. Households
whose heads are native-born whites of native father have an average
of 5.23 rooms, as contrasted with 5.30 rooms in apartments reported
for households whose heads are native-born of foreign father and 4.88
rooms per apartment in households the heads of which are foreign-
born. Households whose heads are Irish show 6.54 rooms per
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 409
apartment. English, French Canadian, and Armenian households
show 5.59, 5.10, and 5.03 rooms per apartment, respectively, while
households the heads of which are or other specified races show
between 4.04 and 4.77 rooms per apartment. Of the total number
of households studied, 2.8 per cent occupy apartments of 2 rooms,
11.2 per cent apartments or 3 rooms, 27.6 per cent apartments of 4
rooms, 24.2 per cent apartments of 5 rooms, 21.8 per cent apart-
ments of 6 rooms, and 12.3 per cent apartments of 7 or more rooms.
Households whose heads are foreign-born show a higher percentage
occupying apartments of 2, 3, and 4 rooms, than households the
heads of which are native-born of foreign father and also a higher
percentage occupying apartments of 3 and 4 rooms than house-
holds the heads of which are native-born whites of native father.
The latter, however, show a considerably higher percentage than the
former occupying apartments of 2 rooms. Households whose heads
are native whites born of native father show a higher percentage
occupying apartments of 5, 6, or 7 or more rooms than do house-
holds the heads of which are native-born of foreign father or house-
holds the heads of which are foreign-born. Households whose heads
are Greek show the highest percentage occupying apartments of 2
and 3 rooms, as contrasted with no households the heads of which
are Armenians, Hebrews, Irish, and Lithuanians occupying apart-
ments of 2 rooms, and no households the heads of which are Irish
occupying apartments of 3 rooms. Households the heads of which
are Lithuanians show 50 per cent occupying apartments of 4 rooms,
as contrasted with only 13.8 per cent of households the heads of
which are English in apartments with this number of rooms. House-
holds the heads of which are French Canadians show the highest
percentage occupying apartments of 5 rooms and South Italians the
highest percentage occupying apartments of 6 rooms. Households
the heads of which are Greeks show the smallest proportion occupy-
ing apartments of 5 rooms, and households whose heads are Lithu-
anians the lowest percentage in apartments of 6 rooms. House-
holds whose heads are Irish exhibit 53.6 per cent in apartments of
7 or more rooms, as contrasted with no households the heads of
which are Hebrews, South Italians, Lithuanians, and Poles in apart-
ments of this size.
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The range in the size of households is indicated by the table next
presented, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the percentage of households of each specified number
of persons.
410
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 159. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all
races.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
71
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
3.62
4.81
5.34
5.48
3.55
4.30
:,. :,s
5.18
5.17
7.28
6.34
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
16.9
13.5
14.3
8.3
37.9
11.1
.0
7.1
10.4
.0
.0
35.2
13.5
14.3
20.8
17.2
33.3
11.5
17.9
22.9
.0
3.4
26.8
18.9
17.1
12.5
17.2
18.5
9.6
7.1
12.5
3.1
3.4
14.1
16.2
11.4
6.3
13.8
14.8
36.5
25.0
10.4
25.0
20.7
5.6
21.6
14.3
16.7
6.9
11.1
17.3
17.9
12.5
15.6
17.2
0.0
8.1
2.9
10.4
6.9
3.7
9.6
14.3
16.7
18.8
37.9
1.4
2.7
11.4
12.5
.0
3.7
9.6
7.1
4.2
9.4
17.2
0.0
5.4
5.7
10.4
.0
.0
3.8
3.6
6.3
12.5
.0
0.0
.0
8.6
2.1
.0
3.7
1.9
.0
4.2
15.6
.0
Native-born of for-
eign father, by race
of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian , French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born of
foreign father. .
463
5.05
.0
10.6
19.0
14.3
17.5
14.5
10.2
6.9
4.3
2.8
46
117
346
4.98
4.15
5.35
.0
.0
.0
10.9
14.5
9.2
13.0
26.5
16.5
15.2
22.2
11.6
19.6
16.2
17.9
26.1
13.7
14.7
6.5
2.6
12.7
2.2
1.7
8.7
6.5
2.6
4.9
.0
.0
3.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The preceding table shows the average number of persons per
household to be 5.05. Of the total number of households studied
10.6 per cent are composed of 2 persons, 19 per cent of 3 persons, 14.3
per cent of 4 persons, 17.5 per cent of 5 persons, 14.5 per cent of 6
persons, 10.2 per cent of 7 persons, 6.9 per cent of 8 persons, 4.3 per
cent of 9 persons, and 2.8 per cent of 10 or more persons. The house-
holds whose heads are native whites born of native father show the
highest percentage composed of 2, 3, and 4 persons, households
whose heads are native-born of foreign father show the next highest
percentage composed of 2 and 4 persons, while households whose
heads are foreign-born show the smallest percentage of households
composed of 2 and 4 persons. Next to households whose heads are
native whites born of native father, households the heads of which are
foreign-born show the highest percentage of households composed of
3! persons, the households whose
heads are native-born of foreign
father following in somewhat smaller proportion. Households whose
heads are native-born of foreign father show the highest percentage
composed of 5, 6, and 9 persons. The households whose heads are
foreign-born and the households whose heads are native whites born
of native father follow in the order mentioned, the last named showing
no households composed of 9 persons. Households whose heads are
foreign-born report the highest per cent of households composed of
7, 8, or 10 or more persons, households whose heads are native-born
of foreign father, and households whose heads are native whites born
of native father showing considerably smaller proportions, none of the
latter group showing any households composed of 7 or 10 or more
persons, and none of the households of native-born of foreign father
any households composed of 10 or more persons. The households,
whose heads are English show the highest percentage of households
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
411
composed of 2 persons, and households whose heads are Hebrews,
Lithuanians, or Poles show no households of this size. The house-
holds the heads of which are Greeks show the highest percentage
composed of 3 and 4 persons, and the households whose heads are
Hebrews the highest percentage composed of 5 persons. The house-
holds the heads of which are Lithuanians or Armenians show the
highest percentage composed of 10 or more persons, while households
whose heads are English report no households of over 7 persons, and
households whose heads are Poles none of over 8 persons.
CONGESTION.
The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of the
employees of the shoe-manufacturing industry has been indicated
in the preceding tables. In the following series of tables the degree
of congestion and its effects upon living conditions are more directly
set forth. The first table presented shows, by general nativity and
race of head of household, the average number of persons per apart-
ment, per room, and per sleeping room :
TABLE 160. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping
room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
'
Total
number of
households.
Average number of persons per —
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father White
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
3.62
CO
4.81
5.34
5.48
3.55
4.30
5.58
5.18
5.17
7.28
6.34
4.56
0.69
(a)
.89
1.06
.93
.04
1.00
1.23
.79
1.08
1.74
1.51
.89
1.61
(«)
1.84
1.91
2.12
1.72
2.19
2.42
1.53
2.30
2.43
2.30
1.67
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian French.
Irish .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian .
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
463
5.05
1.02
2.00
Total native-born of foreign father
46
117
346
4.98
•i.15
5.35
.94
.77
1.10
1.88
1.67
2.10
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 463 households studied, the preceding table shows the
average number of persons per apartment to be 5.05, the average
number per room 1.02, and the average number per sleeping room
is 2. Households whose heads are foreign-born show a considerably
higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and
per sleeping room than the households whose heads are native-born
of foreign father or native-born of native father, in the order named.
Among households whose heads are foreign-born the Lithuanians
and Poles show 7.28 and 6.34 persons per apartment, respectively.
Households the heads of which are Hebrews, French Canadians,
Armenians, Irish, or South Italians, in the order named, show
412
The Immigration Commission.
between 5.17 and 5.58 persons per apartment. Households the heads
of which are Greek and Syrians show between 4 and 5 persons per
apartment, while English households show an average of 3.55 persons
per apartment. Households the heads of which are Lithuanians,
Poles, Hebrews, South Italians, Greeks, and Armenians show an
average of between 1 and 2 persons per room. Households of other
specified races average less than 1 person per room. Households
whose heads are Lithuanians show an average of 2.43 persons per
sleeping room, households the heads of which are Hebrews, Poles,
South Italians, Greeks, and French Canadians all showing an average
of over 2 persons per sleeping room. Households the heads of which
are Armenians, English, Syrians, and Irish show an average of less
than 2 persons per sleeping room, households the heads of which are
Irish exhibiting an average of 1.53 persons per sleeping room.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the range in the number of persons per room:
TABLE 161. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of r er-
sons per
room.
Number of
households
having each
specified
number of
persons per
room.
Per cent of
households
having each
specified
number of
persons per
room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White ....
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
0.69
(a)
.89
1.06
.93
.64
1.08
1.23
.79
1.08
1.74
1.51
.89
15
7
17
23
34
6
19
45
7
31
32
28
10
1
1
21.1
(a)
45.9
65.7
70.8
20.7
70.4
86.5
25.0
64.6
100.0
96.6
(a)
1.4
(")
.0
2.9
2.1
.0
18.5
7. 7
.0
8. :\
31.3
13.8
(a)
Native-born of foreign fattier, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
1
1
Canadian, French
English
Greek . .
5
4
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian, South. .
4
10
4
Lithuanian . ..
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total
463
1.02
274
31
59.2
6.7
Total native-born of foreign father .
46
117
346
.94
.77
1.10
24
39
235
1
2
29
52.2
33.3
67.9
2.2
1.7
8.4
Total native-born ....
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average number of persons per room for the 463 households
studied in the above table is 1.02. The households whose heads are
foreign-born show an average of 1.10 persons per room, households
the heads of which are native-born of foreign father show an average
of 0.94, those whose heads are native whites born of native father
an average of 0.69 person per room, and those whose heads are
Lithuanians show an average of 1.74 persons per room, as contrasted
with the English, who show an average of only 0.64 person per room.
Households the heads of which are foreign-born show a higher per-
centage having 1 or more or 2 or more persons per room than either
the households the heads of which are native-born of foreign or
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
413
native-born of native father, which follow in the order named. The
households the heads of which are Lithuanians show 100 per cent
and the households the heads of which are Poles and Hebrews 96.6
per cent and 86.5 per cent, respectively, having 1 or more persons
per room, as contrasted with only 20.7 per cent of households the
heads of which are English having 1 or more persons per room. The
households whose heads are Lithuanians show over 30 per cent and
no households the heads of which are Irish or English show 2 or more
persons per room. No households of any race have as many as 3
persons per room.
The range in the number of persons per sleeping room is shown,
according to general nativity and race of head of household, in the
following table:
TABLE 162. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
sleeping
room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
sleeping room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
sleeping room.
g
•1
8
IN
1
i
s
§
a
§
5
I
t
B
t
S
s
•*
e
o
t*
o
1O
I
8
to
o
CO
o
-T<
o
o
0
o
0
M
o
M
Native-born of native father,
White
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
1.61
(a)
1.84
1.91
2.12
1.72
2.19
2.42
1.53
2.30
2.43
2.30
1.67
26
5
19
25
32
1C,
18
42
6
35
27
25
8
10
3
6
5
12
1
9
15
1
16
7
6
3
4
36.6
(a)
51.4
71.4
66.7
55.2
66.7
80.8
21.4
72.9
84.4
86.2
(a)
14.1
(a)
16.2
14.3
25.0
3.4
33.3
28.8
3.6
33.3
21.9
20.7
(«)
5.6
(a)
2.7
.0
.0
.0
14.8
5.8
.0
6.3
.0
3.4
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
1.9
.0
4.2
.0
.0
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.1
.0
.0
(a)
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
4
3
Hebrew
1
Irish
Italian, South
3
2
1
Lithuanian
Polish
1
1
Syrian
Grand total
463
2.00
284
94
17
3
1
61.3
20.3
3.7
.6
.2
Total native-born of foreign
father
46
117
346
1.88
1.67
2.10
24
50
234
9
19
75
1
5
12
52.2
42.7
67.6
19.6
16.2
21.7
2.2
4.3
3.5
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
3
1
aNot computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that in 463 households studied the aver-
age number of persons per sleeping room is 2. The households whose
heads are foreign-born show an average of 2.10 persons per sleeping
room, the households whose heads are native-born of foreign father
show 1.88, and households the heads of which are native whites born
of native father show an average of 1.61 persons per sleeping room.
Households the heads of which are Lithuanians show 2.43 persons
per sleeping room, which is the highest average shown for any race,
while those whose heads are Irish show the lowest average number
of persons per sleeping room, or 1.53- The households whose heads
are foreign-born show the highest percentage having 2 or more and
3 or more persons per sleeping room, the households whose heads
are native-born of foreign father and the households the heads of
414
The Immigration Commission.
which are native whites born of native father following in the order
mentioned. The households whose heads are native whites born of
native father report the highest percentage having 4 or more persons
per sleeping room, followed in the order named by households \vhose
heads are foreign-born and the households whose heads are native-
born of foreign father. The households whose heads are foreign-bom
show less than 1 per cent having 5 or more or 6 or more persons per
sleeping room, as contrasted with no households the heads of which are
native whites born of native father or native-born of foreign father.
The households whose heads are Poles show the highest percentage
having 2 or more persons per sleeping room and the households whose
heads are South Italians and Greeks the highest percentage having 3
or more persons per sleeping room. The households whose heads are
Greeks show the highest percentage having 4 or more persons per
sleeping room, and households whose heads are South Italians the
highest percentage having 5 or more or 6 or more persons per sleep-
ing room. No households the heads of which are Armenians, French
Canadians, Irish, English, or Lithuanians have as many as 4 persons
per sleeping room, and no households whose heads are Greeks or Poles
have as many as 5 persons per sleeping room. No households the
heads of which are Hebrews show 6 or more persons per sleeping room.
The effect of congestion within the household upon sleeping and
living arrangements is indicated by the following table, which is the
last of the series. This table shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the number and percentage of households regu-
larly sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms:
TABLE 163. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each,
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
sleep-
ing
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept 1
room.
All ex-
cept 2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept 1
room.
All ex-
cept 2
rooms.
Native-born of native father.
White.
71
9
37
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
5.23
. O)
5.41
5.03
5.10
5.59
4.04
4.52
6.54
4.77
4.19
4.21
5.11
2.25
(a)
2.62
2.80
2.58
2.07
1.96
2.31
3.39
2.25
3.00
2.76
2.72
5
1
4
9
5
1
9
6
18
6
10
13
17
2
12
24
8
14
5
7
8
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.7
3.8
.0
2.1
3.1
.0
(a)
7.0
(«)
10.8
25.7
10.4
3.4
33.3
11.5
.0
22.9
78.1
65.5
(a)
25.4
(a)
27.0
37.1
35.4
6.9
44.4
46.2
28.6
29.2
15.6
24.1
(a)
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French .
Irish
Foreign-born:
Annenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
1
2
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
1
1
11
25
19
2
Lithuanian
Polish.
Svrian
Grand total
463
4.97
2.52
5
97
144
1.1
21.0
31.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
46
117
346
5.30
5.26
4.88
2.65
2.41
2.55
5
10
87
16
34
110
.0
.0
1.4
10.9
8.5
25.1
34.8
29.1
31.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 415
The preceding table shows that the average number of rooms per
household is 4.97. The average number of sleeping rooms per house-
hold is 2.52. The households whose heads are native-born of foreign
father show a higher average number of rooms than either the heads of
which are native whites born of native father or households whose
heads are foreign-born. The households whose heads are native-
born of foreign father also show the highest average number of sleep-
ing rooms. The households whose heads are Irish show the highest
average number of rooms and sleeping rooms per household, and
those whose heads are Greeks a lower average number of rooms and
sleeping rooms than any of the households whose heads are of the
different specified races. Of the 463 households studied 1.1 per cent
use all rooms to sleep in, 21 per cent sleep in all except 1 room, and
31.1 percent sleep in all except 2 rooms. The households the heads
of which are foreign-born show the highest percentage using all rooms,
and all except 1 room, to sleep in, followed in the latter classification
by households the heads of which are native-born of foreign father.
In households using all except 2 rooms to sleep in, those native-born
of foreign father exceed the foreign-born. No households the heads
of which are native whites born of native father or native-born of
foreign father use all rooms for sleeping purposes. No households
whose heads are Armenians, French Canadians, English, Irish, or
Poles use all rooms to sleep in, and no households the heads of which
are Irish use all except 1 room. The households whose heads are
Greeks and Hebrews show the highest percentage sleeping in all
rooms, and the households the heads of which are Lithuanians the
highest percentage sleeping in all except 1 room. The households
the heads of which are Hebrews show the highest percentage, sleep-
ing in all except 2 rooms, and the households the heads of which
are English the smallest per cent using all except 2 rooms to sleep in.
CHAPTER XT.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and
members of their households — Charity — [Text Tables 164 to 176 and General Tables
104 to 113].
LITERACY.
The literacy of the employees of the shoe-manufacturing industry
at Community A is indicated by the data presented in the following
series of tables. These tables show not only the degree of literacy
which prevails among the workers at the present time, but also the
progress made by the foreign-born employees after their arrival in this
country. The first table presented in this connection, which follows,
shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage of em-
ployees who are able to read and the per cent who are able both to
read and to write.
TABLE 164. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and tvrite, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are tor all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White.
1,072
183
60
287
195
147
72
81
245
79
103
223
630
96
53
245
70
127
32
7
71
65
16
24
1,702
279
113
532
265
274
104
88
.'illi
Mi
119
247
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
97.9
100. 0
98. 6
97.5
97.6
98.7
92.2
95.1
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
57.1
95.8
96.9
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.5
100.0
99.0
94.3
97.2
97.9
93.3
95.5
99.8
99.5
100*0
99.3
97.4
99.3
98.6
97.5
97.1
98.7
90.3
94.2
99.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1(111. 0
100. 0
57.1
95.8
95.4
100.0
91.7
99.8
99.6
100.0
99. G
98.1
99.6
99.0
94.3
96.8
97.2
91.6
93.9
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Canada
England
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North...
Italian, South
Grand total
3,114
1,556
4, 670
98.8
99.0
98.9
98.4
98.8
98.5
Total native-born of foreign
father
642
1,720
1,394
450
1,085
471
1,092
2,805
1,865
100.0
99.9
97.4
100.0
99.9
97.0
100.0
99.9
97.3
99.5
99.7
96.7
100.0
99.9
96.4
99.7
99.8
96.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the individuals in this locality, for whom information was
secured, all who were native-born of foreign father, both males and
females, and a larger proportion of those who were native-born of
native father than of the foreign-born can read; all of the females
417
418
The Immigration Commission.
native-born of foreign father, and a larger proportion of the females
native-born of native father than of the foreign-born females, can both
read and write. The proportion of males who both read and write is
largest for the native-born of native father, second for the native-
born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born. Of the
foreign-born, the North Italians and South Italians have the smallest
proportion of males and the Greeks by far the smallest proportion of
females who are able to read and to read and write.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over, in the
households studied, who read and the per cent who read and write:
TABLE 165. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read
and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
TotaL
Native-born of native father,
White.
120
38
69
70
60
38
53
99
27
79
101
80
31
146
35
79
46
75
22
28
86
33
66
50
45
22
266
73
148
116
135
60
81
185
60
145
151
125
53
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
91.7
100.0
88.7
97.0
96.3
93.7
75.2
77.5
96.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.6
94.7
100.0
46.4
80.2
84.8
81.8
76.0
68.9
72.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.2
93.3
100.0
74.1
89.2
90.0
88.3
75.5
74.4
86.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.6
86.7
100.0
88.7
94.9
92.6
93.7
60.4
71.3
90.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
82.6
90.7
100.0
46.4
75.6
84.8
81.8
46.0
62.2
63.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
92.2
88.9
100.0
74,1
85.9
88.3
88.3
55.6
68.0
79.2
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
Canadian French
English
Greek ....
Hebrew
Irish...
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian .
Grand total
890
791
1,681
92.7
88.1
90.5
89.6
84.7
87.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
130
250
640
151
297
494
281
547
1,134
100.0
100.0
98.8
100.0
100.0
81.0
100.0
100.0
86.0
100.0
100.0
85.5
100.0
100.0
75.5
100.0
100.0
81. 1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Slightly more than 90 per cent of the total number of persons, data
for whom are included in the above table, read and 87.3 per cent both
read and write. The males show a larger proportion of persons who
read and a larger proportion who read and write than do the females.
All of the native-born persons, male and female, including the native-
born of foreign father, both read and write. Of the foreign-born,
86 per cent read and 81.1 percent read and write. Of the foreign-
born, all of the English, both male and female, can both read and write.
Of the foreign-born males who read, the Armenians, French Canadians,
Hebrews, Irish, South Italians, and Syrians each show a proportion of
between 90 and 100 per cent of the "total number of males of each
race. The Lithuanian race shows a smaller proportion of males who
read than does any other foreign-born race. Excepting the French
Canadians, English, and Lithuanians, each race shows a smaller pro-
portion of females who read than of males. The Lithuanians show a
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
419
smaller proportion of males who read and write than any other foreign-
born race. They also show the smallest proportion of foreign-born
females who read and write.
The relation between literacy and period of residence in this country
is indicated by the following table. The table shows the percentage
of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the per
cent who read and write, by race of individual and years of residence
in the United States:
TABLE 166. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over u'ho read and per
cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
Per cent
in 1
who read,
Jnited Sta
by years
tes.
Per cent
by year
ivho read a
> ha Unitec
nd write,
States.
data.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian
116
91.4
88.0
97.0
91 4
88 0
97 0
Canadian, French
135
sx '.I
100.0
92.6
88.9
100 0
^7 0
English
60
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
(a)
100 0
Greek
81
69.6
77.4
(a)
69 6
77 4
Co)
Hebrew
185
86.3
87.5
97.6
82.1
85 4
95 2
Irish . .
60
90.0
88 3
Italian South
145
85 9
90 6
89 3
85 9
90 6
89 3
Lithuanian
151
71.0
75 4
90 5
44 9
59 0
81 0
Polish
125
74.0
76.3
70.0
60 2
71 1
70 0
Syrian
53
72.2
88.9
100.0
61.1
83 3
94 1
Total
1,134
80.9
84.1
93.5
74 3
79 3
90 6
<» Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,134 foreign-born persons, 10 years of age or over, included
in the above table, 80.9 per cent of those with a period of residence
in the United States of less than five years, 84.1 per cent of those
with a period of residence of from five to nine years, and 93.5 per
cent of those with a period of residence of ten years or over, can read.
The proportion who both read and write is smaller in each instance
than the proportion who read. Although the proportion of the total
number who read, as well as the proportion who both read and write,
increases with length of residence in the United States, certain races
show a larger proportion of those with a period of residence of from
five to nine years than of those with a period of residence of ten
years or over. Among the Poles who read, and the French Canadians
who read and write, the proportion of those with a period of residence
of less than five years is larger than the proportion of those with a
period of residence of ten years or over.
The progress made by the younger immigrants, as compared with
the older immigrants, is shown by the table next presented. This
table indicates the percentage of foreign-born persons 10 years of age
or over, in the households studied, who read, and the per cent who
both read and write, according to race of individual and age at time
of coming to the United States.
420
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 167. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of indi-
vidual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by
age at time of coming
to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at tune
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Armenian
116
135
60
81
185
60
145
151
125
53
100.0
98.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.7
100.0
100.0
(a)
90.0
90.5
88.4
100.0
71.2
86.3
90.3
86.0
73.8
74.2
86.0
100.0
95.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
89.7
100.0
100.0
(a)
80.0
90.5
82.6
100.0
71.2
82.2
87.1
86.0
52.5
67.7
79.1
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total..
1,134
97.8
83.1
96.4
77.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
A larger proportion of the persons who were under 14 years of age
at time of coming to the United States than of those who were 14
years of age or over can now read. All the Armenians, English,
Greeks, Hebrews, South Italians, and Lithuanians wTho were under
14 at time of coming can now read. The Irish show the smallest
proportion, 89.7 per cent. All of the English persons who were 14
years of age or over at time of coming to this country can now read.
The smallest proportion among that group is shown by the Greeks,
71.2 per cent.
Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming, 96.4
per cent can both read and write, and of those who were 14
or over 77.3 per cent can read and write. In the first group all
of the Armenians, English, Greeks, Hebrews, South Italians, and
Lithuanians can read and write, and in the second group all of the
English can read and write. The Syrians show the smallest propor-
tion of persons who can read and write of those who were under 14
at time of coming to this country and the Lithuanians show the
smallest proportion of those who were 14 years of age or over at time
of coming.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of male employees 20 years of age or over
who were in each conjugal condition.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
421
TABLE 168. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Native-born of native father, White 1, 056
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada 157
England 54
Ireland 270
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other 140
English 71
Hebrew , Russian 202
Irish 81
Italian, North 90
Italian, South ... 200
Grand total 2,900
Total native-born of foreign fatner 560
Total native-born 1, 022
Total foreign-born 1,278
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White 543
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada 70
England
Ireland 199
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian , French 63
Canadian, Other 125
English 32
Hebrew, Russian 31
Irish 56
Italian, North
Italian, South 15
Grand total 1,282
Total native-born of foreign father 350
Total native-born 898
Total foreign-born 384
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White 1, 599
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
Canada 227
England 97
Ireland 469
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French 251
Canadian, Other 265
English 103
Hebrew, Russian 233
Irish 137
Italian, North 98
Italian, South 215
Grand total 4, 182
Total native-born of foreign father 910
Total native-born 2, 520
Total foreign-born 1, 662
Per cent who are-
Single. Married. Widowed
25.2
35.0
37.0
43.7
28.2
23.6
23.9
42.6
35.8
36.7
36.0
33.4
4U.9
30.7
36.8
67.9
61.8
51.9
51.9
67.6
70.7
70.4
57.4
59.3
62.2
61.0
61.9
54.6
63.3
60.3
42.7
55.7
46.5
68.8
54.0
42.4
31.3
77.4
71.4
37.5
46.7
50.4
62.0
50.2
50.8
40.7
38.6
34.9
23.6
36.5
39.2
56.3
16.1
21.4
50.0
53.3
36.7
29.1
36.2
37.8
31.1
41.4
41.2
54.4
34.7
32.5
26.2
47.2
50.4
36.7
36.7
38.6
49.0
37.7
40.0
58.7
54.6
44.3
39.9
59.8
55.8
66.0
51.9
43.8
61.2
60.5
54.2
44.8
53.6
55.1
422
The Immigration Commission.
Among the employees 20 years of age or over for whom informa-
tion was secured, 61.9 per cent of the males and 36.7 per cent of the
females are married, and 4.7 per cent of the males and 12.9 per cent
of the females are widowed. The proportion of married employees,
both males and females, and the proportion of widowed females, is
largest for those native-born of native father, second largest for the
foreign-born, and smallest for those who were native-born of foreign
father. The proportion of widowed males is largest for the native-
born of native father, second in rank for the native-born of foreign
father, and smallest for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born,
the Canadians, other than French, English, and French Canadians,
in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Russian Hebrews
and Irish the smallest proportions of married males, and the English,
South Italians, and North Italians, in the order mentioned, have the
largest and the Russian Hebrews and Irish the smallest proportions
of married females.
The following table further classifies the figures of the one pre-
ceding and shows the percentage of employees in each conjugal con-
dition, by sex and general nativity and race, and by age groups:
TABLE 169. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
,2
"M
c
33
i
a
!
T3
£
"
M
a
S3
1
%
%
•o
f
o
2
fc
03
"3)
a
3
i
§
a
1
0
•o
i£
CD
"Z
a
CD
1
03
a
•8
o
T3
i
6.9
3.2
4.4
4.3
5.7
.0
3.0
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
332
81
89
60
36
147
93
50.0
53.1
76.4
60.0
55.6
55.1
62.4
47.6
4ti. 9
22.5
36.7
41.7
44.9
36.6
2.4
.0
1.1
3.3
2.8
.0
1.1
456
63
136
83
69
50
81
18.6
15.9
33.8
19.3
15.9
10.0
17.3
75.0
76.2
61.8
74.7
79.7
90.0
77.8
6.4
7.9
4.4
6.0
4.3
.0
4.9
268
13
45
45
35
5
26
5.6
15.4
8.9
2.2
5.7
(°)
.0
81.0
84.6
80.0
95.6
82.9
(a)
96.2
13.4
.0
11.1
2.2
11.4
(")
3.8
1,056
157
270
188
140
202
200
25.2
35.0
43.7
28.2
.'3. li
42.6
36.0
67.9
61.8
51.9
67.6
70.7
57.4
61.0
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South. ..
Grand total
1,120
59.9
38.8
1.3
1,235
21.0
74.0
5.0
545
7.0
VMI
11.0
2,900
33.4
61.9
4.7
Total native-born of for-
eign father. .
229
564
556
65.5
56.4
63.5
34.1
42.0
35.6
.4
1.6
.9
248
705
530
27.4
21.7
20.0
65.7
7I.N
77.0
6.9
6.5
3.0
83
353
192
13.3
7.6
5.7
78.3
so. U
85.4
8.4
12.2
8.9
560
1,622
1,278
40.9
30.7
36.8
54. 6
63.3
60.3
4.5
6.0
3.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
423
TABLE 169. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
_CB
"ti
a
02
i
03
a
•d
*
i?
o
3
P
£
"bi
0
33
i
'&
cS
a
•8
1
•a
£
*
"Si
a
53
i
a
"8
&
o
2
£
*
"Si
a
33
1
a
£
1
•d
is
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
242
46
106
40
57
31
10
62.0
67.4
81.1
70.0
66.7
77.4
70.0
33.9
30.4
17.0
30.0
28.1
16.1
30.0
4.1
2.2
1.9
.0
5.3
6.5
.0
200
20
80
20
51
27.5
25.0
55.0
30.0
21.6
51.0
65.0
35.0
45.0
58.8
21.5
10.0
10.0
25.0
19.6
101
4
13
3
17
26.7
(0)
53.8
(a)
23.5
36.6
(a)
7.7
(a)
17. 6
36.6
(a)
38.5
(«)
58.8
543
70
199
63
125
31
15
42.7
55.7
68.8
54.0
42.4
77.4
46.7
40.7
38.6
23.6
36.5
39.2
Iti. 1
53.3
16.6
5.7
7.5
9.5
18.4
6.5
.0
Native-born »f foreign fa-
ther, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Hebrew Russian
Italian South
5
(a)
(a)
(«)
Grand total
Total native-born of for-
eign father
669
68.3
•js. I
3.3
456
32.0
50.0
18.0
157
27.4
33.1
39.5
1,282
50.4
36.7
12.9
198
444
225
74.7
67.6
69.8
22.2
28.8
27.6
3.0
3.1
2.7
126
327
129
46.0
34.6
25.6
43.7
IS. (1
55.0
10.3
17.4
19.4
26
127
30
42.3
29.9
16.7
11.5
31.5
40.0
46.2
:;s.i
43.3
350
898
384
62.0
50.2
50.8
29.1
36.2
37.8
8.9
13.6
11.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
TOTAL.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
574
127
195
100
93
178
103
55.1
58.3
79.0
64.0
62.4
59.0
63.1
41.8
40.9
19.5
34.0
33.3
39.9
35.9
3.1
.8
1.5
2.0
4.3
1.1
1.0
656
83
216
103
120
50
86
21.3
18.1
41.7
21.4
18.3
10.0
16.3
67.7
73.5
51.9
08.9
70.8
90.0
79.1
11.0
8.4
6.5
9.7
10.8
.0
4.7
369
17
58
48
52
5
26
11.4
29.4
19.0
2.1
11.5
(a)
.0
68.8
64.7
03.8
93.8
C.l.S
(«)
96.2
19.8
5.9
17.2
4.2
26.9
(a)
3.8
1,599
227
469
251
265
233
215
31.1
41.4
54.4
34.7
32.5
47.2
36.7
58.7
54.6
39.9
59.8
55.8
51.9
60.5
10.2
4.0
5.8
5.6
11.7
.9
2.8
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by country of
birth of father:
Canada
Ireland .
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South.
Grand total
1,789
63.2
34.9
2.0
1,691
24.0
67.5
8.5
702
11.5
71.1
17.4
4,182
38.6
54.2
7.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father
427
1.008
781
69.8
61.3
65.3
28.6
36.2
33. 3
1.6
2.5
1.4
374
1,032
659
33.7
25.8
21.1
58.3
64.2
72.7
8.0
10.0
6.2
109
480
222
20.2
13.5
7.2
62.4
67.3
79.3
17.4
19.2
13.5
910
2,520
1,662
49.0
37.7
40.0
44.8
53.6
55.1
6.2
8.7
4.9
Total native-born
Total foerign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Information concerning the conjugal condition of 2,900 males is
contained in the above table. Of that number 61.9 per cent are
married, less than 5 per cent are widowed, and 33.4 per cent are single.
The proportion of married males is greater among those who are 45
years of age or over than in any other age group. The smallest pro-
portion of married persons is among those who are from 20 to 29
years of age. In each specified age group the proportion of married
persons is greater among the foreign-born than it is among the native-
born of foreign father. Of those who are from 20 to 29 years of age
the native whites, born of native father, show the largest proportion
48296°— VOL 12— 11- -28
424 The Immigration Commission.
of married males. Of the foreign-born races the Russian Hebrews
show the largest proportion of married males and the South Italians
show the smallest proportion. None of the foreign-born Russian
Hebrews are widowed and less than 5 per cent of the foreign-born
males of any other race, in this age group, are in that conjugal con-
dition. Of the males who are from 30 to 44 years of age, the Russian
Hebrews show a larger proportion married than any other race.
The proportion is 90 per cent and none of that race are widowed.
Of the foreign-born races, the French Canadians show the smallest
proportion of married males in this age group. Of the males who
are 45 years of age or over, no race shows less than 80 per cent who
are married. The South Italians show the largest proportion and
those native-born whose fathers were born in Ireland the smallest.
Of the 1,282 females included in the above table, slightly more than
50 per cent are single, 12.9 per cent are widowed, and only 36. 7 per
cent are married. The proportion of married females is greater in the
age group of 30 to 44 years than in any other. In each age group
the foreign-born show a proportion that is decidedly larger than the
proportion shown by the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-
born females who are between the ages of 20 and 29 years, the French
Canadians and South Italians, each of whom show 30 per cent as
married, show the largest proportions. None in these two races are
widowed. Just 58.8 per cent of the Canadian, other than French,
females who are between the ages of 30 and 44 are married, as com-
pared with 45 per cent of the French Canadians . The total tabulations
show, in general, the same tendencies that are manifested by the
foregoing. Of the total number of males and females combined, 54.2
per cent are married and 7.2 per cent are widowed. The proportion
of married persons is greater among those who are 45 years of age or
over than in any other age group, those who are between the ages of
20 and 29 years of age showing the smallest proportion.
In the table next presented the percentage of persons in the house-
holds studied in each conjugal condition is shown by sex, age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
425
TABLE 170. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete date.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
M
la
(- +j
0 c3
OH^
(D
S o
+j
>-<.2
laft
38
fc
Per cent
who are —
Q>
"bio
3
CO
•d
OJ
K
C3
8
•d
o>
o
•3
is
™
ao
d
DD
•d
Q>
LH
C
03
s
•d
o>
0
T3
PC
0>
M
.9
CO
•d
.*
§
s
•d
a)
0
2
OJ
"bi
.3
CO
•d
CD
•3
c3
a
•d
o>
1
73
is
1.1
9.3
1.9
6.6
1.4
1.5
.0
.0
Native-born of native
father, \\ hite
28
11
13
18
45
30
53
42
57.1
90.9
53.8
27.8
37.8
43.3
56.6
52.4
42.9
9.1
46.2
66.7
60.0
56.7
43.4
47.6
0.0
.0
.0
5.6
2.2
.0
.0
.0
38
28
23
24
20
30
36
30
15.8
35.7
17.4
8.3
100.0
6.7
25.0
16.7
84.2
57.1
82.6
83.3
.0
93.3
75.0
83.3
0.0
7.1
.0
8.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
25
15
18
19
8
5
2
2
4.0
.0
11.1
5.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
92.0
80.0
83.3
89.5
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
4.0
20.0
5.6
5.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
91
54
54
61
73
65
91
74
25.3
37.0
24.1
13.1
50.7
23.1
42.9
36.5
73.6
53.7
74.1
80.3
47.9
75.4
57.1
63.5
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French..
Hebrew
Italian, South..
Lithuanian
Polish . .
Grand total . .
305
51.1
48.2
. 7
286
22.0
75.5
2.4
131
3.1
87.0
9.9
722
30.9
66.1
3.0
Total native-born of
foreign father
Total native-born
26
54
251
73.1
64.8
48.2
_>li. (I
35. 2
51.0
.0
.0
.8
37
75
211
27.0
21.3
22.3
67.6
76.0
75.4
5.4
2.7
2.4
17
42
89
.0
2.4
3.4
76. 5
s,5. 7
87.6
23.5
11.9
9.0
80
171
551
36. 3
30.4
31.0
56.3
05. 5
66.2
7.5
4.1
2.7
Total foreign-born..
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father, \Yhite
36
22
11
20
41
22
26
32
41.7
81.8
27.3
10.0
19.5
22.7
3.8
3.1
55.6
18.2
72.7
90.0
80.5
77.3
96. 2
96.9
2.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
40
35
17
28
18
22
9
6
25.0
37.1
5.9
.0
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
67.5
60.0
94.1
100.0
94.4
100.0
(a)
(a)
7.5
2.9
.0
.0
5.6
.0
(«)
(«)
32
14
6
14
8
5
3.1
21.4
(a)
14.3
(°)
(a)
56.3
42.9
(«)
50.0
(°)
(a)
40.6
35.7
(a)
35.7
(a)
(a)
108
71
34
62
67
49
35
38
24.1
47.9
11.8
6.5
11.9
10.2
2.9
2.6
60.2
43.7
85.3
85.5
S3. (i
85.7
97.1
97.4
15.7
8.5
2.9
8.1
4.5
4.1
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian, French..
Hebrew
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total . .
266
24.1
75.6
.4
217
13.4
83.4
3.2
122
6.6
58.2
35.2
605
16.7
74.9
8.4
Total native-born of
foreign father
42
78
188
66.7
55.1
11.2
33. 3
43.6
88.8
.0
1.3
.0
37
77
140
35.1
29.9
4.3
62.2
64.9
93.6
2.7
5.2
2.1
17
49
73
17.6
8.2
5. 5
52.9
55.1
60.3
29.4
36. 7
34.2
96
204
401
45.8
34.3
7.7
47.9
54.4
85.3
6.3
11.3
7.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
426
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 170. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
bo
C .
™ ^
II
O> Ql
t- ,-
l-£
•p,
E 3
- L.
X
Per cent
who are —
t£
= .
*!
M
a, a)
t-S
•-£
J~
Eg
— O
fc
Per cent
who are —
SP
5 j2
§3
*- ^
*2-
g§
— 0
fc
Per cent
who are —
1
1
ffi'cL
•se
C o
S 1-
fc
Per cent
who are —
£
"3)
s
5
•a
a>
•a
3
s
•d
o
o
•o
£
a!
1
GO
o
tn
C
C3
3
i
o
2
£
o
"Eo
a
3
.2
<s
S
QJ
o
•a
%
o
"3>
g
in
•d
.S
cS
a
T3
<o
&
O
•o
$
Native-horn of native
father, White
64
33
24
38
86
52
79
74
48.4
84.8
41.7
18.4
29.1
34.6
39.2
31.1
50.0
15.2
58.3
78.9
69.8
65.4
60.8
68.9
1.6
.0
.0
2.6
1.2
.0
.0
.0
78
63
40
52
38
52
45
36
"20.5
36.5
12.5
3.8
52.6
3.8
20.0
13.9
75.6
58.7
87.5
92. 3
44.7
96. 2
80.0
86.1
3.8
4.8
.0
2.6
.0
.0
.0
57
29
24
33
16
10
2
2
3.5
10.3
8.3
9.1
.0
.0
(a)
00
71.9
62.1
83.3
72.7
87. r>
70.0
fnl
(a)
24.6
27.6
8.3
18.2
12.5
30.0
00
(a)
199
125
88
123
140
114
126
112
24.6
43.2
19.3
9.8
32.1
17.5
31.7
25.0
66.3
48.0
78.4
82.9
65.0
79.8
68.3
75.0
9.0
8.8
2.3
7.3
2.9
2.6
.0
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French..
Hebrew
Italian South
Lithuanian .
Polish
Grand total
571 38. 5
60. 9 . 5 503 1 8. '.',
78.9
2.8
253
4.7
73.1
22.1
1,32724.4
70.1
5.5
Total native-born of
foreign father
68
132
439
69.1
59.1
32.3
30.9
!(i J
67.2
.0
.8
.5
74
152
351
31.1
I'.', 7
15.1
64.9
70.4
82.6
4.1
3.9
2.3
34
91
162
8.8
.,:,
4. 3
64.7
69.2
75.3
20. 5
L'.V 3
20.4
176
375
952
41.5
.32.5
21.2
51.7
59.5
74.3
6.8
8.0
4.5
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 1,327 persons 20 years of age or over included in the pre-
ceding table, 70.1 per cent are married, 24.4 per cent single, and 5.5
per cent widowed. The foreign-born show a larger proportion than
the native-born of native father, who in turn shows a larger proportion
than the native-born of foreign father who are married. The posi-
tion in the nativity groups is reversed as regards those who are single,
and less than 1 0 per cent of any given group are widowed. A com-
parison between the age groups shows that a larger proportion of those
who are from 30 to 44 years of age than either of those who are from
20 to 29 years of age or 45 years of age or over are married. The pro-
portion who are single decreases and the proportion who are widowed
increases with age. A comparison between the total number of males
and females 20 years of age or over shows that a larger proportion of
of the latter are married. The foreign-born is the only nativity
group showing this same condition — a larger proportion of males than
of females in the groups native-born of native father and native-born
of foreign father being married. Among the foreign-born females
of those of each race who are from 20 to 29 years of age the propor-
tion who are married is larger than the proportion who are single and
none are widowed.
While a large proportion of the foreign-born male employees are
married, it is significant in connection with their conjugal condition
that a considerable number loft their wives abroad upon immigrating
to this country. This condition of affairs is disclosed by the follow-
ing table, which shows, by race of husband, the percentage of foreign-
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
427
born husbands who report wife in the United States and the percent-
age who report wife abroad:
TABLE 171. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and
per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
'This table Includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent reporting wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Canadian French
127
96
45
109
44
53
117
99.2
100.0
95.6
91.7
100.0
73.6
65.8
C.8
.0
4.4
8.3
.0
26.4
34.2
Canadian Other .
E uglish
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
Total
734
87.7
12.3
In this locality the proportion of foreign-born husbands, for whom
information was secured, reporting wives in the United States, is 87.7
per cent. All of the Canadian other than French and Irish husbands
and a considerably larger proportion of the French Canadian, English,
and Russian Hebrew husbands than of the North Italian and South
Italian husbands, report wives in the United States.
The tendency on the part of husbands of foreign birth who came to
this country without their wives to send for them after specified
periods of residence may be seen from the table next presented.
This table shows the percentage of foreign-born husbands who report
wife abroad, by race of husband and by years husband has been in
the United States:
TABLE 172. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands ivho report wife abroad, by race of husband
and by years husband has been in the United States.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.
only races with 100 or more husbands reporting.]
This table includes
Race of husband.
Number having been in United
States each specified number
of years who report location of
wife.
Per cent having been in United
States each specified number
of years who report wife
abroad.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Total.
Under
5.
5 to 9.
10 or
over.
Total.
Canadian, French
4
40
23
9
'34
44
114
35
50
127
109
117
(a)
10.0
78.3
0.0
14.7
34.1
0.9
.0
14.0
0.8
8.3
34.2
Hebrew Russian
Italian, South
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In this locality the proportion of South Italian husbands reporting
wives abroad is considerably larger in the case of husbands who have
been in the United States under five years than in the case of bus-
428
The Immigration Commission.
bands who have been in the United States from five to nine years, and
larger in the case of the latter than in the case of husbands who have
been here ten years or over. Upon the other hand a slightly larger
proportion of Russian Hebrew husbands who have been in the United
States from five to nine years than of those who have been here under
five years report wives abroad. None of the Russian Hebrew hus-
bands who have been here ten years or over and none of the French
Canadian husbands who have been here from five to nine years report
wives abroad. It will be noted that the proportion of husbands
reporting wives abroad, irrespective of length of residence in the
United States, is 34.2 per cent for South Italian husbands as against
8.3 per cent for Russian Hebrew husbands and only 0.8 per cent for
French Canadian husbands.
VISITS ABROAD.
The extent to which employees of foreign birth return to their native
countries for long or short periods is indicated by the following table.
This table shows, by sex, A'ears in the United States, and race, the visits
abroad made by foreign-born employees:
TABLE 173. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number in United States —
Per cent reporting 1 or more vis-
its, by years in United States.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or "over.
Total.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Canadian, French
9
6
95
70
18
8
46
63
144
103
39
65
171
117
180
198
77.8
50.0
2.1
11.4
61.1
62.5
.0
28.6
63.9
72.8
2.6
29.2
64.3
70.9
1.7
22.7
Canadian, Other
Hebrew, Russian
Italian , South
Total
335
217
588
1,140
9.3
24.9
41.0
28.6
FEMALE.
Canadian, French . .
6
38
51
50.0
57.1
65.8
62.7
Canadian', Other
6
13
69
88
50.0
76.9
73.9
72.7
Hebrew, Russian. ...
37
10
2
49
.0
.0
(°)
.0
Italian, South
7
4
4
15
.0
(*)
(«)
.0
Total
90
48
175
313
6.7
33.3
54.3
37.4
TOTAL.
Canadian, French
15
25
182
222
66.7
60.0
64.3
64.0
Canadian, Other
12
21
172
205
50.0
71.4
73.3
71.7
Hebrew, Russian
132
56
41
229
1.5
.0
2.4
1.3
Italian, South
77
67
69
213
10.4
26.9
27.5
21.1
Total
425
265
763
1,453
8.7
26.4
44.0
30.5
a Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
429
It will be noted that, in the case of both males and females, the
proportion of all individuals making visits abroad increases with
length of residence in the United States. Of the French Canadian
males, however, a considerably larger proportion of individuals who
have been in the United States under five years than of individuals
who have been here from five to nine years, and ten years or over,
respectively, have made visits abroad; while none of the Russian
Hebrews who have been in the United States fro n five to nine years
have made visits abroad, as compared with 2.1 per cent of those who
have been here under five years, and 2.6 per cent of those who have
been here six years or over. Of the Canadian females, other than
French, a slightly larger proportion of those who have been here
from five to nine years than of those who have been here ten years
or over have made visits abroad.
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSE-
HOLDS.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied
who were within each specified age group:
TABLE 174. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Un-
der 0.
6 to
13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
115
86
98
128
54
72
156
62
116
138
110
39
10.4
20.9
16.3
18.0
9.3
22.2
23.7
4.8
17.2
18.1
19.1
15.4
10.4
15.1
14.3
18.8
7.4
5.6
17.3
4.8
17.2
7.2
5.5
5.1
1.7
5.8
2.0
4.7
3.7
1.4
3.8
6.5
2.6
2.2
.0
.0
6.1
7.0
12.2
3.1
13.0
11.1
8.3
9.7
6.9
6.5
7.3
10.3
18.3
10.5
13.3
22.7
16.7
33.3
28.8
19.4
25.9
38.4
39.1
35.9
29.6
22.1
23.5
18.8
22.2
25.0
12.8
30.6
25.9
26.1
27.3
30.8
23.5
18.6
18.4
14.1
27.8
1.4
5.1
24.2
4.3
1.4
1.8
2.6
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Ital'an, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total ..
1,201
17.3
12.0
2.8
7.7
25.4
23.8
10.9
Total native-born of foreign father..
Total native-born
113
228
973
21.2
15.8
17.7
15.9
13.2
11.7
4.4
3.1
2.8
6.2
6.1
8.1
10.6
14.5
28.0
24.8
27.2
23.0
16.8
20.2
8.7
Total foreign-born
430
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 174. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Un-
der 6.
6 to
13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
138
92
74
135
49
44
134
79
123
76
74
41
9.4
14.1
24.3
20.7
4.1
25.0
20.9
2.5
28.5
25.0
35.1
36.6
12.3
16.3
10.8
12.6
6.1
4.5
16.4
11.4
17.1
9.2
6.8
12.2
3.6
4.3
5.4
3.7
6.1
.0
3.7
1.3
6.5
2.6
.0
4.9
5.1
9.8
6.8
11.1
12.2
11.4
9.0
2.5
5.7
14.5
9.5
.0
14.5
18.5
17.6
22.2
18.4
43.2
30.6
21.5
20.3
36.8
40.5
26.8
29.7
22.8
25.7
17.0
32.7
11.4
13.4
31.6
17.9
11.8
8.1
17.1
25.4
14.1
9.5
12.6
20.4
4.5
6.0
29.1
4.1
.0
.0
2.4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
1,082
20.1
12.4
3.6
8.0
24.6
20.1
11.3
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
115
253
829
17.4
13.0
22.2
15.7
13.8
11.9
3.5
3.6
3.6
8.7
6.7
8.4
20.0
17.0
26.9
22.6
26.5
18.1
12.2
19.4
8.8
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father, Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, Fr.ench
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total. .
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
253
9.9
11.5
2.8
5.5
18.2
29.6
24.5
178
17.4
15.7
5.1
8.4
14.6
22.5
16.3
172
19.8
12.8
3.5
9.9
15.1
24.4
14.5
2(i3
19.4
15.6
4.2
7.2
•22. 4
17.9
13.3
103
6.8
6. 8 4. 9
12.6
17.5
27.2
24.3
116
23.3
5.2 .9
11.2
37.1
19.8
2.6
290
22.4
16.9
3.8
8.6
29.7
13.1
5.5
141
3.5
8.5
3.5
5.7
20.6
31.2
27.0
j.;'i
23.0
17.2
4.6
6.3
23.0
21.8
4.2
214
20.6
7.9
2.3
9.3
37.9
21.0
.9
184
25.5
6.0
.0
8.2
39.7
19.6
1.1
80
26.3
8.8
2.5
5.0
31.3
23.8
2.5
2.283
18.6
12. 2 3. 2
7.9
25.0
22.0
11.1
228
19.3
l.V.x 3.9
7.5
15.4
23.7
14.5
481
14.3
13.5 3.3
6.4
15.8
26.8
19.8
1,802
19.8
11.8 3.2
8.3
27.5
20.8
8.8
Of 2,283 persons in the households, the heads of which are employed
in the shoe-manufacturing industry in this locality, the largest pro-
portion, or 25 per cent, are from 20 to 29 years of age — 22 per cent
being from 30 to 44 years of age, 18.6 per cent under 6 years of age,
12.2 per cent being from 6 to 13 }rears of age, 11.1 per cent being 45
years of age or over, and 11.1 per cent being from 14 to 19 years of
age. A smaller proportion of persons in the households the heads of
which were native-born of native father, than of the persons in either
the households the heads of which were native-born of foreign father
or the households the heads of which were foreign-born are within
each specified age group below that from 20 to 29 years, while of those
who were from 20 to 29 years the smallest proportion are in the
households the heads of which were native-born of foreign father,
and of those who were from 30 to 44 years of age or 45 years of age
or over the smallest proportion were in the households the heads of
which are foreign-born. Considering the foreign-born by race, it is
seen that over 20 per cent of those in the households the heads of
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
431
which are Greeks, Hebrews, South Italians, Lithuanians, Poles, and
Syrians are under 6 years of age, while less than 20 per cent of those
in the households the heads of which were of any given race are from
6 to 13 years of age. The proportion of those who are from 6 to 13
years of age ranges from 17.2 per cent of the South Italian to 5.2 per
cent of the Greek, and the proportion who are from 20 to 29 years of
age ranges from 39.7 per cent of the Poles to 15.1 per cent of the
Armenians. The proportion of those who are 45 years of age or
over ranges from 27 per cent of the Irish to less than 1 per cent of
the Lithuanian.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race,
the percentage of employees within each specified age group:
TABLE 175. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father White .. ..
1,175
192
67
322
203
151
74
88
247
85
103
22G
8.7
18.2
16.4
14.3
7.4
6.6
2.7
23.9
18.2
4.7
12.6
11.5
14.5
27.1
20.9
16.8
12.8
11.3
12.2
27. 3
38.1
8.2
16.5
18.1
14.3
15.1
10.4
11.5
16.7
12.6
16.2
20.5
21.5
8.2
25.2
23.0
14.1
10.9
11.9
15.2
17.2
1G. G
20.3
13. G
9.7
14.1
21.4
17.7
25.3
21.9
19.4
28.3
23. 6
29.8
20.3
11.4
10.5
31.8
18.4
18.1
15.3
5.2
13.4
12.4
16.3
17.9
20.3
3.4
2.0
16.5
4.9
10.6
7.8
1.6
7.5
1.6
5.9
5.3
8.1
.0
.0
16.5
1.0
.9
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada
England . .
Ireland .
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English .......
Greek .
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Grand total .
3,310
11.5
18.1
16.0
14.7
23.1
11.9
4.7
Total native-born of foreign father
696
1,877
1,433
18.4
12.3
10.6
20.1
Ifi. 6
20.1
13.1
13.9
18.7
13.6
13.9
15.7
22.8
24.3
21.4
9.8
13.3
10.0
2.2
5.8
3.4
Total native-born
Total foreign born .
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
672
18.5
21.4
15.0
13.2
10.5
11.3
4.0
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada
102
31.4
28.4
16.7
7.8
11.8
2.9
1.0
Englan d
54
20.4
24.1
20.4
7.4
1 1 s
13.0
.0
Ireland .
264
22.3
22.0
19.3
12.9
18.6
4.5
.4
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
72
12.5
37.5
18.1
lt.1
16.7
2.8
1.4
Canadian, Other
137
8.8
23 4
18.2
10. 1
21.2
12.4
.0
English
34
5.9
26.5
23.5
23.5
11.8
5.9
2.9
Greek
7
14.3
57.1
14.3
14.3
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew, Russian..
74
58.1
36.5
5.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
Irsh
67
14.9
20.9
20.9
16.4
22 4
3.0
1.5
Italian, North . .
16
50.0
25.0
12.5
.0
.0
6.3
6.3
Italian, South
27
44.4
25.9
11.1
14.8
3.7
.0
.0
Grand total
1,649
21.5
24.9
16.1
12.4
15.5
7.6
2.1
Total native-born of foreign father . .
478
25.3
24.7
17.6
10.9
16.1
5.0
.4
Total native-born
1,155
21.2
22.9
16.1
12.3
16.3
8.7
2.5
Total foreign-born
494
22.1
29.4
16.2
12.8
13.6
5.1
1.0
432
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 175. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 "to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
1,847
294
121
586
275
288
108
95
321
152
119
253
12.2
22.8
18.2
17.9
8.7
7.6
3.7
23.2
27.4
9.2
17.6
15.0
17.0
27.6
22.3
19.1
19.3
17.0
16.7
29.5
37.7
13.8
17.6
19.0
14.6
15.6
14.9
15.0
17.1
15.3
18.5
20.0
17.8
13.8
23.5
21.7
13.8
9.9
9.9
14.2
15.6
16.3
21.3
13.7
7.5
15.1
18.5
17.4
22.1
18.4
17.4
23.9
21.8
25.7
17.6
10.5
8.1
27.6
16.0
16.6
13.9
4.4
13.2
8.9
12.7
15.3
15.7
3.2
1.6
10.5
5.0
9.5
6.4
1.4
4.1
1.0
4.7
2.8
6.5
.0
.0
9.9
1.7
.8
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Canada
England ..
Ireland .
Foreign-born, by race:
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other ..
English
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South .
Grand total
4,959
14.8
20.3
16.0
13.9
20.5
10.4
3.9
Total native-born of foreign father .
1,174
3,032
1,927
21.2
15.7
13.5
22.0
19.0
22.5
14.9
14.7
18.1
12.5
13.3
14.9
20.1
21.3
19.4
7.8
11.5
8.8
1.4
4.5
2.8
Total native-born ...
Total foreign-born
It appears from the data presented in the above table that of the
male employees for whom information was secured, 11.5 per cent are
from 14 to 19 years of age; 18.1 per cent from 20 to 24; 16 per cent
from 25 to 29; 14.7 per cent from 30 to 34; 23.1 per cent from 35 to
44; 11.9 per cent from 45 to 54; and only 4.7 per cent 55 years or
over. The proportion of males from 14 to 24 years of age is largest
for the native-born of foreign father, second in rank for the foreign-
born, and smallest for the native-born of native father. The propor-
tion of males from 20 to 29 years of age is largest for the foreign-
born, second in rank for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest
for the native-born of native father. The proportion of males from
35 to 44 years of age is largest for the native-born of native father,
second in rank for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest for
the foreign-born; and the proportion of males from 45 to 54 years
of age and 55 years of age or over is largest for the native-born of
native father, second in rank for the foreign-born, and smallest for
the native-born of foreign father.
The proportions of females in the age groups from 14 to 19 and
from 20 to 24 are considerably larger than the proportions of males in
the corresponding groups, while there are considerably smaller pro-
portions or females than of males in the groups representing employees
30 years of age or over. As in the case of the males, there are larger
proportions of all foreign-born females than of all native females born
of native father in the lower age groups and larger proportions of all
native-born females of native father than of all foreign-born females
in the higher age groups.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
433
CHARITY.
The following table shows the number and percentage of persons
involved in cases assisted in Community A, by general nativity and
race of head of case:
TABLE 176. — Number and per cent of persons involved in cases assisted in Community A,
by general nativity and race of head of case.
General nativity and race
of head of case.
Persons involved
in cases assisted.
General nativity and race
of head of case.
Persons involved
in cases assisted.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father:
White
521
9
24
16
80
39
27
135
2
2
24
11
24
36.4
.6
1.7
1.1
5.6
2.7
1.9
9.4
.1
.1
1.7
.8
1.7
Foreign-born— Continued.
Greek
5
123
263
56
13
18
14
25
0.3
8.6
18.4
3.9
.9
1.3
1.0
1.7
Negro
Hebrew . ....
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
French
Irish . . . .
Italian (not specified)
Negro
Hebrew
Polish
Irish
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Swedish
Grand total
Canadian, French
1,431
100.0
Total native-born of foreign
father
Dutch
120
650
781
8.4
45.4
54.6
Egyptian
English
Total native-born
French
Total foreign-born
German
Of the 1,431 persons involved in cases assisted in this locality, 54.6
per cent are foreign-born, 8.4 per cent native-born of foreign father,
36.4 per cent native-born of native father, white, and 0.6 per cent
native-born negroes. Of the foreign-born races the Irish shows the
largest.
CHAPTER XII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Ownership of homes — School attendance — Status of children in the households
studied— Citizenship — Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 177 to 187 and Gen-
eral Tables 114 to 122].
OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.
Home ownership by families the heads of which were of foreign
birth may be considered as a strong indication of permanent settle-
ment, and the facts in this connection relative to the families the heads
of which were employed in the shoe industry are set forth in the
following table according to general nativity and race of head of
family :
TABLE 177. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
number of
families.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father White. .
74
17
38
39
58
31
27
57
31
48
46
39
20
10
13.5
(«)
26.3
7.7
10.3
19.4
7.4
10.5
54.8
2.1
10.9
10.3
20.0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Irish
10
3
6
6
2
6
17
1
5
4
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
E nglish
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish -
S vrian
Grand total
525
74
14.1
Total native-born of foreign father
55
129
396
10
20
54
18.2
15.5
13.6
Total nat ive-bom
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 525 families from whom information was secured, 14.1 per cent
own homes. Families the heads of which are native-born of foreign
father show the highest percentage owning homes, followed by
families whose heads are foreign-born and the families whose heads
are native-born whites of native father. Of families whose heads are
foreign-born, the Irish show over 50 per cent owning homes, the
Syrians show the next largest proportion, or 20 per cent, and the
435
436
The Immigration Commission.
English show 19.4 per cent owning homes. Families whose heads are
Lithuanians, Hebrews, Poles, or French Canadians show between 10
and 1 1 per cent owning homes, while families the heads of which are
Armenians or Greeks show between 7 and 8 per cent and families
the heads of which are South Italians only 2.1 per cent who own homes.
SCHOOL ATTENDANCE.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
father of pupil, the number and percentage of pupils in the schools of
Community A.
TABLE 178. — Number and per cent of total pupils in school in Community A, by general
nativity and race of father of pupil.
General nativity and race of father of pupil.
Public.
Parochial.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Number.
Per cent of
total.
Native-born:
White
5,238
104
1
54.7
1.1
w
934
31.6
Total native-born
5,343
55.8
934
31.6
Foreign-born:
63
179
1,007
15
495
27
107
16
44
46
638
36
658
71
126
36
31
42
169
359
13
62
.7
1.9
10.5
.2
5.2
.3
1.1
.2
.5
.5
6.7
.4
6.9
.7
1.3
.4
.3
.4
1.8
3.7
.1
.6
Canadian French
525
172
17.7
5.8
Canadian Other
English
55
2
1
1.9
.1
(a)
French
German
Hebrew German
Hebrew Polish
5
.2
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
1,134
19
22
38.3
.6
.7
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian -
Polish
31
31
1.0
1.0
Scotch
Swedish
Welsh
Other foreign
28
.9
Total foreign-born
4,240
44.2
2,025
68.4
Grand total
9,583
100.0
2,959
100.0
a. Less than 0.05 per cent.
In this locality information was secured as to general nativity and
race of father of 9,583 pupils in public and 2,959 pupils in parochial
schools. The proportion of pupils of foreign parentage is 44.2 per
cent in public schools and 68.4 per cent in parochial schools and the
proportion of children of native whites is 54.7 per cent in public and
31.6 per cent in parochial schools. None of the children in parochial
schools and only 1.1 per cent of those in public schools are of negro
parentage. Of the foreign races, the Canadian other than French,
Irish, Russian Hebrew, English, and Swedish have the largest repre-
sentation in public schools, while in the parochial schools the Irish
and French Canadian, in the order mentioned, are the principal races.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
437
STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of father
and by birthplace of child, the number and percentage of children
in the households studied 6 and under 16 years of age who were at
home, at school, and at work:
TABLE 179.— Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at.
school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
General nativity and
Birth-
Number
reporting
Number —
I
>er cent —
race of father.
place of
child.
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
At home.
At school.
At work.
United
80
1
79
1.3
98.8
0.0
Foreign-born,
Hebrew.
States.
United
States.
Abroad.
20
40
1
2
17
36
2
2
5.0
5.0
85.0
90.0
10.0
5.0
A larger proportion of the native-born of native father, white, than
of those either native-born or foreign-born whose fathers are foreign-
born Hebrews are at school, while a larger proportion of both those
who were native-born and those who were foreign-born whose fathers
are Hebrews than of those native-born of native father are at home or
at work.
CITIZENSHIP.
The following table shows, by race, the present political condition
of foreign-born male employees who had been in the United States
five years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming to this country:
TABLE 180. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in,
the United States 5 years or over and who were "21 years of age or over at time of coming >
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Eace.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number-
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Armenian
9
34
28
1
22
2
6
11
35
2
13
28
80
4
11
12
2
5
2
Canadian French
Canadian Other .
English -
11
1
• 5
1
11
2
7
3
7
4
French
O erman .
1
1
11
Greek
Hebrew Russian - - - -
Hebrew Other
Irish
3:
9
14
Italian North
Italian. South. .
438
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 180. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of conning,
by race — Continued.
Number
IN UII1
oer —
Kace.
reporting
complete
data.
Fully
naturalized.
Having
first papers
only.
Lithuanian
2
Magyar
3
2
Norwegian . .
1
1
Polish
3
1
1
Russian
7
1
3
Scotch
4
2
Slovak
1
1
Swedish •.
2Si
10
9
Turkish.. .
1
Austrian (race not specified).
1
1
Total. . .
320
98
67
Of the total number of foreign-born male employees in this locality
who have been in the United States five years or over and who were
21 years of age or over at the time of coming, for whom information
was secured, 30.6 per cent are fully naturalized and 20.9 per cent have
first papers only. Information was secured for 40 or more individuals
of only one race, the South Italian. The proportion of the individuals
of this race who are fully naturalized is 8.8 per cent and the proportion
having first papers only is 17.5 per cent.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the present polit-
ical condition of foreign-born males in the households studied who
had been in the United States five years or over and wTho were 21
years of age or over at time of coming to this country :
TABLE 181. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Armenian ....
24
14
14
15
26
4
31
24
17
8
14
7
12
2
6
4
2
1
4
Canadian, French
English
Greek ....
3
13
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South.
6
Lithuanian.
Polish . .
2
Syrian
Total
177
48
28
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
439
Of a total of 177 foreign-born males for whom information was
obtained, 48, or 27.1 per cent, are fully naturalized and 28, or 15.8 per
cent, have first papers only, leaving 57.1 per cent who have manifested
no interest whatever in naturalization. Over 50 per cent of the
Armenians have taken out first papers as compared with slightly less
than 25 per cent of the Hebrews and less than 10 per cent each of the
South Italians and Lithuanians. The Hebrews show the largest pro-
portion who have first papers only, just half their numbers. Almost
20 per cent of the South Italians have first papers as compared with
a slightly smaller proportion of the Armenians. None of the other
races listed in the preceding table reported in numbers large enough
to be representative. t
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of persons in the households studied 6
years of age or over who speak English:
TABLE 182. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how-
ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Canadian, French
49
76
64
55
1C8
85
102
81
31
39
48
75
30
96
76
50
48
23
88
124
139
85
204
161
152
129
54
100.0
82.9
100.0
65.5
88.0
84.7
63.7
50.6
100.0
100.0
50.0
88.0
26.7
62.5
51.3
28.0
37.5
78.3
100.0
70.2
93.5
51.8
76.0
69.0
52.0
45.7
90.7
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Grand total
696
522
1,218
80.6
61.9
72.6
Total native-born of foreign father. . .
94
602
73
449
167
1,051
100.0
77.6
1CO.O
55.7
100.0
68.2
Total foreign- born
Of a total of 1,218 persons, male and female, information for whom
is included in the above table, 72.6 per cent speak English. The
males show a much larger proportion of English-speaking persons
than do the females. For the males the proportion is 80.6 per cent
and for the females it is 61.9 per cent. All of the persons, male and
female, who are native-born of foreign father speak English. Of the
foreign-born males 77.6 per cent speak English and of the females
55.7 per cent speak English. Of the foreign-born races, the French
Canadians show the largest proportion who speak English, 93.5 per
cent, and the Poles show the smallest proportion, 45.7 per cent. Of
the foreign-born males, all of the Syrians and French Canadians speak
English and over 50 per cent each of every other race. Of the foreign-
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-29
440
The Immigration Commission.
born females, the French Canadians, of whom 88 per cent speak Eng-
lish, show the largest proportion. The Hebrews, South Italians, and
Syrians each show a proportion that is greater than 50 per cent.
The smallest proportion is shown by the Greeks. Of the females of
that race only 26.7 per cent speak English.
The following table shows, by sex and race, the percentage of
foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races who speak
English:
TABLE 183. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table Includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Canadian, French
198
83
240
100
221
64
7
68
16
25
262
90
308
116
246
99.0
63.9
94.2
75.0
61.5
96.9
57.1
85.3
93.8
48.0
98.5
63.3
92.2
77.6
60.2
Greek . .
Hebrew, Russian
Italian , North
Italian South
Total . . .
1,065
221
1,286
83.6
83.7
83.6
The foregoing table shows a report from 1,286 persons, 1,065 of
whom are males and 221 females. Of the total number 83.6 per cent
speak English and practically the same proportion of each sex does
so. The French Canadians with 98.5 per cent speaking English and
the Russian Hebrew with 92.2 per cent show the highest proportion
in this regard. Then comes the North Italian with 77.6 per cent
and the Greeks and South Italian with 63.3 per cent and 60.2 per
cent, respectively. Comparing the sexes it is seen that in all races,
excepting the North Italian, a larger proportion of males are reported
as speaking the language than females.
The progress of younger and older immigrants in acquiring an
ability to speak English is considered in the two tables next sub-
mitted. The first of these tables shows, by race of individual and
age at time of coming to the United States, the percentage of foreign-
born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English:
TABLE 184. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak
English, by age at
time of coming to
United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Armenian
124
139
85
204
161
152
129
54
96.6
100.0
91.7
89.7
92.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
62.1
87.0
45.2
70.5
61.2
48.2
43.5
88.4
Canadian, French .
Greek
Hebrew
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
1,051
95.4
60.3
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
441
Of those who were under 14 years of age at time of coming to this
country 95.4 per cent now speak English, while of those who were
14 years of age or over at time of coming only 60.3 per cent now
speak English. Of those who were under 14 at time of coming all
of the French Canadians, Lithuanians, Poles, and Syrians now speak
English. Each of the other races, excepting the Hebrews, show a
proportion of between 90 and 100 per cent, the proportion for the
Hebrews being 89.7 per cent. Of those who were 14 years of age or
over at time of coming to the United States the Syrians show the
largest proportion of persons who now speak English. It is 88.4
per cent. The French Canadians show a proportion that is almost
as large. In this group the smallest proportion is shown by the
Poles, the Lithuanians and Greeks showing a proportion that is
almost as small.
The progress made by persons of non-English-speaking races in
acquiring the ability to speak English, after designated periods of
residence in the country, is set forth in the following table. It
shows, by years in the United States and race of individual, the
percentage of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over in the house-
holds studied who speak English:
TABLE 185. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete,
data.
Per cent who speak English, by
years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian
124
139
85
204
161
152
129
54
56.3
80.0
30.6
64.6
60.3
37.7
28.8
78.9
70.4
85.7
78.1
83.7
76.4
58.1
69.2
94.4
97.0
96.3
(a)
97.6
78.6
81.0
90.0
100.0
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish ;
Svrian
Total
1,051
50.5
74.3
93.6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Slightly more than 50 per cent of the persons, information for
whom is included in the above table and who have been in the United
States for less than five years, speak English; of those who have been
here from five to nine years, 74.3 per cent speak English, and of those
who have been in this country for ten or more years, 93 .6 per cent speak
English. Among those who have been here under five years, the
French Canadians show the largest proportion, 80 per cent, of English-
speaking persons. Every race represented in this period of residence,
excepting the Greeks, Lithuanians, and Poles, show a proportion of
more than 50 per cent who speak English. Among those who have
been here from five to nine years, the Syrians show the largest propor-
tion, 94.4 per cent, and the Lithuanians the smallest, 58.1 per cent.
Among the persons who have been in the United States for ten or more
442
The Immigration Commission.
i_j
years, the South Italians show the smallest proportion, 78.6 per cent,
of English-speaking persons. Only 81 per cent of the Lithuanians
in this group speak English, as compared with 100 per cent of the
Syrians and between 90 and 100 per cent of the other races, excepting
the Greeks, who reported in numbers too small for computation.
The following table shows, by sex, age at time of coming to the
United States and race, the percentage of foreign-born employees who
speak English:
TABLE 186. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY or EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by age
at time of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Total.
Canadian French
198
240
221
98.9
100.0
100.0
99.0
93. 3
57.3
99.0
94.2
61.5
Hebrew Russian *
Italian South
Total
1,065
98.9
80.3
83.6
FEMALE.
Canadian French ....
<>4
100.0
91.7
90. 9
Hebrew R ussian
68
'.i:i.s
82.7
85.3
Italian South
25
100.0
27.8
48.0
Total
221
97.5
75.7
83.7
TOTAL.
Canadian French
262
99.3
97.7
98.5
Hebrew Russian
308
97.9
91.2
92.2
Italian South
246
100.0
54.8
60.2
Total
1.286
98.5
79.7*
83.6
In the above table 1,286 individuals report that 83.6 per cent speak
English regardless of age at time of coming to the United States. Of
those who were under 14 years of age at time of immigrating 98.5
per cent speak English, while of those who were 14 years of age or
over at time of coming, only 79.7 per cent do so. All of the South
Italians, 99.3 per cent of the French Canadians, and 97.9 per cent
of the Russian Hebrews who were under 14 years of age at time of
coming speak English. On the other hand, it will be observed that
only 54.8 per cent of the South Italians who were 14 years of age or
over at time of coming speak English, as against over 90 per cent for
the other two races reported in this table. Comparing the sexes,
no great difference is observed between the ability of males and
females to speak English among those who came here under 14 years
of age. But of those who were 14 years of age or over the males
show somewhat greater proportions able to speak English. Of
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
443
the males, all of the Russian Hebrews and South Italians and 98.9
per cent of the French Canadians speak English. Of those who were
14 years of age or over at time of coming only 57.3 per cent of the
South Italians speak English, as compared with 100 per cent for
representatives of the same race who were under 14 years of age at
time of coming. Of the Russian Hebrews 93.3 per cent of those who
were 14 years of age or over at time of coming speak English, compared
with 100 per cent of those who were under 14 years of age at time of
immigrating. An exception to the rule is noted in the case of the
French Canadians, a slightly greater proportion of whom speak
English who were 14 years of age or over at time of arrival than of
those who were under 14. This exception is true only as to the males.
The following table shows, by sex, years in the United States, and
race, the percentage of foreign-born employees who speak English:
TABLE 187.— Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 200 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by years in United
States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Total.
Canadian French
198
240
221
92.3
90.6
31.6
100.0
96.8
74.0
99.4
100.0
80.6
99.0
94.2
61.5
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, South
Total
1,065
67.4
87.2
95.4
83.6
FEMALE.
Canadian, French
64
100.0
81.8
100.0
96.9
Hebrew Russian ....
68
80.0
100.0
100.0
85.3
Italian, South
25
15.4
66.7
100. 0
48.0
Total
221
70.7
84.1
100.0
83.7
TOTAL.
Canadian , French
262
95.0
93.8
99.5
98.5
Hebrew Russian
308
87.6
97.4
100.0
92.2
Italian South
246
29.2
73.4
82.1
60.2
Total
1,286
68.1
86.7
96.1
83.6
Of the 1,286 employees reporting in this table 83.6 per cent speak
English. Of those who have been here under five years, 68.1 per cent
speak English; of those with a residence of from five to nine years the
Eroportion speaking English is 86.7 per cent, while of those who have
een here ten years or over 96.1 per cent speak English. The French
Canadians, with 95 per cent, show the highest proportion speaking Eng-
lish among those who have been here under five years. The Russian
Hebrew, with 87.6 per cent, is next, while the South Italian is last with
only 29.2 per cent. Among those who have been here from five to nine
444 The Immigration Commission.
years, the Russian Hebrew, with 97.4 per cent, shows the highest; the
French Canadian, with 93.8 per cent, the second highest; and the South
Italian, with 73.4 percent, the lowest proportion speaking English. Ah1
of the Russian Hebrews, 99.5 per cent of the French Canadians, and
82.1 per cent of the South Italians who have been here ten years or
over speak English. The figures of this table indicate a pronounced
increase in the proportion of those speaking English as the years of
residence in the United States increases. Of the three specified races
the males show a higher proportion who speak English than do the
females. However, 100 per cent of Canadian females who have been
here under five years speak English, as against 92.3 per cent of males
who have been here a similar length of time. Also all Russian
Hebrew females who have been here from five to nine years speak
English, as compared with 96.8 per cent of Russian Hebrew males
with an equal residence period, and all females who have been here
ten years or over are reported as speaking English, while of the males
the Russian Hebrews alone report 100 per cent in that respect.
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B.
CHAPTER XIII.
INTRODUCTION.
Industrial significance of the community — Households studied — Members of house-
holds for whom detailed information was secured — [Text Tables 188 to 191 and
General Tables 123 to 124].
INDUSTRIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE COMMUNITY.
In 1905 Community B ranked fourth among the boot and shoe
manufacturing cities of the United States.
Not only is Community B one of the principal boot and shoe manu-
facturing cities in the United States, but the manufacture of boots
and shoes is by all odds the most important industry of the city.
In 1905 the value of boots and shoes manufactured equaled 62.4 per
cent of the total value of all the manufactures of the city. This
figure indicates the relative importance of the industry.
There were in the city in 1905 108 boot and shoe manufacturing
establishments, with a total capital of $4,900,839. Of the 6,591 wage-
earners employed in these establishments 4,359 were men 16 years of
age or over, 2,181 were women 16 years of age or over, and 51 were
children under 16 years of age. In the course of the year the men
received in wages $2,502,498, the women $966,331, the children
$12,594, and all employees combined $3,481,423. The materials
used in the industry in 1905 cost $8,448,355, and the total value of
products was $15,257,899.
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The statistical basis of the study of Community B consists of the
data obtained from the households, of which 247 were studied in detail.
The number of households studied, according to general nativity and
race of head of household, is shown in the table below:
TABLE 188. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father,
White
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
9.7
6.9
23.1
4.9
13.8
4.0
4.5
Foreign-born— Continued.
Italian, South
33
29
20
13.4
11.7
8.1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Lithuanian
Polish
Canadian French
Grand total
Greek
247
100.0
Total native-born
Irish
24
223
9.7
90.3
Italian, North
Total foreign-born
445
446
The Immigration Commission.
Classified according to race of head 90.3 per cent of the households
studied in this locality are foreign-born. The representation of the
foreign-born races ranges from 23.1 per cent for the French Canadians,
13.8 per cent for the Hebrews, and 13.4 for the South Italians, to 4.5
per cent for the North Italians and only 4 per cent for the Irish.
MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS
SECURED.
The table next presented sets forth, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the persons in the households studied and persons
for whom detailed information was secured.
TABLE 189. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information
was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons in house-
holds.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-horn of native father White
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
78
101
292
61
185
55
59
185
182
158
5.8
7.4
21.5
4.5
13.6
4.1
4.4
13.6
13.4
11.7
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
Canadian French
Greek - --- -
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North . - -
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
247
1,356
100.0
Total native-born
24
223
78
1,278
5.8
94.2
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that 94.2 per cent of the individuals in the
households studied were of foreign birth, the remainder being native-
born of native father. The French Canadians, Hebrews, South
Italians, and Lithuanians have the largest and the Irish and North
Italians the smallest representation among the foreign-born. Of the
individuals for whom detailed information was secured 95.2 per cent
of the males and 93.4 per cent of the females are foreign-born, the pro-
portion of the individuals, both males and females, of each race being
about the same as in the case of all persons in households.
The table next presented shows the sex of persons for whom de-
tailed information was secured, according to general nativity and
race of head of household.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
447
TABLE 190. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
Number.
Per cent o
f each sex.
hold.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
35
41
76
46.1
53.9
Foreign-born:
Armenian
56
45
101
55 4
44 6
Canadian, French
152
140
292
52.1
47.9
Greek
47
14
61
77.0
23.0
Hebrew
82
103
185
44.3
55.7
Irish. . .
' 24
31
55
43.6
56.4
Italian, North
27
32
59
45.8
54.2
Italian, South ...
100
80
180
55.6
44.4
Lithuanian
108
74
182
59.3
40.7
Polish
95
59
154
61.7
38.3
Grand total
726
619
1,345
54.0
46.0
Total native-born
35
41
76
46.1
53.9
Total foreign-born ...
691
578
1,269
54.5
45.5
The above table shows that of the individuals for whom information
was secured, 54 per cent are males, and that the proportion of males
is higher in the foreign-born households than in the households of
the persons native-born of native father. Of the foreign-born, the
Greek, Polish, and Lithuanian households, in the order mentioned,
have the largest, and the Irish, Hebrew, and North Italian households
the smallest proportion of males ; in the households of the three races
last mentioned the proportion of females is slightly larger than in the
households of the native-born of native father.
The table below exhibits, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the persons for whom detailed information was secured
in the households studied:
TABLE 191. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
34
10
81
1
5
23
17
11
25
24
30
34
20
88
3
2
39
17
15
33
25
18
1
23
54
3
1
1
11
68
30
169
4
7
62
34
26
58
49
48
1
69
125
3
1
1
63
4.7
1.4
11.2
.1
. 7
3.2
2.3
1.5
3.4
3.3
4.1
.0
6.3
9.8
.0
.0
.0
5.8
5.5
3.2
14.2
.5
.3
6.3
2.7
2.4
5.3
4.0
2.9
.2
3.7
8.7
.5
.2
.2
1.8
5.1
2.2
12.6
.3
.5
4.6
2.5
1.9
4.3
3.6
3.6
.1
5.1
9.3
.2
.1
.1
3.9
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English . .
Greek.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South . . .
Lithuanian
Polish
Scotch
Foreign-born:
Armenian
46
71
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
English
French..
Greek..
42
448
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 191. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born— Continued .
Hebrew.
59
7
22
69
82
67
64
13
17
46
45
45
1
123
20
39
115
127
112
1
8.1
1.0
3.0
9.5
11.3
9.2
.0
10.3
2.1
2.7
7.4
7.3
7.3
.2
9.1
1.5
2.9
8.6
9.4
8.3
.1
Irish
Italian, North .
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Scotch
Grand total
726
619
1,345
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father.
227
261
465
261
295
324
488
556
789
31.3
36.0
64.0
42.2
47.7
52.3
36.3
41.3
58.7
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that of the individuals in this locality for
whom detailed information was secured, 64 per cent of the males and
52.3 per cent of the females are foreign-born; 31.3 per cent of the
males and 42.2 per cent of the females are native-born of foreign
father, and only 4.7 per cent of the males and 5.5 per cent of the
females are native-born of native father. Of the races of the foreign-
born, the Lithuanians, French Canadians, South Italians, Poles, and
Hebrews, in the order mentioned, have the largest representation
among the males, and the Hebrews, French Canadians, South Italian
and Lithuanians, and Poles, in the order mentioned, have the largest
representation among the females. The French Canadians, both
males and females, have been studied in greater numbers than any
other race of the native-born of foreign father.
CHAPTER XIV.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of immigration— Period of residence in the United States of members of
immigrant households studied — [Text Tables 192 to 193 and General Table 125].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.
Data showing in detail the movement of immigrant races to Com-
munity B are, unfortunately, unavailable. The Massachusetts State
census, however, classifies the population of the city, by country of
birth, in the census years 1855, 1865, 1875, 1885, 1895, and 1905.
From these figures it is possible to determine, in a general way, the
history of immigration to the community. The data are presented
in the following table :
TABLE 192. — Population of Community B, in years in which a State census was taken,
by country of birth.
[Compiled from the Massachusetts State census on population.]
Nativity.
1855.
1865.
1875.
1885.
1895.
1905.
Native-born
6,858
9,304
12, 462
17,634
22, 831
28, 971
Foreign-born, by country of birth:
Africa
1
1
Armenia .'
16
Australia
1
Austria
2
43
113
Asia, not specified
3
5
Belgium
1
1
British possessions, not specified
4
6
5
2
Bulgaria
Canada (English) . . .
a 96
a282
o683
324
901
300
Canada (French)
1,183
2,357
2,026
China
6
18
29
Cuba
64
Denmark
1
1
4
11
20
36
England
115
105
185
320
511
484
Finland .
4
France
6
4
3
9
12
22
Germany
c!2
8
13
47
87
63
Greece
6
114
Hawaii
Holland
1
Hungary
11
Ireland
821
977
1,176
1,556
1,920
1,969
Italy
2
36
204
618
Japan
1
Mexico
1
New Brunswick
87
122
293
Newfoundland
2
14
11
Norway.
1
d4
2
11
16
Nova Scotia
392
389
1,150
Poland
2
68
69
Portugal
1
2
Portuguese possessions
Prince Edward Island
34
53
207
Roumania
9
Russia. .
378
924
o Includes all British America. & Includes West Indies, c Includes Holland, d Includes Sweden.
449
450
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 192. — Population of Community B, in years in which a State census was taken,
by country of birth — Continued.
Nativity.
1855.
1865.
1875.
1885.
1895.
1905.
Foreign-bom, by country of birth— Cont'd.
Scotland .
19
36
56
78
119
152
South. America
1
1
Scain . .
1
Sweden
8
33
55
Switzerland
1
6
Syria
2
Turkey
15
50
Wales
4
5
6
6
8
West Indies
1
3
2
Other countries . . - .
3
3
42
1
American citizens born abroad
71
78
Total foreign-born
1,074
1,418
2,147
4,161
7,378
8, 859
Born at sea ...
4
8
Unknown. .
38
19
Grand total
7,932
10, 740
14, 628
21,795
30,209
37,830
In the fifty years from 1855 to 1905 the population of Community
B increased from 7,932 to 37,830. The proportion of foreign-born
inhabitants, which in 1855 was less than 14 per cent, had increased
in 1905 to about 23 per cent. Persons of Scotch, English, Irish,
and Canadian nativity were the first immigrants to come to the
community, and immigration of this character continued heavy
up to and including the last year for which the figures are presented.
Many of the Canadian immigrants have been of French descent.
There have been very few Germans or Scandinavians in Community B
at any period. Immigration from Russia, Itaty, Austria, and the
other countries of southern and eastern Europe began after 1885.
Between 1895 and 1905 there was a marked increase in the immi-
gration of this character, but even in the year last mentioned the
number of southern and eastern Europeans in the community was
small in comparison with the number of immigrants of British, Irish,
and Canadian nativity. Persons born in Canada of French descent,
in Ireland, in Nova Scotia, in Russia, and in Italy had, in the order
mentioned, the largest representation among the foreign-born popu-
lation of the community in 1905.
As further illustrative of the history of immigration to the industry
in Community B, the racial displacements to representative establish-
ments may be set forth. These are designated by numerals and
immediately follow:
PLANT No. 1.
Plant No. 1, in Community B, in which shoe findings are manufac-
tured, was established about ten years ago. Practically all of the
races now represented, together with the Irish, were employed when
the plant first began operations. The Greeks have been employed
only within the last five years, while all of the Irish and very nearly
all of the native Americans who were formerly employed have left
the plant to accept work, in most instances, in the more skilled occu-
pations of the same industry. The native Americans and Irish were
not forced out, but voluntarily left this plant as they became older
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 451
and more capable, and their places were gradually filled by the more
recent immigrants. At the present time the racial complexion of the
laboring force of this plant is as follows :
Greek 33, Hebrew 30, Italian 6, native American 4, and Polish 1.
Thus it will be seen that the Greeks and Hebrews constitute over 85
per cent of the total number employed.
PLANT No. 2.
Plant No. 2, in Community B, in which men's shoes are manu-
factured, has been in operation for forty years. When operations
were first begun native American whites and Irish were employed
exclusively. About thirty years ago the French Canadians secured
their first employment. A little later on the Hebrews entered this
plant, and they in turn were closely followed by the Italians. It
has only been within the last fifteen years that the Lithuanians and
Poles have secured employment, while the Greeks were first employed
in this plant upon their arrival in the community five years ago.
There has been no sudden change in the racial complexion of the
employees in plant No. 2, for the more recent immigrants have gradu-
ally worked in as the business expanded. Therefore no displacement
of the native Americans or older immigrant employees can be said to
have taken place. As occasion demanded and the more recent immi-
grants sought employment, they were employed without any discrimi-
nation whatever for or against any particular race. Of the few older
employees who have gone out of this plant some, it is said, have gone
into the Middle West and have been employed in the same industry
in the capacity of foremen and superintendents. Although by far the
largest number of employees of this plant are classed by those in
authority as native American whites, it is more than likely that the
largest proportion of those so designated are the second generation of
the older immigrants from northern Europe. Of the non-English-
speaking races employed at present the French Canadian largely out-
number any other. Following the French Canadian is the Hebrew,
the representatives of which constitute a much larger proportion of
the total number of employees than do the representatives of the
Greek, Italian, Armenian, Lithuanian, Polish, or Syrian race in the
order named.
PLANT No. 3.
Twenty years ago when plant No. 3, in which womens' " turned"
shoes and slippers are manufactured, was established in Community
B, it was the custom among shoe manufacturers to send the uppers
and soles out into the houses of the farmers and cobblers to be
stitched together by hand. With the invention and perfection of a
sewing machine for this purpose this method was changed. The
manufacturers found they could better control the work and that
the output would be largely increased by having all labor done within
the factory. Since the manufacturers owned the machines and the
outside cobblers were without sufficient capital to install them, it
became necessary for those who had previously been employed to
move into the city, provided they wished to continue in the same
trade. It was fifteen years ago, or just about the time shoe-stitching
machinery was adopted, that the Irish obtained their first employ-
452
The Immigration Commission.
ment in this factory. Their entrance was coincident with the ex-
pansion of the factory work and the withdrawal from the shoe-
making trade of the native American country people, which resulted
from concentrating all labor necessary in manufacturing shoes in
factories. • Following closely upon the employment of the Irish were
the French Canadians, who, with the exception of the native Ameri-
cans, constitute at this time a larger proportion of all employees
than do the representatives of any other race. The representatives
of the other races, who, in each instance, constitute only a small pro-
portion of the total number employed, have obtained employment in
this factory from time to time, but not in sufficient numbers to be
considered a factor in the operation of same. As showing the present
composition of the employees the following statement, which exhibits,
by race of individual, the number of each race in the specified occu-
pations, is submitted:
Occupation.
American.
English.
Canadian,
French.
German.
Greek.
Hebrew.
1
I-H
I
"c8
+5
t— (
Polish.
Scotch.
Other races.
o
Cutter . .
40
19
1
17
1
1
79
Stitcher (mainly women) ..
75
18
40
3
32
10
2
180
Stitcher, beater-out, and
laster
68
2
44
1
1
1
15
2
1
135
Heeler and finisher
55
7
29
2
5
6
104
Packer and trimmer
21
3
2
1
1
4
5
37
Sole leather and stock fitter.
15
2
3
20
Total. ..
274
30
134
2
2
11
76
8
1
12
5
555
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF MEMBERS OF IMMI-
GRANT HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
An insight into the character of recent immigration to the com-
munity is also furnished by the following table, which shows, by
race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons in the
households studied who had been in the United States each specified
number of years.
TABLE 193. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
Armenian. .
69
125
53
123
20
39
115
127
112
29.0
8.8
73.6
37.4
.0
23.1
42.6
43.3
53.6
53.6
10.4
98.1
52.0
.0
51.3
74.8
83.5
83.0
95.7
38.4
100.0
95.9
35.0
92.3
97.4
99.2
99.1
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . ....
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
789
36.6
59.8
86.4
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 453
Of the foreign-bom persons in this locality for whom information
was secured 36.6 per cent have been in the United States under five
years; 59.8 per cent have been here under ten years; and 86.4 per
cent have been here under twenty years. The proportion of indi-
viduals who have been in the United States under five years is largest
for the Greeks, Poles, and Lithuanians, in the order mentioned, and
smallest for the French Canadians, excepting the Irish, which show
none, while the proportion who have been here under ten years is
largest for the Greeks, Lithuanians, and Poles, in the order men-
tioned, and smallest for the French Canadians, excepting the Irish,
which show none. None of the Irish have been here either under
five years or under ten years, and 98.1 per cent of the Greeks have
been here under ten years. Over 95 per cent of the Greeks, Lithua-
nians, Poles, South Italians, Hebrews, and Armenians have been in
the United States under twenty years, as against 35 per cent of the
Irish and 38.4 per cent of the French Canadians.
CHAPTER XV.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — General
occupation of males at present time in the households studied — General occupa-
tion of women at the present time in the households studied — Comparison of occu-
pations of the first and second generations — Occupations entered in the industry-
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — Annual earnings of males 18
years of age or over in the households studied — Annual earnings of females 18 years
of age or over in the households studied — Annual family income — Wives at work-
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping
boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative importance of different
sources of family income— [Text Tables 194 to 213 and General Tables 126 to 135].
INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
Before entering into a discussion of the economic status of house-
holds, the heads of which were employed in the shoe-manufacturing
industry in Community B, the industrial condition and principal
occupations of foreign-born employees and members of their house-
holds while abroad are set forth. The first table submitted in this
connection shows, by race of individual, the industrial condition
before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming to this country:
TABLE 194. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.)
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent—
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Armenian
39
42
36
32
48
76
61
6
6
4
7
6
16
23
11
14
25
3
13
10
10
9
7
3
12
11
14
8
8
15.4
14.3
11.1
21.9
12.5
.0
1.6
41.0
54.8
30.6
43.8
52.1
3.9
21.3
25.6
23.8
25.0
.0
6.3
85.5
63.9
17.9
7.1
33.3
34.4
29.2
10.5
13.1
Canadian, French. .
Greek
Hebrew.
Italian, South
3
65
39
Lithuanian
Polish.
1
Total
357
33
122
138
64
9.2
34.2
38.4
17.9
Of the foreign-born males in this locality 16 years of age or over
at time of coming to the United States for whom information was
secured 38.4 per cent worked abroad without wages, a slightly
smaller proportion worked for wages, 17.9 per cent worked for
48296°— VOL 12—11 30
455
456
The Immigration Commission.
profit, and only 9.2 per cent were without occupation. The pro-
portion of individuals who worked without wages is much larger
among the Lithuanians and Poles than among the other races,
while the French Canadians, South Italians, and Hebrews have the
largest and the Lithuanians by far the smallest proportion of indi-
viduals who worked for wages. The proportion of individuals who
worked for profit is largest for the Hebrews, Greeks, and South
Italians, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Lithuanians and
French Canadians.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation
before coming to the United States of foreign-born males, in the
households studied, who were 16 years of age or over at time of
coming :
TABLE 195. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who
were 16 years of age or over at tune of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
o
o
DC
.5 a
t occupa
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent
working
without
wages.
Per cent
working
for profit.
Race of individual.
a?
55
i
tL
4.
8
3
i
3
i
rj
^
Is"
3
2
•**
T3
a
0
o „:
o
8.5
"u;
K &
a>
4J
a
~»
,3
— < w
§£
•n
T3
°C
fr.2
_C3
Pd
^°
e
°c
fr>.2
.a
a
jU -*^
42 "^
x: -"
O
«
CS
_ C3
' rr*
^
t.7 C"
11 j
g
i c3
H
^
a
A
0 —
•2
^
0 C.
-2
EH
0 ft
3
a>
03
a>
d
a
c
O
!S
a
o
a
^
o
/?
PH
**
O
h— i
hH
1— i
^
PH
1— 1
^
PH
hH
E"1
Armenian ...
39
15.4
95 6
9 6
? 6
?, 6
7. 7
41 0
17 9
7. 7
?5 0
r? s
5 1
17 4
Canadian, French
42
14.3
Q "i
9 ,)
16.7
4 8
91 4
M s
91 4
2 4
2S 8
9 4
4 8
7 1
Greek
30
11.1
9 8
0
'i 6
0
99 9
30 6
9ci 0
0
•)ri 0
ri 6
97 8
33 3
Hebrew .
32
21.9
0
n
6 3
9 4
98 1
43 8
0
0
0
6 3
98 1
34 4
Italian South
48
12 5
90 8
12 5
6 3
9 1
4 °
fi ?
10 4
18 8
9Q 9
Lithuanian
76
.0
1.3
.0
.0
1.3
1.3
3.9
85. 5
.0
85. 5
9.2
1.3
10. 5
Polish
61
1.6
Hi 4
i 6
0
1 6
1 fi
91 3
fi3 9
(1
63 9
Q 8
3. 3 13. 1
Total
357
9.2
12.9
9 9
5 3
3 fi
10 1
34 9
37 0
1 7
38 -1
7 8
10. 1 17. 9
The data presented in the above table show that of the foreign-born
males 16 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States
for whom complete information was secured, a very large proportion
worked either for wages or without wages before coming. Of the
individuals who worked for wages the majority were either farm
laborers or in occupations of a nature not specified, while of the
individuals who worked without wages almost all were farm laborers.
The proportion of farm laborers working for wages is largest in the
case of the Armenians, South Italians, and Poles, in the order men-
tioned, and smallest in the case of the Hebrews, Lithuanians and
Greeks, while a much larger proportion of the Lithuanians and the
Poles than of the individuals of any other race are reported as farm
laborers working without wages. Of the individuals who worked
abroad for profit nearly one-half were farmers.
The table next presented shows, by sex and race of individual, the
industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-
born females in the households studied who were 16 years of age or
over at time of coming to this country.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
457
TABLE 196.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races, with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
Lag for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
Canadian, French
28
34
39
37
37
23
23
28
2
5
3
5
10
2
2
1
9
1
33
30
1
4
82.1
67.6
71.8
5.4
13.5
10.7
14.7
25.6
5.4
5.4
3.6
5.9
2.6
89.2
81.1
3.6
11.8
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
221
113
34
69
5
51.1 i 15.4
31.2
2.3
The data presented in the above table show that slightly over
one-half of the females in this locality who came to the United States
when 16 years of age or over were without occupation abroad, while
31.2 per cent worked without wages, 15.4 per cent worked for
wages, and between 2 and 3 per cent worked for profit. The pro-
portion of females without occupation abroad is very much greater
for the French Canadians, South Italians, and Hebrews than for the
Lithuanians and Poles. The two races last mentioned have, upon
the other hand, by far the largest proportion of individuals who
worked without wages.
In the following table the occupation before coming to the United
States of foreign-born females in the households studied, who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming, is shown according to race
of individual:
TABLE 197. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
complete
_o
'oS
ft
3
S
Per cent working for
wages.
Per cent
working
without
wages.
Per cent
working
for profit.
M
o
(
t
Race of individual.
(H -*^
o
B o
ft
a
a
ft"=
-*->
<u
w
CO
^ CD
o
S
3
o
D
o
t-t
o •
lH
o >
o .
g
o
0
fcjD c
0 K
0
o «
o g
a
B
,Q
B
&
03
> O>
fe.2
QJ.S
S3
fe .2
S
ffl
g
9
0
•o
o
"US
CO S
o
«
i
o
"ol
o
"oJ
•4-3
PM
03
1=1
a
s
H- 1
1— 1
B
o
E^
cS
B
o
EH
03
PH
B
o
Canadian, French
28
82.1
0 0
3 fi
3 fi
0.0
3 fi
10 7
3 fi
0 0
S fi
00
3.6
3 6
Hebrew
34
67.6
0
0
0
2. 911. x
14 7
9 q
? 9
5 9
0
11 8
11 8
Italian, South
39
71.8
10 S
7 7
0
n
7. 7 25. 6
' 6
0
"> fi
0
.0
0
Lithuanian
37
5.4
9 7
0
0
.0 5.4
89 9
0
89 o
0
0
0
Polish
37
13.5
5 4
0
0
0
.0^ 5.481.1
0
81 1
0
0
0
Total
221
51.1
4 1
4 5
tj
1 8
4.5115.4
?0 8
31 •>
0
9 S
•> 3
1
458
The Immigration Commission.
Slightly over one-half of the females in this locality for whom
information was secured, 16 ^years or over at the time of coming to
the United States, were without occupation abroad, 31.2 per cent
worked without wages, 15.4 per cent worked for wages, and 2.3 per
cent worked for profit. Of the individuals working without wages,
practically all were farm laborers. It will be noted that the pro-
portion of females so occupied is very much larger for the Lithuanians
and the Poles than for any other race.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
Two tabulations are next presented relative to the present industrial
status of the employees and members of their households. The first
table, which immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and
race of individual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age
or over in the households studied:
TABLE 198. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
IslTDY (IF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Per ce
nt—
General nativity and race of individual.
complete
data.
In shoe man-
ufacturing.
Otherwise
employed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father, White
24
91.7
8 3
0 0
0 0
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Canadian, French
27
81.5
14.8
.0
3.7
Foreign-bom:
Armenian
43
55.8
41.9
2.3
.0
Canadian, French
67
88 1
7.5
4.5
0
Greek
39
59 0
41.0
.0
.0
Hebrew
49
77 6
20.4
2.0
.0
Italian, North
22
72.7
27.3
.0
.0
Italian, South
58
81.0
13.8
5.2
.0
Lithuanian
81
61 7
38.3
.0
.0
Polish
64
40 6
57.8
1.6
.0
Grand total
489
69.1
28.6
2.0
.2
Total native-bora of foreign father
35
77 1
17.1
2.9
2.9
Total native-born...
59
83.1
13.6
1.7
1.7
Total foreign-born
430
r,7. L>
30.7
2.1
.0
The above table shows that in this locality of the males 16 years of
age or over for whom information was secured, 69.1 per cent are
employed in manufacturing shoes, 28.6 per cent are otherwise em-
ployed, and only a very small proportion are at home or at school.
The proportion of individuals employed in manufacturing shoes is
largest for the native-born of native father, second largest for the
native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the foreign-born, while
the proportion in employments not specified is largest for the foreign-
born, second largest for the native-born of foreign father, and smallest
for the native-born of native father. Among the foreign-born, the
French Canadians, South Italians, and Hebrews, in the order men-
tioned, have the largest, and the Poles and Armenians the smallest
proportion of individuals employed in manufacturing shoes, and the
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
459
Poles, Armenians, and Greeks, in the order mentioned, have the
largest, and the South Italians and French Canadians the smallest
proportion of individuals otherwise employed.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF FEMALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of individual,
the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over in the house-
holds studied:
»
TABLE 199. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Per cent —
General nativity and race of individual.
reporting
complete
data.
In shoe
manufac-
turing.
In domes-
tic and
personal
service.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At school
Native-born of native father, White
25
20.0
4 0
4 0
68 0
4 o
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Canadian, French
32
43 8
0
9 4
46 9
o
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
21
9 5
0
4 8
76 2
9 5
Canadian, French
53
17 0
1.9
0
81 1
0
Hebrew
57
35 1
0
8 8
56 1
o
Italian, South
43
7 0
0
2 3
88 4
2 3
Lithuanian
45
6.7
2 2
26 7
64 4
0
Polish
44
34 1
0
18 2
47 7
o
Grand total
374
22 7
8
9 4
65 8
1 3
Total native-born of foreign father
46
50 0
0
6 5
41 3
2 2
Total native-born
71
39 4
1 4
5 6
50 7
2 8
Total foreign-born
303
18 8
7
10 2
69 3
1 0
The above table shows that of all the females in this locality 16
years of age or over for whom information was secured, 65.8 per cent
are at home, 22.7 per cent are employed in manufacturing shoes, 9.4
per cent are in employments not specified, and only a very small pro-
portion are at school or in domestic or personal service. The propor-
tion of females reported at home is largest for the foreign-born,
second largest for the native-born of native father, and smallest for
the native-born of foreign father, and the proportion in employments
not specified is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the
native-born of foreign father, and smallest for the native-born of
native father, while 50 per cent of the native-born of foreign father,
as against 20 per cent of the native-born of native father, and 18.8
per cent of the foreign-born are employed in manufacturing shoes.
Among the foreign-born, the Hebrews, Poles, and French Canadians,
in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Lithuanians the
smallest proportion of individuals employed in manufacturing shoes,
and the South Italians and French Canadians have the largest and the
Poles and Hebrews the smallest Droportion of individuals at home.
460
The Immigration Commission.
COMPARISON OF OCCUPATIONS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND GENERATIONS.
The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race of
father and by birthplace of individual, the per cent of males 16 years
of age and over engaged in the manufacture of shoes.
TABLE 200. — Per cent, of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manufacture of shoes,
by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
General nativity and race of father.
Birthplace of
individual.
Number
employed.
Per cent—
In shoe man-
ufacturing.
Otherwise
employed.
Native-born, White
United States.
United States.
Abroad
24
26
64
91.7
84.6
92.2
8.3
15.4
7.8
Foreign-born, Canadian, French
The preceding table shows that approximately the same proportion
of those born in the United States, whose fathers are native-born,
white, and those born abroad, whose fathers are French Canadian,
are engaged in the manufacture of shoes, a slightly smaller proportion
of those born in the United States of French Canadian fathers being
so engaged.
OCCUPATIONS ENTERED IN THE INDUSTRY.
The two tables which follow exhibit the distribution of the several
races and nativity groups in two representative boot and shoe manu-
facturing establishments of Community B:
TABLE 201. — Number of employees in each ,s/«'o//<v/ ura/ jmtion, by race of individual.
Occupation.
American,
White.
Greek.
Hebrew.
Italian.
Polish.
Total.
Foremen
A
4
Stay cutters
1
30
14
9
47
Stayers
1
3
2
1
Stitchers
2
2
Skivers
3
3
Sorters . . . .
2
2
1
1
C
Tiers
3
1
4
Helpers . .
1
1
Total
4
33
30
6
1
74
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
461
TABLE 202. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race of individual.
Department.
Ameri-
can,
White.
Ameri-
can,
Negro.
French
Cana-
dian.
Ar-
me-
nian.
Greek.
He-
brew.
Ital-
ian.
Lithu-
anian.
Pol-
ish.
Lithu-
anian
and
Polish
(no dis-
tinc-
tion).
Syr-
ian.
To-
tal.
Upper cutting . .
110
12
5
12
2
141
Stitching room
178
4
25
6
35
0
254
McKay lasters
5
6
15
2
?8
Bottoming room . . .
66
12
2
10
2
5
3
100
Finishing room
40
8
25
12
1
12
1
1
100
Packing room
40
3
2
4"i
Shipping room .
5
5
Engine room
2
2
Heel-cutting room
17
12
1
1
1
1
33
Sole-cutting room . .
30
2
1
1
34
Stock-fitting room
34
4
1
39
Goodyear lasting
63
12
12
1
8
6
6
108
Total
590
12
113
26
23
63
25
9
8
18
2
889
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.
The extent to which the heads of families studied in this community
were regularly employed, together with their average annual earn-
ings, is set forth in the table next presented. This table shows, by
general nativity and race, the proportion of husbands in the house-
holds studied who are at work.
TABLE 203. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families.^
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Average
yearly earn-
ings of hus-
bands at
work.
Native-born of native father, White .
19
17
17
(6)
$666
Foreign-born:
Armenian
16
15
14
(6)
499
Canadian, French . . .
52
49
47
95.9
605
Greek
8
8
8
(6)
(&)
Hebrew . .
27
25
24
96.0
457
Irish
10
7
7
(6)
(6)
Italian, North
11
11
11
(6)
495
Italian, South...
30
29
28
96 6
385
Lithuanian
28
28
28
100.0
365
Polish
21
21
21
100 0
395
Grand total
222
210
205
98.1
487
Total native-born
19
17
17
(6)
666
Total foreign-born
203
193
188
97 9
471
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In this locality, of the husbands for whom information was secured,
all of the Lithuanians and Poles, and a slightly larger proportion of
the South Italians than of the Hebrews or French Canadians are at
work. The average earnings of husbands at work are considerably
larger for the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born.
Among the foreign-born, the French Canadian, Armenian, and North
462
The Immigration Commission.
Italian husbands, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the
Lithuanian and South Italian husbands the smallest average earnings.
The range in the yearly earnings of male heads of families studied
is shown in the following table, by general nativity and race of
individual :
TABLE 204. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
earning.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning—
(-1
li
£99
N
38
^
S3 d
"§!
p*»
•§8
c§
t*09
ffl,-:
i — < O
£§
,_>*>
o> o
«5
*-><&
«o
~~
p<»
QJ •
fl <M
t>«>
So
li
So
m
•Si
— s.
p *&
- •
03 cj
•§8
t>9B
Native-born of native father,
White
17
14
47
8
24
7
11
28
28
21
$666
499
605
(fl)
457
(a)
495
385
365
395
"i
i
i
2
1
2
1
3
4
13
5
8
7
9
19
5
21
4
9
26
27
20
11
12
40
8
24
7
9
27
28
20
15
14
44
8
24
7
11
27
28
21
(a)
(a)
0.0
(a)
4.2
(a)
(a)
0.0
.0
.0
(0)
(a)
2.1
(a)
4.2
(")
(")
14.3
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
27.7
(a)
33.3
(a)
(a)
60.7
67.9
57.1
(a)
(a)
40.4
(a)
s;..-,
(a)
(a)
92.9
96.4
95.2
(«)
(a)
85.1
(a)
100.0
(a)
(a)
96.4
100.0
95.2
(a)
(a)
93.6
(a)
100.0
(a)
(a)
96.4
100.0
100.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew .
Irish
Italian North
4
17
19
12
Italian, South
—
4
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
205
487
2
11
85
147
186
199
1.0
5.4
41.5
71.7
90.7
97.1
Total native-born
17
188
666
471
"2
1
10
3
82
7
140
11
175
15
184
(a)
1.1
(a)
5.3
(a)
43.6
(«)
74.5
(a)
93.1
(a)
97.9
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows the average earnings per year of 205
male heads of families to be $487. Of the total number reporting,
1 per cent earn under $100, 5.4 per cent earn under $200, 41.5 per
cent earn under $400, 71.7 per cent earn under $600, 90.7 per cent
earn under $800, and 97.1 per cent earn under $1,000 per year. The
foreign-born heads of families show a slightly higher percentage
earning each specified amount except that under $200 than is shown
in the totals for all male heads of families reporting. The Hebrew
heads of families show 4.2 per cent earning under $100 per year as
contrasted with no heads of families of other specified races earning
under this amount. The South Italian heads of families show the
highest percentage earning under $200, followed by the Hebrew and
French Canadian heads of families, in the order named, and in much
smaller proportions. The Lithuanian heads of families show the
highest per cent earning under $400 and under $600 and the French
Canadian heads of families the lowest percentage earning under each
of these amounts. The Hebrew and Lithuanian heads of families
show 100 per cent, the South Italian and Polish heads of families
over 95 per cent, and 'the French Canadian heads of families over 85
per cent earning under $800 per year. The Polish, Lithuanian, and
Hebrew heads of families show 100 per cent, the South Italian heads
of families 96.4 per cent, and the French Canadian heads of families
93.6 per cent earning under $1,000 per year.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
463
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the yearly earnings of males in the households studied who
are 18 years of age or over and who are working for wages:
TABLE 205. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$200.
I'ndcr
$400.
Under
$600.
Under
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father White
21
16
1
2
36
56
31
39
7
20
45
76
55
$625
400
(a)
(a)
400
550
313
472
(a)
429
338
364
367
1
1
5
10
10
13
19
16
1
2
36
53
31
39
7
20
45
76
55
4.8
(a)
(a)
(a)
27.8
8.9
32.3
2.6
(«)
.0
17.8
5.3
10.9
23.8
(a)
(«>
(a)
47.2
33.9
80.6
28.2
(a)
50.0
64. 4
63.2
56.4
47.6
(a)
(a)
(a)
80.6
50.0
83.9
84.6
(a)
80.0
95.6
97.4
98.2
90.5
(S
(a)
100.0
94.6
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French. . .
Hebrew
Irish
2
17
19
25
11
2
29
28
26
33
4
10
43
74
54
Foreign-born :
Armenian
10
5
10
1
Canadian, French. . .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
10
29
48
31
Italian, South
8
4
6
Lithuanian
Polish .
Grand total
405
420
46
207
332
400
11.4
51.1
82.0
98.8
Total native-born of for-
eign father
19
40
365
400
527
409
1
2
44
12
17
190
15
25
307
19
38
362
(a)
5.0
12.1
(a)
42.5
52.1
(a)
62.5
84.1
(a)
95.0
99.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over for whom
information was secured average $420. A considerably larger figure
is reported for the native-born of native father than for the foreign-
born, while a slightly larger figure is reported for the latter than for
the native-born of foreign father. Of the foreign-born the French
Canadians, Hebrews, and North Italians, in the order mentioned,
have the largest, and the Greeks and South Italians have the smallest
average yearly earnings. The proportion of males earning under
$200 and under $400 per year, respectively, is largest for the Greeks,
while the proportion of individuals earning under $600 yearly is
largest for the Poles, followed by the Lithuanians, and South Italians
in the order mentioned.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The contributions to the family income of the females 18 years of
age or over in the households studied may be seen from the table next
presented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the number of females 18 years of age or over working for
wages and the average wages earned.
464
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 206.—
Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native father, White
5
14
3
3
3
8
1
2
17
3
2
15
22
(«)
8411
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
343
(a)
(a)
220
215
1
1
1
2
2
10
4
11
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Hebrew
Irish
1
3
5
2
3
5
1
2
15
2
2
15
22
Foreign-born:
Armenian
2
2
3
Canadian, French
Canadian, Ot.her
Greek... .
1
1
2
1
5
9
1
7
2
2
13
16
1
11
2
2
15
22
Hebrew...
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Polish...
Grand total . .
98
310
23
49
74
84
Total native-born of foreign father
20
25
73
411
426
270
1
2
21
2
3
46
11
13
61
13
17
67
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 98 females here reported as working for wages, 23 earn under
$200 a year, 49 earn under $300, 74 earn under $400, and 84 earn
under $500. The average earnings for all individuals are $310. It
will be noted that the average earnings of the native-born French
Canadians are considerably higher than those of the foreign-born
Hebrews, while the latter in turn are considerably higher than the
earnings of the Lithuanians or Poles. The proportions in each spec-
ified wage group are very much higher among the foreign-born than
among the native-born of either native or foreign father.
ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.
The annual income of families the heads of which were employed
in the shoe-manufacturing industry in this community, together with
the several sources of family income and their relative importance,
is indicated by the series of tables next presented. The first table
submitted in this connection shows, by general nativity and race of
head of family, the percentage of f amilies having a total yearly income
of each specified amount.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
465
TABLE 207. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Two families are included which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families."
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
52
27
30
28
21
S839
768
417
496
591
3.8
.0
23.3
7.1
9.5
15.4
25.9
76.7
53.6
47.6
51.9
63.0
96.7
100.0
81.0
76.9
85.2
96.7
100.0
90.5
92.3
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian,
Polish
Grand total. ...
222
673
7.2
34.2
68.5
86.5
97.3
Total native-born
19
203
805
661
(<9
7.9
(")
36.0
(»)
70.9
(6)
87.7
(b)
97.0
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 222 families selected for study, 7.2 per cent have a total yearly
income of under $300, 34.2 per cent have a total yearly income of
under $500, 68.5 per cent of under $750, 86.5 per cent of under $1,000,
and 97.3 per cent have a total yearly income of under $1,500. The
total average yearly income of the 222 selected families is $673.
Families the heads of which are native-born have a total average
yearly income of $805 as contrasted with $661, which is the average
total yearly income of families the heads of which are of foreign birth.
The families the heads of which are South Italians show over 20 per
cent having a total yearly income of under $300, the families the heads
of which are Poles, Lithuanians, or French Canadians show less than
10 per cent, and no families whose heads are Hebrews have a total
yearly income of under $300. The families the heads of which are
South Italians show over 75 per cent, those whose heads are Lithua-
nians over 50 per cent, and those whoseheads are Poles over 40 per
cent having a total yearly income of under $500, as contrasted with
25.9 per cent of families whose heads are Hebrews and 15.4 per cent
of families whose heads are French Canadians having a total yearly
income of under this amount. The families whose heads are Lithua-
nians show 100 per cent having a total yearly income of under $750.
The families whose heads are Lithuanians, South Italians, or Poles
show over 90 per cent, those whose heads are Hebrews over 85 per
cent, and those whose heads are French Canadians over 75 per cent
having a total yearly income under $1,000. The families whose
heads are South Italians, Lithuanians, or Poles show 100 per cent
and the families whose heads are Hebrews or French Canadians over
90 per cent having a total yearly income of under $1,500. The fami-
lies whose heads are French Canadians have an average yearly income
of over $800, followed by those whose heads are Hebrews with over
$700, while the families whose heads are Poles show an average yearly
income of over $500. The families whose heads are Lithuanians and
South Italians show an average total yearly income of over $400.
466
The Immigration Commission.
WIVES AT WOSK.
The disposition of wives to engage in occupations outside the home
in order to supplement the earnings of the husbands is indicated by
the following table:
TABLE 208. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number of
selected
families.a
Number
of
wives.
Number
of wives
at work.
Per cent
of wives
at work.
Average
yearly
earnings
of wives
at work.
Native-born of native father, White
19
19
2
(6)
(6)
Foreign-born:
Armenian
16
16
1
(b)
(6)
Canadian, French
52
52
7
13.5
(6)
Greek ...
8
8
3
(6)
W
Hebrew
27
27
.0
Irish
10
10
(6)
Italian North
11
11
1
(6)
(b)
Italian, South
30
30
1
3.3
(0)
Lithuanian
28
28
5
17.9
(6)
Polish. . ... . ..
21
21
8
38.1
(6)
Grand total
222
222
28
12.6
197
Total native-born . .
19
19
2
(")
(6)
Total foreign-born
203
203
26
12.8
184
o For selection of families, see p. 525.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the wives in this locality for whom information was secured, 12.6
per cent are reported at work. Among the foreign-born the proportion
oi wives at work is largest in the case of the Poles, Lithuanians, and
French Canadians, in the order mentioned.
RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE
OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.
It has been shown that only a small proportion of the wives in the
families studied in the community were regularly employed for wages
outside the home. On the other hand, a considerable proportion
supplemented the earnings of the heads by taking boarders or lodgers
into the home. The extent of this practice is indicated by the fol-
lowing two tables, which show, by yearly earnings of husband and
by general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of
families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
467
TABLE 209. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of select-
ed fami-
lies.o
Number of husbands
earning —
Number
of wives
having,
employ-
ment or
keeping
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Number of wives having
employment or keep-
ing boarders or lodger
where husbands' earn-
ings are —
Under
$400.b
$400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Under
$400. c
8400
and
under
$600.
$600 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
17
15
49
8
25
7
11
29
28
21
3
5
15
5
9
4
5
6
10
5
28
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
4
11
10
5
8
1
3
2
4
2
2
4
1
4
8
1
3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian French
Greek
Hebrew ...
13
4
5
9
8
8
3
Irish
Italian North
4
18
19
12
3
9
23
19
2
5
16
11
1
3
7
7
Italian, South
1
Lithuanian
Polish
1
Grand total
210
90
62
58
92
46
27
19
Total native-born
17
193
3
87
4
58
10
48
4
88
1
45
2
25
1
18
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and
wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 5 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
cThis column includes 2 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 210. — Per cent of families in ivhich wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see p. 525. The families here represented are only those where both
husband and wife are present.]
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers where husbands' earnings
are—
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $600.
$600 or
over.
Total.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French.
13.3
0.0
28.6
20.4
Hebrew
22.2
23.1
(6)
32.0
Italian, South
27.8
33.3
(6)
31.0
Lithuanian
84.2
87.5
(6)
82.1
Polish
91.7
87.5
(*>)
90.5
Grand total
51.1
43.5
32.8
43.8
Total native-born
(b)
<6)
(b)
(6)
Total foreign-born
51.7
43. 1
37.5
45.6
a This column includes 5 families in which husbands' earnings are reported as "none."
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of the wives' for whom information was
secured, 51.1 per cent of those whose husbands earn less than $400 a
year have employment or keep boarders or lodgers, as against 43.5
per cent of those whose husbands earn $400 and under $600 and 32.8
468
1 he Immigration Commission.
per cent of those whose husbands earn $600 or over. The proportion
of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers is larger
for the Lithuanians and Poles, both where the husband's income is
under $400 and where it is $400 and under $600, than for any other
foreign race.
SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The sources of family income are indicated by the table next pre-
sented. This table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
family, the percentage of families having an income within the year
from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources.
TABLE 211. — Per cent offamilus having an income within the year from, husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Two families excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of select-
ed fami-
lies.a
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Other
sources.
Hus-
band.
Wife.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
52
27
30
28
21
90.4
SS. !i
93.3
100.0
100.0
13.5
.0
3.3
17.9
38.1
46.2
40.7
13.3
.0
9.5
11.5
29.6
30.0
71.4
66.7
11.5
22.2
3.3
3.6
9.5
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
220 | 93.2
12.7
26.4
33.6
12.3
Total native-born
19
201
(6)
93.5
<*)
12.9
(b)
24.4
(*)
35.8
(")
11.4
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the families of this locality for which information was secured
the principal source of family income is the earnings of the husbands.
Among the foreign-born ah1 the Lithuanian and Polish families and
a larger proportion of the South Italian and French-Canadian families
than of the Hebrew families derive income from the earnings of hus-
band. The Lithuanians, followed by the Poles, have the largest and the
French Canadians the smallest proportion of families deriving income
from the payments of boarders or lodgers; the French Canadians have
the largest and the Poles the smallest proportion of families deriving
incomes from the contributions of children, excepting the Lithuanians,
which show none. The proportion of families deriving incomes from
the earnings of wife is largest for the Poles, and the proportion deriv-
ing incomes from sources not specified is largest for the Hebrews.
In the following table the sources of family income are shown in
detail by general nativity and race of head of family, but each source
specified is exclusive of all other sources. In other words, the pro-
portion of families under each designated source have their entire
income from that source.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
469
TABLE 212. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Two families are excluded which report income as "none."]
*••
Per cent of families having entire income from —
General nativity and race of head
J3 a-
£
Is
A
o
TI
a
03
aT .
1
s
03 .
ss
OJ
s
tH
oarders
rs.
1
E
(_i
S
a § •
of family.
o
a
03
a>
*S
c-o
03 0
o
^|
If
g
"11
1
1
03
T3
a
03
03
11
? °
1
03
IM
a
g
a £
D o
g
a)
ia§
a
D
s
W
3
f!
M
£1
B
w
3
P" fcH
_»
o
^
2
C3 Q^
i
o
3-2 S
§«^
M
K
M
M
w
$•
^
k
o
0
ca
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
52
36, 5
7.7
28.8
0.0
1.9
0.0
5.8
0.0
1.9
1.9
0.0
15.4
Hebrew
27
25.9
.0
22.2
.0
22.2
.0
.0
.0
7.4
.0
.0
22.2
Italian, South
30(30.0
3.3
6.7
.0
23.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
3.3
.0
3.3
Lithuanian
28
17 9
10.7
.0
.0
60.7
.0
.0
.c
.0
.0
.0
10.7
Polish
21
4 8
23.8
4.8
.0
38.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
28.6
Grand total
220
31.8
8.2
14.5
e
22.3
.0
1.4
.0
3.2
.9
.0
17.3
Total native-born ,
19
201
31.3
8.5
13.4
.0
24.4
w
1.5
.0
3.0
(*io
.0
16.9
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
t> Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In this locality, of the families for which information was secured,
31.8 per cent derive their entire income from the husband, 22.3 per
cent from the husband and boarders or lodgers, 14.5 per cent from
the husband and children, 17.3 per cent from sources or combina-
tions of sources not specified, and only a small proportion from hus-
band and wife, from wife and children, from children alone, from
children and boarders or lodgers. The proportion of families deriv-
ing the entire income from the husband alone is largest for the
South Italians, French Canadians, and Hebrews, in the order men-
tioned, and smallest for the Poles, and the proportion deriving the
entire income from husband and boarders or lodgers is largest for the
Lithuanians and Poles, in the order mentioned, and smallest for
the French Canadians. The French Canadians and Hebrews have
the largest and Poles the smallest proportion of families deriving the
entire income from the husband and children, the Lithuanians show-
ing no income from this source, while the Poles and the Hebrews have
the largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion receiving the
entire income from sources or combinations of sources not specified.
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
In the table next submitted the relative importance of the differ-
ent sources of family income is indicated. The table shows, by
general nativity and race of head of family, the percentage of total
yearly income from husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and
other sources.
470
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 213. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.
Two families are excluded which report income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
•
Number
of
selected
families.^
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of chil-
dren.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
52
27
30
28
21
65.2
52.9
86.1
73.5
66.8
4.1
.0
.5
5.8
8.9
25.4
37.1
5.1
.0
6.0
3.5
4.6
8.0
19.3
13.7
1.7
5.5
.2
1.4
4.6
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total..
220
60.9
3.7
18.3
7.7
3.5
Total native-born
19
201
(6)
66.1
(fc)
3.6
(0)
18.5
(6)
8.3
(&)
3.5
Total foreign-born
« For selection of families, see p. 525.
b Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The principal source of income among the families in this locality
is the earnings of husbands. A proportion of the total income is
derived from the contributions of children, a smaller proportion
from payments of boarders or lodgers, and only a very small pro-
portion from the earnings of wife or from sources not specified.
Under the specified headings the South Italian and Lithuanian fami-
lies, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Hebrew families
the smallest proportion of total income from the earnings of husband.
The Hebrew families have the largest proportion of total income
from the contribution of children, and the Lithuanian and Polish
families have the largest proportion from payments of boarders or
lodgers and from the earnings of wife.
CHAPTER XVI.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 214 to
216 and General Table 136].
REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
The regularity of work offered, as well as the relative industrious-
ness of the male operatives of the several races in Community B, is
set forth in the following table, which shows, by general nativity and
race of individual, the months worked during the past year by males,
in the households studied, who were 16 years of age or over. The
term "past year" in this connection means the twelve months imme-
diately preceding the collection of the data.
TABLE 214. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working —
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, White
23
25
38
62
34
46
22
50
76
56
56.5
36.0
28.9
38.7
23.5
41.3
27.3
14.0
10.5
35.7
73.9
64.0
65.8
59.7
44.1
82.6
40.9
42.0
56.6
53.6
87.0
92.0
78.9
93.5
76.5
95.7
90.9
84.0
96.1
91.1
100.0
100.0
94.7
98.4
91.2
97.8
100.0
98.0
98.7
96.4
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father : Canadian, French
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French ....
Greek
Hebrew . ...
Italian , North .
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Polish .
Grand total
446
28.9
58.5
89.9
97.5
Total native-born of foreign father
32
55
391
37.5
45.5
26.6
62.5
67.3
57.3
93.8
90.9
89.8
100.0
100.0
97.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that of the males for whom information was
secured but 28.9 per cent worked for the entire twelve months of the
past year, that 58. 5 per cent worked nine months or over, that 89.9
per cent worked six months or over, and that almost all worked at
least three months. The proportion of individuals who worked twelve
months or nine months or over, respectively, is largest in the case
of the native-born of native father, second largest in the case of the
native-born of foreign father, and smallest in the case of the foreign-
48296°— VOL 12—11-
471
472
The Immigration Commission.
born, while a larger proportion of the native-born of foreign father
than of either the foreign-born or 'the native-born of native father
worked six months or over. Among the foreign-born, the Hebrews,
French Canadians, and Poles, in the order mentioned, have the largest
and the Lithuanians and South Italians the smallest proportion of
individuals who worked twelve months; and the Hebrews, Armenians,
and French Canadians have the largest and the North Italians and
South Italians the smallest proportion of individuals who worked
nine months or over, while the proportion of individuals who worked
six months or over is largest for the Lithuanians, Hebrews, and French
Canadians, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Greeks and
Armenians.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the months worked during the past year by females, in the
households studied, who were 16 years of age or over and who were
employed away from home :
TABLE 215. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age or over
employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—
12 months.
9 months
or over.
C months-
or over.
3 months
or over.
Foreign-born:
Hebrew
22
23
50.0
34.8
86.4
65.2
100.0
87.0
100.0
95.7
Polish
Grand total
112
33.0
65.2
89.3
99.1
Total native-born of foreign father
24
31
81
37.5
32.3
33.3
62.5
04.5
65.4
95.8
96.8
86.4
100.0
100.0
98.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that of the females in this locality 16 years
of age or over, for whom information was secured, the native-born of
foreign father were, upon the average, employed a larger number
of months during the 37ear than were the foreign-born, and that of
the latter the Hebrews were employed for a longer period than were
the Poles.
THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.
The extent to which the boot and shoe operatives are members of
labor organizations may be seen in the table next presented. It
shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the affiliation
with trade unions of males, in the households studied, who were 21
years of age or over and who were working for wages.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
473
TABLE 216. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over who are working
for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
22
10
1
1
37
62
29
37
7
16
48
73
55
3
3
1
1
14
39
12
5
13.6
(0)
(a)
(a)
37.8
62.9
41.4
13.5
(0)
(«)
146
28.8
12.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Candian French
English
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek . .
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian, North
2
7
21
7
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
398
115
28.9
Total native-born of foreign father
12
34
364
5
8
107
(a)
23.5
29.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
From the percentages of the above table it appears that the propor-
tion of individuals who are affiliated with trade unions is consider-
ably larger among the foreign-born than among the native-born of
native father. Among the foreign-born, the French Canadians, Greeks,
and Armenians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the
Poles, Hebrews, and South Italians the smallest proportion of indi-
viduals affiliated with trade unions.
CHAPTER XVII.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments
occupied — Size of households studied — Congestion — [Text Tables 217 to 228 and
General Tables 136 to 148].
RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.
The rent payments of the households, the heads of which were
employed in the shoe manufacturing industry in Community B, are
chiefly significant in their bearing upon standards of living because of
congestion within the households arising from the practice, especially
among households the heads of which were of recent immigration, to
crowd their apartments in order to reduce the per capita outlay for
rent. The first table submitted in this connection shows the average
monthly rent payment per apartment per room and per person,
according to general nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 217. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per—
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White..
17
15
47
12
26
5
10
31
27
18
$12.44
9.32
9.78
9.80
10.00
(a)
9.50
8.37
8.24
6.45
$2.16
2.00
1.85
2.08
2.26
(a)
2.26
2.01
2.16
1.66
$3.52
1.54
1.88
1.94
1.91
(a)
1.73
1.53
1.37
.82
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Irish. .
Italian, North..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total..
208
9.26
2.01
1.C7
Total native-born
17
191
12.44
8.97
2.16
1.99
3.52
1.56
Total foreign-born. .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the households in this locality for which information was
secured, the monthly rental paid averages $9.26 per apartment, $2.01
per room, and $1.67 per person. A considerably higher average
monthly rental per apartment and per room, and a very much higher
monthly rental per person is paid by the native-born households
than by the foreign-born households. Among the foreign-born, the
Hebrew, Greek, and French Canadian households pay the largest,
475
476
The Immigration Commission.
and the Lithuanian and Polish households the smallest monthly
rental per apartment, and the North Italian and Hebrew households
pay the largest, and the Polish and French Canadian households the
smallest average monthly rental per room, while the monthly rental
per person is largest for the Greek, Hebrew, and French Canadian
households, in the order mentioned, and smallest for the Lithuanian
and Polish households.
The range of monthly rents for apartments is set forth in the follow-
ing table which shows, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold, the percentage of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment.
TABLE 218. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and rare of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Per cent paying—
Under$5.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
47
26
31
27
89.78
10.00
8.37
8.24
0.0
.0
6.5
3.7
10.6
3.8
38.7
25.9
53.2
50.0
71.0
70.4
87.2
88.5
96.8
100.0
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Grand total
208
9.26
1.9
20.2
60.6
89.9
Total native-born
17
191
12.44
8.97
(a)
2.1
(a)
22.0
(a)
63.9
(a)
92.7
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of 208 households studied in this locality, 1.9 per cent pay under
$5 rent per month per apartment, 20.2 per cent pay under $7.50,
60.6 per cent pay under $10, and 89.9 per cent pay under $12.50.
The average rent per month per apartment for all households studied
is $9.26.
The average rent in households the heads of which are native-born
is $12.44 as contrasted with $8.97, which is the average monthly rent
per apartment in households the heads of which are of foreign birth.
Among the households the heads of which are of foreign birth those
whose heads are South Italians show the highest per cent paying
under $5. The households the heads of which are Lithuanians
follow, while no households the heads of which are Hebrews or
French Canadians pay under the above-mentioned amount. The
households the heads of which are South Italians show the highest
per cent and those whose heads are Hebrews the lowest per cent pay-
ing under $7.50 and under $10. The households the heads of which
are Lithuanians show the highest per cent and those whose heads are
French Canadians the lowest per cent paying under $12.50 rent per
month per apartment.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the percentage of households paying each speci-
fied rent per month per room.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
477
TABLE 219. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
of house-
Per cent
paying—
G eneral nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under S4.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
47
$1.85
0.0
57.4
100.0
100.0
Hebrew
26
2.26
.0
7. 7
96.2
100.0
Italian, South
31
2.01
3.2
38.7
90.3
100.0
Lithuanian
27
2.16
.0
22.2
92.6
100.0
Grand total
208
2.01
.5
38.0
97.1
100.0
Total native-born
17
2.16
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total foreign-born .
191
1.99
.5
39.3
96.9
100.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of the households in this locality for
which information was secured only a very small proportion pay
rental at the rate of under $1 per month per room; that 38 per
cent of the households pay under $2 per month per room, 97.1 per
cent under S3 per month per room, and all households under $4
per month per room. The proportion of foreign-born households
paying under $2 is largest in the case of the French Canadians and
South Italians and smallest in the case of the Hebrews, while the
French Canadians and Hebrews in the order mentioned have the
largest and the South Italians the smallest proportion of households
paying under S3.
In the following table the real situation relative to congestion is
set forth, the crowding within the households being indicated by the
large proportion of households having a low rent payment per capita.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent
per month per person.
TABLE 220. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under $1.
Under 82.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Foreign-born:
Canadian French
47
26
31
27
$1.88
1.91
1.53
1.37
4.3
.0
9.7
11.1
48.9
42.3
64.5
66.7
70.2
88.5
80.6
92.6
87.2
100.0
96.8
100.0
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Grand total
208
1.67
10.1
57.7
79.8
92.8
Total native-born
17
191
3.52
1.56
(a)
11.0
(«)
61.8
(a)
84.3
(a)
95.8
Total foreign-born.
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
478
The Immigration Commission.
The data presented in the preceding table show that of the house-
holds for which information was secured only about 10 per cent paid
rent at a rate of less than $1 per month per person, while 92.8 per
cent paid under $4 per month per person. The proportion of house-
holds paying under $2 was 57.7 per cent and the proportion paying
under $3 was 79.8 per cent. Of the different races the Lithuanians
and South Italians had the largest and the Hebrews the smallest
proportion of households paying under $2 per month per person,
while the Lithuanians and Hebrews, in the order mentioned, had the
largest and the French Canadians the smallest proportion of house-
holds paying under $3. All of the Hebrews and Lithuanian house-
holds and a larger proportion of the South Italian than of the French
Canadian households paid rent at a rate of less than $4 per month per
person.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
The practice of wives of immigrant employees in keeping boarders
or lodgers, in order to supplement the earnings of their husbands has
already been discussed, and the extent of this practice and its effects
upon living arrangements is set forth in the following series of tables.
The first table which immediately follows shows, by general nativity
and race of head of household, the number and percentage of house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers.
TABLE 221. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
(STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
1
11
5
2
8
4.2
(«)
8.8
(a)
23.5
(«)
(a)
30.3
72.4
85.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North .
3
10
21
17
Italian, South
Lithuanian. .
Polish. . .
Grand total
247
78
31.6
Total native-born
24
223
1
77
4.2
34.5
Total foreign-born .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that 31.6 per cent of all the households
in this locality for which information was secured keep boarders or
lodgers, and that the proportion of households keeping boarders or
lodgers is larger for the foreign-born than for the native-born of
native father. Among the foreign-born, the Poles, Lithuanians,
and South Italians, in the order mentioned, have the largest and the
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
479
French Canadians the smallest proportion of households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household.
The averages are computed (1) on the total number of households
studied and (2) on the number keeping boarders or lodgers:
TABLE 222. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household-
Based on
total
number of
households.
Based on
number of
households
keeping
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White ....
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
1
11
5
2
8
2
18
8
5
14
0.08
1.06
.14
.42
.41
(a)
1.64
(«)
(»
(a)
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew. .
Irish
Italian, North
3
10
21
17
7
24
70
59
.64
.73
2.41
2.95
(a)
2.40
3.33
3.47
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
247
78
207
.84
2.65
Total native-born
24
223
1
77
2
205
.08
.92
(a)
2.66
Total foreign-born . . .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the households of this locality for which information was
secured, the average number of boarders or lodgers per household,
based upon the total number of households, is 0.84, while the average
number of boarders or lodgers per household, based on the number of
households keeping boarders or lodgers, is 2.65. Among the foreign-
born, the Poles, Lithuanians, and Armenians, in the order mentioned,
have the largest average number of boarders or lodgers per house-
hold, based on the total number of households, and the Poles, Lithu-
anians, and South Italians, in the order mentioned, have the largest
average number of boarders or lodgers per household, based on the
total number of households keeping boarders or lodgers. Upon the
basis of the total number of households, the average number of board-
ers or lodgers per household is much larger for the foreign-born than
for the native-born of native father.
SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.
As regards the range in size of apartments occupied, the table
next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold, the number and percentage of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
480
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 223. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(This table Includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White. .
24
57
34
33
29
20
5.83
5.42
4.59
4.27
3.90
4.10
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
6.1
6.9
5.0
0.0
.0
2.9
24.2
31.0
20.0
12.5
24.6
58.8
24.2
44.8
45.0
20.8
31.6
23.5
33.3
3.4
20.0
41.7
26.3
8.8
9.1
10.3
10.0
25.0
17.5
5.9
3.0
3.4
.0
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
247
4.79
.0
2.0
10.1
35.6
24.3
17.8
10.1
Total native-born
24
223
5.83
4.68
.0
.0
.0
2.2
.0
11.2
12.5
38.1
20.8
24.7
41.7
15.2
25.0
8.5
Total foreign-born .
A larger proportion of the total number of households occupy
4-room apartments than any other size. Five-room and 6-room
apartments are also comparatively frequent. The most uncommon
types are the 1-room and 2-room apartments. A 6-room apartment is
occupied by 41.7 per cent of the native-born of native father. The
latter class also has a comparatively large proportion having 7 rooms
or more. The most general size of apartments occupied by the
foreign-born households is 4 rooms. The French Canadian house-
holds, however, frequently occup}' 5 and 6 room apartments.
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The range hi size of households is set forth in the following table,
which shows, by general nativity and race of head of household, the
number and percentage of households of each specified number of
persons.
TABLE 224. —Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
24
57
34
33
29
20
3.25
5.94
5.44
5.61
6.28
7.90
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
41.7
10.5
.0
6.1
3.4
.0
16.7
22.8
17.6
15.2
13.8
.0
20.8
19.3
29.4
21.2
13.8
5.0
16.7
5.3
14.7
3.0
13.8
10.0
4.2
10.5
11.8
24.2
6.9
20.0
0.0
12.3
5.9
9.1
20.7
10.0
0.0
10.5
5.9
15.2
6.9
25.0
0.0
5.3
8.8
3.0
6.9
5.0
0.0
3.5
5.9
3.0
13.8
25.0
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
Hebrew
Italian, South —
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
247
5.49
.0
8.5
15.8
17.8
12.6
13.0
11.7
10.1
4.5
6.1
24
223
3.25
5.73
.0
.0
41.7
4.9
16.7
15.7
20.8
17.5
16.7
12.1
4.2
13.9
.0
13.0
.0
11.2
.0
4.9
.0
6.7
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
481
Of the 247 households in the preceding table, the largest propor-
tion, or 17.8 per cent, have 4 members — the proportion of house-
holds of 3, 6, 5, 7, and 8 persons following in the order named — and
less than 10 per cent being households of each other specified number
of persons. By a comparison between the households the heads of
which are native-born of native father, white, and the households
the heads of which are foreign-born, it is seen that, while the former
shows their entire number to be households of from 2 to 6 persons,
inclusive, the latter shows a certain proportion of households of each
specified number of persons above 6. It is further seen that over 50
per cent of the households the heads of which are native whites born
of native father are households of 2 and 3 persons, as contrasted
with only 20.6 per cent of the households the heads of which are
foreign-born. A greater degree of congestion is shown in the house-
holds the heads of which are Polish than in the households the heads
of which are of any other given race — over 50 per cent of the house-
holds the heads of which are Polish containing 8 or more persons.
CONGESTION.
Although the tabulations and discussion preceding are primarily
concerned with congestion, the series of tables next submitted set
forth in a more direct way the degree of crowding within the house-
holds studied and its bearing upon living conditions. The first table,
which follows below, shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the average number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms. The following table shows, by general
nativity and race of head of household, the average number of persons
per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room:
TABLE 225. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Total
General nativity and race of head of household.
number of
households.
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White
24
3.25
0.56
1.42
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
5.94
1.28
2.10
Canadian, French
57
5.12
.94
1.79
Greek
12
5.08
1.07
1.79
Hebrew
34
5.44
1.19
2.31
Irish
10
5.50
.89
1.72
Italian, North
11
5.36
1.31
2.03
Italian, South. .
33
5.61
1.31
2.28
Lithuanian
29
6.28
1.61
2.39
Polish
20
7.90
1.93
2.59
Grand total..
247
5 49
1.15
2.06
Total native-born
24
3 25
56
1.42
Total foreign-born
223
5.73
1.22
2.12
Average number of persons per —
482
The Immigration Commission.
The average number of persons per apartment in the households in
this locality for which information was secured is 5.49. The average
number per room is 1.15 and the average number per sleeping room
is 2.06. The foreign-born households have a considerably larger
proportion of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping
room than have the households of the native-born of native father.
Among the foreign-born the average number of persons per apartment
is largest in the case of the Polish, Lithuanian, and Armenian house-
holds, in the order mentioned, and smallest in the case of the Greek
and French Canadian households; the average number of persons per
room is largest in the case of the Polish and Lithuanian households
and smallest in the case of the Irish households, while the Polish,
Lithuanian, Hebrew, and South Italian households, in the order men-
tioned, have the largest, and the Irish, Greek, and French Canadian
households the smallest average number of persons per sleeping room.
The range in number of persons per room, is shown in the table
below, according to general nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 226. — Persons, per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
room.
Number of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
Per cent of households hav-
ing each specified number
of persons per room.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
0.56
1.28
.94
1.07
1.19
.89
1.31
1.31
1. 61
1.93
4
14
29
7
25
5
9
25
27
20
16.7
(a)
50.9
(a)
73.5
8
75.8
93.1
100.0
0.0
(a)
.0
(a)
8.8
(a)
(a)
21.2
31.0
45.0
0.0
(a)
.0
(°>o
(a)
(a)
3.0
.0
10.0
0.0
(a)
.0
(0).o
(«)
(°!.o
.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French.
Greek
Hebrew
3
Irish
Italian North
1
7
9
9
Italian, South.
1
Lithuanian
Polish....
2
Grand total
247
1.15
1C5
29
3
66.8
11.7
1.2
.0
Total native-born
24
223
.56
1.22
4
161
10.7
72.2
.0
13.0
.0
1.3
.0
.0
Total foreign-born
29
3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The average number of persons per room is much larger in the
foreign-born households than in the households of native-born of
native father. Among the foreign-born the Poles and Lithuanians
have the largest proportions of households having one or more
persons per room and two or more persons per room, respectively.
The table next presented shows the range in the number of per-
sons per sleeping room, according to general nativity and race of
head of household.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
483
TABLE 227. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HODSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
1.42
2.10
1.79
1.79
2.31
1.72
2.03
2.28
2.39
2.59
7
11
29
7
24
4
7
24
23
19
29.2
(<0
50.9
(a)
70.6
(a)
(a)
72.7
79.3
95.0
0.0
(a)
5.3
(")
32.4
(»)
(a)
39.4
27.6
35.0
0.0
(a)
.0
00
14.7
(a)
(a)
18.2
10.3
10.0
0.0
(a)
.0
(«)
.0
(a)
(a)
6.1
.0
.0
0.0
("}.o
(a)
.0
(«)
(«)
6.1
.0
.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
3
3
1
Hebrew
11
5
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
13
8
7
6
3
2
2
2
Polish
Grand total
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
247
2.0G
155
46
17
2
2
62. 8
18.6
6.9
0.8
0.8
24
223
1.42
2.12
7
148
29.2
66.4
.0
20.6
.0
7.6
.0
0.9
.0
0.9
46
17
o
2
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total number of households 62.8 per cent have 2 or more
persons per sleeping room; 18.6 per cent have 3 or more. Figures
for the total number of households closely reflect conditions in the
foreign-born households. Of the households of the native whites of
native father only 29.2 per cent have 2 or more persons per room,
and none have 3 or more. It should be noted that congestion in
sleeping rooms is less frequent in French Canadian households than
in the households of any other race for which percentages are com-
puted.
The effect of congestion within the households upon living arrange-
ments may be seen from the final table of this series, which immedi-
ately follows. It shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the number and percentage of households regularly using
for sleeping purposes all except each specified number of rooms.
4cS4
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 228. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Aver-
age
num-
ber of
sleep-
ing
rooms
per
house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
Per cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept 1
room.
All ex-
cept 2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All ex-
cept 1
room.
All ex-
cept 2
rooms.
Native-born of native father,
White.
24
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
5.83
4.65
5.42
4.75
4.59
6.20
4.09
4.27
3.90
4.10
2.29
2.82
2.86
2.83
2.35
3.20
2.64
2.45
2.62
3.05
1
6
3
4
2
2
8
29
6
22
4
6
13
6
3
0.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
(a)
.0
3.4
20.0
4.2
(a)
5.3
(a)
5.9
(a)
(a)
39.4
72.4
60.0
8.3
(a)
50.9
(a)
64.7
(a)
(a)
39.4
20.7
15.0
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
1
4
13
21
12
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
4
Polish
Grand total
247
4.79
2.67
6
66
99
2.4
26.7
40.1
Total native-born
24
223
5.83
4.68
2.29
2.71
1
65
2
97
.0
2.7
4.2
29.1
8.3
43.5
Total foreign-born
6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that in the households for which information
was secured the average number of rooms per household is larger for
the native-born of native father than for the foreign-born, and larger
for the Irish and French Canadians than for any other foreign race,
while the average number of sleeping rooms per household is larger
for the foreign-born than for the native-born of native father and
larger for the Irish and Poles than for any other foreign race. A
much larger proportion of foreign-born households than of the house-
holds of native-born of native father use for sleeping purposes all
rooms, all rooms except one, and all rooms except two, respectively.
CHAPTER XVIII.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Age classification of members of households studied —
[Text Tables 229 to 233 and General Tables 149 to 153].
LITERACY.
The series of tabulations which follow set forth not only the degree
of literacy which prevails among shoe-manufacturing employees in
Community B, at the present time, but also indicate the elements of
progress evidenced by the foreign-born after their arrival in this
country. The table first presented, which immediately follows shows,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage of
persons in the households studied, 10 years of age or over, who were
able to read and the percentage who were able to both read and write.
TABLE 229. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or orcr who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read an 1
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
24
45
43
68
39
55
66
81
65
31
53
21
54
8
60
44
45
45
55
98
64
122
47
115
110
126
110
100.0
100.0
88.4
86.8
100.0
100.0
69.7
81.5
92.3
100.0
96.2
66.7
87.0
37.5
100.0
27.3
46.7
86.7
100.0
98.0
81.3
86.9
89.4
100. 0
52.7
69.0
90.0
100.0
100.0
88.4
77.9
100.0
100.0
69.7
63.0
86.2
100.0
96.2
66.7
75.9
37.5
100.0
25.0
26. 7
73.3
100.0
98.0
81.3
77.0
89.4
100.0
51.8
50.0
80.9
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father, Canadian,
French
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South. . . .
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
538
445
983
88.7
80.2
84.8
S3. S
75.3
80.0
Native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born
68
92
446
102
133
312
170
225
758
100.0
100.0
86.3
98.0
98.5
72.4
98.8
99.1
80.6
100.0
100.0
80.5
98.0
98.5
65.4
98.8
99.1
74.3
Total foreign-born . .
The preceding table shows that of the individuals in this locality
for whom information was secured 88.7 per cent of the males and
80.2 per cent of the females can read only, and 83.8 per cent of the
males and 75.3 per cent of the females can both read and write. It
appears that all of the persons native-born of native father, both
males and females, can read and write, and that among the native-
born of foreign father all of the males and 98.0 per cent of the females
can both read and read and write. Among the foreign-born races
485
486
The Immigrafion Commission.
the Greeks, followed by the Hebrews, Poles, and Armenians, have
the largest, and the South Italians the smallest proportion of males
who are able to read only, and the Hebrews, followed by the French
Canadians and Poles, have the largest and the South Italians and
Greeks the smallest proportion of females. The proportion of males
who can both read and write is largest in the case of the Greeks,
Hebrews, and Armenians, and smallest in the case of the Lithua-
nians, while the proportion of females who can both read and write
is largest in the case of the Hebrews, French Canadians, and Poles
and smallest in the case of the South Italians and Lithuanians. It will
be noted that among the South Italians and Lithuanians the propor-
tion of literates is much higher for the males than for the females.
The relation between literacy and period of residence in this country
is set forth in the following table, which shows, according to years in
the United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-
born persons 10 years of age or over who read and percentage who
both read and write.
TABLE 230. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by years
in United States.
Per cent who read and write,
by years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian
64
122
47
115
110
126
110
76.5
87.5
88.6
100.0
53.3
63.0
91.4
73.3
(a)
90.9
100.0
52.8
68.6
84.8
87.5
87.5
(")
100.0
51.7
85.7
94.7
76.5
62.5
88.6
100.0
51.1
44.4
86.2
73.3
(a)
90.9
100.0
52.8
49.0
72.7
87.5
78.6
(a)
100.0
51.7
66.7
78.9
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian , South
Lithuanian
Polish.. .
Total
758
77.2
73.6
87.4
71.1
65.7
81.7
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that all of the Hebrews for whom infor-
mation was secured, irrespective of length of residence in the United
States, are able to read and to write. Of the other foreign-born
races, the Poles, Greeks, and French Canadians have the largest
Eroportion of individuals who have been in the United States under
ve years who are able to read, and the Greeks, Poles, and Armenians
have the largest proportion of individuals who have been here under
five years who are able both to read and to write, and the largest
proportion of individuals who have been here from five to nine
years who are able both to read and to read and to write. The pro-
portion of literates is much smaller among the South Italians than
among the individuals of any other foreign race.
The table next submitted is of interest as indicating the progress
manifested by the younger immigrants as compared with the older.
It shows, according to age at time of coming to the United States
and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons 10
years of age or over who read and per cent who both read and write.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
487
TABLE 231. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age, or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all
foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by
age at time of com-
ing to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Armenian
64
122
47
115
110
126
110
(a)
92.7
(a)
100.0
84.2
(a)
(a)
80.0
84.0
88.6
100.0
46.2
69.9
89.6
(a)
87.8
(a)
100.0
84.2
(a)
(a)
80.0
71.6
88.6
100.0
45.1
50.4
80.2
Canadian, French .... . .
Greek
Hebrew
Italian South .
Lithuanian
Polish
Total .
758
92.9
78.1
91.3
70.8
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the foreign-born persons in this locality 10 years of age or over
for whom information was secured, 92.9 per cent of those who came
here when under 14 years of age are able to read only, and 91.3 per
cent are able to read and to write. Of the individuals who came to
this country when 14 or over, 78.1 per cent are able to read only and
70.8 per cent are able to read and to write. All of the Hebrews,
irrespective of age at the time of coming to the United States, are
able to read and to write. Of the individuals who came here when
under 14, a larger proportion of the French Canadians than of the
South Italians are able to read and to write, while the proportion
of individuals who came here when 14 or over who can read and
write is much larger for the Armenians, French Canadians, Greeks,
and Poles than for the South Italians and Lithuanians.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
In the next table presented the conjugal condition of persons in
the households studied is shown, according to sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race of individual.
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-32
488
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 232.- — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 vears of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are — •
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent
who are —
_aj
uo
a
OQ
•g '
I
03
S
•d
o
£
o
•a
I*
_oj
"3>
a
OQ
•d
.2
§
S
13
1
0
•a
&
_oj
"M
OQ
•d
a>
*£H
t*
C3
s
•d
1
o
T3
i*
_»
"3>
.9
02
•d
|
i
s
•d
at
*
0
13
£
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French..
Hebrew
17
15
23
46
33
29.4
40.0
43.5
65.2
60.6
70.6
60.0
56.5
34.8
36.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
3.0
22
16
20
28
24
13.6
6.3
.0
21.4
16.7
77.3
93.8
100.0
78.6
83.3
9.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
27
9
8
1
2
0.0
(«)
(«)
(a)
(a)
88.9
(a)
m
(a)
(a)
11.1
00
(a)
(a)
(a)
66
40
51
75
59
12.1
17.5
19.6
48.0
40.7
80.3
82.5
80.4
52.0
57.6
7.6
.0
.0
.0
1.7
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total . .
189 58. 2
41.3
.5
175 17. 1
81.1
1.7 62
1.6
93.51 4.8
426 33. 1
65.3 1.6
Total native-born of
foreign father
13
17
172
92.3
82.4
55.8
7.7
17.6
43.6
.0
.0
.6
2
12
163
(a)
16.7
17.2
(a)
83.3
81.0
(a)
.0
1.8
1593.3
3842.1
388 32. 2
6.4
57.9
66.0
.0
.0
1.8
Total native-born
9
53
(a)
1.9
(a)
92.5
(a)
5.7
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French..
Hebrew
13
22
20
32
31
23.1
45.5
.0
12.5
38.7
76.9
54.5
100.0
87.5
61.3
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
16
15
12
5
6
0.0
.0
.0
(«)
(a)
93.8
100.0
100.0
(a)
(a)
6.3
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
23
7
6
2
1
0.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
78.3
(°)
(°)
(«)
(a)
21.7
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
52
44
38
39
38
5.8
22.7
.0
15.4
31.6
82.7
72.7
94.7
84.6
68.4
11.5
4.5
5.3
.0
.0
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total . .
170 28. 8
70. 6 .6
88
4.5
94.3
1.1
62
1.6
74.2
24.2
320
16.9
77.8
5.3
Total native-born of
foreign father
26
34
136
69.2
58.8
21.3
30.8
41.2
77.9
.0
.0
.7
8
12
76
(a)
16.7
2.6
(a)
83.3
96.1
(a)
.0
1.3
1
12
50
(«)
8.3
.0
(0)
83.3
72.0
(a)
8.3
28.0
35
58
262
54.3
39.7
11.8
45.7
58.6
82.1
.0
1.7
6.1
Total native-born . .
Total foreign-born. .
TOTAL.
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French..
Hebrew
30
37
43
78
64
26.7
43.2
23.3
43.6
50.0
73.3
56.8
76.7
56.4
48.4
0.0
.0
.0
.0
1.6
38
31
32
33
30
7.9
3.2
.0
24.2
13.3
84.2
96.8
100.0
75.8
86.7
7.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
50
16
14
3
3
0.0
.0
.0
(a)
(a)
84.0
87.5
85.7
(a)
(a)
16.0
12.5
14.3
(a)
(a)
118
84
89
114
97
9.3
20.2
11.2
36.8
37.1
81.4
77.4
86.5
63.2
61.9
9.3
2.4
2.2
.0
1.0
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
359
44.3
55.2
.6
263
12.9
85.6
1.5
124
1.6
83.9
14.5
746
I'll. 1
70.6
3.2
Total native-born of
foreign father
39
51
308
76.9
66.7
40.6
23.1
33.3
58.8
.0
.0
.6
10
24
239
30.0
16.7
12.6
70.0
83.3
85.8
.0
.0
1.7
1
21
103
(a)
4.8
1.0
(a)
90.5
82.5
(a)
4.8
16.5
50
96
650
66.0
40.6
24.0
34.0
58.3
72.5
.0
1.0
3.5
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East. 489
The preceding table shows that of 746 persons reporting their con-
jugal condition, 26.1 per cent are single, 70.6 per cent are married,
and 3.2 per cent are widowed. In the group of persons from 20 to 29
years of age 55.2 per cent are married and .6 per cent are widowed.
Of those who are from 30 to 44 years of age 85.6 per cent are married
and 1.5 per cent are widowed. Of the persons who are 45 years of
age or over 83.9 per cent are married and 14.5 per cent are widowed.
In the groups of persons from 20 to 29 years of age and from 30 to 44
years of age those of foreign birth show a considerably higher percent-
age who are married than persons who are native-born of foreign father;
the persons of foreign birth show also small proportions widowed
in each of these groups, as contrasted with none of the native-born of
foreign father who are widowed. In the group showing persons 20
years of age or over the persons of foreign birth show 72.5 per cent
married and 3.5 per cent widowed, as contrasted with 34 per cent of the
native-born of foreign father who are married and none who are
widowed. Among persons of foreign birth the South Italians show the
highest per cent married in the group of persons from 20 to 29 years
of age and from 30 to 44 years of age. In the first named group the
Poles show the lowest percentage married and the highest per cent
widowed, and in the last-named group the Lithuanians show the lowest
per cent married and the French Canadians the highest percentage
widowed. Among the foreign-born persons who are 45 years of age and
over the Hebrews show the highest percentage married, closely fol-
lowed by the South Italians and the French Canadians, the latter
showing the highest per cent widowed in this group. Of all the
foreign-born persons 20 years of age or over the South Italians show
the highest per cent married and the Poles the lowest per cent married.
In this group the French Canadians show the highest percentage
widowed and the Lithuanians no persons who are widowed. In the
groups including persons from 20 to 29 years of age, from 30 to 44
years of age, and 20 years of age or over, the females show a consider-
ably higher per cent married than the males, while in the group
including persons 45 years of age or over the males show a consider-
ably higher percentage of married persons than the females. In the
groups from 20 to 29 years of age, 45 years of age or over, and 20 years
of age or over, the females show a higher percentage widowed than
the males, while in the group of persons from 30 to 44 years of age a
slightly higher percentage of males than of females are widowed.
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table next presented shows, by sex, general nativity, and race
of head of household, the percentage of persons in the households
studied, within each specified age group .
490
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 233. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
56
152
82
100
108
95
14.3
15.1
13.4
22.0
19.4
25.3
8.9
19.1
20.7
10.0
3.7
7.4
0.0
3.9
2.4
4.0
.0
1.1
7.1
10.5
14.6
10.0
5.6
6.3
19.6
18.4
18.3
24.0
43.5
33.7
48.2
15.1
19.5
21.0
26.9
24.2
1.8
17.8
11.0
9.0
.9
2.1
Canadian, French
Hebrew
Italian, South. .. . ...
Lithuanian
Polish .
flranrl total
726
17.9
12.7
2.1
8.7
26.0
24.1
8.5
Total native-born
35
691
20.0
17.8
8.6
12.9
.0
2.2
5.7
8.8
11.4
26.8
28.6
23.9
25.7
7.7
Total foreign-born
Grand total .
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born.
FEMALE.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
45
35 6
13 3
0 0
11 1
22.2
13 3
4.4
Canadian, French
140
15.7
19.3
5.7
7.9
17.9
15.7
17.9
Hebrew
103
13.6
19.4
6.8
13.6
25.2
14.6
6.8
Italian, South
80
28.8
15.0
1.3
6.3
26.3
15.0
7.5
Lithuanian
74
28 4
5 4
.0
10 8
45 9
6.8
2.7
Polish...
59
22.0
8.5
1.7
6.8
49.2
10.2
1.7
TOTAL.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
101
23.8
10.9
0.0
8.9
20.8
32.7
3.0
Canadian, French. .
292
15.4
19.2
'4.8
9.2
18.2
15.4
17.8
Hebrew
185
13 5
20 0
4.9
14.1
22.2
16.8
8.6
Italian, South
180
25.0
12.2
2.8
8.3
25.0
18.3
8.3
Lithuanian
182
23.1
4.4
.0
7.7
44.5
18.7
1.6
Polish
154
24.0
7.8
1.3
6.5
39.6
18.8
1.9
Grand total .
1,345
18.8
14 1
2.9
8.7
26.7
19.6
9.2
Total native-born
76
11.8
9.2
3.9
5.3
15.8
25.0
28.9
Total foreign-born
1 269
19 2
14 4
2.8
8.9
27.3
19.2
8.0
Of the 1,345 individuals in the households studied, more than 50
per cent were over 20 years of age. The proportion of children is
higher among the foreign-born than among the native-born, while
the percentage of older persons is much greater among the native-
born. Among the races the only striking variations from the aver-
age are the proportion of French Canadians in the oldest group, the
proportion of Lithuanians and Poles in the 20 to 29 year group, and
of Armenians in the 30 to 44 year group.
CHAPTER XIX.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Ownership of homes — Citizenship — Ability to speak English — [Text Tables 234 to 238
and General Tables 154 to 159].
OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.
Home ownership by families, the heads of which were of foreign
birth, may be considered as a strong indication of permanent settle-
ment, and the facts in this connection relative to the families the
heads of which were employed in the shoe-manufacturing industry
in Community B are set forth in the following table, according to
general nativity and race of head of family:
TABLE 234. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
number of
families.
Owing home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
24
19
59
9
34
10
14
40
34
24
7
2
10
29.2
(")
16.9
w
23.5
(•)
(»)
5.0
5.9
8.3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French . .
Greek
Hebrew
8
5
1
2
2
2
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Grand total
267
39
14.6
Total native-born
24
243
7
32
29.2
13.2
Total foreign-born
"Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that 14.6 per cent of the families in this
locality for which information was secured own their homes. The
proportion of families owning homes is larger for the native-born
of native father than for the foreign-born. Among the foreign-born,
the Hebrews and French Canadians, in the order mentioned, have
the largest and the South Italians and Lithuanians the smallest pro-
portion of families owning homes.
CITIZENSHIP.
The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the present
political condition of foreign-born males, in the households studied,
who had been in the United States five years or over, and who were
21 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.
491
492
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 235.— Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent—
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Fully nat-
uralized.
Having
first papers
only.
Armenian .
9
21
7
14
2
5
19
24
21
7
9
1
7
2
1
2
2
1
1
(")
42.9
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
8.3
.0
00
4.8
00
(")
00
00
(Q) 4.2
19.0
Canadian, French ... .
Greek
Hebrew
2
Irish
Italian, North
2
3
1
4
Italian, South
T.jt.hnanian
Polish.
Total j
122
31
14
25.4
11.5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of the 122 foreign-born males studied
who had been in the United States five years or over, and who were
21 years of age or over at the time of arrival, 25.4 per cent are
fully naturalized and 11.5 per cent have first papers only. The
proportion of individuals fully naturalized is largest in the case of the
French Canadians, and that of individuals who have first papers only
is largest in the case of the Poles.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
As regards the ability to speak English, the following table shows,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the percentage
of persons, in the households studied, 6 years of age or over who could
speak English:
TABLE 236. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting,
ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.]
The totals, how-
General nativity and race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, Canadian, French
60
46
69
42
58
67
81
66
66
23
54
10
63
45
45
45
126
69
123
52
121
112
126
111
98.3
93.5
92.8
47.6
96.6
76.1
56.8
53.0
100.0
65.2
77.8
40.0
84.1
33.3
11.1
51.1
99.2
84.1
86.2
46.2
90.1
58.9
40.5
52.3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
T.ittmanjan , , .
Polish
Grand total . .
548
427
975
78.1
68.9
74.1
Total native-born of foreign father
97
451
124
303
221
754
99.0
73.6
100.0
56.1
99.5
66.6
Total foreign-born
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the East.
493
From the data presented in the preceding table it appears that the
proportion of individuals 6 years of age or over, both males and
females, who speak English is considerably larger in the case of the
native-born of foreign father than in the case of the foreign-born.
Among the foreign-born the Hebrews, Armenians, and French Cana-
dians, in the order mentioned, have the largest, and the Greeks and
Poles the smallest proportion of males, and the Hebrews, French
Canadians, and Armenians have the largest, and the Lithuanians and
Greeks the smallest proportion of females who speak English. Only
11.1 percent of the Lithuanian females are able to speak English,
as against 56.8 per cent of the Lithuanian males.
The progress of immigrants in acquiring an ability to speak English,
according to age at time of arrival in this country, is considered in
the table next submitted. This table shows, by age at time of com-
ing to the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-
born persons, in the households studied, 8 years of age or over, who
could speak English.
TABLE 237. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak
English, by age at
time of coming to
United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Armenian . . . ..
69
123
52
121
112
126
111
100.0
95.2
100.0
100.0
90.5
(a)
60.0
81.7
81.5
36.4
84.0
51.6
39.8
51.9
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew . . ....
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
754
95.2
59.7
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Among the individuals in this locality for whom information was
secured 95.2 per cent of those who came here when under 14 years
of age are able to speak English, as against only 59.7 per cent of those
who came here when 14 or over. All of the Armenians, Greeks
and Hebrews who came to the United States when under 14 years,
and a considerable proportion of the individuals of every other race
except the Polish, speak English, while the proportion of individuals
who came here when 14 years or over who speak English is largest for
the Hebrews, Armenians, and French Canadians, in the order men-
tioned, and smallest for the Greeks and Lithuanians.
The progress made by employees of non-English-speaking races
and members of their households in acquiring the ability to speak
English after designated periods of residence in this country is set
forth in the table next presented, which shows, by years in the United
States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons,
in the households studied, 6 years of age or over who could speak
English.
494
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 238. — Per cent of foreign-born parsons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By vears in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak English, by
years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Armenian
69
123
52
121
112
126
111
50.0
66.7
31.6
79.5
37.0
20.4
39.0
94.1
(a)
84.6
100.0
70.3
51.0
57.6
100.0
87.5
(«)
94.9
79.3
66.7
84.2
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
754
41.9
70.5
87.7
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows ability to speak English according to
length of residence in the United States. Of the individuals who
have been in the United States ten years or over 87.7 per cent, of
those who have been here from five to nine years 70.5 per cent, and
of those who have been here under five years 41.9 per cent can speak
English. The Hebrews, French Canadians, and Armenians, in the
order mentioned, have the largest and the Lithuanians and Greeks
the smallest proportion of individuals in the United States under
5 years who speak English, and the Hebrews, Armenians, and Greeks,
in the order mentioned, have the largest and the Lithuanians and
Poles the smallest proportion of individuals who have been here
from five to nine years who speak English, while the proportion of
individuals who have been here ten years or over who speak English
is largest for the Armenians, Hebrews, and French Canadians, in the
order mentioned, and smallest for the Lithuanians.
PART III.— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
IN THE MIDDLE WEST.
495
PART III— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE
MIDDLE WEST,
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Employees for whom information was secured — [Text Table 239 and General
Table 160].
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
As has already been pointed out the study of the industry in the
Middle West was restricted to the information received for employees.0
No household investigation was made. The following table shows
the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom infor-
mation was secured:
TABLE 239. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
2,395
44
2
88
3
21
5
66
22
962
170
14
2
4
1
1
14
17
1
4
27
1
1
5
49
20
5
3
1,826
1
2
65
3
11
2
46
18
609
215
2
4,221
45
4
153
6
32
7
112
40
1,571
385
16
2
7
1
1
24
25
1
11
47
3
1
5
60
20
6
5
52.0
1.0
(b)
1.9
.1
.5
.1
1.4
.5
20.9
3.7
.3
(")
(»)'
(»)
.3
.4.
(»)
!e
8
.1
1.1
.4
.1
.1
61.9
(»)
.1
2.2
.1
.4
.1
1.6
.6
20.6
7.3
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.3
.3
.0
.2
.7
.1
.0
.0
.3
.0
(b)
55.9
.6
.1
2.0
.1
.4
.1
1.5
.5
20.8
5.1
.2
(6)
(6)
W.3
.3
(6).l
.6
(6)
W
.1
.8
.3
.1
.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
Canada
Denmark . .
England
France
Germany ....
Ireland
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
3
Norway
Roumania
Russia
10
8
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
7
20
2
Switzerland
Wales
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian .
Bohemian and Moravian
11
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
1
2
Canadian. Other..
oSeePt. I, Ch. I.
6 Less than 0.05 per cent.
497
498
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 239. — Employees for whom information ivas secured, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
f!rna,tia.n.
3
6
3
20
1
2
137
121
38
18
26
36
39
1
16
11
2
6
48
2
39-
13
3
4
1
1
20
7
23
3
6
3
24
2
3
189
121
38
21
38
36
39
1
16
15
2
6
53
2
39
13
4
4
1
3
20
8
23
1
1
2
1
5
.1
.1
.1
.4
(a)
(a)
3.0
2.6
.8
.4
.6
.8
.8
(a)
.3
2
(«)'
LO
(a)
.8
.3
.1
.1
(a)
(a).4
.2
.5
.0
(a)
(a
(a)
.1
.0
.0
.0
.1
(a)
(a)
1.8
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.1
.0
(a)
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
(«)
(")
.3
(a)
(a)
2.5
1.6
.5
.3
.5
.5
.5
(0).2
.2
(")
'.7
(a)
.5
.2
.1
.1
(<0
(°)
.3
.1
.3
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Danish
Dutch
English
4
1
1
52
Finnish . .
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
3
12
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Macvar
4
rt"feJ
Mexican
Norwegian
Polish
5
Portuguese . . .
Roumanian ... .
Russian
Scotch .
1
Servian..
Slovak
Spanish
2
Swedish
Syrian
1
Turkish
Welsh
1
Australian (race not specified)
1
2
1
5
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total
4,603
2,951
7,554
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
1,426
3,865
738
1,023
2,850
101
2,449
6,715
839
31.0
84.0
16.0
34.7
96.6
3.4
32.4
88.9
11.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Less than 0.05 per cent.
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of immigration to the boot and shoe manufacturing establishments of St.
Louis — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees — Racial
classification of employees at the present time — [Text Tables 240 and 241 and
General Table 161].
The racial movements of the principal States of the Middle West
engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, so far as indicated by
the federal census returns, by country of birth and parentage of
foreign-born employees, have already been discussed. As further
illustrative of the history of immigration to this geographical division
of the industry, however, the racial displacements in the boot and
shoe manufacturing establishments of St. Louis, the most repre-
sentative center of the industry in the Middle West, may be briefly
set forth.
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION TO THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING
ESTABLISHMENTS OF ST. LOUIS.
The manufacturing of shoes in St. Louis began nearly forty years
ago. To establish the industry it was necessary to secure men as
foremen who had had training and experience. New England at the
time occupied the commanding position in this industry, and it was
toward this section that St. Louis turned for well-trained men. The
men secured were native whites, and these men, as foremen, together
with local native whites and Germans and Irish, formed the working
nucleus of what has become one of the most important industries in
St. Louis to-day. As the industry expanded the more skilled of this
force were employed by other companies or in other plants of the
same company, in the same capacity as were those from New England.
Only within the last ten years have the more recent immigrants to
this country entered the industry in this particular section, of whom
the first were Italians employed in 1900. This race was followed by
the Bohemians and Poles in 1902, the Greek, Armenian, and a few
Turks in 1904, and a small number of Swedes and Magyars in 1905.
In the opinion of the officials of several companies, not over 16 per
cent of the employees in this locality are of the more recent immigrant
races. This proportion, when the large number of employees is con-
sidered, is a very small percentage. Moreover, a considerable pro-
portion is of the second generation. From officials and employees
long in the service of their respective companies it may be assumed
that the races previously named are the only ones that have become
a factor in operating the various plants. In St. Louis, as in other
large cities where the various plants are so widely scattered, the racial
make-up of each plant's force is governed almost entirely by its
499
500
The Immigration Commission.
location. By way of illustration, one plant is located in the heart of
an Irish and German community, another in a Polish, and still
another in a section of St. Louis where the Bohemians are quite
strong. Wherever this preponderance of one race over another is
found this race predominates over the others not so strongly repre-
sented in the various plants, the Americans being an exception.
The more recent immigrants have entered, without exception, the
unskilled occupations. Rare exceptions in the case of individuals
have been noted. In this connection the Italian is more favorably
commented on than the others. This is attributed to his knowledge
of the needle and knife gained in his native country, where many
of the race have worked as "cobblers." There are certain occupa-
tions requiring a little instruction that these people enter, but such
should be termed specialized rather than skilled.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES.
The character of recent and past immigration to the factories in the
Middle West may be seen in the following table, which shows by sex
and race the percentage of foreign-born employees who had been in
the United States each specified number of years. Length of resi-
dence in this country and in the Middle West are not necessarily
identical, but they closely approximate each other.
DABLE 240. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
totals, however, are for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or over.
German. ...
136
116
14.7
86.2
10.3
12.9
4.4
.0
11.0
.0
59.6
.9
Greek
Total
722
44.5
19.3
4.4
6.4
25.5
FEMALE.
German. . .
50
30.0
22.0
12 0
20 0
16.0
Greek
0
Total
97
28.9
18.6
15.5
20.6
16.5
TOTAL.
German
186
18.8
13,4
6.5
13.4
47.8
Greek .
116
86 2
12 9
0
0
9
Total
819
42.6
19.2
5.7
8.1
24.4
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the Middle West. 501
Of the two races studied in the preceding table, the German, being
a race of older immigration, shows a smaller proportion who have been
in the United States each specified number of years under 10, and a
larger proportion having had a period of residence of each specified
number of years above 15.
RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
The racial composition of the operating forces of the factories in
the Middle West is indicated by the table next presented, which sets
forth by sex the number and percentage of employees of each race
for whom information was secured.
TABLE 241. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY Off EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White ..
2,395
44
2
88
3
21
5
66
22
962
170
14
2
4
1
1
14
17
1
4
27
1
1
5
49
20
5
3
3
6
3
20
1
2
137
121
38
18
26
36
39
1
16
11
2
6
48
2
39
1,826
1
2
65
3
11
2
46
18
609
215
2
4,221
45
4
153
6
32
7
112
40
1,571-
385
16
2
7
1
1
24
25
1
11
47
3
1
5
60
20
6
5
3
6
3
24
2
3
189
121
38
21
38
36
39
1
16
15
2
6
53
2
39
52.0
1.0
(a)
1.9
.1
.5
.1
1.4
.5
- 20.9
3.7
.3
(a)
(«)'
(")
.3
.4
(a)
.'e
&
.1
1.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.4
Art
(a)
3.0
2.6
.8
.4
.6
.8
.8
^.3
.2
(a)
LO
(fl).,
61.9
(a)
.1
2.2
.1
.4
.1
1.6
.6
20.6
7.3
.1
.0
.1
.0
.0
.3
.3
.0
.2
.7
.1
.0
.0
.3
.0
(a)
!o
.0
.0
.1
ft
(a)
1.8
.0
.0
.1
.4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.2
.0
.0
55.9
.6
.1
2.0
.1
.4
.1
1.5
.5
20.8
5.1
.2
(Q)
(a)
(a>.3
.3
(a)
!e
ft
(°)
.1
.8
.3
.1
.1
(«)
(r3
(a)
(a)
2.5
1.6
.5
.3
.5
.5
.5
(B).2
.2
(a)
'.1
(0).5
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungarv
Belgium . .
Canada
Denmark
England .
France
Germanv
Ireland .
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands..
3
Norway
Roumania
Russia
10
8
Scotland
Spain
Sweden . . .
7
20
2
Switzerland
Wales.
Africa (country not specified)
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian. .
Bohemian and Moravian
11
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
1
2
Canadian, Other
Croatian ....
Danish
Dutch
English
4
1
1
52
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
3
12
Irish . .
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
4
Mexican
Norwegian . . .
Polish
5
Portuguese
Roumanian . .
Less than 0.05 per cent.
502
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 241. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Russian
13
3
4
1
1
20
7
23
13
4
4
1
3
20
8
23
1
1
2
1
5
.3
.1
.1
(«)
(«)
'.2
.5
.0
(a)
(a)
(«)
.0
(»)
.0
.0
.1
.0
w
.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.2
.1
.1
(«)
(a)
.3
.1
.3
(°)
(«)
(a)
(")
Scotch
1
Servian. . .
Slovak
Spanish
2
Swedish
Syrian
1
Turkish
Welsh
1
Australian (race not specified)
1
2
1
5
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Grand total . . .
4,603
2,951
7,554
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
1,426
3,86o
738
1,023
2,850
101
2,449
6,715
839
31.0
84.0
16.0
34.7
96.6
3.4
32.4
88.9
11.1
Total native-born .
Total foreign-born
a Less than 0.05 per cent.
Information was secured for 7,554 individuals. Of these, 16 per
cent of the males and only 3.4 per cent of the females are foreign-
born; 31 per cent of the males and 34.7 per cent of the females are
native-born of foreign father, and 52 per cent of the males and 61.9
per cent of the females are native-born of native father, white. Only
1 per cent of the males and a fraction of a per cent of the females
are native-born of native father, negro. The fathers of a very large
proportion of the native-born of foreign father, both males and
females, were born in Germany and the fathers of a somewhat smaller
proportion in Ireland. The principal races of the foreign-born are,
in the case of the males, the German, Greeks, Bohemians and Mora-
vians, Poles, Russian Hebrews, North Italians, South Italians, and
Roumanians, in the order mentioned, and in the case of the females
the Germans, Irish, and Bohemians and Moravians, in the order
mentioned.
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Principal occupation of immigrant employees before coming to the United States —
Weekly earnings— [Text Tables 242 to 247 and General Tables 162 to 165].
PRINCIPAL OCCUPATION OF IMMIGRANT EMPLOYEES BEFORE COMING
TO THE UNITED STATES.
In order that an intelligent conception may be had of the economic
status of immigrant employees of the shoe manufacturing industry
in the Middle West, it is necessary to set forth their industrial condi-
tion before emigrating from their native countries. Such an exhibit
is also valuable in showing what training and experience foreign-born
operatives in the shoe manufacturing industry had abroad in the same
industry in which they are now employed. Consequently before enter-
ing into a discussion of their present economic status the following
tables are submitted, which shows, by race, the proportion of foreign-
born employees who were in each specified occupation before coming
to the United States:
TABLE 242. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United
States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing and
farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Domes-
tic serv-
ice.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian.
3
23
8
1
2
4
1
6
1
55
53
30
14
14
29
21
1
15
9
4
29
1
25
1
18
4
1
1
1
1
2
Bohemian and Moravian .
Bulgarian
1
1
2
2
Canadian, French
Croatian
1
1
Danish
1
1
2
1
27
11
27
14
5
23
15
1
2
6
3
6
1
1
3
Dutch.
English
1
3
Finnish .
German
6
6
4
13
4
2
9
8
1
2
11
2
3
1
Greek
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other..
Irish
5
1
3
1
1
1
2
Italian, North . .
4
Italian, South
2
1
Lithuanian
Macedonian
1
1
2
3
6
1
1
a
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
3
17
1
2
Portuguese
Roumanian . .
2
4
2
3
12
1
48296°— VOL 12—11-
503
504
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 242. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United
States, by race — Continued.
Race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing and
farm
labor.
General
labor.
Hand
trades.
Domes-
tic serv-
ice.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Russian
7
1
1
1
16
6
3
1
1
1
4
5
1
1
1
Servian
Slovak
1
1
8
4
Spanish
Swedish
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
Syrian
Turkish
2
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
Austrian (race not specified).
Belgian (race not specified) . .
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
1
1
4
391
195
24
00
14
33
4
42
19
TABLE 243. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the United
States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in—
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing and
farm
labor.
Domes-
tic serv-
ice.
Sewing,
em-
broider-
ing, and
lace
mak-
ing.
Teach-
ing.
Trade.
Bohemian and Moravian.
7
2
1
1
1
German
3
1
3
Irish
1
1
Magyar
1
Welsh
1
Total
12
4
1
4
1
2
WEEKLY EARNINGS.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the
percentage of male employees 18 years of age or over who were earn-
ing each specified amount each week.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the Middle West. 505
TABLE 244. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and
race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
$5 or
over.
$7.50
or
over.
$10 or
over.
$12.50
or
over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or
over.
$20 or
over.
$25 or
over.
Native-born of native
father, White
1,570
684
137
105
92
$12. 21
13.10
9.13
12.76
9.82
98.0
99.1
99.3
98.1
93.5
88.7
93.1
96.4
85.7
77.2
69.4
76.8
79.6
68.6
48.9
39.0
48.8
52.6
46.7
15.2
29.9
36.7
46.0
38.1
12.0
13.9
14.9
23.4
20.0
2.2
4.7
6.7
15.3
4.8
.0
1.5
1.8
5.1
1.9
.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
German
Greek
Grand total
3,238
12.29
98.4
90.1
71.0
41.7
32.4
1 1. c,
5.7
1.7
Total native-born of for-
eign father
1,032
2,642
596
12. 68
12. 35
12.00
99.3
98.5
98.0
94.2
90.9
86.4
78.2
72.4
65.1
49.5
42.6
37.4
38.3
32.7
31.0
16.5
14.7
14.1
8.0
5.9
4.4
2.4
1.8
1.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
The preceding table shows that almost all male employees 18 years
of age or over for whom information was secured earn $5 or over per
week, 90.1 per cent earn $7.50 or over, 71 per cent earn $10 or over,
41.7 per cent earn $12.50 or over, 32.4 per cent earn $15 or over, 14.6
per cent earn $17.50 or over, 5.7 per cent earn $20 or over, and only
1.7 per cent earn $25 or over. It will be noted that the proportion
of individuals earning each sum specified is considerably larger for the
native-born of foreign father than for either the native-born of native
father or the foreign-born. A larger proportion of the native-born of
native father than of the foreign-born earn $7.50 or over, $10 or over,
$12.50 or over, $20 or over, and $25 or over per week, respectively,
while a larger proportion of the foreign-born than of the native-born
of native father earn weekly $15 or over and $17.50 or over. As
regards the foreign-born, the Germans show a considerably larger pro-
portion earning each of the sums specified than do the Greeks.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race, the
percentage of female employees 18 years of age or over who were
earning each specified amount each week.
506
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 245. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
82.50 or
over.
$5 or over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
$15 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
1,015
392
156
87.57
8.35
9.42
99.2
100.0
100.0
89.3
95.2
98.1
51.0
63.0
80.1
16.0
22.7
39.7
1.8
3.8
5.1
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Grand total
1,742
8.00
99.5
91.9
57.7
20.5
2.9
Total native-born of foreign
father
669
1,684
58
8.65
8.00
8.04
100.0
99.5
100.0
95.7
91.8
94.8
68.0
57.8
56.9
27.4
20.5
20.7
4.6
2.9
1.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
From the data presented in the above table it appears that of the
female employees 18 years of age or over for whom information was
secured almost all earn $2.50 or over per week, 91.9 per cent earn $5
or over, 57.7 per cent earn $7.50 or over, 20.5 per cent earn $10 or
over, and 2.9 per cent earn $15 or over. The proportion of employ-
ees earning $5 or over, $7.50 or over, and $10 or over per week, respec-
tively, is largest for the native-born of foreign father, second largest
for the foreign-born, and smallest for the native-born of native father.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age who were
earning each specified amount each week:
TABLE 246. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
621
185
$5.60
5.76
98.4
98.4
60.2
63.8
20.6
20.5
3.7
4.3
Native-born of foreign father, by country of
birth of father, Germany .
Grand total
951
5.73
98.5
63.3
21.8
4.4
Total native-born of foreign father..
261
884
67
5.80
5.66
6.71
98.9
98.5
98.5
67.0
62.3
76.1
21.1
20.7
35.8
4.2
3.8
11.9
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the Middle West. 507
It appears from the data presented in the foregoing table that 98.5
per cent of the male employees 14 and under 18 years of age for whom
information was secured earn $2.50 or over per week; that 63.3 per
cent earn $5 or over; that 21.8 per cent earn $7.50 or over; and that
only 4.4 per cent earn $10 or over. The proportion of individuals
earning $5 or over, $7.50 or over, and $10 or over per week, respec-
tively, is largest for the foreign-born, second largest for the native-
born of foreign father, and smallest for the native-born of native
father.
The table next submitted shows, by general nativity and race, the
percentage of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age who
were earning each specified amount each week:
TABLE 247. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.l]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Nati\>e-born of native father, White. .
679
170
$5.03
5.30
96.6
98.8
50.5
58.8
10.9
11.2
0.9
1.2
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father, Germany
Grand total
975
5.20
97.2
53.7
13.2
1.4
Total native-born of foreign father
Total native-born .
207
947
28
5.50
5.16
6.67
98.5
97.1
(a)
60.3
53.2
(a)
16.5
12.5
(a)
1.9
1.2
(a)
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the female employees 14 and under 18 years of age for whom
information was secured, 97.2 per cent earn $2.50 or over per week,
53.7 per cent $5 or over, 13.2 per cent $7.50 or over, and only 1.4
per cent $10 or over. The proportion of individuals earning $5 or
over, $7.50 or over, and $10 or over per week, respectively, is larger
for the native-born of foreign father than for the native-born of
native father.
CHAPTER IV.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees — [Text
Tables 248 to 253 and General Tables 166 to 170].
LITERACY.
The degree of literacy which prevails among the employees of the
shoe manufacturing industry is set forth in the table next presented.
It shows by general nativity and race of individual the percentage
of employees who were able to read and the percentage who were
able to read and write.
TABLE 248. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUD? OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White.
2,333
88
65
952
167
137
118
'1,782
64
46
601
208
50
4,115
152
111
1,553
375
187
118
99.7
100.0
98.5
99.9
100.0
99.3
96.6
99.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.8
100.0
99. 1
99.9
100.0
99.5
96.6
99.7
100.0
98.5
99.9
100.0
98.5
96.6
99.8
100.0
100.0
99 8
100.0
98.0
99.7
100.0
99.1
99.9
100.0
98.4
96.6
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Austria-Hungary
England...
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
German
Greek
Grand total
4,511
2,887
7, 398
99.1
99.9
99.5
99.0
99.8
99.3
Total native-born of foreign
father
1,411
3,787
724
1,005
2,788
99
2,416
6,575
823
99.8
99.7
96.0
100.0
99.9
100.0
99.9
99.8
96.5
99.8
99.7
95.3
99.9
99.8
99.0
99.8
99.7
95.7
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of 7,398 employees investigated, 4,511 were males and 2,887 were
females, 99.5 per cent of the total number reporting can read and
99.3 per cent can both read and write. Of the males 99.1 per cent
can read and 99 per cent can both read and write, while of the females
99.9 per cent are able to read and 99.8 per cent can read and write.
The employees who are native-born of foreign father show the high-
est percentage who can read and who can read and write, followed
by the employees who are native-born whites of native father, each
of these nativity groups showing over 99 per cent. The employees
509
510
The Immigration Commission.
of foreign birth follow in somewhat smaller proportions. It is par-
ticularly noticeable that in each nativity group the percentage of
females who can read and who can both read and write is higher than
that of males having this ability. Of the employees whose fathers
were born in Austria-Hungary and in Ireland, all can read and
write; of those whose fathers were born in England and Germany, 100
per cent of the females of the first-mentioned race can read and write
and 100 per cent of the females of the race last mentioned can read
and in somewhat smaller proportions can both read and write. Of
the male employees of these two races those whose fathers were born
in Germany show a higher percentage wTho can read and write than
those of English parentage. Among the foreign-born employees a
greater degree of literacy is observed among the Germans than among
the Greeks, the German employees showing a higher percentage of
females who can read than of males, while the males show a greater
proportion who can both read and write than females.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The following table shows, by sex and general nativity and race,
the percentage of employees 20 years of age or over who were in each
conjugal condition:
TABLE 249. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY 'Oil EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White.. . .
1,384
51
635
127
114
47.2
33.3
46.5
45.7
19.3
51.1
64.7
51.5
51.2
78.9
1.7
2.0
2.0
3.1
1.8
Native-born of foreign father by country of birth of
father:
England
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by rane, German --
Grand total
2,976
46.2
51.7
2.0
Total native-born of foreign father
962
2,384
592
46.8
46.6
44.4
50.9
51.3
53.4
2.3
2.0
2.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White
690
72 2
15 9
11 9
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
England
32
65 6
12 5
2) 9
Germany
276
83.7
7.6
8.7
Ireland
150
85 3
4 0
10 7
Foreign-born, by race, German
30
53 3
36 7
10.0
Grand total
1,261
75 8
13 0
11 2
Total native-born of foreign father..
509
82 9
7 3
9 8
Total native-born
1,199
76.7
12.3
11.0
Total foreign-born.. .
62
58 1
27 4
14 5
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the Middle West. 511
TABLE 249. — Percent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are-
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father, White.. . . . ..
2,074
83
911
277
144
55.5
45.8
57.7
67.1
26.4
39.4
44.6
38.2
25.6
70.1
5.1
9.6
4.1
7.2
3.5
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of
father:
England...
Germany .
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race, German
Grand total
4,237
55.0
40.2
4.8
Total native-born of foreign father
1,471
3,583
654
59.3
56.7
45.7
35.8
38.3
50.9
4.9
5.0
3.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the 4,237 persons included in the preceding table, 55 per cent are
single, 40.2 per cent married, and 4.8 per cent widowed. The native-
born of foreign father shows a larger proportion than the native-born
of native father, white, which in turn shows a larger proportion than
the foreign-born, who are single. The position of the nativity groups
is reversed with regard to those who are married. A comparison
between the males and females shows that a considerably larger pro-
portion of the latter are single and widows. This is true with regard
to each nativity group.
The following table divides the totals of the table immediately pre-
ceding and shows, by sex, age groups, and by general nativity and
race, the percentage of employees who were in each conjugal condition:
TABLE 250. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
MALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are—
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
o5
'So
.a
CO
Married.
Widowed.
_OJ
be
.9
02
Married.
Widowed.
£
"So
.a
03
Married.
Widowed.
£
M
.a
03
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native
father, White
987
390
61
61.2
65.9
03. 9
38.1
33.8
32.8
0.7
.3
3.3
319
185
52
15.0
15.7
30.8
80.3
81.6
69.2
4.7
2.7
.0
78
60
14
1.3
15.0
21.4
96.2
73.3
64.3
2.6
11.7
14.3
1,384
635
127
47.2
46.5
45.7
51.1
51.5
51.2
1.7
2.0
3.1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany . .
Ireland ....
Grand total
1,886
64.3
35.0
.6
822
17.5
79.0
3.5
268
6.7
85.8
7.5
2,976
46.2
51.7
2.0
Total native-born of for-
eign father
572
1,574
312
66.3
62.8
72.1
33.0
36.5
27.6
.7
.7
.3
302
638
184
19.5
17.4
17.9
77.5
78.7
79.9
3.0
3.9
2.2
88
172
96
13.6
7.6
5.2
76.1
85.5
86.5
10.2
7.0
8.3
962
2,384
592
46.8
46.6
44.4
50.9
51.3
53.4
2.3
2.0
2.2
Total native-born. .
Total foreign-born
512
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 250. — Percent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and
by general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and
race.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
M
.5 .
S-3
g C3
%"&
So>
S3
x: ft
6S
3 O
S°
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Percent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Q
"So
c
02
Married.
Widowed.
o5
"3b
'Si
Married.
Widowed.
_»
bC
g
"m
Married.
Widowed.
_oj
"So
g
QQ
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native
father, White
583
233
123
80.6
90.1
92.7
13.0
6.4
3.3
6.3
3.4
4.1
83
39
23
32.5
48.7
52.2
31.3
15.4
4.3
36.1
35.9
43.5
24
4
4
4.2
(a)
(°)
33.3
(a)
(°)
62.5
(a)
(")
690
276
150
72.2
83.7
85.3
15.9
7.6
4.0
11.9
8.7
10.7
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany
Ireland
Grand total . .
1,04484.6
10.4
5.0
179
38.0
24.0
38.0
38
13.2
31.6
55.3
1,261
75.8
13.0
11.2
Total native-born of for-
eign father
419
1,002
42
91.4
85.1
71.4
•
5.5
9.9
23.8
3.1
5.0
4.8
81
164
15
43.2
37.8
40.0
14.8
23.2
33.3
42.0
39.0
Jii. 7
9
33
5
(a)
15.2
(a)
(a)
30.3
(a)
(a)
54.5
(")
509
1,199
62
82.9
76.7
58.1
7.3
12.3
27.4
9.8
11.0
14.5
Total native-born. . .
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father, WThite . .
1,570
623
184
68.4
75.0
83.2
28.8
23.6
13.0
2.8
1.4
3.8
402
224
75
18.7
21.4
37.3
70.1
70.1
49.3
11.2
8.5
13.3
102
64
18
2.0
17.2
27.8
81.4
68.8
55.6
16.7
14.1
16.7
2,074
911
277
55.5
57.7
67.1
39.4
38.2
25.6
5.1
4.1
7.2
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Germany ....
Ireland
Grand total
2,930
71.5
26.3
2.2
1,001
21.2
69.1
9.7
306
7.5
79.1
13.4
4,237
55.0
40.2
4.8
Total native-born of for-
eign father
991
2,576
354
76.9
71.5
72.0
21.4
26.2
27.1
1.7
2.4
.8
383
802
199
24.5
21.6
19.6
64.2
67.3
76.4
11.2
11. 1
4.0
97
205
101
16.5
8.8
5.0
71.1
76.6
84.2
12.4
14.6
10.9
1,471
3,583
654
59.3
56.7
45.7
35.8
38.3
50.9
4.9
5.0
3.4
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
In the group including persons from 20 to 29 years of age 26.3 per
cent are married and 2.2 per cent are widowed. Of those from 30 to
44 years of age 69.1 per cent are married and 9.7 per cent are widowed,
while of the employees who are 45 years of age or over 79.1 per cent
are married and 13.4 per cent are widowed. The employees of for-
eign birth show a slightly smaller percentage of persons married in
the group from 20 to 29 years of age than the employees who are
native-born of native father and a higher percentage married than the
employees who are native-born of foreign father. In the groups of
employees from 30 to 44 years of age, 45 years of age or over, and 20
years of age or over, the foreign-born exhibit the highest per cent
who are married, followed in the order mentioned by the native-
whites born of native father and the native-born of foreign father.
The foreign-born employees show a somewhat smaller percentage of
persons who are widowed in each age group than is shown either by
the native whites born of native father or the native-born of foreign
father. Of the employees native-born of foreign father those whose
fathers were born in Germany show a much higher percentage mar-
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the Middle West. 513
ried, a considerably lower percentage widowed than is shown by
employees whose fathers were born in Ireland. The male employees
exhibit a very much higher percentage married than the female em-
ployees, while the proportion of the latter who are widowed in every
age group is very much larger than the proportion of the males who
are widowed. In the groups including persons from 30 to 44 years
of age and 45 years of age or over, female employees show 38 per cent
widowed in the first mentioned group and 55.3 per cent widowed in
the latter.
As showing the location of wives of the foreign-born employees,
the following table is submitted:
TABLE 251. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and
per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only race? with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent reporting
wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
German
86
97.7
2.3
Total..
303
83.5
16.5
This table shows the proportion of all foreign-born husbands
reporting wives in the United States to be 83.5 per cent. Of the
Germans, 97.7 per cent report wives in this country.
VISITS ABROAD.
The tendency manifested by employees of foreign birth to return
to their native lands for visits, is considered in the table next pre-
sented, which shows the number of visits abroad made by foreign-
born employees according to years in the United States.
Owing to the small number reporting, percentages were not
computed.
TABLE 252. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OB* EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number in United States.
Number reporting 1 or more
visits, by years in United States.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
4
9
74
18
2
14
10
12
23
19
2
8
13
8
3
10
13
14
5
30
83
36
100
87
30
24
28
26
40
28
20
1
9
1
10
2
1
1
7
2
1
ft
1
Greek
2
4
19
4
3
14
1
1
1
1
Italian, North
4
2
1
1
Italian South
Polish
1
Turkish
1
Total
236
102
216
554
9
8
26
43
514
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 252. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number in United States.
Number reporting 1 or more
visits, by years in United States.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Under
5 years.
5 to 9
years.
10 years
or over.
Total.
Bohemian and Moravian
2
10
3
2
11
5
1
4
29
8
1
1
3
1
1
4
1
German
8
1
Irish
Polish...
Total
19
11
25
55
1
8
9
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian. . . .
6
2
32
40
2
2
German..
19
16
94
129
1
1
12
14
Greek
74
13
87
2
2
Hebrew, Russian
18
8
4
30
1
1
Irish
5
3
24
32
2
2
Italian, North..
14
10
4
28
4
2
1
7
Italian, South. .
10
13
3
26
1
1
2
Polish
12
14
15
41
1
1
Roumanian
23
5
28
1
1
Turkish
19
1
20
Total
255
113
241
609
10
8
34
52
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES.
The range in the ages of employees is exhibited in the table next
presented, which shows, by sex and general nativity and race of
individual, the percentage of employees within each specified age
group.
TABLE 253. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White .
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
2.395
88
66
962
170
137
121
41.6
40.9
22.7
33.4
24.1
16.8
34.7
27.6
26.1
22.7
23.2
18.8
8.8
37.2
14.0
10.2
24.2
17.8
17.6
14.4
16.5
7.9
9.1
12.1
9.1
19.6
12.4
3.3
5.5
12.5
12.1
10.3
20.0
17.5
7.4
2.4
1.1
4.5
4.9
8.2
17.5
.8
1.0
.0
1.5
1.4
.6
14.6
.0
England
Germany
Ireland
Foreign-born, by race:
German ...
Greek
Grand total
4,603
34.8
25.4
15.9
8.7
9.2
4.2
1.7
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
1 , 426
3,865
738
31.8
37.7
19.8
22.9
25.7
23.8
17.6
15.4
18.4
9.3
8.5
9.9
12.1
8.1
15.0
4.9
3.4
8.1
1.3
1.1
4.9
Total foreign-born
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing in the Middle West. 515
TABLE 253. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White .
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
1,826
65
46
609
215
52
62.0
80.0
30.4
54.0
29.3
42.3
25.2
13.8
32.6
29.2
39.5
28.8
6.9
3.1
17.4
9.7
18.1
9.6
2.6
.0
13.0
3.4
5.6
11.5
2.0
3.1
6.5
3.0
5.6
3.8
1.0
.0
.0
.7
1.4
.0
0.3
.0
.0
.0
.5
3.8
England
Germany
Ire'and
Foreign-born by race German
Grand total
2,951
56.9
27.0
8.7
3.3
2.8
1.0
.3
Total native-born of foreign father . .
Total native-born ^ .
1,023
2.850
101
49.6
57.6
38.6
30.2
27.0
27.7
11.3
8.5
13.9
4.0
3.1
9.9
4.0
2.7
5.0
.8
.9
2.0
.1
.2
3.0
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, Whi te .
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father :
Austria-Hungary ....
4,221
153
50.5
57.5
26.6
20.9
10.9
7.2
5.6
5.2
4.0
8.5
1.8
.7
0.7
.0
England ...
112
25.9
26.8
21.4
12.5
9.8
2.7
.9
Germany
1,571
41.4
25.5
14.6
6.9
7.4
3.2
.8
Ireland
385
27.0
30.4
17.9
7.8
11.9
4.4
.5
Foreign-born, by race:
German
189
23.8
14.3
11.6
12.2
13.8
12.7
11.6
Greek
121
34.7
37.2
16.5
3.3
7.4
.8
.0
Grand total
7,554
43.4
26.1
13.1
6.6
6.7
2.9
1.2
Total native-born of foreign father. .
Total native-born
2,449
6,715
39.2
46.1
26.0
26.3
15.0
12.5
7.1
6.2
8.7
5.8
3.2
2.4
.8
.7
Total foreign-born . .
839
22.1
24.3
17.9
9.9
13.8
7.4
4.6
Out of 7,554 employees, male and female, engaged in the shoe
industry in the Middle West, none are below the age of 14 years.
Almost 50 per cent are from 14 to 19 years of age. This is the largest
proportion in any age group. Less than 10 per cent are in each of
the following age groups: From 30 to 34, from 35 to 44, 45 to 54, and
55 or over. The foreign-born, wiien compared with the native-born
of foreign father, show a smaller proportion between the ages of 14
and 24 and a larger proportion in each age group above 24 years.
A larger proportion of male employees are between the ages of 14 and
19 years than between any other specified age group. In that age
group the proportion is 34.8 per cent. The next largest proportion
is of those between the ages of 20 and 24. Less than 10 per cent are
in each of the age groups over 30 years, only 1.7 per cent being 55
years of age or over. Among the foreign-born males, the Greeks
show, when compared with the Germans, a larger proportion in each
age group below 30 years and a smaller proportion in each age group
above 30 years. Of a total of 2,951 female employees, over half, or
56.9 per cent, are between the ages of 14 and 19 years. Less than 10
per cent are in each age group above 25 years. The foreign-born
females show a smaller proportion in each age group under 25 years
and a larger proportion in each age group over 25 years than do the
native-born of foreign father.
CHAPTER V.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Citizenship— Ability to speak English— [Text Tables 254 to 255 and General Tables
171 to 173].
CITIZENSHIP.
The extent to which foreign-born employees have acquired or
manifested an interest in attaining citizenship is set forth in the fol-
lowing table, which shows, by race, the present political condition of
foreign-born male employees who have been in the United States five
years or over and who were 2 1 years of age or over at time of coming
to this country.
TABLE 254. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.}
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number.—
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Armenian
1
4
2
1
1
1
3
30
5
3
3
6
6
5
1
1
6
2
5
5
3
2
1
1
Bohemian and Moravian .
2
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Danish
1
Dutch
1
English
2
23
German
5
2
2
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
3
1
3
1
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian.
Magyar
1
Norwegian
2
3
Polish
1
Roumanian
Russian . . .
2
4
2
1
1
Swedish
Syrian
Swiss (race not specified) ....
2
Total
98
45
23
From the data presented in the above table it appears that of the
98 male employees for whom information was secured 45, or 45.9
per cent, are fully naturalized, and that 23 employees, or 23.5 per cent,
have first papers only.
517
518
The Immigration Commission.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The following table shows, by sex and race, the percentage of
foreign-born employees of non-English-speaking races who were able
to speak English :
TABLE 255. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 80 or more persons reporting. The total, however,
is for all non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
German.
136
116
49
185
116
94.1
55.2
87.8
92.4
55.2
Greek..
Total.. .
661
78
739
75.6
89.7
77.1
It appears from the data presented in the above table that 89.7
per cent of the foreign -born females for whom information was
secured can speak English, as compared with 75.6 per cent of the
males. This low percentage of persons able to speak English for
males, as compared with females, is apparently very largely due to
the fact that no Greek females were included in the report. Only
55.2 per cent of the Greek males speak English. The proportion of
English speaking Germans is noticeably higher in the case of the males
than in the case of the females.
GENERAL TABLES.
I.— GENERAL SURVEY: TABLES 1 53.
H.— THE EAST: TABLES 54-159.
HI.— THE MIDDLE WEST: TABLES 160-173.
48296°— VOL 12—11—34 519
GENERALE XPLANATION OF TABLES.
Persons of native birth have been divided into two general groups
and further subdivided under each of the two, as follows:
1. Native-born of native father.
Persons under this group are classified as White, Negro, Indian,
Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, and Korean.
2. Native-born of foreign father.
Persons under this group are further classified according to race
of father in all tables where the data were secured for households and
according to country of birth of father in all tables where the data
were secured for employees. Where classification is by race of father,
the classification used for several years by the United States Bureau
of Immigration and Naturalization is followed.
Persons of foreign birth are classified according to race (or people).
The classification of the United States Bureau of Immigration and
Naturalization is followed.
In the study of households information is presented-
1. By general nativity and race of the "individual" in all tables
which show facts which are personal in their nature, such as English
speaking, occupation, or conjugal condition.
2. By general nativity and race of "head of family" in tables con-
cerned with family matters, for example, family income.
3. By general nativity and race of "head of household" in all
tables dealing with living conditions, among which are tables showing
the composition of the household and the number of persons per
room and per sleeping room. The distinction which has been made
throughout this study between "family" and "household" is depend-
ent upon the use of the term "apartment."
An "apartment" is a room or rooms within which all the usual
daily processes of living, namely, cooking, eating, and sleeping, are
carried on by the occupants. According to this definition an apart-
ment may be, for example, a whole house, or it may be a single room
of what was originally intended as an apartment, or it may be a corner
of a wareroom or the back of a storeroom partitioned off and set
aside for household uses. Two or more groups of occupants with
distinctly separate money interests frequently rent a number of rooms
jointly, occupying certain rooms separately but sharing one or more,
usually the kitchen, or kitchen and living room. Under these condi-
tions neither the rooms used by the one group of occupants nor those
used by the other can be considered an apartment, since the room
used in common must in such case be considered a room in each
apartment, and thus be counted twice. Where these conditions have
been encountered, the entire number of rooms has been considered
one apartment.
521
522 The Immigration Commission.
The "household" includes all persons living within an apartment
without regard to the relationships which exist among them. The
household may consist of one or more families with or without
boarders or lodgers, or it may consist of a group of persons living
together, no famiry included, or it may consist of various combina-
tions of families, "groups," and boarders or lodgers.
The term "family," as used throughout these tables, refers in gen-
eral to the immediate family composed of husband, wife, and chil-
dren. Groups of persons among whom none of these relations exist
are not considered families. Households in which complicated rela-
tionships exist have been resolved into the component immediate
families. Remnants of families maintaining a home are considered
families when either husband or wife is present.
The general tables show results of two practically independent
studies, as follows:
STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.
All tables headed "Study of households" are based on informa-
tion from the schedule which was filled out for certain selected house-
holds in each of the several communities. Names and addresses
were secured of employees in a given industry who were heads of
households ; and for each such household a schedule was filled out by
an agent of this Commission, who visited the apartment and secured
detailed information, so far as possible, for every occupant, as well
as data in regard to family and household organization and status at
the time of the visit.
STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.
The general tables headed "Study of employees" present data
from the schedule relating only to the individual employee. This
schedule was filled out by the employee himself or by some one
detailed by the employer to the task, to whom the employee fur-
nished data. The general tables of this series therefore concern
only the history and present status of the employee, while the other
series, as has been stated, presents data not only for certain of the
employees but also for members of their households. All data
included under the "Study of employees" are tabulated by sex and
by the general nativity and race of the individual. For the native-
born of foreign father the classification is by country of birth of
father and not by race of father.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES.
Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity
and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables 1, 70, and
123. — These tables enumerate the households studied of each race,
the aggregate of the members of the households of each race, and
the persons, male and female, for whom detailed information was
secured. All members of households appear in these tables under
the general nativity and race of head of household.
Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Boots and Shoes: General Explanation of Tables. 528
Tables 2, 71, and 124- — These tables are a second enumeration of the
persons, male and female, who are included in the detailed study of
members of households. In this enumeration each individual ap-
pears under his own general nativity and race.
Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex
and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 3, 54, 72,
and 160. — These tables enumerate the employees for whom data
were secured for the "Study of employees." The enumeration is by
general nativity and race of employee, and by sex in industries
where both male and female employees report.
Number of foreign-born employees in tlie United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race: Study of employees. Tables 4, 55,
73, and 161. — All foreign-born employees who report the number of
years since their first arrival in the United States are here classified
as in the United States under one year, one 3Tear, two 3^ears, three
years, four years, five to nine years, ten to fourteen years, fifteen to
nineteen years, or twenty years or over. In all industries where
employees of both sexes report the tabulation is by sex.
Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race of individual: Study of households.
Tables 5, 74, and 125. — These tables, which are concerned with
members of households, are similar to Tables 4 and 73, relating to
employees.
Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:
Study of households. Tables 6, 75, and 126. — Males who were 16 years
of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States are
here classified according to whether before coming to the United
States they worked for profit, for wages, or without wages, and are
further classified according to the kind of employment pursued.
Payments in kind as well as in money are here considered wages.
Persons who worked without wages were usually at work with fathers
or other near relatives.
Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:
Study of households. Tables 7, 76, and 127. — These tables are similar
to Tables 6, 75, and 126, relating to males.
Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United
States, by race: Study of employees. Tables 8, 56, and 77. — In these
tables are shown the number of foreign-born male emplo37ees who
just prior to coming to the United States were in the same industry
in which they were emj)lo3Ted at the time of the investigation, in
farming or farm labor, in general labor, etc. Persons who report
their occupation as "none," "at home," or "at school" are excluded
from these tables. In all industries where employees of both sexes
report the tabulation is by sex.
Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the
United States, by race: Study of employees. Tables 9, 57, and 78.—
These tables are similar to Tables 8, 56, and 77, relating to males.
Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables
10, 79, and 128. — These tables show the number of male members of
households 16 years of age or over who are at home and at school, and
524 The Immigration Commission.
classify those who have had employment within the year ending with
the taking of the schedule according to the industry in which they
have been employed. The main headings used in these tables follow
the classification of the United States census with the following
modifications: General labor is here separated from domestic and
personal service; fishing, mining, and quarrying are separated from
manufacturing and mechanical pursuits; trade and transportation
are distinct from each other. The headings as here used are:
1. Agricultural pursuits.
2. Domestic and personal service.
3. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
4. Mining (including quarrying).
5. General labor.
6. Professional service.
7. Trade.
8. Transportation.
9. Fishing.
The term "Domestic and personal service" includes besides domes-
tic servants certain classes of persons not professional who serve the
general public, such as policemen, city firemen, and employees at
places of amusement.
Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry,
by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables
111 80, and 129. — These tables are similar to Tables 10, 79, and 128,
relating to males.
Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of employees.
Tables 12, 58, 81, and 162. — Employees are here classified according
to the amount of their earnings. In some industries earnings are
reported by the week and in others by the day. Where employment
is on the time basis the data are for "rate of pay;" where employ-
is on the piece basis the data are for "earnings."
Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of em-
ployees. Tables 13, 59, 82, and 163. — These tables are similar to
Tables 12, 58, 81, and 162, relating to earnings of males 18 years of
age or over.
Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Tables 14, 60, 83, and 164- — These tables are similar to
Tables 12, 58, 81, and 162, relating to earnings of males 18 years of
age or over. In practically all industries the number of employees
under 14 was too small for tabulation.
Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Tobies 15, 61, 84, and 165. — These tables are similar
to Tables 14, 60, 83, and 164, relating to earnings of males 14 and
under 18 years of age.
Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per
year, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Tables 16, 85, and 130. — These tables form a part of the study of
family incomes. The information relative to income was secured
for the year ending at the time of the agent's visit.
Boots and Shoes: General Explanation of Tables. 525
In the "selection of families" for the compilation of data con-
cerning family income, the following classes were omitted:
1. Families established less than one year.
2. Families living two or more per household under complicated financial
arrangements, so that exact income from boarders or other sources within
the household are uncertain.
3. Families with earnings or contributions representing entire earnings of
members who are profit earners or whose net earnings are for any other
reason uncertain. That part of the income in this study represented by
earnings is net.
Practically all of the heads of families included in these tables
are also heads of households. They are here classified according
to the amount of their earnings for the year.
Yearly earnings (approximate} of males 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables
17, 86, and 131. — Male wage-earners are here classified according to
the amount of their earnings for the year ending at the time of the
agent's visit. Persons who receive board and lodging in addition
to a money wage and persons who receive tips or other perquisites
over and above a stipulated wage are not included in these tables.
Yearly earnings (approximate] of females 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables
18, 87, and 132. — These tables are similar to Tables 17, 86, and 131,
which relate to earnings of males.
Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of
head of family: Study of households. Tables 19, 88, and 133.— The
families included in these tables are the same as in Tables 16, 85, and
130. These families are here classified according to the amount of
total income for the year from all sources. Tables 20, 89, and 134
show the sources of this income. Income from " boarders or lodgers"
and in some cases from "other sources" is gross.
Number of families having an income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family: Study of households. Tables 20, 89, and
134- — The families included in these tables are the same as in Tables
16, 85, and 130. The number of families with income from earnings
of husband, the number with income from earnings of wife, etc., are
shown here. The terms "husband" and "wife" include the wid-
owed, divorced, and deserted. The principal items under "Othor
sources" are (1) receipts from investments, which, in the great
majority of cases, are in the form of rentals, and (2) contributions
of friends or relatives, who pay either more or less than the rates of
boarders or lodgers. Attention is called to the fact that the family
may have had income from some source, for example, from boarders
or lodgers, within the year, but not at the time the schedule was
taken.
Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head
of family: Study of households. Tables 21, 90, and 135. — The families
included in these tables are the same as in Tables 16, 85, and 130.
They are classified here according to the source or combination of
sources upon which the family has been wholly dependent for income
within the year ending with the taking of the schedule. The four
items which make up all incomes except those entered in the last
column of these tables are earnings of husband, earnings of wife.
526 The Immigration Commission.
contributions of children, and payments of boarders or lodgers. It
will be noted that all families deriving their entire income from
husband, wife, and children have a net income, and that all incomes
including the payments of boarders or lodgers are gross; also that
all families having any part of their income from money invested
appear in the last column of these tables.
Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over
employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of
individual: Study of households. Tables 22, 91, and 136. — Members
of households of working age who have been employed outside of
the home within the year ending with the taking or the schedule are
here classified according to whether they have worked under three
months, three and under four months, four and under five months,
etc. For the purposes of these tables, all cases of part-time employ-
ment have been reduced to a full-time basis; for example, an
employee who has worked seven months on half time is counted as
having worked three and one-half months. The data are shown for
males and females separately.
Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head
of household: Study of households. Tables 23, 92, and 137. — All house-
holds are here divided into "Family households," or households where
a family is present, and "Group households," or households composed
of a group of persons, no family included. Family households are
further classified as being with or without boarders or lodgers.
Family households with neither boarders nor lodgers are subdivided
into those consisting of a single family and those consisting of two
or more families living in the same apartment and sharing one or
more rooms. Family households with boarders or lodgers are sub-
divided into those who keep boarders and those who keep only
lodgers. Households keeping both boarders and lodgers are here
entered as households with boarders. "Boarders" are persons to
whom both food and lodging are furnished.
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apart-
ment, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house-
holds. Tables 24, 93, and 138. — In these tables appear only the rent-
ing households which report the rent paid for the unfurnished rooms
which they use for living purposes. The following classes are thus
excluded from these tables:
1. Households which rent apartment furnished.
2. Households which pay an undivided sum for apartment and place of business.
3. Resident landlords who pay an undivided sum for the apartment they
occupy and other apartments which they sublet.
4. Households which pay "ground rent."
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room,
by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households.
Tables 25, 94, and 139. — The households included in these tables are
the same as in Tables 24, 93, and 138.
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per per-
son, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house-
holds. Tables 26, 95, and 140. — The households included in these
tables are the same as in Tables 24, 93, and 138.
Number of households Jceeping boarders and lodgers and number
of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of house-
Boots and Shoes: General Explanation of Tables. 527
hold: 'Study of households. Tables 27, 96, and 1 1+1. — These tables
show the number of households keeping boarders and the number
keeping only lodgers; they also show the total number of boarders
and of lodgers. "Boarders" both sleep and eat with the household.
Households which keep lodgers in addition to boarders are classified
with the households keeping boarders. Among certain races it is
customary to include one of the following accommodations with
the nominal price of lodging: (1) Coffee or soup is served once a day;
(2) the lodger is allowed the privilege of cooking his food on the
kitchen stove; (3) the housewife buys the lodger's food, having the
price charged in his account book, and prepares the food for him.
Persons with such financial arrangements consider themselves lodgers
and have been classified as such in these tables.
Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size,
~by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households .
Tables 28, 97, and 14-2. — Households are here classified according to
the number of rooms which they occupy and are further classified
according to the number of persons of which they are composed.
Rooms used exclusively for business purposes, although connected
with the apartment, are not counted in the number of rooms per
apartment. As before stated, only such persons as sleep in the
apartment are considered members of the household.
Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of
households. Tables 29, 98, and 143. — These tables summarize a
part of the data of Tables 28, 97, and 142. Households are here
classified according to the number of rooms they occupy.
Number of households of each specijied number of persons, by general
nativity ana race of head of household: Study of households. Tables
30, 99, and 144- — These tables summarize a part of the data in
Tables 28, 97, and 142. Households are here classified according to
the number of persons in the household.
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specijied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold: Study of households. Tables 31, 100, and 145. — These tables
summarize part of the data in Tables 28, 97, and 142. They give
the total number of households and the total number of persons in
apartments of each specified size.
Persons per room,, by general nativity and race of head of household:
Study of households, fables 32, 101, and 146. — These tables show
the number of households which average less than one person per
room, one and less than two persons per room, two and less than
three persons per room, etc. These tables also show the average
number of persons per household and per room for all households
studied.
Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household: Study of households. Tables 33, 102, and 147. — These
tables present the data relative to persons per sleeping room. Only
rooms which are regularly used for sleeping purposes are here con-
sidered sleeping rooms. These tables are similar to Tables 32, 101,
and 146.
Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specijied
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household:
528 The Immigration Commission.
Study of households. Tables 34, 103, and 148. — These tables classify
households according to the number of rooms left for living purposes
after the number of sleeping rooms has been deducted.
Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Tables 3-5, 62, 104, ana 166- — These tables show the
number of employees who read some language and the number who
both read and write some language. In all industries where employees
< f both sexes report, the tabulation is by sex.
Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual: Study of households. Tables 36, \0o, and 149.—
These tables, which are concerned with members of households, are
similar to Tables 35 and 104, relating to employees.
Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years^ of age or over, by sex, years
in the United States and race of individual: Study of households.
Tables 37, 106, and 150. — These tables classify foreign-born persons,
male and female, according to the number of years since their first
arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under five years, five
to nine years, and ten years or over. These tables show under each
of the three groups the number of persons who can read some lan-
guage and the number who can both read and write some language.
Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age
at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual: Study of
households. Tables 38, 107, and 151. — These tables classify foreign-
born persons, male and female, according to whether they were under
14 years of age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first
arrival in the United States, and show the number in each group who
can read some language and the number who can both read and write
some language.
Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and general
nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 39, 63, 108, and 167 —
For the purposes of these tables employees of each sex are divided
into four age groups — 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years,
and 45 years or over — and are further classified according to whether
they are single, married, or widowed. With the widowed are included
the relatively few persons who are divorced or deserted.
Conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and general nativity and race
of individual: Study of households. Tables 40, 109, and 152. — These
tables, which are concerned with members of households 16 years of
age or over, are similar to Tables 39 and 108, relating to employees.
Location of ivives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband:
Study of employees, fables 41, 64, 110, and 168. — These tables show
the number of foreign-born married employees who report wife in the
United States and the number who report wife abroad. The tabu-
lation is bv the race of the employee.
Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race: Study of employees. Tables 42, 65, 111, and
169. — Employees are here classified according to the number of years
since their first arrival in the United States. The classes are : Under
five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over. Under each
group employees are classified according to whether they have made
no visit, or one, two, or three or more visits, abroad. In all indus-
tries where employees of both sexes report, the data are shown sepa-
rately for each sex.
Boots and Shoes: General Explanation of Tables. 529
Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general
nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Tables
43, 112, and 153. — These tables give for all households studied the
number of persons of each sex who report their ages as under 6 years,
6 to 13 years, 14 and 15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44
years, and 45 years or over. The tabulation is by race of head of
household.
Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race: Study of employees. Tables 44, 66, 113, and
170.— Employees are here classified according to age, by years if
between 14 and 19 years of age, and by year groups if 20 years of
age or over. In all industries with both male and female employees
reporting, the tabulation is by sex.
Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of family: Study o/ households. Tables 4$,
114, and 154- — These tables show for all families studied the number
owning their homes, the number renting homes, the number board-
ing, and the number lodging. The few dependent families are
included in the miscellaneous class "In other conditions."
General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age
groups, and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Tables J+6, 115, and 155. — These tables show for males, females, and
totals the number of children under 6 years of age, 6 to 13 years of
age, and 13 and 14 years of age, and further show for each age group
the number of cliildren at home, at school, and at work. The few
children with employment outside of school hours are tabulated
here as at school, and the few cliildren found working through the
day and attending night school are here entered as at work.
Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have
been in the United States jive years or over and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence: Study of
employees. Tables ^7, 67, 116, and 171. — These tables include only
foreign-born employees who were 21 years of age or over at the time
of their first arrival in the United States and who have been in the
United States long enough to acquire citizeiisliip. These persons
are classified as in the United States five to nine years and ten years
or over, and are further classified under each year group as aliens,
citizens, and persons with only their first papers.
Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States jive years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at
time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence: Study
of households. Tables 4$, 117, and 156. — These tables, wliich are
concerned with members of households, are similar to Tables 47
and 116, relating to employees.
Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Tables
49, 118, and 157. — These tables show for all non-English-speaking
races the number of members of households, male and female, who
can carry on a conversation in the English language.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over,
by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual:
Study of households. Tables 50, 119, and 158. — These tables classify
foreign-born persons, males and females, of non-English-speaking
races according to whether they were under 14 years of age or 14
530 The Immigration Commission.
years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United
States, and show the number in each of the two groups who are able
to speak English.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over,
by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual: Study of
households. Tables 51, 120, and 159. — These tables classify foreign-
born persons, male and female, of non-English-speaking races accord-
ing to the number of years since their first arrival in the United
States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and
ten years or over. Under each group the number able to speak
English is shown.
Ability to speak English, of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race: Study of employees. Tables
52, 68, 121, and 172.— These tables are similar to Tables 50 and 119,
relating to members of households.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race: Study of employees. Tables 53, 69, 122,
and 173. — These tables are similar to Tables 51 and 120, relating to
members of households.
GENERAL TABLES.
I.— GENERAL SURVEY.
TABLE 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race
of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Total num
ber of
persons in
households
Number of persons for whom de-
tailed information was secured.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Total
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
Grand total. .
95
335
150
179
329
9
37
51
178
27
86
23
92
50
178
46
229
111!
115
141
564
263
294
228
557
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
288
555
103
177
475
200
59
433
415
342
82
154
280
54
119
238
87
27
216
246
205
39
119
275
49
58
237
110
32
203
150
133
41
273
555
108
177
475
197
59
419
396
338
80
569
3,129
1,665
1,407
3,072
710
3,693
1,701
3,629
TABLE 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Armenian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
F,nglish
German
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North.
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Male.
212
30
151
1
13
21
66
90
11
55
55
Female.
236
39
153
4
18
1
12
74
101
16
75
49
Total.
448
69
304
5
31
1
33
140
191
27
130
104
531
532
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father— Continued.
Polish
56
42
98
Scotch
2
2
Syrian
7
16
23
Total
556
602
1,158
Total native-born
768
838
1,606
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
123
73
196
Canadian French
139
131
270
Canadian Other
3
20
23
English
42
24
66
French
1
1
German
1
1
Greek
98
42
140
Hebrew . .
172
163
335
Irish
34
46
80
Italian, North
22
18
40
Italian, South .
155
125
280
Lithuanian .
189
95
284
Polish
151
97
248
Scotch .
2
2
Spanish.. . .
1
1
Syrian
32
24
56
Total foreign-born
1.160
863
2,023
Grand total
1,928
1,701
3,629
TABLE 3. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
5,635
3,687
9,322
Negro - -
56
6
62
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia
2
2
4
Austria-Hungary
110
68
178
Belgium
3
3
6
Canada
389
236
625
Denmark
7
5
12
England
200
146
346
France . .
36
28
64
Germanv
1,137
709
1,846
Greece
1
1
Ireland
886
758
1,644
Italy
75
17
92
Mexico
2
2
Netherlands
5
4
9
Norway '.
4
2
6
Portugal . .
2
1
3
Roumania
2
1
3
Russia
42
22
64
Scotland . .
70
37
107
Spain
1
1
Sweden .
20
16
36
Switzerland
28
24
52
Wales
4
4
8
Africa (country not specified)
1
1
Total .
3,027
2,083
5, 110
Total native-bo~n...
s.Tls
5, 776
14,494
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 533
TABLE 3. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
Armenian
134
141
Bohemian and Moravian
103
\\
114
Bulgarian
20
20
Canadian, French. . .
414
136
550
Canadian, Other
220
189
409
Croatian.
4
1
5
Cuban.
1
1
Danish
10
10
Dutch
4
4
English
158
60
oig
Finnish
9
1
3
French
7
<J
10
German
241
70
311
Greek
3.C9
11
370
Hebrew, Russian
442
129
571
Hebrew, Other
£6
12
R8
Irish
218
124
342
Italian, North
329
37
366
Italian, South ,
628
57
685
Lithuanian
1" !
20
148
Macedonian
19
1Q
Magyar
SO
4
34
Mexican
9
2
Norwegian
13
I
14
Polish
191
25
216
Portuguese
10
m
Roumanian
43
43
Russian
109
14
Rutheniaii
5
5
Scotch
29
1Q
48
Scotch-Irish
I
1
Servian
4
4
Slovak
354
34
^88
Slovenian
3
Spanish
1
9
Swedish
97
14
Syrian
19
i
9ft
Turkish
27
27
Welsh
2
I
3
Australian (race not specified)
2
2
Austrian (race not specified)
12
I
13
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
I
8
Total foreign-born
4 466
9S6
5 452
Grand total
13 184
6 769
19 946
534
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified numberof years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Albanian
8
129
102
20
413
214
4
1
10
4
153
2
7
239
350
433
54
210
325
620
126
19
29
2
13
185
10
43
108
5
27
4
348
3
1
94
19
24
2
2
10
1
7
1
12
5
4
1
2
15
4
7
7
7
4
7
7
1
5
2
1
35
12
1
35
17
1
Armenian
3
26
2
2
11
10
5
4
4
3
19
3
23
11
4
24
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
37
35
75
39
247
110
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban . .
1
Dan ish
1
1
3
27
8
1
68
1
6
147
2
12
9
135
15
22
1
Dutch
English. .
2
9
14
5
4
12
12
1
Finnish
French
1
33
7
36
6
22
27
41
4
German.
2
65
38
10
104
69
6
3
45
78
15
10
5
7
53
63
8
5
41
84
7
5
2
8
33
67
3
5
23
51
18
2
3
23
56
109
17
21
112
189
48
1
12
1
2
64
4
7
25
3
3
9
15
33
5
17
41
76
24
Greek
15
6
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other . .
Irish
2
15
54
2
1
1
1
Italian, North
6
25
7
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
2
1
1
2
Mexican
Norwegian .
1
18
1
33
1
8
7
1
1
2
29
1
19
1
8
12
1
9
1
1
5
7
13
3
1
4
Polish
12
6
11
Portuguese
Roumanian.. .
1
13
1
1
11
16
27
Russian
4
Ruthenian.
Scotch
1
1
3
3
15
Servian . .
2
50
1
Slovak
49
23
30
us
i
26
1
16
7
Slovenian .
Spanish
1
15
Swedish
1
5
6
2
11
3
3
7
3
20
11
1
15
2
1
26
1
Syrian . . .
Turkish
1
2
1
Welsh
2
1
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified) .
Swiss (race not specified)...
Total
1
3
3
2
2
4
*
4,380
174
202
530
422
323
968
391
412
898
FEMALE
Armenian .
5
1
3
1
Bohemian and Moravian
11
1
1
2
3
4
Canadian, French
127
2
3
4
20
14
26
58
Canadian, Other
179
1
4
9
4
4
28
29
33
67
Croatian
1
1
English
59
3
3
6
2
1
5
3
12
24
Finnish
1
1
French
3
1
2
German
68
3
16
4
2
16
6
14
13
Greek. .
11
3
2
2
3
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 535
TABLE 4. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Hebrew, Russian
122
12
115
37
57
20
4
1
23
14
19
1
34
2
14
1
1
1
1
7
15
21
2
6
6
8
3
1
25
2
5
3
12
3
1
13
5
9
2
4
3
1
21
3
26
16
14
5
1
9
11
Hebrew, Other
Irish
3
14
5
13
18
2
4
34
2
Italian North
1
1
3
Italian South
1
3
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
1
2
1
2
Polish
1
2
1
1
5
6
1
6
3
1
1
1
3
2
2
1
Russian
Scotch
3
11
1
1
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
7
3
8
1
2
1
1
8
1
2
2
Spanish
Swedish
1
1
0
5
Syrian
1
Welsh
1
Austrian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified).. .
Total..
1
1
944
25
44
95
79
58
178
107
138
220
TOTAL.
Albanian
8
1
2
4
1
Armenian
134
3
13
11
15
7
38
19
23
5
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Bulgarian
113
20
26
9
5
4
10
5
5
7
8
1
14
1
6
15
24
Canadian, French
540
2
1
6
10
9
55
51
101
305
Canadian, Other
393
1
4
13
11
6
45
64
72
177
Croatian
K
4
1
Cuban
1
1
Danish
10
1
1
g
Dutch
4
3
1
English
212
5
12
20
7
17
15
39
92
Finnish
3
1
1
1
French
10
1
9
1
6
German
307
\
5
20
11
10
39
15
47
160
Greek
361
15
68
104
35
59
15
7
3
Hebrew, Russian
555
13
53
90
88
80
130
42
47
12
Hebrew, Other..
66
g
10
g
20
5
6
g
Irish
325
g
10
14
47
31
40
169
Italian, North
362
7
15
51
44
25
128
46
29
17
Italian, South
677
26
55
86
96
55
203
89
45
22
Lithuanian
146
10
5
18
10
21
53
24
4
1
Macedonian
19
1
10
5
2
1
Magyar
33
2
1
6
3
4
13
1
1
2
Mexican
2
1
1
Norwegian
14
1
1
1
2
1
1
7
Polish
208
13
g
23
39
20
67
13
11
14
Portuguese
10
1
1
4
1
3
Roumanian
43
1
1
16
g
g
7
1
1
Russian
199
13
12
33
10
13
27
5
5
4
Ruthenian
5
1
1
3
Scotch.
46
2
\
I
2
3
5
g
26
Scotch-Irish
1
1
Servian
4
2
2
Slovak
382
56
26
58
30
32
126
28
18
g
Slovenian
3
1
1
1
Spanish
3
1
1
1
Swedish
108
2
5
6
3
4
20
16
21
31
Syrian
20
2
3
12
2
1
Turkish. .
24
1
11
2
1
1
1
Welsh
3
1
2
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
2
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
11
1
2
3
3
2
Belgian (race not specified) .
1
1
Swiss (race not specified). . .
8
1
2
5
Total
5 324
199
306
6°5
501
381
1 146
418
550
1 118
48296° — VOL 12—11-
536
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 5. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of
years, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In United States—
Under
1
year.
1
year.
2
years.
3
years.
4
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 to
14
years.
15 to
19
years.
20
years
or
over.
Armenian
123
135
2
42
98
172
34
22
155
185
151
32
7
3
10
8
10
3
9
1
25
10
1
20
13
1
2
2
31
29'
28
10
72
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
English
3
6
8
7
18
16
3
16
35
1
9
16
7
3
17
3
5
16
5
9
4
19
Greek
6
5
38
38
Hebrew
6
31
1
4
3
2
Iris i
Italian, North
4
6
13
11
3
1
18
15
23
]
14
21
17
2
5
62
72
43
9
5
18
25
11
8
Italian , South
6
5
7
11
26
28
6
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian . .
Total
1,151
36
57
116
138
91
303
136
126
148
FEMALE.
Armenian
73
3
8
9
17
11
19
6
Canadian French
131
2
6
3
13
10
30
67
Canadian, Other
20
1
5
6
8
English
24
1
5
1
2
1
1
1
5
7
French
1
1
German
1
1
Greek
42
6
.5
9
12
3
7
Hebrew
163
8
13
24
36
6
29
24
21
2
Irish.
46
5
41
Italian North
18
2
1
6
3
4
9
Italian, South
125
3
13
33
17
10
30
13
3
3
Lithuanian ....
95
7
6
12
6
14
41
8
1
Polish
97
3
6
23
17
12
29
7
Scotch
2
2
Spanish
1
1
Syrian. ... . ...
24
2
1
3
4
9
3
2
Total
863
31
62
120
113
61
186
81
77
132
TOTAL.
Armenian
196
10
11
19
27
20
44
26
29
10
Canadian, French
266
2
14
6
1
23
23
58
139
Canadian, Other
22
2
6
6
8
English
66
1
8
8
5
2
1
3
12
26
French
1
1
German
1
1
Greek
140
12
11
27
28
12
45
2
3
Hebrew
335
13
21
40
71
22
67
55
38
8
Irish
80
g
72
Italian, North
40
6
2
1
11
8
9
3
Italian, South
280
9
19
51
28
24
92
31
19
7
Lithuanian
280
12
19
27
32
35
113
33
6
3
Polish
248
10
17
46
45
29
72
18
9
2
Scotch ...
2
2
Spanish
1
1
Syrian ...
56
5
1
9
6
18
11
6
Total
2,014
67
119
236
251
152
489
217
203
280
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 537
TABLE 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete data.
Number without occupation.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
working
for
profit.
Farm laborers.
General laborers.
In shoe industry.
jx to In hand trades.
In other occupations.
"3
+j
o
^
Farm laborers.
In other occupations.
"3
~
o
EH
Fanners.
In ot her occupations.
"3
Is
EH
26
9
1
22
34
1
1
30
23
29
7
Armenian.
87
73
24
74
101
15
17
109
170
135
23
13
7
14
5
1
1
1
1
19
16
10
15
5
20
31
1
1
9
8
3
2
28
44
22
26
47
7
13
54
18
37
6
11
12
"is"
3
5
9
1
1
1
3
1
20
13
1
19
6
6
9
5
"'-i'
2
17
4
1
18
32
1
1
25
3
5
4
Canadian, French
English
Greek
7
14
1
3
15
2
....
2
11
1
21
"i"
2
5
2
1
7
1
6
Hebrew.
Irish . .
3
9
13
8
25
4
1
1
4
1
2
Italian, North
Italian, South
3
129
66
7
7
10
129
66
7
5
20
24
3
Lithuanian
Polish
3
:;
Syrian
Total....
828
66
84
11
72
30
105
;iu
254
23
277
72
111
183
TABLE 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who v<r<
16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete data.
Number without occupation.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
working
for
profit.
Farm laborers.
In domestic service.
In shoe industry.
In sewing, embroidery, etc.
In other occupations.
"3
-ij
o
EH
Farm laborers.
In other occupations.
'3
-^
o
EH
Farmers.
In other occupations.
3
o
EH
Armenian
53
57
11
18
1
1
32
100
24
8
87
77
77
1
1
17
47
42
5
8
1
3
3
3
1
"2~
"2"
1
3
1
1
2
4
1
2
4
12
5
8
1
2
2
1
0
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
English
1
1
1
1
French
German
1
30
74
19
3
67
15
34
1
1
17
Greek
1
1
17
3
5
16
6
9
1
3
2
I
Hebrew
7
10
1
4
0
5
5
Irish
?
Italian, North
2
4
2
2
1
5
3
7
i
1
4
1
3
Italian, South
2
56
34
1
3
56
—
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish...
34
Scotch
Spanish
Syrian
Total
565
364
10
30
5
19
23
87
103
3
106
8
8
538
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 8. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
fac-
turing.
Other
manu-
fac-
turing.
Fann-
ing
and
farm
labor.
Gen-
eral
labor.
Hand
trades.
Do-
mestic
serv-
ice.
Trade.
Other
occu-
pa-
tions.
•Ylbanian
3
83
74
8
164
92
3
1
7
1
90
2
4
121
184
272
35
89
246
446
99
15
23
7
135
5
28
81
5
16
1
301
3
1
72
13
7
2
1
8
1
4
1
37
19
4
61
27
1
1
3
1
49
1
2
73
33
143
24
36
145
307
7
2
17
6
18
4
2
21
1
14
1
5
2
Armenian
3
5
5
38
2
67
28
3
1
2
5
16
9
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian ...
Canadian, French
9
6
8
5
1
1
1
7
7
6
18
1
Canadian, Other.
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
3
1
Dutch
English... ....
13
1
1
4
5
8
10
Finnish
French
2
f>
5
13
1
8
10
21
1
2
German
11
11
21
2
2
4
7
2
1
11
52
10
1
30
43
49
77
1
5
4
4
12
18
27
1
4
16
32
5
3
4
56
58
6
4
11
15
1
6
1
1
1
Greek
5
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
4
16
15
5
1
1
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
1
Macedonian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
8
100
1
4
39
5
1
3
3
2
Portuguese
Roumanian
2
7
3
5
3
13
3
1
3
Russian
3
Ruthenian
Scotch
10
1
1
1
2
Servian..
1
13
Slovak
34
1
1
34
7
4
13
212
2
19
1
2
7
Slovenian
Spanish . ...
S wed ish
8
9
2
1
6
2
5
2
1
8
1
Syrian
Turkish ... .
2
Welsh
1
1
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Austrian (race not specified).
Belgian (race not specified). .
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
1
3
1
3
1
4
2,753
1,141
137
803
86
203
15
229
139
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
539
TABLE 9. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
fac-
turing.
Other
manu-
fac-
turing.
Farm-
ing
and
farm
labor.
Do-
mestic
serv-
ice.
Sew-
ing,
em-
broid-
ering,
and
lace
mak-
ing.
Teach-
ing.
Trade.
Other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Armenian .
3
1
s
13
1
11
1
8
2
26
1
6
4
10
9
1
8
5
3
15
3
1
1
2
1
1
1
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French ...
3
2
1
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
Canadian Other
1
2
Croatian
English
3
1
3
1
French
German
1
2
1
3
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
3
15
1
3
6
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish...
1
2
2
1
1
Italian, North
1
2
9
1
Italian, South
5
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
1
Polish
i
2
7
1
Russian.... ... ....
1
1
1
1
1
Scotch
1
Slovak
14
Swed ish
2
1
1
Welsh
Total
140
23
11
40
8
34
4
16
4
540
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 10.
-Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States census, with these modi-
fications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total number.
Domestic and per-
sonal service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
General labor (not
otherwise entered).
Professional service.
Trade.
Transportation.
At home.
At school.
w
0>
o
CQ
Leather.
u
OJ
^J
c
Native-born of native father,
White
127
102
3
8
3
5
3
1
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
54
1
7
3
67
1
4
42
7
1
3
1
1
Canadian, Other
English..
1
4
1
51
1
1
1
1
Hebrew
2
1
Irish
1
1
3
1
1
5
3
Italian, South
Polish
3
Total..
137
2
100
4
11
1
3
4
7
5
Total native-born...
264
2
202
7
19
1
6
9
3
8
7
Foreign-born:
Armenian
108
128
1
37
90
135
34
22
130
181
144
31
56
109
39
2
1
7
1
O
5
4
2
Canadian, French
2
1
Canadian, Other..
English
35
63
111
18
16
106
82
36
27
1
3
4
1
1
7
8
Greek
1
2
18
8
6
4
2
2
6
11
21
36
Hebrew
1
Irish •
Italian, North
Italian, South
2
2
1
1
73
64
1
1
6
2
4
1
2
Lithuanian.
1
Polish
2
1
Syrian
3
Total foreign-born
1,041
10
659
211
91
3
1
20
2
39
5
Grand total
1,305
12
861
218
110
4
7
29
5
47
12
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 541
TABLE 11. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in the table follow the classification of the United States census, with these modi-
fications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing and Mining are
each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation are distinct
from each other.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Total number.
Domestic and per-
sonal service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
Professional serv-
ice.
o
•d
03
M
EH
At home.
At school.
w
OJ
0
a
CO
1
+3
M
d>
a
o
Native-born of native father, White
149
1
33
9
3
5
90
8
Nati ve-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Canadian, French
57
26
2
3
1
5
32
1
4
2
1
21
2
2
2
Canadian, Other
4
10
1
6
77
3
2
2
English
1
2
1
1
German
Hebrew
1
34
3
1
1
Irish
7
3
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
1
1
Scotch
Total
162
1.
71 | 1
13
5
2
65
4
Total native-born
311
2
104
1
22
8
7
155
12
Foreign-born:
Armenian
GO
120
20
23
1
1
35
135
46
15
98
91
89
2
1
18
4
17
3
6
1
52
95
14
17
1
1
28
90
41
8
79
63
58
2
1
15
3
Canadian , French
3
1
5
1
Canadian, Other
1
English
French . . ...
German
Greek
4
37
5
5
16
9
15
1
1
2
5
Hebrew
2
Irish
Italian, North . .
1
1
11
7
1
Italian, South
1
1
1
Lithuanian
7
9
Polish
Scotch
Spanish ....
Syrian. . .
2
1
Total foreign-born
755
6
123
23
29
5
5G5
4
Grand total
1,066
8
227
24
51
8
12
720
16
542
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 12. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Average earnings per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
3
c-i
M
f-i
0>
•o
P
3
«2
a^
rife
p-o
IN
se
§
a
3d
lO
•Ct-'
§^
>o
a.
a
3
•o2
Cee
03 k.
§.*
r-^
>f>
h
9
•o
So
•" lO
«2
See
o
»— i
««
|
73 "3
§5
o cu
10 ~j
M
i%
i* i
» a
T3 3
§8 ^s
_, ^ S«i>
T2*-
C ^H O 3
c3«e !o^
us t^
i— < ^H
ee <•/.-
t-t
o>
a .
3 O
»o
"2«
3 01
o3 «e
o
C<J
<fj
1
-O^C
s»
S3
IM
<N
ce
!
M
o
>o
£
Native-born of native father:
White
4,077
50
$12. 57
10.03
1
38
1
270
4
716
25
1,270
13
427
1
827
2
357
4
100
26
45
Negro ...
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Australia
1
76
2
268
5
155
29
808
1
655
39
2
5
3
2
2
25
49
1
11
17
4
1
(«)
12.60
(«)
13.11
(a)
12.88
13.25
13.22
(°)
12.20
11.65
(a)
(<0
(aS
<°)
(a)
12.35
14.92
(a)
10.82
11.70
(a)
(«)
1
Austria-Hungary
3
16
20
17
13
4
1
1
8
1
3
"27"
1
1
....
2
1
18
1
"3
2
"is
Belgium
Canada
....
2
13
44
1
25
4
126
82
1
61
10
231
29
13
3
94
55
1
25
7
171
32
18
3
75
Denmark
England
6
1
47
1
France 1
(rfrmany
6
Greece
Ireland
3
22
1
117
16
186
9
60
3
1
164
4
62
5
22
8
11
1
1
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
1
1
....
1
3
1
Norway
1
Portugal . . .
1
Roumania
1
5
3
1
7
17
1
7
8
3
Russia
3
2
1
1
5
12
2
8
1
1
1
2
"3
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
2
4
1
1
2
Switzerland ....
1
3
1
Wales..
Africa (country not specified)
Total
2,161
12.84
11
100
366
646
226
463 212
67
35
35
Total native-born
6,288
12.64
1
50
374
1,107
1,929
654 | 1,292 573
Ili7
61
80
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
116
69
16
332
153
4
1
10
3
109
2
7
198
276
358
45
176
285
528
111
19
21
(«)
10.91
11.81
8.25
12.87
14.30
(a)
(a)
14.33
(a)
13.84
(»)
(«)
12.87
9.46
11.53
12.68
12.62
10.80
9.97
10.87
10.11
10.33
2
9
2
3
17
5
2
5
35
32
8
53
12
1
39
13
3
108
39
Armenian ...
....
2
17
2
1
26
18
11
10
3
8
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
2
1
1
2
1
Canadian, French ...
87
42
1
29
20
7
10
1
1
3
4
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban.
1
5
Danish
1
....
13
1
2
29
1
2
Dutch
English
3
16
29
1
3
56
68
125
18
60
110
153
43
6
8
10
6
2
1
1
Finnish
French
2
33
87
96
8
35
101
197
42
7
8
'i7~
4
18
2
15
16
36
4
2
34
23
58
7
38
24
37
10
3
German
;;;;
2
9
1
17
75
29
2
11
18
88
6
2
2
33
9
29
8
13
13
8
5
3
1
2
1
2
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Irish
1
1
3
3
Italian, North...
....
2
5
Italian, South
1
1
Lithuanian
Macedonian
....
1
Maevar. . .
1
2
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
oNot computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 543
TABLE 12. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
u>
a
K*
P
no
03
(-• "Sj
!i
£
Average earnings per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
i
a
^^
c^
*fe
s10
c4
TO
fH
O
L
w
•OfJ
"O
TO
1
•o2
9S
g3
r^
TO
fe
•o
3 o
^ 10
^ cvi
§55
o
TO
1
PJ
3
'O *O
§5
O 03
"5 73
IM
rH
TO
1
§s
"2^
C-H
C3TO
1C
,— 1
TO
$17.50 and un-
der $20.
CU
ig
T3<N
C<N
03 TO
§
$22.50 and un-
der $25.
$25 or over.
Foreign-born, by race— Cont'd.
2
9
170
8
39
78
5
15
4
301
3
1
77
16
24
2
2
10
5
00
(")
9.84
(a)
9. 02
9.85
(a)
12.63
(Q)
9.28
(<0
(«)
14.15
10.99
9.27
(a)
(a)
11.65
(a)
0
3
73
1
12
33
3
2
3
157
2
3
53
4
14
21
2
9
1
95
1
"6"
1
2
2
2
10
1
1
5
1
Polish
4
20
1
8
13
1
Portuguese
Roumanian
2
2
Russian
2
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Servian
Slovak.
2
33
11
3
Slovenian
Spanish
1
19
1
1
Swedish
2
2
5
11
4
10
2
21
8
6
8
"2"
7
4
1
2
3
Turkish
Welsh
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born .
5
1
2
"2"
1
1
2
1
3, 618
11.19
33
379
1,100
1,129
230
4(8
203
47
14
15
Grand total
9,906
12.11
1
83
753
2,207
3,058
884
1,760
776
214
75
95
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 13. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
bo
O
||
03
it
Is
Average earnings per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
3
03 V
•o
a
— d
*o
1*
TO
a
qS
~ ~
t-°
CH
03
T3
9 •
0
i— i
3
•-"•§
M
•S
i!
OSTO
a
3
•o d
O 03
«T3
•§
TO
a
3
If
$25 or over.
Native-born of native father:
White
2,373
3
$7.98
(<0
11
161
810
2
926
1
373
35
45
10
1
1
. . . .
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Australia
1
25
1
158
2
98
19
460
556
7
(a)
9.41
(a)
8.57
(a)
8.56
7.97
8.38
8.85
(a)
1
12
1
68
Austria-Hungary .
6
4
3
Belgium
Canada
9
38
2
22
5
148
127
1
33
3
6
1
Denmark.
England
....
8
4
20
15
2'
38
4
184
252
4
5
85
1
4
1
France
Germany
7
11
14
4
4
1
Ireland
1
Italy..
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
544
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 13. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Average earnings per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
S
£
L*
O>
T3
H>
1
1»
3 «-
0)
S10
T^i
9&
fc
•a
3 o
35
"2^
Ge&
o3
1O
6%
1
§
_d
IS
3%
t^
6ft>
lj
V
•o
go
J"0
C3«5
0
w
G
T310
— &>
Sfe
"?T3
<N
r-H
<*=>
ui
a>
T3
§g
S^
caw
iO
*H
as
c
3
!?
O O)
. *o
t-
s
FH
O
T3
N
•s-i
n cj
ci»3
1
n
3 .
-of?,
s*^
O a/
o-a
?!
«e
i
0
(H
0
>o
8
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father— Con.
Netherlands
3
1
1
10
23
7
14
4
(«)
fa)
(a)
8.15
8.73
(a)
7.53
(«)
2
1
1
4
7
4
7
1
Norway
Portugal . . .
Russia ...
4
6
1
0
4
2
6
O
£
1
Scotland
2
1
1
Sweden .
Switzerland
Wales
Total
i
1,390
8.00
60
370
590
285
34
40
9
1
Total native-born
3,7(16
8.21
11
221
1,182
1,517
058
69
85
19
2
1
i
Foreign-born, by race:
A rm pn i an
3
5
92
119
1
33
1
1
43
10
81
8
84
24
38
16
3
1
10
7
13
29
2
10
(a)
(«)
8.95
8.08
(a)
8.41
(a)
(a)
7.89
6.55
7.21
(a)
7.90
7.27
6.37
7.57
(a)
(a)
7.19
00
9.81
7.37
(a)
7.18
1
1
3
29
26
1
Bohemian and Moravian
1
24
44
1
33
44
1
6
Canadian French
2
3
2
2
2
Canadian Other
Croatian
English
17
7
1
1
0
A
Finnish
French
1
German
1
2
5
16
5
39
6
30
12
17
3
1
21
3
33
2
33
7
7
8
1
3
1
1
Greek
Hebrew Russian
4
Hebrew Other
Irish
5
2
11
3
15
2
1
2
1
1
1
Italian, North
1
1
Italian South
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
1
6
2
2
8
2
3
9
4
5
17
Russian
1
5
1
Scotch
1
Slovak
3
Spanish
Swedish
1
4
2
Total foreign-born .
040
7.89
40
238
239
106
9
7
1
Grand total
4,406
8.16
11 261
1,420
1,756
764
78
92
20
2
1
i
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 545
TABLE 14. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under
$5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
807
2
$5.84
(a)
1C
259
355
2
151
32
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
1
29
1
41
2
17
4
224
95
26
12
9
3
7
(a)
6.32
(a)
6.23
(a)
6.14
(a)
5.75
6.18
5.48
6.13
(<0
<«)
(«)
1
14
1
23
1
9
2
98
54
10
9
6
2
3
Austria-Hungary
6
7
2
Belgium
Canada
8
1
3
7
3
Denmark
England
4
2
33
19
5
2
1
1
France
Germany.
3
80
18
11
1
10
4
Ireland .
Italy
Russia
Scotland
2
Sweden
1
3
Switzerland
1
Total.
471
5.96
3
132
233
81
22
Total native-born .
1,280
5.88
13
391
590
232
54
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
3
3
4
11
4
1
3
19
28
23
5
3
19
59
8
2
5
2
10
2
1
(«0
(a)
(a)
0.73
(a)
(«0
(a)
6.76
6.05
6.60
(a)
(a)
6.93
6.66
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.90
(a)
(a)
2
2
1
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
Canadian, French
8
2
Canadian Other
Dutch
English
3
6
15
12
4
1
8
29
5
German .
6
6
2
2
7
6
1
5
Greek
Hebrew, Russian.
3
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
2
10
1
1
1
5
1
Italian, North
8
15
1
2
1
Italian, South ....
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
3
1
Scotch
2
1
Slovak
5
2
3
1
Syrian
Belgian (race not specified). .
Total foreign-born
1
215
6.66
1
33
107
54
20
Grand total
1,495
5.99
14
424
697
286
74
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
546
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 15. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2. 50 and
under
85.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White .
854
1
$5.21
(a)
24
358
1
363
97
12
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Australia
1
39
2
39
2
16
3
191
96
9
1
1
8
3
2
8
(a)
5.64
w
5.94
(a)
5.86
(a)
5.32
6.18
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
M
1
12
1
24
1
6
1
S9
55
3
Austria-Hungary . ....
1
18
1
8
7
1
Belgium
Canada*
6
1
5
1
20
20
1
1
1
Denmirk
England
5
1-
77
15
5
France
Germany
2
2
3
4
Ireland . .
Italy .
Norway
Roumania
1
4
Russia
3
3
1
2
1
Scotland
Sweden
r-
5
Switzerland
1
Total.
421
5.63
5
141
202
64
9
Total native-born
1,276
5.35
29
500
565
161
21
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian ....
1
3
8
4
5
21
26
4
4
5
13
2
1
6
5
1
5
1
I
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
7.04
6.37
(a)
(a)
(«)
6.09
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
1
3
1
1
7
3
1
1
4
4
1
2
1
4
2
2
5
16
1
2
Canadian, Other..
1
English .
2
5
6
2
1
German ....
4
1
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other
Irish.. .
Italian North
1
1
Italian, South
6
1
1
2
1
2
Lithuanian.
Magyar.
Polish
2
1
2
2
1
3
Russian ...
1
Scotch
Slovak
2
1
1
Syrian .
Austrian (race not specified)
Total foreign-born
116
6.31
30
48
29
9
Grand total
1,392
5.43
29
530
613
190
30
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 547
TABLE 16. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table Includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525.]
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number working for
wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
«»
h
CD
T3
n
t>
tH
ffi
•a
q
11
«»
o
o
a»
(-(
CD
3
3
•ad
c o
Is1
fe
t-t
0>
1
•ad
§°
as
§
CO
«©
s
•o
•ad
§§
8
TJ<
«e
(H*
a>
>
o
t*
o
8
o^
f— <
«»
15
V
•o
a
^8
§£
8
»o
se
a>
1
•a§
§15
a>
1 .
18
8
ee
a)
•o
a
3 .
li
8
i
a>
•O
a
^8
c_-
^ «^
e»
Native-born of native father,
White
71
?926
1
1
3
10
8
9
12
4
8
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian French
15
27
741
761
3
4
4
4
2
5
1
4
1
2
1
3
3
4
Irish .
1
Total
42
754
1
7
8
7
5
3
4
7
Total native-born
113
862
2
1
3
17
16
16
17
7
12
22
Foreign-born:
Armenian
41
93
22
31
69
17
11
71
64
54
12
444
682
756
405
446
676
495
464
389
410
559
4
2
6
6
11
9
2
8
18
1
1
18
15
15
2
7
7
3
1
12
3
8
1
4
8
4
4
7
10
9
3
4
18
1
4
11
3
3
14
5
2
9
4
2
1
6
4
"is
2
1
1
1
"2
Canadian, French
1
English
Greek . .
2
1
6
2
3
13
1
3
11
16
14
1
Hebrew
3
4
Irish
1
1
4
1
2
1
3
Italian, North
1
12
14
11
1
Italian, South. . .
1
1
5
3
3
2
2
1
5
2
2
4
Lithuanian
Polish
1
Syrian..
Total foreign-born
Grand total...
485
506
6
22
74
100
69
61
49
42
24
18
20
598
573
6
24
75
103
86
77
65
59
31
30
42
548
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 17. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number working for wages
and reporting amount.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
rH
*»
U
<D
•a
a
8
i— <
t&
o
S
TO
8
Si
1
§
o
o
§
ee
8
(»
w
8
o^
s%
1
o
S
^H
e»
13
3
•C
§
.— i
«?
o>
73
a
3
•«
g
S
€^
<D
•a
a
3
TJ
I
4fi>
a>
-3
C
3
•O
C
03
S
%
a>
•a
e
3
•3
§
§
Si
01
•a
d
•o
a
03
g
^P
«e
CD
"3
3
•O
c
03
e4
0)
•o
a
3
•o
a
03
v>
V
T3
C
3
•d
§
1
e»
O)
T3
3
•O
H
03
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
"'.!
S756
1
2
2
l
8
12
10
10
18
15
20
38
4
1
51
1
3
571
(a^
(a)
696
Ca)
(a)
1
1
2
8
1
6
2
6
4
3
4
3
1
Enelish . ...
Hebrew
1
Irish
2
2
i.
2
4
1
5
2
10
8
8
rj
Italian, South
Polish...
•}
Total
15
98
633
—
3
2
2
4
14
13
11
11
12 11
Total native-born ...
197
695 1
3
4
4
5
22
25
21
25
29
27 31
Foreign-born:
Armenian
89
111
34
75
106
21
20
107
167
127
27
408
657
753
360
444
631
429
421
337
395
578
3
4
1
5
1
1
4
1
8
1
1
7
3
4
3
19
11
2
20
31
1
3
23
52
37
4
17
9
4
5
19
1
2
20
40
29
3
10
13
1
5
16
4
4
9
22
21
5
9
19
1
8
13
5
2
4
6
3
3
4
16
7
2
3
4
"cf
5
5
9
4
17
13
2
3
3
2
8
1
1
1
14
4
1
1
1
"2
Canadian, French.. . .
English
Greek
6
1
8
1
6
12
7
5
1
1
11
13
9
Hebrew
Irish..
Italian, North
6
10
16
15
9
Italian, South.
5
3
1
6
2
2
3
7
4
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
\M
459
24
22
33
77
54
203
149
110
73
61
55
23
Grand total. ..
1,081
502
25
25
37
81
59
225
174
131
98
90
82
54
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 549
TABLE 18. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families. a
Average
family
income.
Number of families having a total income —
Under
$300. &
$300
and
under
8500.
SoOO
and
under
$750.
$750
and
under
$1,000.
$1,000
and
under
$1,500.
$1,500
or over.
Native-born of native father,
White
79
$1.048
11
20
20
20
8
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian French
15
32
912
985
2
4
6
8
3
7
1
9
3
4
Irish
Total
47
9G1
6
14
10
10 7
Total native-born
126
1,016
17
34
30
30
15
Foreign-born:
Armenian..
43
101
23
33
79
31
11
74
64
64
13
608
932
1,048
612
656
942
791
576
542
555
730
4
3
1
7
9
1
14
8
2
11
19
3
3
28
27
26
2
12
32
1
7
30
6
3
15
21
16
3
9
22
5
2
13
13
2
9
9
6
4
3
24
12
4
5
4
2
6
1
3
3
1
12
2
2
3
4
1
2
Canadian, French
English .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
14
6
3
1
Lithuanian . .
Polish
Syrian . .
Total foreign-born
526
705
49
143
146
94
67
27
Grand total . .
r,:7J
765
49
ICO
180
124
97
42
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
& This column includes 2 families reporting income as "none."
550
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 19. — Yearly earnings (approximate} of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number working for wages
and reporting amount.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
Under $100.
S
•§
i
S
3
o
o
o
^
ee
o
g
t&
e©
8
t^
9%
i
«e
o
•d
d
a
T3
d
03
O
O
,— <
•»
$150 and undei
$200 and undei
$250 and undei
$300 and undei
$400 and undei
$500 and undei
O>
•o
d
3
T3
d
03
«e
$700 and undei
$800 and undei
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
44 ; $489
1
.... 2
1
9 11
9
8
1
2
24
2
4
1
4
29
1
406
00
(a)
(<0
(a)
441
(«)
1
1
1
1
i
11
4
1
1
1
2
1
Canadian, Other
English
1
2
1
1
German. .
Hebrew
1
3
Irish
1
1
3
2
5
1
1
5
2
2
1
Scotch
Total
05
424
1
2
2
4
4
21
12
10
3
4
2
Total native-born
109
450
1
3
2
6
5
30
23
19
11
5
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
3
20
5
4
5
32
5
4
13
25
27
2
00
352
(a)
(")
(a)
304
(")
(a)
246
215
224
(a)
....
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
2
1
3
7
2
2
1
Canadian, Other
English
1
1
1
1
Greek ....
1
2
1
1
4
6
•1
6
•t
5
1
7
2
Hebrew
2
1
Irish..
1
Italian, North ...
2
2
1
Italian, South
"2"
3
9
3
4
1
6
3
4
5
5
— * CD Cn CO
1
Lithuanian
Polish .
Syrian...
1
Total foreign-born
8
18
19
25
29
20
1 I:,
280
15
7
3
1
Grand total
254
353
16
11
20
25
30 59
43
26
14
6
4
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 551
TABLE 20. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family,
(STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table excludes 2 families reporting income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of
selected
families."
Number of families having an income from —
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White.
79
71
9
28
11
15
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French.. . . .
15
32
15
27
4
1
1
9
6
8
1
6
Irish
Total
47
42
5
10
14
7
Total native-born
126
113
14
38
25
22
Foreign-born:
Armenian
41
101
23
33
79
31
11
74
64
54
13
41
93
22
31
69
17
11
71
64
54
12
2
13
8
4
1
9
37
7
3
25
20
2
11
14
23
2
8
23
4
3
25
47
36
7
7
15
4
6
11
10
2
4
10
4
Canadian, French
English...
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
1
7
10
10
Italian , South
Lithuanian . .
Polish
3
2
Syrian
Total foreign-born
524
485
56
119
192
73
Grand total
650
598
70
157
217
95
For selection of families, see p. 525.
48296°— VOL 12—11 36
552
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 21. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table excludes 2 families reporting income as "none."!
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number of selected families.a
Number of families having entire income from—
Husband.
Husband and wife.
Husband and children.
Husband, wife, and children.
Husband and boarders or
lodgers.
>2
£
Wife and children.
Wife and boarders or lodgers.
Children.
Children and boarders or
lodgers.
w
h
a)
CUD
T3
_O
[M
0
•O
£
o
n
Sources or combination of
sources not before specified.
Native-born of native father,
White
79
35
5
13
1
2
1
3
19
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
i
15
32
6
12
2
1
1
3
3
6
3
0
Irish
2
2
—
Total
47
18
3
4
9
2
2
—
9
Total native-born
126
53
8
17
1
11
1
5
2
L'S
Foreign-born:
Armenian ...
41
101
23
33
79
31
11
74
64
54
13
IG
35
6
13
31
7
5
36
9
10
5
1
6
6
4
1
4
22
5
2
12
5
1
2
9
10
10
18
6
6
12
10
4
6
14
10
Canadian, French . .
1
3
1
3
—
English . . .
Greek
....
7
17
1
2
2
....
Hebrew
4
7
Irish
Italian, North..
"5"
6
6
1
6
::::
1
19
35
27
6
Italian, South
1
1
—
Lithuanian
Polish
1
1
Syrian
1
Total foreign-born
524 J173
35 59 i 3 131
1
3
13
10
—
96
Grand total...
650
226
43 76 4 142
2
3
18
12
—
124
For selection of families, see p. 525.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 553
TABLE 22. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
11
and
under
12.
10
and
under
11.
9
and
under
10.
8
and
under
9.
7
and
under
8.
6
and
under
7.
3
and
under
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of native father,
White
116
50
12
11
15
11
3
7
7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
50
5
3
5/
1
4
13
3
3
21
6
5
1
10
3
5
1
6
2
English
Hebrew
Irish
5
13
1
3
4
2
3
5
1
Italian, South.
Polish
3
1
Total
120
43
11
20
13
7
9
9
7
1
Total native-born
236
93
23
31
28
18
12
16
14
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
92
119
36
77
120
24
22
115
167
128
26
18
43
9
17
36
10
6
14
35
43
23
10
18
9
3
9
1
2
8
11
11
8
15
7
8
15
7
1
11
41
16
11
6
4
3
20
2
9
13
2
6
10
2
1
18
19
21
8
9
13
9
4
16
12
13
4
1
16
8
2
2
Canadian, French
English
Greek
3
9
1
2
5
13
11
5
1
1
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
8
18
16
6
1
2
17
7
4
Italian, South
20
23
14
2
4
2
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
926
254
82
129
105
101
61
103
72
19
Grand total . .
1,162
347
105
160
133
119
73
119
86
20
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
50
20
11
6
5
5
1
2
Native-bom of foreign father, by
race of father:
f!a.na.rlm.n, FrAnr.h
27
8
5
2
3
4
2
1
2
Canadian, Other
2
1
1
English
6
3
1
2
Gp.rrnan
1
1
Hebrew. . .
5
2
3
Irish
42
15
2
5
5
3
2
8
2
Italian, South
1
1
Scotch
1
1
Total
85
29
8
8
11
9
4
12
4
Total native-born
135
49
19
14
16
14
5
14
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
4
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
21
4
3
o
2
1
1
5
2
Ca.na.dian, Ot.hp.r
4
3
1
English
6
1
1
1
1
1
i
Greek.
5
1
1
2
1
Hebrew
39
IS
5
7
5
2
2
Irish
5
3
1
1
Italian North
5
2
1
1
1
Italian, South.
14
1
2
3
1
1
1
4
1
Lithuanian
26
5
1
4
5
2
4
5
Polish
29
10
1
7
1
3
2
1
3
1
Syrian
2
<>
Total foreign-born
160
51
8
23
20
11
7
19
19
2
Grand total . .
295
100
27
37
36
25
12
33
23
2
554
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 23. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
["With boarders or lodgers" includes only households having boarders or lodgers at the time schedule
was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
" Family" households.
"Group"
house-
holds.
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boarders or
lodgers.
Total
family
house-
holds.
Con-
sisting
of a
single
family.
Consist-
ing of two
or more
families
living
together.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
lodgers
only.
Total.
Native-born of native fa-
ther White
95
80
2
82
8
5
13
95
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Canadian, French
9
37
3
31
3
31
3
5
3
1
6
6
9
37
Irish
Total
46
34
34
8
4
12
46
Total native-born —
Foreign-bom:
Armenian
141
114
2 | 116
16
9
25
141
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
27
81
23
25
61
30
8
54
8
7
9
6
2
2
33
83
25
25
64
30
8
58
10
7
10
16
19
2
8
19
6
1
9
2
16
21
4
10
22
7
3
23
51
42
8
49
104
29
35
86
37
11
81
61
49
18
3
1
Canadian, French
2
2
2
3
1
2
14
49
42
2
English
Greek
4
Hebrew
3
Irish ....
1
Italian North
Italian South
4
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
1
6
Total foreign-born . .
Grand total
569
333
20
353
88
119
207
560 9
710
447
22
169
104
128
232
701
9
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 555
TABLE 24. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment, by
• general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Aver-
age
rent
per
apart-
ment.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment.
Under
15.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50
and
under
$10.
$10
and
under
$12.50.
$12.50
and
under
$15.
$15
and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
75
$15. 76
5
18
10
23
19
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian French
9
27
(a)
15. 03
2
4
1
7
3
8
3
6
1
1
Total
36
15. 37
1
1
6
8
11
9
Total native-horn
111
15.63
1
6
24
18
34
28
Foreign-born:
Armenian
47
89
23
36
72
16
10
78
54
43
14
12.06
12. 31
14.93
10.99
13.90
13.44
9.50
12. 14
10.33
9.49
9. 14
1
9
17
23
1
13
18
2
5
14
18
10
2
10
21
5
7
14
4
3
9
14
8
5
8
12
5
6
7
3
1
16
2
6
1
8
10
8
7
21
2
3
14
4
Canadian, French
English
Greek
3
2
2
1
10
8
13
5
Hebrew
10
3
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
2
1
1
26
11
5
1
1
Lithuanian .
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born.
482
11.94
4
54
123
100
67
99
35
Grand total
593
12.63
5
54
129
124
85
133
63
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
556
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 25. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household. '
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Number of households paying each specified rent
per month per room.
Un-
der
SI.
$1
and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
$2.
$2
and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
and
under
$3.
$3
and
under
$3.50.
$3.50
and
under
$4.
S4or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
75
$3.08
4
14
14
.18
5
20
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
9
27
(a)
2.94
1
6
1
4
4
3
1
6
2
6
Irish
1
1
Total
36
3.04
1
1
7
5
7
7
8
Total native-horn .
111
3.07
1
5
21
19
25
12
28
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
47
89
23
36
72
16
781
54
43
14
2.49
2.39
2.82
2.62
3.11
2.42
2.26
2.68
2.58
2.37
1.94
1
9
5
22
1
5
2
5
1
9
7
10
2
19
24
7
10
21
2
6
18
13
10
6
9
10
6
6
13
2
3
18
17
6
2
8
9
5
5
9
2
4
8
1
6
4
7
13
2
Canadian, French
1
English
Greek
1
2
14
1
Hebrew
Irish
2
Italian, North
Italian, South. .
1
2
1
4
3
13
12
9
1
111
1
1
7
3
3
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
- -•-
Total foreign-born
482
2.59
2
23
69
136
92
73 j 41
46
Grand total
.•>'.r.
2.69
3
23
74
157
111
98
53
74
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables- General Survey. 557
TABLE 26. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of household.
<taM
zza
o1--
*«£
-So
°fp.
•-< P<CD^
<a t-> Q
& w 3
SS-sS
3.C § i
fc
o
ft
a;
C C
£8
o
1
Number of households paying each specified
rent per month per person.
8
?
•§
a
a
3
13 S
1
<x>
•a
a .
1*
d
3
13 si
pW
0-C
35
Ui
•d
A
3
i
a
= 8
5
i
o
A
0
Native-born of native father. White
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French. .
75
34.30
3 3
4
18
6
41
9
27
00
3.22
2
3
2
2
1
5
1
2
1
2
2
11
Irish
1
1
Total
36
3.13
1
1
5
4
6
3
3
13
Total native-born
111
3.84
1
1
8
7
10
21
9
54
Foreign-born:
Armenian
47
89
23
36
72
16
10
78
54
43
14
2.22
2.32
4.35
2.41
2.57
2.79
1.73
2.28
1.55
1.37
2.21
3
3
3
17
15
11
7
10
1
6
10
4
5
15
2
9
18
1
1
4
3
2
1
3
8
4
2
11
1
2
8
1
1
1
3
9
2
5
4
8
16
14
5
10
7
Canadian, French
English ..
Greek
4
8
3
3
11
22
13
2
5
11
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian, North
4
15
12
8
3
Italian, South
3
3
11
15
12
7
4
5
1
17
Lithuanian
Polish
1
3
Syrian
Total foreign-born
482
2.19
23
80
84
76
61
42
29
81
Grand total
593
2.44
24
87
92
83
71
63
38
135
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
558
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 27. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of boarders
and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households
keeping —
Number of —
Boarders.
Lodgers
only.
Total.
Boarders.
Lodgers.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
95
8
5
13
12
6
18
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father
Canadian, French '
9
37
3
5
3
1
6
6
4
7
3
1
7
8
Irish
Total
46
8
4
12
11
4
15
Total native-born
141
16
9
25
23
10
33
Foreign-born:
Armenian
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
16
19
2
8
19
6
1
9
2
16
21
4
10
22
7
3
23
51
42
8
29
32
2
14
28
12
2
17
3
1
8
3
3
8
3
5
31
161
129
3
30
40
5
17
36
15
7
48
164
129
15
Canadian, French
2
2
2
3
1
2
14
49
42
2
English
Greek . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
6
12
Total foreign-born
569
88
119
207
151
355
506
Grand total
710
104
IL'S
232
174
365
539
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
559
Si
c
60
Q
J
O
K
H
m
1 §
o> «
2 §
Q
p
H
09
00
-
-
3-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
26
1 : :
1
i :::::: : : : :
:
1 :
CO
0 1
. Ij . . ...... T— I T-H CM CM
CM || CM
« || 0
cO II t^-
CO 11 CO
-^
. || . , . || . || ... . •
Ol || 'i-H T-H II CO || T-H <O •* T-H T-
CO
CM || ' II ^ II T-H CO rH O CO • CM CO T-i CJ
S II N
N
• 11 • • II • II ....
<D || 00
• II '
PH i <— ' ' W
Hill
ii ' •
•-(CM
CO
1 •
i
CO 1O T-H O 00 CM CO »O OJ CO
r-i rH T-H
2-room apartments.
Dumber occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
II
I ; ; ;
||
1
II :::::: : : : : :
:||
CO
II
1
T] •
o
II
II
1
1
11
• II •
W || CM
10
II
1
|| : : i1"1 : : : : : : :
t— 1 || T-H
i-H
II
r
|| : 1 '.^ ', '. ;-*•-'•-' ;
40 |l°
CO
II
i] ^
|| i1"1 :rt : : : : : '.'*
co u*
cj
II
ii
[i
* ir
T-H
i *t-t .1 cn
101!
CO
II
n
CO
II
I-H
00
T-H
1-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
f- OJ
11
00
II
II : :
II
II
II
II :::::: : : : : :
ii
II
II
II
o
II • •
II : :
II : :
II : :
II
II
II
II
ii
II
II
II
CO
II : :
II : :
ir
] :::::: : : : : : |-4
II
II
T-H
II : :
ii
ii
II
III IS
, t
i i
Hill!
03
CO
•*
f-H
i— 1
CM»OO}G5COOO T— ' T— < T-H OS 00
IOOCMCOOOCO T-H 00 U3 ^< i-H
T-H
s
i—
General nativity and race of head of household
i
;;:;!! : i : : :
;
i :
£
is
t.
a
X
•»-
*E
a
-f.
c
*•-
c
c
j
1
father:
:::::: : : : : :
i
|
i •
i
1
iiiiii \l\\\
'!
i
£
C
n !
: JIIIJ] Jill
i
iii i « i *
•
|S
j oa
. Mo
S'oj Q
|I
= °D
i C a
ScjS S.
2-° 2^3 C.
M* *
S'&Qff
43
9 rT
51?
1
t
'i
c
i "0
> 4-
) C
< E-
:::::: ; . . .
p 9 p ^ cc »p- ••-
R "S^S fl ^ *"§ ^"
1 Hill ^
i
560
The Immigration Commission.
Apartments of 7 rooms or more.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
11
i
*fl* i-H
• rH • rH '
ci
II
CM || CM I! rHCO |rHl-H
<O M 00
00
II :
: II : || — " : : :— : : : —
10 || to
^
II
— II — II ::—::— : : : :
CM || CO
<6
•* || co
n II" II :--- « : : : -
O5 || O
II rH
to
CO ||
rH || „• || ;rHrH ; CO ; ; rH rH
O || 1"
rH II rH
^
" II :
Ml" II ;"'-'-1 N : : : : :
00 || CM
CO
0 II :
Ml "^ || : ;C4 '• •" : : : : :
10 112
CM
"II —
rH || .0 || .rtrH ... .....
CM || ».
rH
: II : : 1
i II i II ::!!!! ; i ' ' '
• II •
lilll
8
00
g
CO CO l"*»
rH
CM CS O3 rH rH CO
rH
IO
CM
00
6-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
U O)
II
O4 rH • CO rH •
CR
II
rH
rH || CM
rHrH CM rH • •
t- || 00
00
II :
CO 00
<NCO<N (N (M rH
CO || CO
CM II CN
r-I
II T~t
rH||rH|| COrH CMCO TJ" rH . •
t- |l 00
rH II rH
o
rH I] rH rH
CM II CO || (M to i-H
CM ' 1C rH rH
r~ || o
rH 1! CM
1O
50 II - :
rH || t- n |CNC- CS CO CO rH|
CO M O
— ' 1
_
CO ||
^11211 ^N - : - -
t~ II t-
II l-H
CO
0 || rH
- 1
2 I
"1
TprH
I— 1 i— 1 CO fH
S IIS
CM'
" II :
:
W W
rH ' CM
^ IIS
rH
: II : :
: II : II :::::: : : : : :
: II :
£al|l.
CM
CM OO
0
rH
CO
CO
IO rH O!
CO
r- <M as . ci 10 10 ^
I
rH
5-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
11
(N rH 00 <N
00
OO
o
II :
CO CM rH<N •
00 M CO
od - II
rH || CM || CMCM CM CM;f
rH || 3
^ II :
||| ||| CMCO rHl-HCM C-llNrHCOrH
rH || rH
CM II CM
o || rtcq
CO || CO || CM tO
rH N rH Tji CO rH rH
O || CO
to N II
tOllt^-ll CMCMrHrHOrH 'Ol 'rHl-H
S IIS
•* ° II :
I || ^ || COTl-CM ;f | |CM - | |
r= r,
CO II
CM || CO || CMOOrH
rHrHCM -»O ' • i— 1 1 rH 11 t"-
... | CN II <M
3 II
II l-H II ... .....
. II . II
OO || CM
II CM
• M
rH
o 1 h S S
HO.S&S
8
1 • •
CM O
rH
1 •
/
CO
! • •
^ CO !>•
rH CO
•V Tf 1C CO OS Oi rH »O
CM rH i— 1
•
CO
1 •
CM
4-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
l-t "_
0 §
rH p
•
rH CO rH
10
oi
II :
Ml II -
• rH * rH CO rH
t- || r-
CO
II :
Ml II :
rHCM • CM lOCO
53 || 52
t^
II :-
rH || rH || rH
' ^* rH ^ 'f OO CO
f~ II 00
<M II CM
to
II
CO || CO || .0<N
l— 1 t^- ' rH CM -^ O
00 || I-H
CM II CO
to
CO M rHrH
CM || 10 || toCO
CO Oi rH rH rH lO CO
CO II CO
-*
US || 'CM
N || ^ || ^^
CO O • rH CO ' rH
CO II CO
CO
I— || rHCM
CO || O || CM t-
II rH II
** t-rH CM CDrH
8113
OJ
: || :N
N || CM || -J-COTP | ;CM .CM | rH
21122
rH
1 : II : :
'. || ! || * i ! '. ', '. '. '.'.'.'.'.
Ml :
lilll
Ui
CO O
CO
GO
CM
^CN^C^OlO COC^O^CXN
(N C<I i— i Tp <M CN CN
CO
T— 1
CM
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Native-born of native father,
White
>, : : :::::::::::
•*! i : : :
i
rQ
.1 -a
33 -e
IM O
£ ^
e o
•2 ; p
0 43 o -ft
tuo o X • o
'SO ' ': 0
2*3 « flSi
_ _- C3 _ _— t— •— • ra f
^^^ C3 C3 O flr^ V
Ills H fill
I2 1
i> ( . i . «
: &&','•'
\ HIM
& - -S : •
_M GJ 5 S ^-C ^
fli *~* ** C3 C3 *^ (/) C3
3 nj t^-1 *7^ '"^ ,C «F^ «^
OHrH MSr^rHOa
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 561
TABLE 29. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Ave. "<?e
nurnbe.
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Number of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7
rooms
or
more.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
5.38
(a)
5.41
4.90
5.28
5.59
4.20
4.55
6.45
4.09
4.57
4.05
4.16
5.11
3
5
1
2
3
5
1
10
8
15
3
10
24
22
4
12
40
5
6
22
29
22
2
26
2
10
14
33
7
4
24
5
3
19
9
11
5
26
2
8
5
31
9
7
12
9
20
1
7
6
13
7
2
2
19
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
1
1
4
Greek.
Hebrew .
Irish
Italian, North
2
13
15
9
3
Italian, South . .
4
2
2
1
22
5
5
4
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian. .
3
Grand total
710
4.91
IS
77
216
172
145
82
Total native-born of for-
eign father .
40
141
509
5.30
5.35
4.80
3
8
69
13
28
188
12
38
134
10
36
109
8
28
54
Total native-born
3
15
Total foreign-born
562
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 30. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7
rooms
or
more.
Total.
co
2
"o
o>
CO
3
o
a
CO
a
o
E
<u
ft
CO
2
"o
•3
CO
3
o
A
CO
a
8
i
ft
CO
2
"o
J3
CO
CO
3
o
,q
co
a
o
12
CD
ft
CO
2
"o
J3
CB
CO
3
0
00
a
O
e
CD
ft
CO
2
"o
CD
CO
3
0
CO
a
o
CO
t_l
CD
ft
CO
2
"o
•9
CO
3
O
CO
a
o
12
CD
ft
to
•o
1
CO
O
a
c/;
n
o
£
CD
ft
CO
2
"o
fl
CD
CO
O
a
Number of persons.
0
o
0
o
o
O
o
O
S3
.a
a
3
fc
O
O
0
0
0
O
f_
CD
.0
£
0
h<
CD
.a
a
1
to
fl
a
3
fc
CD
,fl
3
fc
CD
.Q
a
1
a>
,O
i
3
fc
CU
J2
S
3
fc
CD
.a
a
3
2
CO
1
D
fc
0>
X2
z
CD
,Q
g
3
£
CD
fl
a
3
fc
CD
,n
a
1
CD
A
a
1
Native-born of native father,
White
3
10
5
1
2
16
6
6
15
3
10
56
14
42
26
2
10
80
11
JS
26
2
8
95
11
41
20
>7
78
9
41
95
9
37
33-5
51
178
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French '
Irish
Total tative-born .
3
10
8
28
28
112 38
139
36
147
28
128
141
504
Foreign-born:
Armenian
3
5
1
10
8
10
17
3
30
36
24
22
4
12
40
5
6
22
29
22
2
109
82
8
53
201
19
28
115
205
150
6
14
33
J
24
0
3
19
9
11
5
72
171
22
21
142
25
20
106
80
91
23
5
31
9
7
12
9
36
I'.li!
38
47
76
55
6
13
7
2
2
19
61
83
30
10
20
101
52
105
29
39
sti
38
11
81
61
49
18
288
555
103
177
475
200
59
433
415
342
82
Canadian, French
1
1
4
3
2
16
English.. . .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish . . .
Italian North
2
13
15
9
3
11
59
69
54
10
Italian South
4
2
2
1
14
6
10
3
22
5
5
4
124
50
37
21
1
1
15
5
Lithuanian .
Polish
Syrian
3
19
Foreign-born
15
54
69
299
188
976
134
773
109
683
54
344
569
3,129
Grand total
18
64
77
327
216
1,088
172
912
145
830
82
472
710
3,693
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 563
TABLE 31. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Number of households of each specified number of
persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
95
9
37
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
3.53
22
29
1
5
5
23
5
12
12
7
2
10
4
1
5
24
14
3
6
8
6
4
7
24
11
1
6
12
8
2
5
4
8
9
14
2
4
13
5
2
14
7
9
3
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
1
2
2
8
Irish
4.81
5.54
5.29
3.55
4.54
5.52
5.26
5.36
5.35
6.80
6.98
4.56
5
£
11
4
7
9
17
5
6
15
2
2
13
5
2
3
3
3
12
2
1
7
7
4
11
12
13
1
1
6
12
Foreign-born:
Armenian
...
4
3
Canadian French
Greek
3
7
3
1
5
1
1
3
Hebrew
Irish
2
Italian North
Italian South
7
1
7
5
10
2
4
6
1
3
9
5
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
2
Grand total
710
5.20
70
127
110
112
99
76
57
31
28
Total native-born of foreign
father
46
141
569
4.98
4.00
5.50
5
27
43
6
35
92
7
31
79
9
23
89
12
17
82
3
8
73
1
2
55
3
3
28
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
28
TABLE 32. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Persons.
Perso
ns per i
com.
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Total
number.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Average
per
room.
Less
than
1.
1 and
under
2.
2 and
under
3.
Sand
under
4.
4 or
more.
'
Native-born of native
father White
95
335
3 53
0.66
76
18
1
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
q
51
Co~)
(a}
2
6
1
Irish
37
178
4.81
.89
20
17
Total
46
229
4 98
.94
22
23
1
141
564
4 00
75
98
41
2
Foreign-born:
52
288
5.54
1.13
15
36
1
ins
555
5 29
1 00
42
62
1
English
29
103
3 55
.64
23
6
Greek
39
177
4.54
1.07
13
21
5
Hebrew
86
475
5.52
1.21
16
63
7
Irish
38
200
5.26
.82
26
12
Italian North
11
59
5.36
1.31
2
8
1
Italian South
81
433
5 35
1. 17
25
45
10
1
61
415
6.80
1.68
2
40
19
Polish
49
342
6.98
1.19
1
35
11
2
Syrian
18
82
4.56
.89
8
10
569
3 129
5 50
1. 15
173
338
55
3
Grand total
710
3 6H3
5 20
1.06
271
379
57
3
a Not computed, Cawing to small number involved.
564
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 33. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity andrace of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Native-born of native
father, White
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French.
Irish
Total.
Total native-
born..
Foreign-born:
Armenian
Canadian, French.
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish..
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-
born . .
Grand total.
Total,
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per sleeping room.
Total
num-
ber.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Average
per
sleeping
room.
Less
than
2.
2 and
under
3.
3 and
under
4.
4 and
under
5.
5 and
under
6.
6 or
more.
95
335
3.53
1.56
62
23
6
4
9
37
51
178
(a)
4.81
(a)
1.84
4
18
2
13
3
5
1
46
229
4.98
1.88
22
15
8
1
141
564
4.00
1.67
84
38
14
5
52
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
288
555
103
177
475
200
59
433
415
342
82
5.54
5.29
3.55
4.54
5.52
5.26
5.36
5.35
6.80
6.98
4.56
1.97
1.93
1.72
2.03
2.38
1.57
2.03
2.29
2.41
2.43
1.67
16
44
13
14
20
28
4
22
11
5
10
28
46
15
16
40
9
6
30
35
31
5
7
15
1
5
18
1
1
20
12
10
2
1
4
7
1
5
3
3
1
1
3
569
3,129
5.50
2.10
187
261
299~"
92
24
2
3
710
3,693
5.20
2.02
271
106
29
2
3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 34. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number
of house-
holds
sleeping
in all
rooms.
Number of households sleeping in all
rooms except—
1.
2.
3. 4 or more.
Native-born of native father, White
95
6
20
40 29.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
9
37
1
4
6
10
.-.
2
17
Irish . .
6
Total
46
5
16
19
6
Total native-born
141
11
36
59 35
Foreign-born:
Armenian
105
29
39
86
38
11
81
61
49
18
15
8
1
13
8
21
46
2
18
46
12
6
27
11
10
8
13
41
15
3
29
14
3
10
11
4
1
12
Canadian, French . .
English
Greek
1
2
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
1
1
2
4
4
24
46
31
2
Italian, South
18
2
4
7
11
Lithuanian
Polish
Svrian
1
Total foreign-born
569
11
152
207
146
53
Grand total
710
11
163
243
205
88
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
565
TABLE 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
date.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
Native-born of native father:
White 5, 358
Negro 55
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia ." 2
Austria-Hungary 110
Belgium '. 3
Canada 371
Denmark 7
England 192
France _ 35
Germany , 1, 120
Greece 1
Ireland 829
Italy 74
Mexico 2
Netherlands 5
Norway 3
Portugal 2
Rourn ania 2
Russia 42
Scotland 70
Spain 1
Sweden 20
Switzerland 28
Wales 4
Africa (country not specified) 1
Total 2, 924
Total native-born 8, 337
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian g
Armenian 131
Bohemian and Moravian 103
Bulgarian 19
Canadian, French 402
Canadian, Other 209
Croatian 4
Cuban 1
Danish 10
Dutch 4
English I) 153
Finnish 2
French 7
German • " 241
Greek 343
Hebrew, Russian 431
Hebrew, Other 55
Irish 210
Italian, North 329
Italian, South 618
Lithuanian 125
Macedonian 19
Magyar 29
Mexican 2
Norwegian '..'.'.'. 13
Polish 189
Portuguese 9
Roumanian '..'.'.'. 43
Rusian 109
Rutaenian ......!> 5
54
2
110
3
369
7
191
35
1,118
1
829
73
2
5
3
2
2
42
70
1
20
28
4
1
2,918
8,321
127
103
17
379
209
4
1
10
4
151
2
7
240
332
424
55
207
309
559
114
18
29
2
13
174
9
41
94
4
566
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Scotch
Servian
Slovak
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish.
Syrian..
Turkish.
Welsh..
Australian (race not specified).
Austrian (race not specified). . .
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
27
4
351
3
1
97
18
27
2
2
12
1
7
Total
Grand total.
4,380
12,717
27
4
333
3
1
97
18
15
2
2
11
1
7
4.167
12,488
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White 3, 575
Negro 6
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia 2
Austria-Hungary 67
Belgium 3
Canada 229
Denmark 4
England 145
France 27
Germany 698
Ireland 725
Italy 17
Netherlands 4
Norway 2
Portugal 1
Roumania 1
Russia 22
Scotland 35
Sweden 15
Switzerland 24
Wales 4
Total 2, 025
Total native-born 5,606
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian 11
Canadian, French 133
Canadian, -Other 178
Croatian 1
English 58
Finnish . . . , , 1
French 3
German 68
Greek 11
Hebrew, Russian 126
Hebrew, Other 11
Irish 122
Italian, North 37
Italian, South 53
3,559
6
2
67
3
229
4
145
27
698
725
17
4
2
1
1
22
'35
15
24
4
2,025
5,590
7
.11
133
178
1
68
6
120
11
120
36
45
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 567
TABLE 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Number
Numbe
r who —
General nativity and nice.
complete
data.
Read.
Read and
write.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Lithuanian
19
14
11
Magyar
4
4
4
rr °J r
Norwegian
1
1
1
Polish
25
25
25
Russian
14
13
13
Scotch
19
18
18
Scotch-Irish
1
1
1
Slovak
34
27
27
Spanish
2
2
2
Swedish
14
14
14
Syrian .
1
1
1
Welsh . •
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
1
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
1
Total foreign-born
957
920
912
Grand total
6,563
6,510
6,497
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
8,933
8,908
8,902
. Neero
61
60
60
^
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
* Australia
4
4
4
\ Austria-Hungary
177
177
177
Belgium
6
6
6
Canada
600
598
597
Denmark
11
11
11
England
337
336
335
France
62
62
62
Germany
1,818
1,816
1,815
Greece
Ireland . .
1,554
1,554
1,552
Italy
91
90
90
Mexico .
2
2
2
Netherlands
9
9
9
Norway
5
5
5
Portugal
3
3
3
Roumania
3
3
3
Russia
64
64
64
Scotland
105
105
105
Snain
1
1
1
Sweden
35
35
35
Switzerland
52
52
52
Wales
8
8
8
Africa (country not specified)
1
1
1
Total
4,949
4,943
4,938
Total native-born
13,943
13,911
13,900
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
8
8
Armenian
138
134
133
Bohemian and Moravian
114
114
113
Bulgarian
19
17
17
Canadian, French
535
512
505
Canadian Other
387
387
386
Croatian -
5
5
5
Cuban
1
1
1
Danish. .
10
10
10
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-37
568
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
T O TAL— Continued .
Number
Numbe
r who—
General nativity^ and race.
complete
data.
Read.
Read and
write.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Dutch
4
4
4
English
211
209
209
Finnish
3
3
3
French
10
10
10
German
309
308
306
Greek
359
338
335
Hebrew Russian
557
544
538
Hebrew, Other
66
66
66
Irish
332
327
326
Italian, North
366
345
341
Italian, South
671
604
596
Lithuanian
144
128
118
Macedonian
19
18
18
Magyar. .
33
33
33
Mexican . . .
2
2
2
Norwegian
14
14
14
Polish
214
199
186
Portuguese
9
9
8
Roumanian
43
41
41
Russian
123
107
104
Ruthenian
5
4
3
Scotch
46
45
45
Scotch-Irish
1
1
1
Servian
4
4
4
Slovak
385
360
358
Slovenian
3
3
3
S Danish
3
3
3
Swedish
111
111
111
Syrian
19
19
19
Turkish
27
15
15
Welsh
3
3
3
Australian (race not specified)
2
2
2
Austrian (race not specified)
13
11
11
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
8
8
8
Total foreign-born
5,337
5 087
5,023
Grand total
19,280
18 998
18, 923
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
569
TABLE 36. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Num-
Male.
Female.
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Native-born of native
father, White
321
144
144
144
177
177
177
321
321
321
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Armenian
3
2
2
2
1
1
1
3
3
3
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other. . .
English
171
5
25
83
1
9
83
1
9
83
1
9
88
4
16
86
4
16
86
4
16
171
5
25
169
5
25
169
5
25
German
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Hebrew
37
10
10
10
27
27
27
37
37
37
Irish
109
79
79
79
90
90
90
169
169
169
Italian, North..
9
3
3
3
6
6
6
9
9
9
Italian South
16
3
3
3
13
13
13
16
16
16
Lithuanian
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Polish .. ..
8
7
7
7
1
1
1
8
8
8
Scotch
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Syrian
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total
451
198
198
198
253
251
25)
451
449
449
Total native-born
772
342
342
342
430
428
428
772
770
770
Foreign-born:
Armenian
180
113
107
107
67
52
52
180
159
159
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other...
English
257
22
61
128
2
38
114
2
38
105
2
38
129
20
23
118
19
23
109
19
23
257
22
61
232
21
61
214
21
61
French
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
German
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Greek
128
92
86
86
36
16
16
128
102
102
Hebrew
300
154
151
149
146
129
125
300
280
274
Irish
80
34
33
31
46
38
38
80
71
69
Italian, North..
39
22
15
15
17
15
15
39
30
30
Italian, South..
255
145
120
120
110
66
65
%5
186
185
Lithuanian
277
182
142
112
95
59
35
277
201
147
Polish....
235
145
122
113
90
70
61
235
192
174
Scotch
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Spanish
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Syrian
53
31
30
28
22
16
14
53
46
42
Total foreign-born
1,892
1,086
960
906
806
626
577
1,892
1,586
1,483
Grand total
2,664
1,428
1,302
1,248
1,236
1,054
1,005
2,664
2,356
2,253
570
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 37. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Years i
n Unitec
1 States.
Num-
ber
report-
Under 5
5 to 9.
.0 or ove
r.
Race of individual.
ing
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
reid
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who-
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Armenian .
113
32
32
32
22
21
21
59
54
54
Canadian, French
128
8
6
5
7
6
6
113
102
94
Canadian, Other..
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
English. .
38
10
10
10
28
28
28
Greek
92
52
50
50
35
31
31
5
5
5
Hebrew
154
63
62
61
37
35
35
54
54
53
Irish
34
34
33
31
Italian, North..
22
6
1
1
5
4
4
11
10
10
Italian, South .
145
48
42
42
59
49
49
38
29
29
Lithuanian . . .
182
78
57
41
71
55
44
33
30
27
Polish....
145
80
67
63
43
34
32
22
21
18
Syrian
31
10
9
8
9
9
8
12
12
12
Total
1,086
387
336
313
289
•ji;,
231
410
379
362
FEMALE.
Armenian .
67
43
34
34
18
12
12
6
6
6
Canadian, French
129
9
9
8
13
13
13
107
96
88
Canadian, Other
20
1
1
1
19
18
18
English
23
9
9
9
1
1
1
13
13
13
French
1
1
1
1
German. .
1
1
1
1
Greek
36
29
13
13
7
3
3
Hebrew
146
70
58
55
29
25
24
47
46
46
Irish
46
46
38
38
Italian, North..
17
2
2
2
6
4
4
9
9
9
Italian, South..
110
61
37
36
30
18
18
19
11
11
Lithuanian
95
45
26
14
41
26
17
9
7
4
Polish
90
55
43
38
28
23
19
7
4
4
Scotch
2
2
2
2
Spanish
1
1
1
1
Syrian
22
8
4
3
9
7
7
5
5
4
Total . .
806
332
236
213
184
134
120
290
256
244
TOTAL.
Armenian
180
75
66
66
40
33
33
65
60
60
Canadian, French
257
17
15
13
20
19
19
220
198
182
Canadian, Other .
22
2
2
2
20
19
19
English
61
19
19
19
1
1
1
41
41
41
French
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Greek
128
81
63
63
42
34
34
5
5
5
Hebrew
300
133
120
116
66
60
59
101
100
99
Irish
80
80
71
69
Italian, North.. .
39
8
3
3
11
8
8
20
19
19
Italian South
255
109
79
78
89
67
67
57
40
40
Lithuanian
277
123
83
55
112
81
61
42
37
31
Polish
235
135
110
101
71
57
51
29
25
22
Scotch
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Syrian
53
18
13
11
18
16
15
17
17
16
Total
1,892
71'.l
572
526
473
379
351
700
635
606
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 571
TABLE 38. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STDDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Race of Individual.
Number
reports
ing com-
plete
data.
Age at tune of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Armenian . .
113
128
2
38
92
154
34
22
145
182
145
31
13
45
2
8
8
45
15
3
26
7
3
5
13
44
2
8
8
45
15
3
24
6
3
5
13
42
2
8
8
45
15
3
24
6
3
4
100
83
94
70
94
63
Canadian French
Canadian Other
English
30
84
109
19
13
119
175
142
26
30
78
106
18
12
96
136
119
25
30
78
104
16
12
96
106
110
24
Greek . .
Hebrew ....
Irish
Italian, Noith
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian.
Total
1,086
180
176
173
001,
784
733
FEMALE.
Armenian
67
12
12
12
55
40
40
Canadian French
129
62
59
57
67
59
52
Canadian, Other..
20
4
4
4
16
15 J
15
English . .
23
3
3
3
20
20
20
French
1
1
1
1
German
1
1
1
1
Greek
36
3
3
3
33
13
13
Hebrew ...
146
34
34
34
H2
95
91
Irish
40
15
12
12
31
26
26
Italian, North
17
9
8
8
8
7
7
Italian, South ....
110
17
16
16
93
50
49
Lithuanian
95
6
5
5
89
54
30
Polish .
90
2
2
2
88
68
59
Scotch
2
2
2
2
Spanish
1
1
1
1
Syrian
22
5
4
4
17
12
10
Total
806
172
162
160
634
464
417
TOTAL.
Armenian
180
25
25
25
155
134
134
Canadian, French ....
257
107
103
99
150
129
115
Canadian, Other
22
6
6
6
16
15
15
English
61
11
11
11
50
50
50
French
1
1
1
1
German
1
1
1
1
Greek .
128
11
11
11
117
91
91
Hebrew
300
79
79
79
221
201
195
Irish . .
80
30
27
27
50
44
42
Italian, North
39
12
11
11
27
19
19
Italian , South
Lithuanian.
255
277
43
13
40
11
40
11
212
264
146
190
145
136
Polish
235
5
5
5
230
187
169
Scotch
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
Syrian
53
10
9
8
43
37
34
Total
1,892
352
338
333
1,540
1,248
1,150
572
The Immigration Commission.
2
s
a
s
E
§>
8 S
.3
a.
c?
I
•iO
"1
I
r»o
(S
O
w
o
H
Q
a
"3
i
i '•
y
CO
1-H O
1-H
00 ^ """^
2"S
CN !N
:3 :rt : : : : : : :N
"3
^ 1
•
0
ll
CN CO
CO
CN"
i-H OO CN t^Cv
rH 00
1-H
OS CO t^
OS 1-H OS
CO
I~^- O5 i-H CO *J* ^H 01 CO ^ O
00 CO
l-s,
O-H
CN"
1-H
NOCN,-
OO CN »-H
CO
4 CO O i-H i-H ,-H CN i-H CN 1— 1 <•** CO
CO »O COCO I-H ,-H
3
"o
rt 00
S-12
i-H • ....
,-H . ....
f .
o
II
00
ci-g
1-H t^
<i-l 'CM
S^K
CO r-t -^H '• '• - CO ^H^H
CO ....
&
3
a -a
o
&
tn"3b
OJrH
CO
. . .CO
CO i-H
<D
cm
03
"d
<§
"3
o
E-
^S
' Oi 1-H -^ ^
•rt CN
• 1-H
CO iO OO
0 gs
CO IO T-H ^f CO • • »O O5 CN CO
CN CN
o
CD
ft
1-'
2 "2
§-
•-H '00
10 :»
OS -fH • -CN
,q
o
cS
o
_g
o
^ o
S°a
CN •*
COrt
• OS 1— 1 CO i—
'. G*
^"^CO
J-t
O5 CO I-H CN CO iO ^ CN CO
CN
3
&
.s»
CO-*
• OS CO i-H
^H ^f
O> • ' •
LH
-0
£
"3
'o
EH
ss
o
l-H OO^HOSCO
CO •*
i-H
6^1
M ^H^H ^HCN t^o^H ooo
CO CN i-HCN i-H
£
>I
^ o
CN
CO
o
O T-H
— / — r- —
CO
s«s
GO *° "^
11)
— —
iTD i-H
.— 1
i-H
8 S-
t— CN iO
CO •— I GO
O O i-H i-H CO ^ i-H Oi *O
GO i— t fH i-H
"3
-4—
O
H
s"3
i-H
00 CNi-H
co r-
WOO CO I-H
« ^
Tf CO f-H i-H •
1-H •
OJ
1-H
o
rrt "^
•i-i 0)
y
i-H
o
1-H *
S|
1
^H
O
CO co"*
CO t^
CN
CO CO CN GO CN • iO 00
^ CO i-H ^H •
Ij
;|jf|
il
•** 1C
CO tO
<N
i-H CO CN CO CO
01 &
^HCOCO-H
S"o
t^- tOCN^O^CN CN O GO »— i GO»O
00
i
y
S 1 ! : : i
§
n
1
O
A
+a
45
o
o
0.2 0
r; Z2 L*
1 jiiii
y ^iii
•2- | : i :
°-^«K : :jj
ESi.a|«g
O o t- t- 3 T3 p
•°f -StTSbg §
^ \>. '.
igg1
.£;^^
4J
S3
fc
* o S 3"cu Ja ®
.^^^^pgoO
-Si
jz;
«P,00
& £%£££ SSlS* II
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 573
„.-
o
00
2
5
CO O rH
or- =
2 ^lOCNt^-^*1 tOt-»COf— h-OOOOlO CM
H 4O CO tOCOtOrH OJCMO^i-HCO
i-H CN CO^ CM COCOrH
CO rH O CO OS tO t>» ^* Ol CO rH
I— 1 OS rH -^ CD CM, »O
to
eS
CN^
OO rH r
CM rH
H lO CNO CMrHrHCN rHOO i— 1
i-HrHCN CM rH
*
CN rH
O5
OO
1-H
00
co"
rHOrHCO CO t-rH OS CO h- CN CN CO OO^rH^J* t^-OOCO^CO
t-- t- t^-f COcOOCOCMtOtOCDrH
co r^- to to co co GO i>- co
GO rH lO rH CO
CM
CN
S
tO
i
CO CO r-
Si-H CO r-l
CD
i— 1
i— 1 CO COCO lOCN'frH OS-^toiOrH CNCOCOCO OO^PCNOO ^*i
•^ iOGOCOCMCOOiOr-OrHi-H O CMto i
CM CN rH CO rH T
H rH
— 1
— (
rn i-H
o
OJ
coos
rH tO "*
rH
t* rHCO COCO t^- Ol CM CO CO -^J* CN rH
•«* OS CO rH CO
^COCO COOrHGO rH i
O
N
CD
CM
00
o
f-H
^ •*** i-
rH
H •* CNO O rH
rH rH
rH rH (N CN rH <
N
rH rH
1
CO
00
r—
CNOS
^ 00 C
CO CO
O rH »O rH O t^- OS CN t- CO CO i-H i-H
CO to rH CO OO rH tO
S
CO
CO
CO
T— 1
coco
CN rn
rH
CO
%
CN
c^T
t- CO CN CO CN C,
iO ^ t*- O
1-H i-H
; "s"s sgss g§s~2
(N to CO O h- CO
Tf CM rH
—I Ol 1-H
D
—t
"O
CO
§
rH
<N^ wco • : : ::::;« -"^ -« : i-1
r- 1
CO
s
CN
to
CM tO r-
l^-i-H CO CNCOrH CN ^OlOlt^- COCO^COrH
CO OO to CD CO GO CM CO t- CO CO rH
rH rH
CM CO CO CO CM rH
CO CN rH
31
*o
OS
tO
i-H
CO CM rH Oi to
rH CMrH
OS r-t CM O OO rH OO CO O rH rH -^
rH CM CM rH(N rH
• f* . -tO CN
O '^H
! ', !
rH
3
o
.0
rH
co"
CO
l>- CO CO OS CO Ol CN i-H
CO CO O tO
r- 1
Tf«i-HCNI~'- COOCOCO CDOlOSCNCN r-
Tj* -^ GCt^-CN^*4 h-OOt>-rHrH
rHCN i-HCM
CO Tf CO Tt< t-- CO lO CM CO i— 1 •
O CM to CO
rH i-l
s
CO
r-
oo
CN
i— 1 to b*- CN CN 00 rH •
CM I-H to CN
OS rH rH ^ lO CO t^- O CO CO OO rH CD
rH CM CN I-H rH CO 00 CN
rH "** rH CO CO CM CM O rH •
rf CM CM
rH •
•H
£5
CO
1
COrHOSt-. ^OrHrH
rf I-H to CO
• -^ rHCO CO CO CO CO OO rH rH rH CO r-
• CN CN COtOrHCO OOtOrH
. rH rH rH CM
toOCM CO-J<rHCO Oil-- ' '
CD rH CO CO • •
rH
CN
CO
i— 1 OO OS GO CO CO CN •
rHCO rH O "^ CO h- 00 CO CO CN CO i-H r-
CN OCO •* CO
t rH rH
i-HCOrH OtOrHrH rHOO ' '
CO rH rH CO - •
CO
00
rH
i-H
i
rH
rH
rH t- OS 00 CO CO CN
^_,CO rHO OlOOt^-OO OOCOOJCOrH i-
CM OCO TfCO
• rH rH
rH CO rH OlOrHrH rHOO • •
CO I-H rH CO • •
• •
CO
«— 1
CO
S3
i-H
CO
CO O rH rH i-H rH tO CO to CO lO rH CN CN CM rH CO rH CT-j rH ^ O CN tO
r-* rH ^* CM rH 01 CO "^ CN CO CO rH rH rH
Wales
Africa (country not specified)
Total
Total native-born
>ravian
....
HU llll I
. . .
Foreign-born, by race
Albanian
Armenian
Bohemian and M(
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other .
Croatian
Cuban
• a • •
: : : : : .2 ^ : : : : : : : : : • : • : • :
: ; ip : 55 : ; : : : : : ; :
!' 1*^1 ^^r*^' ''-aj C '
• ' >PnO i ®o§c^' ' Q * S °^ ^
1 "S aS £ ® £'S'S.23 JJs^« aio^g os"3g fe
lit
3Q02O2
574
The Immigration Commission.
K.
1
i
1
W
a,
•
fli
S
-
1
H
SSK- -2-
***
CM
to
c-i
32 £
j'
CO
.
CO
eg
'"*' O
+3
O
EH
ll
^H ^> CO CM i— 1 i— 1 -^
O i— t
S
£
to
1 .
co "So
^ CO ^ t-t r^ ft CM
CM"
1
3
"o
H
CO rHr-C rH ' CO
CO
i-H
•
S"S
«
S
v
o
"5
ll
rt rt ^H r-( |CO
CO
00
S'
1 .
j^
01
CM
1
52,
CO Cifl
: : : : : : :
CM
O
o
so
a
S
cc!
3
'o
r-l CO ^ <-l SO .CO
00
CO
co"
o
^"S
— . - . . - .-H
0
P4
: ®
> £
w
^ 0
1
o
C
2
o
CO
O-HCM^ 0 ;^
S
00
00
CM"
3
"?
t-i
CO M
iO C^ M • i-H
2
CM
CO
2
X
"3
"o
O i— t i-H M »O • ^H
CO«-i CM
S
CO
o
• _;
oi
2 «
CO
2
•^ o
!•§
totO
o
CO
C-
o
c-r
co"5b
S3 ° S rt ^ "*
CO
a
i-H
CM
S
co"
1
CM^- -,
i
i-H
CO
of
1 '
2|
^ fe
^0
i-a
<c
•*
03 <u
**. I-
i *
CMO-H
S
i
CM"
ij
i
i O< ^ C
aT"""1 c
IH
ll
O5 t-H CM ^H
CM
en
to
CM"
^-t
•d • • • • ^ . . .
General nativity and race
Foreign-born, by race— Continui
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh
Australian (race not specifiec
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified). . .
R
O
X!
a
2
o
o
4d
O
-4-3
•a
i
O
w
-H r-l O CO '-0 rt
<M O ^H CO <N N 00
•^ t^- co
C^ CO <N ip 10 C^J O
to 65 ^<N
• •
0
, .
>,
....
o
: : : :
£1
•2
....
. .
C t-
'53 S
. .
ell
a ...
^ ^ id
•a I
C m
— O "?. _ „
I i-aa^R
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 575
cose-:
S^H 1—
t~
•«** CN i-H f< O> •<!< •<* ^H rj<
i-l CO i— 1 <N
t^
c^
O5
^
Tp
CO
•o"
t-OlCOQO^H
CO X)
i-H I— 1
Cl r-l CO -* O i-H Ol Ol ^ ^O O Tf i-H ^ ^ OS i— 1
O CO rH OJ i-H Ol CO »O Oi OJi-t i-H
i-H i-H
^i* Ol -^ T-H
CO i-H
oo co
<N •<*
00
O
CO
oc
i— 1 Oi *-H
CO
f- CO Ol OOCOi-H I-HT^ T-H Ol
CO OJ
f— 1
CO
t-CO
co t~
,-1 O) OCN
»o
1— 1
O)
CO
§
iO i-l CO OO
^0
T-H O1OOO t^ ^OO OS COM OOt-H
O) t-H CMT-Hr-H
CO i-H *O
i-H
10 r^«
t~ O f—
"O>0
co <N I-H I-H r-- oi 01 o> •*
f— I 1— 1 I— t t-H
T— )
00
8
•*
OJ t~- •—< OS f—
00 00
^^^HiOO) OlOJOi-MCO OCOi-HOOl OS
CO •**< T-H i— 1 OS OJ CO i-H OJ i-H
T-H
O i-H t-. i-H
i-H
t— TP
CM
IO • • •
O
10
s
Cl
28
CO • Ol O O1 r-l i-M • • OJ
• • i-H
coo
co • • •
CO
<N
m
o
co«o
• 1— 1 1— 1 1— 1 1-* _,.._-,
. .
i-l <N
<M •
00
o
3:
. .
COC-1
:
CT>
i— (
•*
CO
, . CO ^
""
1— ( «-H
o t^
1— <
M t~ c» •
3
CO
C4
t^
00
Ol r-l CO 00
CO O
r^-cooi oocooii-H f-i ooi— i
I-H • r-i CO
00 *O
(N
CO
r-HCS
O
00
1— 1
i-H
CO-H
I-H -^
SH
,_, . . . . CO • • •
,-, . . . . co • • •
8
1—1
o
00
g§
t-H
OJ -t^-i-H
• i-H ^I»
. . CO -*
O-OSOJ (MT-HOS-H iOi-
CO CO
i—*
<M T-HO
O1CO
r-H CO C-l 00 CO CN
T-H
Ci
<^
00
CO
s
1— 1
of
COiO O-<*^
<^r-
T-H T-H CO t^- 00 T-H O^ CO ^ CO -^ i-H T-H 00 -^ OO
CO OJ «5 SO T-H r-l i-H
"5CN 00
Q&QO
• . 1— ( . . I
<N
W
00
00
. • -co
, . • • I
OO1
i—l CO
•-( M>1N
$
§
CO i-H CT) i— 1
•-HO1
00 'O4OO CO OOt*CO 00 Olr-l O5
00-H (N
10 -HO
•^f o»
O* CO
^H O t^ O CO W
01
r}H
t-
0
t—
•^ t-Oi-
TP U3
T-Hi-Hi-HOOl COOJlOt^-O »Ct-lt-H O CO CO
iM OI Tj« 10 f-H
COrt CO
O O T-
^C^^H-ICC OtD--O(N
»-1 I— t 1— 1
co
00
TO
O)
I-H
o
of
OJ COOCi-H
^HCM
00 • >C4 • OO^O"OO> "5O3 »OO i-H
, . C^ ' t-*- T-H T-H r-H O< i-H i-H
t-H 1-4
i— I
T— )
h-
\ . . . . : ; ; . . . ~
•^
....
IO Ol T-
ss^
H T-l C4 rH i— 1 C1! OiOOCM
1 ^H i-l
CO
5
,-H
O
as
,—t
OJ COOO-H
•-tCS
• 00 • Ol • Oi O »C -^ OO *OOJ ^* OS T-*
OJ • CO^H^HT-HOI T-H
O rt
OO5f
SS"
> TJ* (N I— I ^H O5 -T -t* r-H -^
4 iH COi-lC^
r--
(M
OS
r-T
^f
•^
CO
U3
t^- OS CO 00 i-
CO CC1
i— 1 ^H
* Oi i-H CO -^ O t-H Ol O» ^ iO O •* i— I ** ^ OS T-
tO CO ?-« Oli-HOlCO'O Ol O»T-H I-H
55^ 2^
: : : : : :
jiii HIM UN iiiij 1 1 11
c
i
c3 . ;
Germany. .. .
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands.
Norway
Portugal
Roumania. . .
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland.
Wales
Total..
i B-SSB-B- MM 1 «°.isi i ;j ; JIM jj
-3 t '2 '5 .S .3 S f ,d _e' c fe ^ • - ~ S t-' no O . i • 43 ig !
S S S — — -2 "S'SsJ ££ 'C3C 2c3cu,-,c3 a £;•*.<£ -!S a
•g -TpCUrtS-g Sggg-J L jg^^g^g ^>.-£|M™ ^f^?3C ^^
'3<IWooo HfefioO tQHAfHiH i-lSXt-K OQCOKOQ c/j'/j
o
PH
576
The Immigration Commission.
•8
§
- — •
+i
§
o
00
SH •«
S ju
O *3
V s
&i O
o o
H H
2a H^
S. <1
•o S
r5
a.
Oi
M
w
j
pa
"a
"o
• H
1
§
CO
^
2 CD
i-H
g
g
o
H
I!
i-H
S
s
i-H
— CP
co"5b
i-H
3
S
1
8
i-H
(M
CO
o
il
*
rH
§•
0
•<j*
11
8
OS
I
be
O>
to
• •
o>
t-
03
•O
OJ
s
"ca
"o
H
rH rH
2
1
&
CO
'rt 'd
.« O>
y
"-1
"
1
g
g
S
o
CO
II
.-H
g
1
'r*
U-.
0-
• .
O2 W)
8
I
fc
1
&
<M
1
gj
||
O
i-H
8
*]j
i-H
i-H
i
Ad
co "to
1
8
1
*"
g
CM
CM"
ii
t~
CO
rH
il
*•
S
CQ "60
rH
CM
CO
CM
1
•£ •
II
O)
!
General nativity and race.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Welsh
Austrian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
g
1
!>
t-
1
o
TOTAL.
to
oo'
00
•*"
COCft'KOOr-l COCMCOrHCO OOCM
^ O5 rH CO CD CO CD t^
rH IO CO O »O
OOrHI
CM *
CM CO
r—l I— I
CM
CO
oo"
5!rtS'
3
C^ OO rH C^ CO CO <£) O rH »
t^ •* OrH O C
COOi-^OOrH CO <M CO rH O OOCN
•^* Oi I-H CO ^O O ^O t^-
rH *O CO CO ^O
i : : : : : : : : : : : :
o • • • ; ;
o i ; ; i ; III!! ! ;
X!
1 hi;:
a i*
' '
>
0)
a
•3
o
0.2 c
t|l
±;^!2
I
•Il &
55;^;;;
IJIJI ||
°J3 cjffl - -^
l-llllll
• Slltil
>>,<!<!M3fi
Is
•a ' ^ '• '•
•^J,C C Cl)_p3 _>>'J5
WPNOOnS SS
Boots and Shoes: General Tables— General Survey. 577
OSCOCO COOSCMrH CMCDOOi-H
O O CO *S*
CO
CT>
co"
~-
00 i-H I-H OS CO t^. O i— l O ••** *& CO O OO lOOOOOOS i-H»COOOS^ CM rf 10 O CO
•^r-ii-H rrO i-H i-H r-HOS CO*OCDCO CDt^-^t— ICO T— < r-H r-i -^
I-H T-H iO -^ CM CM COO CO CO CD I-H CM
-1
•
•
^H
55
CO
CN<N
r^C1! i-H CM CMCO CMCOi-HO T^OSi— 1 CM
CO ^ i— 1 i-H CM
iH CM CM
i i
•"»>-*T-( -H CO ' tOOIMi-H
I
l~
•*"
i-H»OCMCO CO >O i— 1 OS COOOCM^CM Or— tr-HCO t^-^CM^OO
t— b- »— It-H CM OOI>-r— (CO^CDt^-l~»-r-H
COCM r-H r-H OIi-Hl— ICM
CO O O O
05 i-l
•»O»O1 COOO-Hi-l COOJCO
-3* 10 c^ co
CO
co"
oo"
(•—^t^r-- CO OO^r-H ^- 1 ^ i-H -^ CO t-^CDrH OCMOiCr}* Olt^-COCOQO
CD CO I-H OS iO t^ O OO ^T* CO t^- OS OS I~«- 1— 1 I-H CM CM
I-H r— 1 i— 1 C-l OCfc r-H r-H CO T-H
rt
1— t
rt^H'-"H
CO
0)
CO
71
CO OS
i-H f-
"* I-H CD COO t-OSCMCM OOCM CM
^ OS t~*- I-H CO
•* CO CO CO
CO
O3
CO
r^os
r-H •* CM i-H r-H i-H CM i-H
~-<^
Tl
r-H
00
^H ^H .— ! ^H
CO
(N
88
CMOS
OS -I*
CO I-H CO i-Hi-H I-^OSCMi-H Tt*COr-( i— 1
CO OO O i-H CO
COOrt CO
.
rt
s
1 -
CO
COCO
CO
-2-
s
CO
OS OS CM *f O
CO CM OS r-H T-H r- OO O ''t* O CO O CO Tt< CD
t^ 00 OOSCMCO Osf--^ rH
t-H i— t
C» CO CO CO
**
IrH
:^. :
03
1
CM CM
OO OS
i-H >— 4
O T-H CM • r-H OS COO rH
rt
COCO
10 S5
CN Ort
i
o
55" SS
CD CMCOi-H i—l CO CM C-l OS t^-OOCOr-<
CO t>- CO GO CM t^- r* -^ CO i—l
1—1
(M 00 CO CD
CM
•00
CO
CD
CO CM i-H CM CS
' rH rH O O 00 rH t>« CO O rH rH ^
i— t rH CM -^ i-H CM rH
b-
r-Hr-HCM
CO O) r-C 00 r-l CO
CN CO i-H i— t
1
Os
i-H
1
K
CD^ i^co H- r^ t- OSCNC-JO c;oSr-irH
r— 1 r-H i-H CO T"H »-H CO
^^H^CM
i-H
• ...
: : :
CM
: :
T-H T-H
>oo coco
1
s
i-H OO OO CM
r— (OSr— 1 • b- T— t CO O i— 1 OS t-» OO OCMCDrHCO
1^- *^ • C^ CO CO I-H T— 1 !>• OS CO
rH CO TH CD
TH r-.
OO *-< ^H »O OO CO
!-
^-t
CO
•V (M
i-HOCMi-H '- lOi-HCMCO »OOSOOr-l O -H CD r-H t- r-
O OO • Tj* ^J* O CS r-H OS •— t --H O r~t
CO CD CM OO
«0 TH
I-H CM »-H CO r-H CM
CO CM
rtS™
00
CO
CO
CO
co"
I-H O CM OO i-< -^ CM • r-H -^ • r-« CM ^ OO t^- CO CO O r^- CO CO r-
i— 1 r-H -<t< CO • i-H • ••* O CO r-H CM CD CD
rH rH rH O
O rH
... ...
. . .
•H
CX)
rtrt
2
CM
. . .
rtN~" ™§a
•— • -^ CO
i-H<N
8
CO
fe
CO
1— ( OS CM OO l-H •* CM • r-H-^f -r-HCM C-ll^-t^-CO (Mr-Hb-COCO r-l
-8-2
Oi CO CO CO Oi C^ f—l C-l CO 00 i—l
"OO CO-*
CO
OS
co"
^^J^s
O -^ CM CM COO CO CO O r-l
Tt* O O CO
CM
g-
:
try not specil
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian.
Bulgarian . .
Canadian, French
a
^
Netherlands
Norway.
Portugal. . .
&'•':'•
§ js : =
s||.s |
Wtf 020Q CC
Switzerland
Wales
Africa (coun
Tntn.1
o : :
Norwegian .
Polish
Portuguese.
Roumanian.
Canadian,
Croatian..
Cuban
Danish. . .
rflll 322J §§§!& 1
t;y>o££ S-S-g'S "tS&a1 S
3 C -Pi t^ 4> t* * ^ •« co c3 .7"* ro a>
OW^SO OMWfl £ ,=, -: ?• ,-, S
578
The Immigration Commission.
o>
3
I
g
I
2
a
S
a>
3
§
1
8
w
^
«
1 __^
COO'^rH Tj* O CO CO OOl^-CO C^COf-HOO
CS -rj* CO t— i C-J C^ rH
T-H CO 1— t
!
OS
8
oo"
"3
S'S
0, CO ^. CO
>o
l>
1
o
11
iO CO O T-H rOCOi-H OcOCOW T-HT-H 10
IO (N u5 CO T-H
is
o
CO
55 "3> '
i-H
T-H
s
T-H
N
cT
S3
O T— t O T— t^O •***T-Hf-H T-HCO
t-H T-H (M T-H
§
1
•73-0
<N 'CS <>J '
OS
<M
a)
i? fe
^"
S
o
""^ O
&
u
o
>o
•^
3*3
S'E
GO T-H O CO T-H T-H T-H T-H CO
C*I T-H
>a
§
T-H
o
fe
.as
. (N i-H . CO
cS
g
a
03 t*
«
T)
O
O
•3
S3
r^. T-HT-H OS C>1 T-H O CO -T.H CN to -*
C^ CS O »O
1— 1
1
CO
1
43
|1
T-H CO CO • T-H T-H
00
to
CO
CO
d
2
o
CO
il
(M COTH OC^ COi-HCSr-H CO (M
Cl T-H O ^
r-H
o>
OS
'5
H
s
H.2
S"5b
«) •* 0 ^ ^CSOl
N
CN
1
fc
S3
i-HCOCO CCOT-HIM QO t-H t-H N^O t—t
CO T-H O CO T-H (M
CO
•*
212
: : : w : : : : : : : :
00
T—t
CO
(M
^ 1
||; ...
O
(M
11
CN N
s
1
O_o
55 M
t^- T-. OS CN CO T-H T-H O T-H T-HT-H T-H
CO t"*- CO C^l
=
S?
o
IO
S3
lOt-HM T-HOS • C^COt-H i-H t-H .
00
1
OS
t-H
2-S
00
O
+J
II
CO
r-l
{2
1 .
5.3 ^c
Z~™ ~S : e"°- -^ :
8
00
1
1'
-H TH tuQ r
5-2.3
COlOCOT-H T**COCOCO OOt^-CO MCOi—lGO
CQ ^ GO t— i C-t (M T-H
T-H CO T-H
1
06"
T-H
O>
§ : : : : ; : : ; : : : : 'gx. : ;
03
*"*
'C
1 M M MM MM I'Hl
£
H
O
t>
+3
g
^ • • • ^sS°
a
be
—
"° ' a £ '•'.'• '• '• "X^csa,
|
•g
rH
I
O
S='a "7 c ••2^' -S -^ '•Ici'c'i.
^•^s^| 5-Sg-g -|g-^ Is-ga
•^—11 lill fill Illl
1"
fH
3
S
a
2
o
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 579
°3
s
»O CO
o
CO
(M
e
OO1 COOCO COJNCOGO-^CO
o
I-H
o
•a -a
i-H
t-H to
CO
t-
O'lOS fH i— (lO fH ?— ( C^
CM
Ol
CM
"o
11
00
00
5- S
S
tO
CO
OO COCOO CN i— 1 OS OS OO rH
I
S
53 M
00
CO
t^- CO CO Cl ^H -T
CO CO
CO
00
0)
T-H
**r^ co •— *o lOt^coOfHco
cS
CO
CO
.-H
/-**
•X3
^
S
p-l rH IO i
i— t •
r-.
rH
— 1
rH TJI — ^H i— < i— 1
i
i
1
over.
>l
T— 1
~H CO •
TH
10
TH ^ fH ^ rH
s
i-H
•&
[H
O
i •
CO
i-l I IN i
• i— 1
CO
I— (
:-
S5 S^^ «<"S«^-
w
(N
I--
S
d
S-E
s^
g
1 .
ts
S
cu
.23
S wi
a
bo
Si
O "
5?
CO
OO
§^§ rH^icO rH to CD iQ fH
^£.
O
<u
^ ^
CO
•^
-1
S
•S
c
S
a
M
3
II
::::"::
(M
<M
00
O
I
03
cv
p
o
CO
^
gi
• • ii— I i i
IO
CM
cS
"^ t~-- fH ^ iO O OS QO OS O OS
T-H
OS
S
CO
C3
^i t.
03
,
CD
<N
00
1010 itOi-H CN (MiOC»i-<
•0
CO
OJ
•° »
"« a
fH
S —
: : : : :
i— 1
j N
*"
O3
"ft
§ o
oo" H
C^ [ft
Numb
^
(M
CO
^ :N :S :rt
§5
i-H
^
(M CO M* O iO OS t- f-<
CO
1
!
•^ Q y
g 2 A
C5
T3 ^
•PH a>
•^ 0
i-H • < > rH • • i • rH
CO
CO
+a
P4
<u fe ^
toi O
p
•<*
f- • • -fH ! '•
00
g
-.^-CCOCOCO -H^OOXMO
CO
0
o>
(H
-f->
C
•« S
Cl
^ QJ
: : : :
CS
0,
p
1— 1
s g
e H
«u —'
pj o^
00
Is*- • C-l fH • fH
CO
<33
COO nHCMCO COCMCOOCMOO
r-H ^H CO *M Ol CO -^
(N
CM
1
3
^
y
CO
1— 1
Oi fH rj* CO O fH CO
i-H i— 1
5
-
a- «sa ^r*
o
CO
>o
1— I
o
a
I-H
a
•W
^
ci
Jl
^3
o
o
^
-1 : : : : i : :- -
CO
*
^.3J
r»*a
§>
s
2>
i
CO
1— *
OS ^ CO O fH CO
i-H i— t
o
CO
fH fH C^ fH fH f 1
cn
S
rH
c§
1
6
•a
D
QJ
C3
rH
H
H]
w
•a
S
73
.9
o
% : ': ' ': : : :
£
O
4)
S3
I
S
g
o
••g'J ; : : ::::::
•go
S
1
General nativi
Native-born of nat
_D ^3 f"3 "~^ *** r* ^ &)
*" ^- ^4 be ^ *"" *
^ § c3 ^ <ij-2'c3'o
tl
o
EH
Total native-
- ^ ,n * -C -G .
1
a
_bo
,P
'p
1
O
580
The Immigration Commission.
T3
a>
fl
C
• f— (
C
o
3
•"S
s>
^
8
8
1
s»
•*o
I
1
I
S w
a a
C «
S "
I
CJ,
I
•«
s
ts
i
Su
rO
s"
o
s
§>
S
?
^S
o
•*
H
r-l
CQ
•<
H
£3
o
— H
10 rH r-
i
CO
OOOCO rH •— I tO tO ^lOOOrH O> M i-H 00
i— 1 rH
to
s
CO
8
i '
2 o>
I— t
CM
I-H i-H
CO
K* Q
'o
EM
11
'/
M W W i-H i-H CO **H C^
(N CO
CO
rH
l--t— t--rH rHrHOC-0 COCO(N<M l>- C^J 1— 1 tO
-* Oi i— t C^l CO 00 W rH OO t- O i-H
s
to
g
03 "Sb
5
iO tM 3O O O •— l
CO *^
CM
00
CO
rH
OCMINrH COCM -OCMCMCR CM rH
CO
i
OO
CO
•^
0-3
1— 1
CO
CO rH CO rH
CM
00
^
•^
«
'. 10 • • •
"5
~-
CMOrHrH CM ^ «5 ^.
^
00
to
o
^0
t"d
t.
0
00^-0 rH rH -* rH f~ CM rH rH rH
o
t~
iO
w.Sj
M
rH
§•
""
0
&
o
|4
CM
CO •
CO
to
" ^
-*
—
•a
cu
£3
•<*
OOi-H i-H to
CO
3
~s
$%S°> : «?§ 30553 rn — -
O
IN
i
1
^
2-S
CO
. .
rH
•«
«
00
1
0)
s
2
o
4-9
O
CO
-3|
.
— 3
B
§
W Tt< i— ( • CO rH CO rH rH
I
I
—
.g.2
^
rH .... CO •..
3
a
rH W • CO • -IN
00
S3
Numbei
£3
5
CO rH »O ••* O CO rH CM
CM CM
00
-
g
OICOCOO 'rH-MCO COWGOCO -H
rH CO • <N CO -^ tO CO rH
CO
o
CO
-T
-A T3
CM
2 CU
....
CM
^ 0
O
CM
ll
CD
W
rH .
CM
00
_
tooocoo -rHWio cor-coo o
rH W • C$ ^f* CO IO tO «— 1
CO
t^
CM
rH
CO
'
C eu
rH CM
•*
a
rH « rH
5s
cc ^
£3
00
rH
-HrH1< CM CM -H
CM
CO
s
OCO 'rH . -lO-^ »OrH^.cO
rH • • • C^ rH rH rH
CM
2
•rt T3
oi
2 oi
0
o
s*
(N
CM •
IN
J
: c, co^« ^
CO
CM
&
a-c
•
i
K"^
O
rH
OrH -f N CM -H
S
-
• CM rH
s
I-H
rH
f individual.
OJ
3
INN! : : i ;
o
General nativity and race o
Native-born of native father, \\
.Q ; ; ; ;
S : ; j : j : : : :
-- • O «
£ .2 .2 .c' c ^ • - -
ill
S
z;
*3
'o
a
°
^
a
"3
0
1
^ ~ 2 .2 S3 — ^ ^' - - S3 xi
o
z<
a
o
a
.£f
"cl
'o
3
o
-*->
•a
1
a
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 581
CD
•— 1 iO t— i-H Cl -^ CO CO ^ CN
,-H ,-H Tf<
I— 1 i-H
a
e
o
QO 00 ""t O *~"
O -*<N O
i-< C^l
^~
iO O O t- 00 (M CO Ol
C1 t^- OO CO <M h- CO
I-H N (M Cl C^J
Oi
I
^
»—
r^-
-•:
s
: :- : 3 : : :
(N
l-H
CO
»OO^-l(M
MO O iO fM
«
S
t-
-
. . . . .
n
I-H
aicocN 1-1 o co *-» CM
CO O
^H
i-H
,-H
00
CM
8d co ^* ^~
O «— I »O
T—
CTICO OOOCOCO CTKN
O »O »O CM Is- O ^
>— ' f-H *— < »-H
r—
CO
1
',
<—
00
CM CN •** as CM M •***
t*» ^H ("••
iO
i
SS""
™^* 00 O O> O 3- CO
4O O i— t to O QO
i-H ^H
s
I
•;
i -
£
m~e* : : g : : : :
s
2
SS^S "
CO ^ N
CM
s
i-
t -
10
I-H
*
S
CO •* rMCM
w^* as »o •
C
-t
t -
' ' 01 ' ' ' '
^
1 . f— | »' » . 1
CN
f
CM CO CM
CM <N I-H
=
/
I I ....
CO
CO
CO
CM CO •
(N *-H • •
nr
—
1
r—
CN
00 rt 1-1 '. •* !
OO
CO
CO O CM O
COO W i— * OO t^- O
• —
00
i-H
C
"C
if
i -
CO
CO •
CO
CO
i-H .0 • •
f
B
/•
...
<M
COrH ^ ': f~ ':'.'.',
i-H . CO ' • • •
3
a
SS28
CO ^ CN — ( GO 3 *O
-
2
1C
a
C-
S
I-H
CM • ' • •* ' '• • •
s
CO
COiOCN
»OI-H iO (N h- OS
CS 1-H
•H
£
cc
r
CO
IO " • CO
I—
o
i-H
CO
00
i-H
CO GO ^ CO
-
ON Ol tO CO
I— 1 1-H i-H
10
CM
g
g
-
^
^
'
^
ir
' '
:
O
00 i-H 10 CO i— 1 CM
s
o
t-
O<T1 ^<M
W iQ I-H
-
»O i-H ^H t*- t-*. Cl C-l
CO GO O O5 CO
CD
i-H
CC
5
ic
>o
m
CM rH CO • •* CO - i— 1
CO • CO •
R
CM
i-H
O tO I-H
i-H i-H
(Mi-H COC400 to to
tt •*& C^ O iO
Oi
i
a
t-
«
CO
O CM 00 • IO CM - CM CO
-f ,-H .
CM
CO
o
>O t^- CO
<N
Ol O OS iO CM ^
I-H TJ* (N CO C-l
"*
3
i —
^
§
. ,
CM
CM i-H i
CO
IO
iO'-'
CN CO tO tO »O
CC
«
S
ooi-Hoo '«o CM 'CM co
CO | 1-H .
8
00
Os
O CO CO
t-o o or- o
1-1 -^ (M (M I-H
*
|
-i
CN
fc
•
a '.
.2 : : : : : : : : : :
O)
-4-1
S
a; ;
|j j j j j \\\\\
>
1
•
£
09
a
o
•-.c : :
C
C
•4-^
C3
a
CM
'" 2 A '•'•'.
x>
A
Vj
cJ
• 1^
a
C
_1
'v
b.
3
^H
C
Native-born <
CH rf c3 j^ £3 fe * -v *.
^ C3 03 S E 5? JS .2 .2 M S
Aigg1!^ Ill's!
.— — ^ •— — — HH 1— ( I-H 0-( CO
^
03
3
o
3
o
£.2 C3 3jg'
•?P*| 1
C 6-C C M a
tyr ^ c3 03 ^ »-
*S "^ O O W f^
O
PH
C
^t SB? &•>?
j£ -z-~~£ s -S
? .2 •S3*-1? p S
OH HHHHI-il-4 PHCU
X
'/
1
C
X
Syrian..
~
H
•C
I
C
5
03
•O
-S
cu
ft
00
a
a
582
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 41. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting
wile-
In United
States.
Abroad.
Albanian
1
69
70
3
272
144
1
9
3
101
2
2
160
64
193
30
116
149
250
60
4
18
6
82
4
14
52
3
18
223
3
57
6
3
2
1
10
3
1
20
29
2
4
1
jArmpnian,
49
41
1
268
143
1
9
3
97
2
2
156
22
173
28
116
115
167
56
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian ....
Canadian French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Danish
Dutch
English
4
Finnish
French
German
4
42
20
2
Greek . .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other...
Irish .
Italian, North
34
83
4
4
4
Italian South....
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
14
6
74
3
3
29
2
18
164
2
55
6
1
2
1
7
3
Norwegian
Polish
8
1
11
23
1
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Slovak
64
1
2
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
2
Welsh
Australian (race not specified) .
Austrian (race not specified)..
3
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
2,213
1,839
374
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 583
8'
e
S
C3
2
5
03
•a
^
OJ
•<
'3
•S
P
0
e
1
s»
"3
vT
•^
>5
02
^
-2
'H,
f EMPLOYEE
ears since firs
w
S
o
t*
Q
-4-3
g
OJ
g
rO
g
s
s
0!
.2
•S1
m
^
S
^*^
O3
-0*
•a
^
'3
e
P
B
O
iO
B
a
-i
n
bo
2 1|
t~>o
.9
I
<u
V
-H 00 h-
•OIN
t^" <M (M rH H^ ^ rH rH
"a
"o
EH
I*
tL
.0
a
•+->
-"la
f>
i-H O5 ^1* »O O
00 CO
2 s g'nrt^ "s:3
CO
3
£
*f
f^tOGCO OiCOCCi-HOi K
Oi CO T— 1 I— » 4O
iO C^ «O iO 00 O rt< CO rH rH Oi 1C
O5 t^- Oi O CO *O CO ^J* t~~ r—
rH rH CO rH C^ ^
o
P
00 10 CM O 1000CO-HO «
O t^ ^1 CO -S ^
r— (N »O 0$ \OOiO»O COO"*^7
C4 dOCOI- QOcOOir-
tl
O> M
• •
0
2
to
"11
OJ
I
O
rH
_g
Ui
0
A
N-"§
V
10 CM
«, N rt_ ^ rtoo^,
Sc
s>
5°
I*
L*
o;
X2
2
V
r-co
- 3 —2 253-
^
•a
ai
4-3
'3
3
fc
w
OOO5 lO-l" 00 CC
CS C~) O ^
r-c^ioas ooco»o OfMr-
CM
ID
a
i— *
P
CN O IO t^ O5 C^
CC CO O5 -^
S°"°S SS2S SSS
CO
>- £S
oco •
03
OJ
bo
"11
: : :
; : : : : : : : : : :
O>
O
h
o
3
01 1
o
g
.
M
5
03
K
ti
o>
,0
g
^•1
•— t CO «-^ IO CO
rH rH OO rH O -* O
1-t
•o
'3
3
fc
||
O 00 ^H ^H IO •— t •— '
CO ^H
rH CM I- »-H rH t- (N IM
rH
^
i— i
is
i^
rH CO OS ^H OO CM ^H !— 1
os co o CD c^» »c o r- T-H
<— 1 CO t— rH rH G1»OCO
00
tn
u
o |.-§
CM •
•
0
>>
tx
P
"Sf
.... ....
.
>o
I*
a
•O
a
4d
k*
o
A
"I
: : rtca
•
3
CO
0
M
I*
OJ
X5
•4-J
COIN COCO
rH rH
1 — 1
4-3
a
^
.
DO
T3
0)
3
K
o|
CO CO
(M rH »OO rH QiC^COi—
2
P
a
»— <
|l
^* CO •"-"
OO ^ OO C^ Oi ^ Ol Oi ^ ^7
C^ rH CO Is— rH O ^ ^ r—
rH
^H
1
Ifi
il
O t^ i— 1 CO CO f-H
i-l CO i-l
W C5 C-J O CO !>• OO CO O5 r-
*1
'
•
•
0)
: : a : : : : : :
. , a
: : > : : : : : :
. . 83
iS -SST-
.13 4)^3 • • •
• os faO ' • •
.... a . ...
: : : : «s j • • :
Sill S§a : :
•Sggs 55-Jg-S *
^sli1 IHIl r
^-t-03 0303^3™ -
<!<«« uooofi P
|||| |lld |||1
^
>>
bo
C3
*H
14
48296°— VOL 12—11 38
584
The Immigration Commission.
0
EH
O
C.
0)
X!
fc
f<l<N i-H CO
a
a
I.
o
ft
£1
£
3
b a K
-Is
'•r
^H ,— 1 01
?§
!>>
o
O
"5
I
or
03
tc
c
o
ft
Ci
•a
c
3
02
•c
'S
p
0
ft
3
-2
T— 'COCCC^d C^IMC^li— i'
E ^
3 OJ
!e|5
I o &-T3
I-H ^ CC OC
HCO CO •— I CD OS
CO
CO
•-* M i— ' OS I-H t--
«
!S ill iS
I s
hs <^T3 •
u<a «^>
«a"S
" O-u <*
01 C 0 <"
,§ga
c-^-2 g 5
•a 2'C.s'
o 0
S3 883 Iftlfca |§if
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 585
|
ss~ Hi] mn HM mi mi
-
CO -H
oo
1— (
r- 1
Ci id GO ^f* • • t^- CO i— < id O1
CS CS
t-~
CO
i-H "^ CO
i— 1 OS Id ^t* i-H
i-(?D
; ;
•
•* CO
d <M id i— 1 CO C^ t^- CO id C^ CO -^ h- C<1 d b- Id »H i-H O* 00 t-l i— 1
COCOON **f t^-OC^CO^^ >-*
CO
CO
•*
1—1
^
0>
-^ ^
t^-c^id --Hco^Dt— coidcoO1^ r-c^«— in t-oi-^^ d GO i— « i-t
1— 1
s
O t~l-H CO O
*"•
^
G0QC4
•yj
~H C?)
0000
iH
rH
co QO t- -co • td >— * • i-< • -id • c^
c*
o
CO W t^ GO
— "-1
^ N O T— ( C^ '~O ^* id id ^ ^^ ^^ ^* ^^ C^ t*™
C^ C3 ^^ ^H CO ^H
1O
l-H
Oi O Oi O
CSI CO MO
00
^H (N
SSS —2 - S«°S . — — ' -
&
CO
COO) i-lOO
co co r^ co
OS
M05 : : : : : : : : : : : : : . . :
C-J
1— 1
OiOl
1— 1
•
«- j : i j : : : : ! : 1 : i I j i i i i": i
CO
00 IM
';
— ;;;:;>- j M T j ! II . 1 " 1 1
1-1
*H CO i— 1 O 00
<!
M
^ CD COCO •— ' »— I CO Oi Cs CO «-H C^ 'GO •— t ^— t •
00
00
hJ
El
COOOi-H 10-^1-
CO l-H ^H
.— <
S
W
n
"t< ^-i i— i • COCO i— t »— 1 id i—l OS CO «— < d 'CO ^H i— (•
_- 7 l . — — — ^- • i
00
rH
t— (
cH
^H O O5 i-H (N CO •-
CO 1" CO
^-<
'•
-H : :• : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ? : : : :
IH
CO •
•
«o
<M O
•
l-HIN -i-l
m
COIN t^io
*
!
r- 1 IO <— t i— 1 i-l i-l W
OS
f— I
coco
l-H 1— 1 IO I""1 ""H 1— ' 1— ' C^l
§
-S8°> 22^
•* -^
t^(NiO ~HCO<Ot^ COiOCOCO^ t^ Cl i— ' C~l t-- O i— t ** (NOOi-Hi— I
OJ C^ CC ^ t^ t^> C^l CC ^H 1-H rH CO
to
CM
O
CO OS O O W O C^
O Is* ^^
)*-
=
•
' ' * * ' '
C
c
j : : : : : : : j i i i i i : I i i i i i j : j|
: i a
0
L
C
£
! ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : S1
'Is i i ! i i sj ; : : j | j j ; : ; ; I j jl
: :S
; ii -s-
• •-, a 2
T
c
0
_
: :"§ £3
; ;§ f^O
Armeniai
"RnVin-miai
3.2.2^3 43 J O fefe.-- 9 H 50 ! c'".: ^S-S'S
;^^M 2'§2'<i SS'OP 2o3 ofj-. _g js ^j M 4« .2 O •£*
jlgM ggel 5^-a'ss ^ME-- jg"-2^ llg-l-s
>§§a 3 £ fe 2 S"r33 -J^^"3 3885 E^fe>3
o
«'3'3'G -S-S i
si la ««'•;
Illl iii
1
t
'v-
^,"
586
The Immigration Commission.
"S
3
C
o
ef O
o
H
1
Number reporting—
8§|
— <
M S ^
+9
"2
t- <N CM i-H 00 -.O -< — <N CM -H CO 10 >-l
'>
CM ^H CM CM -*" t— i-f Z* CM
— m
."t-
CO O CO OO t-~- 1C CO d *O ~1* to ',£ IO >— < CMO^HIOO «O »O C*l •— < r-H-^r-HCl
Jl
CO CM CO OO OO CO Cn O OO Ol-^^Hio-* CMCM^HOOO COiOt^i— 1 r-lt^COCO
O CO COt--^^ O^O^Hi— ICM i-HO CO Oi CO CO
*— 1 CM CM CO CM CO *O »-H ^^ CO
o
£
a
®
o
ri >
S°
•o
'5
a
*— *
Number reporting —
co g.S
CO • "H -f CO |
03
>O CM i-l-H 00 T-lOOi-l
t>
~* •-< (N I-H Ol
•— 1 C^J i— • (M • 00 • O •
ll
CO CO CO t^ >^) O O CO O ItO CO l>-
OO <^ ^^ «O ^H ^ O O f-l
C^ ^ CO •— < i— t O-OOT-t COi-H
CS <— I • ^H CO
|l
'^ " 2 <NO--<cn oo ro CM
CO 00 »O C-l >— ' d • O i— * iOi— (T-H
(N -H • CO -^
S
1
CB
_0
o
03
M
+J
'5
a
»— i
Number reporting —
«l|
—1 ...
Cij
- : : : : : : : «« :
: |Nrt ; : : ^ : :
"1
(M --H GO CO N -^ CO
<^» CO
i-H • LQ i— 1 CO • W — ' i— 1 •
ll
co 10 i-Ht-cor- coooo
<M CO 00 I-H W CCCOM
T— 1
OO i-H i— ( ^ (N CO OCO»-H O i-H
S —
P
o co ost^-eoo t— co -^
»— ( Ol CO GO <— i CO O O CO
O 1-1 i— i I-H ^ O C^ICOCO CO i— I i-H
In United States under 5 years
Number reporting—
2p
NS
_( 1 ! fH • • * COi-4 • • i 1 ! I ,H I I
-4->
i-H C/5
*O ^H CO ^ OS OS ^ ^H »— ^ rH C*5 t>- i— t
i-H r-l
l|
^H ^Hh- OOOCOOO CO M i— i *O i— I T- (CO^C^C^'OCNCO i— I W i— I
CO C~l ^O 0s) ^H C1-! O ^ t-Q «-H i-H OO W *O t-—
i-H C^l •— • C^ i-H
p
t— f-H OO C^OCOOO OOCOiOiOd i-HCOiOC^CO OSfN1^ i-t OS »-t i-H
CO (Nt^-COi— iC-l'-HtDiO'— 1 »— 1 GOC^»O r—
i— i C^ ^H C^I i— i
, i to
llfifj
COC^COOOOO COOSOOO OS-^*-iiO-^ N W i— < GO O CO *O t^- •— ' --Hh-cOTO
CD CO COt^-'^f'*^ O O I-H i— i c^ i-HO CO OS CO
^^ ^ c*^ CO C1! CO ^O ^H ^H fy^j
M
: ; ; : : • 3 5 : S 3 c a' • • d ' «' e' ' c ' "S • • : •
llil I till ll||| |f ifl fill fill
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 587
; — ; ; — ; ; r~
• • ....
« 0,
i
00 ^ C1^ ^H OO i~H iO
tN
to
IN
O i— i C^ i— i O I-H t-
i-H (M »-l
3
g
,— l . . . • . .
CO
00
IN IN IN JCO
O
i-KNIN IN ••*
s
...
<N
...
... t i
8
- ;
§
*f (N -C<l
to
O
»O CO • W
00
2
f— 1 . ^H
00
.— 1
1
I- H
CO
1— «
O ^^ C^ T— ( O ^H t^.
I— 1 IN ^H
3
i i i i
Syrian
Purkish
Welsh
Australian (race not specified)
fVustrian (race not specified). .
Belgian (race not specified) . . .
Swiss (race not specified)
-4->
O
588
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 43. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White..
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
19
15
2
9
25
44
36
150
6
18
5
13
1
6
3
9
9
19
3
16
27
86
Irish
5
Total
24
18
5
7
12
28
19
113
Total native-born
43
33
7
16
37
72
55
263
Foreign-born:
Armenian
24
46
5
21
48
7
5
42
46
45
6
19
53
4
7
44
12
5
30
14
13
2
2
12
2
I
8
5
1
7
3
1
16
20
7
14
25
6
1
18
15
14
4
24
57
9
45
60
14
5
54
100
75
14
50
47
12
29
36
26
8
51
65
53
12
19
45
15
2
17
16
2
14
3
4
1
154
280
54
119
238
«87
27
216
240
205
39
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
295
203
42
140
457
389
138
«1,665
Grand total
338
236
49
156
494
461
193
ol.928
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White. .
15
21
8
9
28
50
48
179
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian French
7
3
1
6
5
1
23
Irish
13
15
4
9
17
21
13
92
Total
20
18
4
10
23
26
14
115
Total native-born
35
39
12
19
51
76
62
294
Foreign-born:
Armenian
34
14
4
10
23
25
9
119
Canadian, French
50
44
13
26
55
45
42
275
English
2
3
3
6
9
16
10
49
Greek
13
6
5
26
6
2
58
Hebrew
42
42
12
26
67
33
15
237
Irish
4
18
4
2
23
31
28
110
Italian North
8
7
1
5
4
6
1
32
Italian, South
58
33
9
12
46
34
11
203
Lithuanian
40
11
9
19
62
14
2
150
Polish
39
10
1
11
59
12
1
133
Syrian
15
5
2
11
7
1
41
Total foreign-born
305
193
51
122
385
229
122
1,407
Grand total
340
232
63
141
436
305
184
1,701
a Including 1 not reporting complete data.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
589
TABLE 43. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number within each specified age group.
vjeueia.1 mtuvuy ami latx ui iieau ui
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White. .
34
36
10
18
53
94
84
329
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
13
8
2
9
14
4
50
Irish .
31
28
9
15
26
40
29
178
Total
44
36
9
17
35
54
33
228
Total native-born
78
72
19
35
88
148
117
557
Foreign-born:
Armenian
58
33
6
26
47
75
?8
273
Canadian French
96
97
25
46
112
92
87
555
English
7
7
5
13
18
28
25
103
Greek
34
13
1
19
71
35
4
177
Hebrew
90
86
20
51
127
69
32
475
Irish
11
30
9
8
37
57
44
o!97
Italian, North
13
12
2
6
9
14
3
59
Italian, South
100
63
16
30
100
85
25
419
Lithuanian
86
25
5
34
162
79
5
396
Polish
84
23
2
25
134
65
5
338
Syrian
21
7
2
4
25
19
2
80
Total foreign-born
600
396
93
262
842
618
260
a 3, 072
Grand total
678
468
112
297
930
766
377
o3,629
a Including 1 not reporting complete data.
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
dei
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White .. . .
5,635
100
184
301
1
265
1
271
2
284
1
1,250
12
849
11
630
7
797
12
451
8
201
1
52
Negro
56
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
2
110
3
389
7
200
1
1
27
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
....
6
5
1
8
10
11
11
11
1
57
2
27
8
191
8
"so
12
1
75
9
1
Canada
....
3
12
1
4
17
1
7
1
67
19
20
16
92
1
40
9
253
21
6
1
Denmark
England
2
5
3
72
8
3
58
13
1
83
1
32
9
29
2
116
36
3
124
21
5
60
7
1
14
1
France
36
1,137
Germany
37
61
1
Greece
1
886
75
2
5
4
2
Ireland
5
1
20
8
30
12
45
9
38
8
141
16
1
127
6
122
4
210
1
1
1
94
1
21
1
Italy
Mexico
Netherlands
3
3
1
Norway
1
1
Portugal. . .
1
590
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father— Contd.
Roumania
2
42
70
1
20
28
4
1
1
6
4
i
i
Russia
1
1
7
4
5
5
10
15
7
c
]
4
r
z.
14
3
15
Scotland
4
3
Spain
Sweden
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
1
l
3
1
6
5
X
2
1
1
1
1
Switzerland
2
8
1
Wales
Africa (country not
specified)
Total
3,027
58
116
158
175
160
173
619
452
355
493
212
52
4
Total native-born. .
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8,718
158
300
460
441
433
458
1,881
1,312
992
1,302
671
254
56
8
134
103
20
1
3
6
3
9
8
"2
1
2
5
1
2
7
31
15
6
44
26
Armenian
1
1
1
5
o
2
1
2
4
2
35
21
3
64
33
2
1
24
18
2
80
44
33
30
2
9
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
"i
4
Bulgarian
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
414
220
98
59
52
34
44
10
5
1
Croatian
4
1
10
4
158
2
7
241
359
442
56
218
329
628
128
Cuban
Danish
2
1
22
4
1
41
1
1
50
27
46
17
62
44
74
20
3
11
2
"32
2
1
10
Dutch
1
2
"2
English
1
1
2
1
18
26
1
1
26
62
96
6
25
74
129
38
3
9
Finnish
French
1
3
39
27
1
3
14
42
2
2
1
21
126
174
17
21
102
160
41
9
3
1
4
71
3
14
28
2
1
2
93
1
57
7
9
2
33
11
31
2
27
German
....
4
1
3
3
5
4
10
9
2
8
18
10
3
3
10
36
5
37
22
1
2
15
40
24
29
44
7
35
46
87
25
1
5
9
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish
1
23
2
2
1
10
"i
1
Italian, North
....
1
3
1
5
9
18
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
19
30
2
13
191
10
43
109
5
29
4
354
3
1
97
19
27
1
1
Magyar. .
1
Mexican
1
1
18
1
5
6
1
1
"l9
Norwegian
2
33
2
25
1
2
12
3
4
2
3
10
1
6
1
23
1
2
1
Polish
3
6
9
20
2
4
15
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
4
2
1
2
4
10
29
1
4
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
9
3
10
1
1
Servian
1
11
Slovak
?
8
95
1
56
45
2
1
32
2
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
2
12
4
15
18
7
6
19
3
2
9
5
Syrian
2
2
1
1
Turkish..
2
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 591
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race— Continued.
MALE— Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race —
Continued.
Welsh
2
2
12
1
7
1
1
Australian (race not
specified)
1
1
1
4
Austrian (race not
specified)
2
4
1
Belgian (race not
specified)
1
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
2
1
2
Total foreign-born.
Grand total
4.46G
10
28
71
122
188
202
1,074
867
623
763
350
138
30
13, 184
168
328
531
563
621
660
2,955
2,179
1,615
2,065
1,021
392
86
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father:
White
3,687
79
180
330
314
385
298
938
395
233
318
166
40
11
Negro
6
1
3
1
1
Native-horn of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
o
1
1
Austria-Hungary
68
5
10
13
12
g
7
9
2
2
Belgium
3
1
1
1
Canada
236
10
13
20
25
16
70
41
15
21
3
1
1
Denmark
5
1
1
2
1
England
14(1
^
9
9
9
6
40
27
17
17
9
France
28
9
1
2
5
8
3
3
4
Germ an v
709
17
47
68
67
67
99
207
69
32
29
7
Ireland
758
4
21
36
46
48
34
221
14fi
81
96
23
?
Italv
17
1
S
4
2
3
2
1
1
Netherlands
4
1
1
2
Norway
2
1
1
Portugal
1
1
Roumania
1
1
Russia
22
9
5
3
2
4
6
Scotland
37
1
2
2
4
2
10
3
3
5
4
1
Sweden
16
3
1
2
8
2
Switzerland
24
1
2
3
2
4
3
2
Wales
4
2
1
1
Total
2 083
9q
101
157
169
177
186
588
296
151
178
46
3
2
Total native-born. .
5,776
108
281
487
484
562
484
1,529
692
385
496
212
43
13
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
7
1
1
1
2
2
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
11
1
1
3
5
1
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
136
189
3
3
2
4
4
5
7
6
8
42
43
24
31
18
28
18
41
9
24
4
1
Croatians
1
1
English
60
1
4
4
15
16
10
7
2
1
Finnish
1
1
French .
3
3
German
70
1
5
5
11
5
1
20
7
9
4
2
Greek . .
11
1
6
2
2
Hebrew, Russian
129
?
13
14
24
19
45
6
Hebrew Other
12
1
3
3
3
2
Irish
124
1
1
3
5
6
37
?6
18
21
4
1
1
Italian North
37
2
1
1
3
11
11
3
2
1
1
1
Italian. South..
57
1
1
8
6
9
6
11
5
4
5
1
592
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race —
Continued :
Lithuanian
20
4
1
25
14
19
1
34
2
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
10
1
4
1
Maevar
1
rr"*J
Norwegian
1
2
Polish .
1
2
2
5
4
1
5
2
3
2
6
4
6
1
Russian
Scotch
2
5
1
2
3
1
1
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
4
1
5
1
9
2
6
6
6
Spanish
Swedish
2
2
3
1
Svrian
1
Welsh
1
Austrian (race not
specified)... .
1
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
1
Total foreign-born .
Grand total
986
11
17
48
67
86
58
283
143
105
112
44
10
2
6,762
119
298
535
551
648
542
1,812
835
490
608
256
53
15
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father:
White
9,322
62
179
364
631
1
579
2
656
2
582
1
2,188
15
1,244
12
863
8
1,115
12
617
8
241
1
63
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
4
178
6
625
1
11
1
3
"is
1
22
1
7
2
108
1
21
"30
2
16
2
135
1
18
1
36
1
162
3
80
17
460
Austria-Hungary
Belgium
22
1
39
1
14
3
139
19
13
1
98
3
54
11
260
8
"65
46
5
148
14
1
96
2
53
7
153
1
Canada
45
32
24
7
2
Denmark
12
346
64
1,846
England
2
17
5
125
19
6
182
1
66
11
30
5
67
7
1
14
1
France. .
Germanv
54
1
Greece
1
1,644
Ireland . .
9
2
41
11
66
16
91
11
86
11
362
17
1
1
" i
273
7
203
4
306
1
1
3
117
1
23
1
Italy - -
92
2
9
6
3
3
64
107
1
36
52
8
1
Mexico
Netherlands.
1
" i
i
8
8
"i
1
5
2
"l
1
3
3
1
Norwav
1
Portugal
Roumania
1
12
6
"~8
7
Russia
3
2
16
25
7
8
1
6
3
1
2
17
3
20
Scotland
8
3
1
Spain
Sweden
1
3
1
3
2
5
3
4
3
5
2
3
10
1
14
8
2
2
"io
1
1
1
1
1
Switzerland . . .
Wales
Africa (country not
specified)
Total
l
5,110
87
217
315
344
337
359
1,207
748
506
671
258
55
6
Total native-born. .
14,494
266
581
947
925
995
942
3,410
2,004
1,377
1,798
883
297
69
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
593
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber
eport-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
i
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
141
114
20
1
3
6
3
14
15
"2
1
2
11
9
2
7
32
20
6
86
69
1
Armenian
2
1
1
8
4
3
4
2
8
6
37
21
3
88
64
2
1
26
18
2
98
72
33
31
3
9
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
2
1
1
4
Bulgarian
Canadian, French. . .
Canadian, Other
550
409
5
1
10
4
218
3
116
100
61
58
48
11
5
1
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
2
1
32
4
1
48
1
1
54
27
46
17
83
45
79
21
L
11
2
"34
2
1
11
Dutch
1
r
"2
English
2
5
6
1
33
42
2
4
33
64
102
6
51
77
134
42
t
Finnish
3
10
311
370
571
68
342
366
C85
148
19
34
2
14
216
French
1
4
39
46
4
9
14
48
4
2
1
1
1
21
1
c
8
1
1
1
41
132
219
19
58
113
171
51
c
4
1
57
7
c
2
37
12
32
2
29
German
C
C
1
(-
8
4
10
9
10
22
«-
1
10
26
1
19
18
24
6
6
13
42
1
10
37
46
4
7
26
49
1
1
1
33
31
44
7
53
48
91
25
1
t
9
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish . .
C
/
t
6
24
3
2
1
11
Italian North
....
t
Italian, South. . .
1
1
Lithuanian
Macedonian. .
Magyar
1
C
Z
Mexican
1
i.
Norwegian . . .
35
"2!
(
15
"s
1
f
25
1
f
&
12
"is
t
1
C
£
l
Polish
1
f
11
14
77
14
Portuguese
10
43
123
t
48
1
L
38?
«1
i
111
20
27
(
13
]
8
f
£i
i
10
1
i
Roumanian . . .
1
6
t
E
«.
e
6
10
29
1
6
Russian
32
f
Ruthenian ....
Scotch
f
1
1
2
Scotch-Irish
Servian
-
1
23
c
Slovak
2
4
I
16
20
102
101
58
5]
Slovenian. . .
Spanish
2
1
35
Swedish
t
18
15
20
(
21
3
2
10
c
\-
Syrian
3
2
1
Turkish . . .
2
1
1
Welsh .
Australian (race not
specified) ...
Austrian (race not
specified)
1
4
2
1
Belgian (race not
specified)
Swiss (race not speci-
fied).. . .
.
2
]
2
Total foreign-born
Grand total
5,452
21
45
119
189
274
260
1,357
1,010
728
875
394
148
32
19,946
287
626
1,066
1 114
1,269
1,202
4,767
3,014
2,105
2,673
1,277
445
101
594
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 45. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of families —
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Owning
home.
Renting
home.
Boarding.
Lodging.
In other
condi-
tions.
Total.
Native-bom of native father, White
17
78
2
1
98
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
10
17
Irish
10
27
1
38
Total
10
37
8
55
Total native-born
27
115
10
1
153
Foreign-born:
Armenian
5
49
2
2
58
Canadian, French
10
89
9
2
1
117
English. .
6
25
31
Greek ... . . .
2
33
1
36
Hebrew
14
75
1
1
91
Irish . .
22
15
4
41
Italian North
1
10
1
2
14
Italian, South
3
80
1
3
1
88
Lithuanian. .
7
64
2
G
1
80
Polish.... •---. . .
6
44
12
1
03
Syrian
4
15
1
20
Total foreign-born.
80
499
21
25
7
639
Grand total
113
il 1
31
26
8
792
TABLE -46. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
Hand 15 years.
Total.
&
o
si
•^
<
"o
o
1
-M
<
x
o
+a
<
OS
-H
O
H
ai
s
o
ff
-^
•4
"o
o
ft
g
-4-3
•4
M
1
+-
-1
"3
•*_»
o
EH
o
S
o
•i-3
^
At school.
•a
0
£
-4^
-<
3
o
E-i
1
o
^5
+a
<!
At school.
j£
o
£
•4-S
<
3
0
^
Native-born of native father,
White .
42
4
4fi
3?,
3?
7
42
43
85
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Armenian
20
40
4
3
2
?3
7
7
20
46
4
20
39
6
4
39
44
40
5
10
47
2
1
24
10
7
15
11
12
2
4
i
30
97
6
21
63
23
11
54
55
52
7
Canadian, French
....
42
4
0
39
45
6
2
4
10
2
English . .
Greek
90
?0
1
1
Hebrew
39
6
3
4?
IP
11
?
2
5
1
1
Irish
6
12
12
4
1
1
Italian, North..
4
38
43
40
5
1
1
1
1
<i
fi'
5
Italian, South
39
44
41
1
1
13
10
11
14
1
Lithuanian...
11
Polish
11
Syrian
5
9
9
Total
259
12
271
8
119
127
•
• 16
5
21
267
147
5
419
Total native-born
301
16
....
317
8
i:,l
159
....
23
.-»
28
309
190
5
504
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 595
TABLE 46. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
MALE — Continued.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
cc
£
.§
4-3
<
"o
s
g
4J
<
X
s
t
4-3
•4
"3
+j
o
H
o5
|
4-3
<
1
1
-t-S
<J
M
o
•S
-fJ
<
"3
+j
0
H
a3
a
.§
4-3
<!
At school.
iS
o
£
4->
<
"3
+j
0
EH
At home.
1
1
-4-=
<!
M
o
£
4J
<j
"3
+j
0
EH
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
1
12
12
2
2
2
1
2
14
8
9
....
15
11
2
5
8
37
25
8
7
1
Canadian, French
2
2
7
1
1
Canadian Other
2
2
English
1
1
4
4
1
1
5
3
2
4
1
4
7
29
19
5
2
3
3
1
1
Greek
1
1
G
3
2
1
....
5
24
15
3
6
1
1
6
6
3
1
Hebrew
5
2
9
1
1
1
25
16
3
4
3
2
2
3
1
1
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
4
4
2
2
Syrian
1
1
Total foreign-born
18
3
21
2
74
1
77
—
13
8
21
20
90
9
119
Grand total. .
319
19
:as
10
225
1
236
36
13
49
329
280
14
623
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
35
1
3d
1
38
39
1?,
19
36
51
87
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Armenian
98
4
39
1
6
7
9q
10
39
Canadian, French
44
4
48
36
36
1
7
4
12
45
47
4
96
English
1
1
3
3
4
4
1
7
8
Greek
11
11
1
1
11
1
12
Hebrew
36
9.
38
1
?,1
?,?,
5
3
8
37
28
3
68
Irish
2
1
3
1
16
17
1
3
4
4
90
24
Italian North
7
1
8
5
5
7
6
13
Italian, South
54
54
17
17
1
1
?
54
18
1
73
Lithuanian
40
40
6
3
q
40
6
3
49
Polish
34
1
35
34
8
42
Syrian
14
14
?,
?
14
2
16
Total
971
13
984
3
190
3
19,fi
2
?,0
8
30
976
L53
11
440
Total native-born
306
14
390
4
158
3
165
2
3?,
8
49
319
9,04
11
527
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
1
1
2
7
7
1
1
2
4
9
q
9
13
Canadian French
9
2
q
q
9
q
11
English . .
1
1
1
1
Greek
2
9
5
5
9
5
7
Hebrew
4
4
2
18
?,0
3
1
4
6
?,1
1
28
Italian, North
9
9
1
1
2
1
3
Italian, South.
4
4
?,
14
16
?,
2
3
7
8
16
3
27
Lithuanian
9
2
2
9
4
4
Polish
4
4
3
3
1
1
4
3
'1
8
Syrian . . .
1
1
3
3
2
9
1
3
9
6
Total foreign-born
IP
1
90
4
63
67
3
8
10
91
96
79
10
108
Grand total
W
15
340
g
991
ri
9,39,
5
40
18
63
338
976
91
635
596
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 46. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
o
|
+2
<!
"o
o
S3
o
fa
+s
<!
M
g
£
-JJ
«!
3
&
tu
S
o
ft
-^
•<
"o
o
1
4?
<
M
o
-M
<
"3
•f^
0
e
03
s
o
4J
<!
1
€
CO
•t-B
<!
M
o
*
+2
*t<
1
EH
to
E
o
ja
+3
•9}
o
o
a
g
+3
<5
^
0
-i->
<
•3
+9
O
^
Native-born of native father,
White
77
5
82
1
70
71
19
19
78
94
172
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Armenian
48
84
5
7
6
55
90
5
1
6
13
75
3
14
49
91
5
31
76
10
11
93
84
74
19
20
94
9
2
52
36
13
33
17
20
4
"s"
"3"
1
....
3
69
193
14
33
131
47
24
127
104
94
23
Canadian, French
....
81
3
1
13
fi
8
22
6
English. .
Greek
31
31
2
2
Hebrew
75
8
11
92
83
74
19
5
1
2
1
1
2
....
80
9
n
1
1
40
28
10
41
29
in
....
7
7
1
3
1
10
9
1
3
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South
93
84
76
1
1
30
16
18
3
31
20
18
2
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
IP
4
4
Total
530
25
:,.-,:,
11
239
3
253
2
36-
13
51
543
300
16
859
Total native-born
607
30
637
12
309
3
324
2
55
13
70
621
394
16
1,031
Foreign-born:
Armenian
2
4
1
T
19
19
16
1
3
1
2
1
6
2
3
4
23
17
2
2
1
28
22
2
6
15
65
3
52
12
15
7
Canadian, French
4
16
Canadian, Other...
2
2
English
2
2
4
4
2
3
11
"ii"
2
8
2
4
12
50
2
35
9
5
3
"4"
i
6
1
2
2
Greek
2
9
1
1
3
10
1
2
10
42
?
11
1
1
10
1
13
5
2
2
Hebrew
1
45
?
7
3
1
6
1
2
2
Italian, North
Italian, South
6
?
1
7
?
3
29
1
....
32
5
2
5
4
Lithuanian
Polish
8
8
5
s
Syrian . .
2
9
f
1
Total foreign-born.
37
4
41
6
137
1
144
3
21
18
42
46
162
19
227
Grand total . .
644
34
678
18
446
4
-lus
5
76
31
112
667
556
35
1,258
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 597
TABLE 47. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race and length of residence.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
Race.
be
.3
Ed
o +•>
P
•" o>
-M
O
fca
£ P
I8
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
«
rt
1
<!
"S X
<Rg
£?£
|s
!§•
K A
o tn
a> t.
C/2 03
it
ll
I—! O
C3
•M
O
H
a
o>
<1
E*
<dg
I
II
£2
/. -
Si
>-o
Sa
M O
3
o
H
i
I
<!
to >.
cdC
6X>°
P
K ft
8 £
to g
*?&
.5 ft
Si
Wo
"3
£5
O
EH
Armenian
24
8
60
35
2
1
42
3
76
26
62
14
44
68
130
40
6
3
38
1
3
20
6
68
2
35
5
1
4
2
3
4
10
3
1
6
1
2
1
11
6
10
4
1
2
1
22
16
3
1
7
3
8
13
2
50
31
1
1
34
3
66
5
21
4
35
24
52
17
1
2
13
5
5
32
19
1
9
2
7
4
10
1
21
12
1
24
8
60
35
2
1
42
3
76
26
62
14
44
68
130
40
6
3
38
1
3
20
6
68
2
35
5
1
4
2
Bohemian and Moravian
Candian French
21
12
1
Canadian, Other
1
Danish
Dutch
1
2
1
5
1
2
1
7
1
9
5
22
4
9
17
23
5
4
English
3
5
8
9
1
23
1
61
1
13
4
26
11
13
6
12
1
4
19
22
5
8
37
90
29
1
23
1
63
2
IS
5
27
14
17
6
1
3
6
French
German
4
16
16
5
5
31
61
21
4
4
20
4
3
10
13
2
4
2
1
5
1
1
3
4
10
21
41
10
9
44
78
23
5
1
25
1
3
12
2
56
1
10
5
1
3
2
Greek
3
6
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
3
6
29
8
1
6
7
10
3
Italian, North.
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
1
1
Norwegian
2
6
Polish.
19
1
2
9
2
43
1
6
4
3
23
1
2
10
3
47
2
1
4
1
1
9
Portuguese
Roumanian...
1
3
1
5
Russian
1
1
4
1
1
2
5
3
6
8
4
12
1
25
5
3
8
Scotch .
Slovak
11
2
2
13
Slovenian
Swedish
7
1
3
3
21
10
1
24
Syrian
4
1
1
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified) . .
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
2
1
1
2
1
2
2
829
266
108
29 i 403
119
62
245
426
385
170
274
829
598
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 48. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who loere 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual and length of residence.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Kace of individual.
SJO
a
£d
o -^
P
*" 0
+a
O
fe "3,
-0 £
P
fc
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
m
1
«j
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
3
o
EH
1
<
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
"3
+a
0
EH
$
<D
3
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
3
0
EH
Armenian
33
35
14
22
40
6
5
50
48
38
8
3
4
3
2
8
4
4
14
2
2
1
19
16
12
1
11
6
1
4
3
25
31
14
1
20
6
4
21
16
10
4
7
18
2
16
12
5
1
21
16
12
3
13
6
1
4
3
33
35
14
22
40
6
5
50
48
38
8
Canadian, French
English
Greek
16
8
3
10
2
2
21
20
3
15
Hebrew
4
5
Irish
Italian, North
1
5
1
29
32
28
4
2
13
12
8
4
1
4
1
2
2
37
44
32
8
2
9
1
6
Italian, South
24
32
24
4
Lithuanian
Polish
4
Syrian.
Total
299
115
26
6
147
63
16
73
152
178
42
79
299
TABLE 49. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Armenian
14
214
1
2
60
14
37
20
22
4
7
109
7
108-
7
105
1
1
36
8
21
9
7
2
7
105
1
1
36
8
21
9
7
2
14
214
1
2
60
14
37
20
22
4
14
213
1
2
60
14
37
20
22
4
Canadian, French
German ......
Greek
1
24
6
16
11
15
2
1
24
6
16
11
15
2
Hebrew. . . .
Italian, North
Italian, South . .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total native-born . .
388
191
190
197
197
388
387
Foreign-born:
Armenian ....
193
262
1
1
137
325
40
273
278
240
1
54
122
133
106
128
71
129
1
1
40
159
18
121
95
93
1
23
39
108
193
262
1
1
137
325
40
273
278
240
1
54
145
236
Canadian, French
French
German
1
12
113
14
54
19
41
1
18
1
68
264
31
177
130
117
1
49
Greek
97
166
22
152
183
147
56
151
17
123
111
76
Hebrew .
Italian, North. . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Spanish
Syrian ....
31
31
Total foreign-born
I.MI:,
1,053
799
752
420
1,805
1,219
Grand total
2,193
1,244
989
949
617
2,193
1,606
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
599
TABLE 50. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
STL'DY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Armenian
122
133
97
166
22
152
183
147
31
22
50
13
57
3
33
8
5
5
21
50
12
55
3
32
7
4
5
100
83
84
109
19
119
175
142
26
85
T8
44
96
14
91
104
72
26
Canadian, French
Greek . . ...
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total-- - .
1,053
196
189
857
610
FEMALE.
Armenian
71
16
16
55
23
Canadian, French
129
62
60
67
48
French .
1
1
German
1
1
1
Greek
40
7
7
33
5
Hebrew
159
47
43
112
70
Italian, North
18
10
10
8
4
Italian, South
121
28
24
93
cO
Lithuanian .
95
6
6
?9
13
Polish . .
93
5
4
88
L7
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian
23
6
(
17
12
Total
752
187
176
i. 5
£J4
Armenian
193
"8
If 5
1C8
Canadian, French
262
112
110
UO
120
French
1
1
German
1
1
1
Greek
137
20
13
117
O
Hebrew .
325
104
rg
2>1
1' 6
Italian, North. .. .
40
13
13
27
18
Italian, South
273
61
56
£12
121
Lithuanian
278
14
13
• 2(4
117
Polish
240
10
g
230
100
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian. .
54
11
11
43
CS
Total
1 805
383
365
1 422
854
48206°— VOL 12—11—39
600
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 51. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian
122
133
97
166
22
152
183
147
31
38
10
54
74
6
52
78
82
10
25
9
18
62
2
37
30
26
10
25
10
38
38
5
62
72
43
9
23
10
33
36
5
53
55
31
9
59
113
5
54
11
38
33
22
12
58
109
5
53
10
33
26
19
12
Canadian, French....
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish .
Syrian
Total
1,053
404
219 302
255
347
325
FEMALE.
Armenian
71
46
21
19
12
6
6
Canadian, French. ..
129
9
5
13
10
107
93
French
1
1
German
1
1
1
Greek. . .
40
33
9
7
3
Hebrew
159
83
46
29
23
47
44
Italian, North
18
3
1
6
6
9
7
Italian, South
121
72
27
30
15
19
12
Lithuanian ...
95
45
7
41
7
9
5
Polish .
93
57
20
29
15
7
6
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian
23
9
5
9
8
5
5
Total
752
358
142
184
99
210
179
TOTAL.
Armenian
193
84
46
44
35
65
64
Canadian, French
262
19
14
23
20
220
202
French
1
1
German .
1
1
1
Greek
137
87
27
45
36
5
5
Hebrew
325
157
108
67
59
101
97
Italian, North
40
9
3
11
11
20
17
Italian, South
273
124
64
92
68
57
45
Lithuanian
278
123
37
113
62
42
31
Polish .
240
139
46
72
46
29
2.5
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian . .
54
19
15
18
17
17
17
Total
1,805
762
361
486
354
557
504
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey. 601
TABLE 52. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OJ1 EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
8
126
102
19
406
4
1
10
4
2
7
238
345
427
52
319
615
126
19
28
2
13
184
10
43
108
5
4
342
3
1
94
19
24
2
10
1
7
7
93
60
8
398
2
1
10
4
2
7
229
215
399
52
240
392
84
6
21
2
13
105
9
31
68
2
3
181
3
1
91
17
8
2
9
1
7
8
119
79
18
204
4
1
7
2
1
4
151
337
381
41
267
525
125
19
25
1
9
163
7
39
105
5
4
320
3
1
89
14
24
1
9
7
86
37
7
197
2
1
7
2
1
4
142
208
353
41
189
303
83
6
18
1
9
85
6
27
65
2
3
160
3
1
86
12
8
1
8
Armenian
7
23
1
202
7
23
1
201
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
3
2
1
3
87
8
46
11
52
90
1
3
2
1
3
87
7
46
11
51
89
1
Dutch
Finnish .
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar. .
3
1
4
21
3
4
3
3
1
4
20
3
4
3
Mexican
Norwegian .
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian.
Russian
Ruthenian . . .
Servian
Slovak
22
21
Slovenian. ...
Spanish
Swedish
5
5
5
5
Svrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
Austrian (race not specified).
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
5
5
Total.. ..
3,730
2,783
613
607
3,117
2,176
602
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 52. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian
5
11
126
1
1
3
67
11
121
11
37
5.5
20
4
1
23
14
34
2
14
1
!
1
3
• 11
121
2
9
82
2
9
81
3
2
44
1
1
2
40
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Finnish
1
3
61
6
101
11
33
35
4
2
1
11
12
8
2
14
1
1
1
1
1
French.
3
27
10
80
7
19
34
19
4
1
16
11
29
2
5
3
21
6
61
7
16
14
3
2
1
4
9
3
2
5
German
40
1
1
18
21
1
40
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
40
4
17
21
1
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
7
3
5
7
3
5
Russian
Slovak
Spanish
Swedish
9
1
9
1
Syrian . .
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified) :
1
1
Total..
564
443
246
242
318
201
TOTAL.
Albanian .
8
7
8
7
Armenian
131
96
9
9
122
87
Bohemian and Moravian
113
71
32
32
81
39
Bulgarian
19
8
j
I
18
7
Canadian, French
532
519
284
282
248
237
Croatian
5
2
5
2
Cuban
1
1
1
1
Danish ..
10
10
3
3
7
7
Dutch
4
4
2
2
2
2
Finnisli
3
3
2
2
1
1
Fr"nr>h .... .
10
10
3
3
7
7
G ennan . .
305
290
127
127
178
163
Greek
356
221
9
7
347
214
Hebrew, Russian .. . .
548
500
87
86
461
414
Hebrev/, Oth^r
63
63
15
15
48
48
Italian, Nortii
356
27.3
70
68
286
205
Italian, South
670
427
111
110
559
317
Lithuanian
146
88
2
2
144
86
Mac >d >nian
19
0
19
6
Ma?var. .
•32
23
3
3
29
20
Mexican
2
2
1
1
1
1
Norwegian
14
14
4
4
10
10
Polish
207
116
28
27
179
89
Portuguese
10
9
3
3
7
6
Roumanian .
43
31
4
4
39
27
Russian
122
80
6
6
116
74
Ruthenian
5
2
5
2
Servian . . .
4
3
4
3
Slovak
376
189
27
26
349
163
Slovenian.
3
3
3
3
Spanish.
3
3
3
3
Swedish
108
105
14
14
94
91
Syrian... . .
20
18
6
6
14
12
Turkish
24
8
24
8
Australian (race not specified)
2
2
1
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified). . . .
11
10
1
1
10
9
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
8
8
3
3
5
5
Total..
4.294
3.226
859
849
3.435
2.377
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — General Survey.
603
TABLE 53. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
•Vlbanian
8
126
102
19
406
4
1
10
4
2
7
238
345
427
52
319
615
126
19
28
2
13
184
10
43
108
5
4
342
3
1
94
19
24
2
10
1
7
7
93
60
8
398
2
1
10
4
. 2
229
215
::<i"
52
240
392
84
6
21
2
13
105
9
31
68
2
3
181
3
1
91
17
8
2
9
1
7
7
45
52
18
19
3
1
6
23
16
7
17
1
1
1
35
12
1
35
1
1
26
6
1
34
1
4 rmpiiifni
46
38
44
38
Bohemian and Moravian ....
Bulgarian
Canadian French
352
347
Croatian
Danish
1
1
9
4
2
7
188
24
81
20
82
139
29
9
4
2
7
184
23
81
20
76
121
25
Dutch
Finnish
French
German
27
266
239
15
126
288
49
18
13
1
3
87
2
34
^
4
175
1
25
146
215
15
66
122
22
5
6
1
3
31
1
22
32
23
55
107
17
111
188
48
1
11
1
2
64
4
7
25
3
20
46
103
17
98
149
37
1
11
1
2
45
4
7
24
2
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Italian North
Italian, South
T,ithnania.n ...
Macedonian
Maevar
4
4
Mexican
Norwegian
8
33
4
2
13
8
29
4
2
12
Polish .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian. .
Ruthenian
Servian
3
57
1
Slovak
118
1
79
1
49
1
1
56
3
2
1
2
45
1
1
56
3
2
1
2
Slovenian
Spanish
Swedish
18
5
21
1
5
1
1
15
4
5
1
4
1
1
20
11
1
20
10
1
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified) . .
Belgian (race not specified) —
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
3
3
2
2
4
4
3,730
2,783
1.617
875
909
753
1,204
1,155
604
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 53. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian
5
11
126
1
1
3
67
11
121
11
37
55
20
4
1
23
14
34
2
14
1
1
1
3
11
121
1
2
9
1
3
2
20
2
2
18
1
7
97
1
7
94
Bohemian and Moravian
2
9
Canadian, French
Croatian. ...
Finnish
1
3
61
6
101
11
33
35
4
2
1
11
12
8
2
14
1
1
1
1
2
32
1
20
1
2
32
French
1
19
7
81
8
12
24
15
3
1
13
4
61
8
9
9
1
1
German
16
3
20
3
16
14
5
1
16
2
20
3
15
10
3
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
20
Hebrew Other
Italian, North
9
17
9
16
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
1
5
1
5
1
5
1
3
Polish
15
11
21
1
2
3
9
1
1
2
3
2
8
1
3
2
4
1
R ussian
Slovak
Spanish
Swedish.. '
12
12
Syrian
1
1
A'ustrian (race not specified) . .
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Total...
564
443
234
135
118
103
212
205
TOTAL.
Albanian
8
7
7
6
1
1
Armenian. .
131
96
46
23
38
28
47
45
Bohemian and Moravian
113
71
54
15
14
8
45
45
Bulgarian .
19
8
18
7
1
1
Canadian, French
532
519
28
26
55
52
449
441
Croatian
5
2
4
1
1
1
Cuban
1
1
1
1
Danish
10
10
1
1
9
9
Dutch
4
4
4
4
Finnish
3
3
3
3
French .
10
10
1
1
9
9
German.
305
290
46
38
39
36
220
216
Greek
356
221
273
150
58
48
25
23
Hebrew, Russian
548
500
320
276
127
123
101
101
Hebrew, Other
63
63
23
23
20
20
20
20
Italian, North
356
273
138
75
127
113
91
85
Italian, South
670
427
312
131
202
159
156
137
Lithuanian
146
88
64
23
53
40
29
25
Macedonian
19
6
18
5
1
1
Masivar
32
23
16
7
12
12
4
\
Mexican
2
2
1
1
1
1
Norwegian
14
14
3
3
2
2
9
9
Polish
207
116
102
34
67
48
38
34
Portuguese
10
9
2
1
4
4
4
4
Roumanian .
43
31
34
22
7
7
2
2
Russian.
122
80
81
41
27
26
14
13
Ruthenian
5
2
2
3
2
Servian
4
3
4
3
Slovak
376
189
196
58
126
83
54
48
Slovenian.
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Spanish
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Swedish
108
105
20
17
20
20
68
68
Syrian. . ..
20
18
5
4
12
11
3
3
Turkish
24
8
21
5
1
1
2
2
Australian (race not specified)
2
2
1
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified) . .
Belgian (race not specified)
11
1
10
1
6
1
5
1
3
3
2
2
Swiss (race not specified)
8
8
1
1
2
2
5
5
Total.
4 294
3 226
1 851
1,010
1,027
856
1,416
1,360
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
605
H.— THE EAST.
TABLE 54. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY Off EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female. I Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
3,240
12
1,861 5,101
5 17
Np£?ro
Native-born of foreign father, by
Austria-Hungary
country of birth of father:
22
368
2
134
14
175
1
716
61
1
3
2
1
28
53
16
1
3
3 25
225 593
3 5
100 234
10 24
100 275
1
Canada,
Denmark
England
France . .
Germany *
Greece
Ireland
543 1,259
15 76
1 2
2 5
1 3
1 2
12 40
29 82
9 25
4 5
2 5
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal . .
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland
Wales
Total
1,601
1,060 2,661
Total native-born
4,853
2,926 7,779
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
129
54
409
217
1
1
4
1
138
1
5
104
238
404
38
192
293
589
127
3
19
7
143
8
4
96
5
26
8
7 136
54
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian French
135 544
187 404
1 2
1
Canadian Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
4
Dutch
1
English
56 194
1
Finnish
French
2 7
18 122
11 249
129 533
9 47
112 304
37 330
57 6*6
20 147
3
German
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian , South
Lithuanian - -
Macedonian
Magyar
19
Norwegian
1 8
20 163
8
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
4
Russian
14 110
5
Rutheuian
Scotch
18 44
1 1
34 387
3
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
353
3
77
12
4
2
1
10
2
Slovenian
Swedish
14 91
12
Syrian
Turkish
4
Welsh
2
Australian (race not specific*
Austrian (race not specified)
I)
1
1 11
1 3
Total foreign-born
3,728
885 4,613
Grand total...
8,581
3,811 12,392
606
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 55. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY
EMPLOYEES.)
[By years In the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.)
MALE.
Number
Race.
complete
data.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
\lbanian.
8
1
2
4
1
Armenian
124
2
11
11
15
7
33
19
22
4
Bohemian and Moravian
54
25
5
8
:;
5
8
Canadian, French
408
2
1
4
7
5
35
35
74
245
Canadian, Other
211
4
7
9
17
35
38
108
Croatian
1
1
Cuban
1
1
Danish
4
1
1
2
Dutch .
1
1
English
133
2
8
12
5
4
10
9
26
57
Finnish
1
1
French .
5
5
German
103
4
3
9
3
18
66
Greek
234
5
49
57
35
24
41
15
7
1
Hebrew, Russian... .
395
6
35
04
54
63
98
28
36
11
Hebrew, Other
37
3
5
1
12
5
5
G
Irish . .
184
2
3
4
4
17
14
21
119
Italian, North..
290
G
14
37
38
18
98
39
25
15
Italian, South
583
20
53
75
81
48
171
74
40
21
Lithuanian
125
7
2
15
7
18
48
23
4
1
Macedonian
3
2
1
Magvar
18
2
2
1
9
1
1
2
Norwegian
7
1
1
1
2
1
1
Polish
139
11
6
15
27
17
47
9
0
1
Portuguese
8
1
1
2
1
3
Roumanian
4
1
1
1
1
Russian
95
12
11
24
7
11
20
3
4
3
Ruthenian
5
1
1
3
Scotch ... .
25
1
1
1
2
3
3
14
Slovak
347
48
2:i
50
29
30
118
26
16
Slovenian .
3
1
1
1
Swedish
75
1
5
5
3
3
15
13
14
16
Syrian . .
12
2
3
5
2
Turkish. .
2
1
1
Welsh
2
2
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
8
1
1
2
3
1
Swiss (race not specified).
2
2
Total
3,658
151
228
396
342
273
829
359
366
714
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
1
3
1
Canadian, French
126
2
3
4
20
14
25
58
Canadian, Other. ..
177
1
4
9
4
4
28
29
32
G6
Croatian.
1
1
English
55
3
3
fi
2
1
4
2
12
22
French...
2
1
1
German
18
2
1
1
5
4
5
Greek . .
11
3
9
2
3
1
Hebrew, Russian
122
7
15
21
25
13
21
9
11
Hebrew, Other .
9
2
2
2
3
Irish . . .
105
2
6
4
8
25
12
17
31
Italian, North
37
1
6
3
2
16
5
2
2
Italian, South
57
1
1
8
12
4
14
13
4
Lithuanian
20
3
3
3
3
3
5
Norwegian . .
1
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
607
TABLE 55. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Polish
18
14
18
1
34
14
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
6
1
6
3
1
1
1
3
2
Russian
1
2
Scotch .
3
10
1
1
fi
Scotch-Irish. .
Slovak
7
1
3
8
1
2
1
8
2
1
2
6
Swedish...
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Swiss (race not specified) . . .
Total
1
847
25
39
86
73
50
160
92
us
204
TOTAL.
Albanian
8
1
2
4
1
Armenian. .
129
2
12
11
15
36
19
22
5
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
54
25
5
8
3
5
8
Canadian, French
534
2
1
6
10
9
55
49
99
303
Canadian, Other
388
1
4
13
11
6
45
64
70
174
Croatian. .
2
2
Cuban ...
]
1
Danish
4
1
1
2
Dutch
1
1
English .
188
5
11
18
7
5
14
11
38
79
Finnish
1
1
French
7
1
1
5
German
121
6
1
4
14
3
22
71
Greek.
245
5
52
57
37
26
44
15
7
2
Hebrew, Russian
517
13
50
85
79
76
119
37
47
11
Hebrew, Other
46
5
7
3
15
5
5
6
Irish
289
4
9
8
12
42
26
38
150
Italian, North
327
7
14
43
41
20
114
44
27
17
Italian, South.
640
21
54
83
93
52
185
87
44
21
Lithuanian
145
10
5
18
10
21
53
23
4
1
Macedonian
3
2
1
Magyar
18
2
2
1
9
1
1
2
Norwegian
8
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Polish...
157
12
8
20
33
18
50
9
6
1
Portuguese
8
1
1
2
1
3
Ronmaninn
4
1
1
1
1
Russian. .
109
12
12
30
10
12
22
4
4
3
Ruthenian
5
1
1
3
Scotch . .
43
2
1
1
2
2
5
6
24
Scotch-Irish
1
1
Slovak .
381
55
26
58
30
32
126
28
18
8
Slovenian
3
1
1
1
Swedish....
89
2
5
5
3
4
15
14
20
21
Syrian
12
2
3
5
2
Turkish
2
1
1
Welsh
2
2
Australian (race not speci-
fied) ..
1
1
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
9
1
2
2
3
1
Swiss (race not specified)..
3
3
Total
4,505
176
267
482
415
323
989
451
484
918
608
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 56. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in—
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing or
farm
labor.
Gen-
eral
labor.
Hand
trades.
Domes-
tic serv-
ice.
Trade.
Other
occu-
pations.
Albanian
3
80
51
103
92
1
1
3
84
1
4
66
131
242
21
75
217
425
98
14
3
106
4
3
74
5
16
300
3
56
7
4
2
7
1
36
1
60
27
1
1
2
47
1
14
1
4
A rmenian
3
4
9
6
5
37
67
28
3
1
5
15
8
8
5
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
1
1
7
7
6
18
Canadian, Other .
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
1
7
English
13
1
]
4
4
8
Finnish
French
2
46
22
116
10
31
122
292
6
11
3
12
3
1
16
2
3
4
13
1
6
10
20
1
German
5
5
21
2
2
4
5
2
7
39
10
1
25
42
46
77
3
3
10
26
1
4
12
32
5
2
45
56
6
3
11
15
1
Greek. ..
2
4
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
3
15
15
5
1
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
1
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
5
83
1
3
2
1
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
5
1
3
Russian
6
39
5
1
212
2
8
2
3
Ruthenian
Scotch
10
33
1
26
3
4
1
13
1
1
1
2
2
7
Slovak
13
19
Slovenian
Swedish
6
1
5
2
2
1
8
1
Syrian...
Turkish . .
Welsh.
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified) .
Total
3
3
2,362
946
113
743
72
170
11
187
120
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
609
TABLE 57. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the United
States, by race.
(STUD? OF EMPLOYEES.)
Kace.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing or
farm
labor.
Domes-
tic serv-
ice.
Sew-
ing, em-
broid-
ering,
and lace
mak-
ing.
Teach-
ing.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian
3
8
13
1
11
1
1
2
26
1
4
4
10
9
8
5
3
15
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
Canadian, French
3
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
Canadian, Other
1
2
Croatian
English
3
1
3
i
French
German .
Greek
2
1
Hebrew, Russian
3
15
1
2
6
1
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish .
1
2
2
1
Italian, North
1
2
9
7
1
1
Italian, South
5
1
Lithuanian
Polish
1
2
Russian
1
1
1
1
1
Scotch .
1
Slovak
14
Swedish.
2
1
Total
128
19
11
39
4
33
4
14
4
TABLE 58. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Average earnings per week.
Number earninsr each specified amouni per week.
Under $2.50.
82.50 and under $5.
$5 and under $7.50.
$7.50 and under $10.
$10 and under $12.50.
$12.50 and under $15.
$15 and under $17.50.
817.50 and under $20.
$20 and under $22.50.
$22.50 and under $25.
1
o
0
"O
<N
95
Native-born of native father:
White...
2,507
10
$12.79
12.33
1
6
125
2
413
3
793
283
576
1
213
4
62
13
22
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
13
252
2
106
10
124
1
518
35
9.54
12.83
(a)
12.82
13.55
13.91
(a)
13.01
11.18
2
12
7
44
2
78
2
29
Canada
...
2
51
1
13
3
22
28
7
....
1
Denmark
England .
3
18
1
14
45
4
40
9
11
13
2
19
3
2
France
Germany
6
1
6
5
1
Greece
Ireland ...
...
2
18
1
94 | 149
16 ! 8
51
3
133
3
51
3
14
2
4
1
Italv..
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
610
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 58. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Average earnings per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
$2.50 and under $5.
$5 and under $7.50.
$7.50 and under$10.
$10 and under $12.50.
$12.50 and under $15.
$15 and under $17.50.
$17.50 and under $20.
$20 and under $22.50.
$22.50 and under $25.
$25 or over.
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father —
Continued.
Netherlands
1
2
2
1
15
35
9
3
(a)
(a)
(a)
00
12.59
14.51
(a)
(a)
1
Norway
1
1
Portugal
1
1
Roumania
1
1
2
2
1
R ussia
3
1
5
12
5
2
....
2
3
9
1
7
1
1
1
"i
Scotland
Sweden
Wales
Total
1,129
13.00
...
4
47
201
350
110
238 125 34
10
10
Total native-born
3,646
12.85
1
10
174
617
1,143 393 815 ^42 ; 96
23
32
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
111
26
328
150
1
1
4
1
95
1
5
93
184
329
31
153
255
503
111
3
10
4
128
6
4
72
5
14
300
3
60
9
2
2
1
8
1
00
10.81
9.11
12.81
14.13
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
13.83
00
(a)
12.99
9.29
11.23
11.92
12.59
10.58
9.96
10.87
00
9.75
00
9.21
00
00
9.57
00
12. 75
9.27
00
13.78
00
00
00
00
00
00
2
9
1
17
5
1
5
35
22
53
12
1
37
3
108
39
Armenian
2
17
8
3
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian, French
...
1
2
26
18
85
42
28 6
19 10
1 3
1 2
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
1
2
Danish
1
....
1
i
i
Dutch
i
English.
3
13
25
1
2
33
37
124
14
55
100
146
43
1
2
1
38
3
2
18
2
8
94
1
16
4
1
13
25
9
5
1 1
Finnish
French
1
15
61
93
6
27
98
194
42
2
6
3
05
1
1
33
3
2
157
2
9
3
"s
1
16
2
13
16
32
4
2
15
14
46
4
32
16
35
10
German
4
60
28
2
10
14
81
6
17
7
20
3
12
9
6
5
1
1
1
Greek
...
3
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish ..
1
3 ....
Italian, North
- - .
2
5
Italian, South
3
1 ....
1 ....
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
1
....
1
Norwegian
Polish
...
3
16
1
3
"2"
3
1
1
5
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
12
1
1
Ruthenian
Scotch
1
11
1
3
1
1
Slovak
...
2
33
Slovenian
Swedish
2
2
8
16
4
2
1
2
Syrian
Turkish
1
Welsh
2
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Austrian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified). ..
Total foreign-born
5
1
2
1
3,022
11.04
...
21 310
973
964
192
367
145
32
9
9
Grand total .
6,668
12.03
1
31
484
1,590
2,107
585
1,182
487 128
32
41
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
611
TABLE 59. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY O* EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Average earnings per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
$7.50 and under $5.
$5 and under $7.50.
$7.50 and under $10.
$10 and under $12.50.
812.50 and under $15.
$15 and under $17.50.
$17.50 and under $20.
$20 and under $22. 50.
1 $22. 50 and under $25.
h- 1
Native-born of native father:
White
1,358
3
$8. 29
(a)
3
60
422
2
570
1
243
21
29
8
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
149
1
58
8
68
400
6
1
1
5
16
3
3
2
8.53
(a)
8.53
(a)
8.59
8.63
(a)
(a
(a)
(a)
8.36
00
(a)
(a)
9
36
1
14
2
22
99
1
64
31
3
5
1
4
1
1
12
2
22
2
26
189
3
1
1
2
5
1
2
17
2
16
74
1
1
Germany
2
15
1
9
2
Tfnlv
Russia
2
4
1
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
Wales
Total
721
8.56
31
185
318
146
21
17
3
1
Total native-born
2,082
8.38
3
91
609
889
389
42
46
11
1 | 1
Foreign-born, by race:
3
92
117
1
31
1
14
10
81
7
74
24
38
16
1
14
7
12
29
10
(a)
8.95
8.02
(a)
8.40
(a)
8.70
6.55
7.21
00
8.05
7.27
6.37
7.57
00
7.00
00
9.25
7.37
7.18
1
2
3
1
29
25
1
2
1
24
44
33
44
1
6
2
Croatian
English
16
6
1
2
1
2
4
'5
39
5
26
12
17
3
7
3
33
2
30
7
7
8
1 ..
Greek
2
5
4
Irish
3
2
11
3
14
2
1
2
1
1
Italian North
1
1
1
Polish
1
C
2
2
8
3
7
4
5
17
4
1
5
1
2
Scotch
Slovak
3
1
Total foreign-born
582
7.88
37
216
218
97
7
6
1
Grand total
2, 664
8.27
3
128
825
1,107
486 49
52
12
1
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
612
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 60. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OB1 EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under
$5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
186 $6. 64
22
109
46
9
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Austria- Hungary
9
40
9
3
39
73
20
8
6
2
1
(«)
C.25
(a)
(«)
5.70
6.34
5.50
(a)
(a)
(0)
(a)
2
8
1
4
22
5
2
18
42
8
5
5
2
2
7
2
1
3
15
4
2
1
1
3
1
Canada
England
France
Germany
16
12
8
1
2
4
Ireland . .
Italy
Russia
Scotland . . .
Switzerland
1
Total
210
6.15
49
113
37
11
Total native-born
396
6.38
71
222
83
20
Foreign-born, by race:
3
1
11
4
1
2
12
22
3
3
17
49
4
3
1
10
2
(a)
(a)
6.73
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.79
6.21
(a)
(«)
6.84
6.52
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.90
(a)
2
1
8
2
1
1
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Canadian French
3
2
Canadian, Other
English -
German
1
1
Greek
8
12
2
1
7
23
4
2
4
6
1
Hebrew Russian
2
2
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
2
10
1
1
5
Italian North
7
11
Italian South
Polish . .
Russian
1
Scotch
1
1
Slovak
5
2
3
1
Syrian
Total foreign-born
148 6. 64
18
80
38
12
Grand total
544 6. 45
89
302
21
32
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a. Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
613
TABLE 61. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OB1 EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
date.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
82.50.
$2.50 and
under
$5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
175
$5.92
1
45
94
29
6
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Austria- Hungary
3
38
1
12
21
61
8
1
1
5
2
1
(»)
5.97
(a)
5.79
5.44
5.98
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
2
23
1
4
8
39
2
1
6
Canada
8
1
England
4
9
10
5
4
3
9
1
1
Germany --- -
1
2
Ireland
i
Italv
Norway
Roumania
1
2
Russia
3
2
1
Switzerland
Total
154
5.85
1
39
85
25
4
Total nativ6-born
329
5.89
2
84
179
54
10
Foreign-born, by race:
1
8
4
4
3
26
2
4
5
13
2
4
5
1
5
1
(<0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.37
(a)
(a)
(a)
6. IK!
(a)
(a)
(a)
(«)
(a)
(a)
1
4
2
1
Canadian French
3
1
1
1
3
1
Canadian Other
1
English
2
1
6
1
1
German
1
1
Hebrew Russian
16
1
2
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
4
4
1
2
1
Italian North
1
1
Italian South
6
1
1
1
2
Lithuanian
Polish
1
2
1
3
Russian
1
Scotch
Slovak
2
1
Austrian (race not specified)
Total foreign-born
88
6.20
22
39
21
6
Grand total
417
5.95
2
106
218
75
16
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for tune lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
614
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(STUD? OB1 EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of na tive father:
White 3, 025
Negro 12
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary 22
Canada 350
Denmark 2
England 127
France 13
Germany 168
Greece 1
Ireland 662
Italy 61
Netherlands 1
Norway 2
Portugal 2
Roumania 1
Russia 28
Scotland 53
Sweden 16
Switzerland 1
Wales 3
Total 1, 513
Total native-born 4, 550
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian 8
Armenian 126
Bohemian and Moravian 54
Canadian, French 398
Canadian, Other 200
Croatian 1
Cuban 1
Danish 4
Dutch 1
English 134
Finnish 1
French 5
German 104
Greek 230
Hebrew, Russian 397
Hebrew, Other 38
I rish 184
Ita Hn, North 293
Italian, South 582
I.iih'.nnnn 124
Maredonian 3
Magyar 18
Nor ve^ian 7
1'o'ish 141
Portvn'.irso 7
RonTirmi-i 4
Russian 96
Ruthenian 5
Scotch 24
Slovak 350
Slovenian 3
Swedish 77
Syrian 11
Turkish.. 4
3,022
12
22
348
2
127
13
167
1
662
61
1
2
2
1
28
53
16
1
3
1,510
4,544
8
122
54
375
206
1
1
4
1
133
1
5
104
218
390
38
181
273
527
113
3
18
7
126
7
4
83
4
24
332
3
77
11
4
Boots and Shoes: General Tables— The East.
615
TABLE 62. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
M A L E— Continued .
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Welsh
2
1
10
2
2
1
9
2
2
1
9
2
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born
3,656
3,472
3,421
Grand total . .
S, 21)11
8,016
7,961
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White . .
1,793
1,778
1 778
Negro
5
5
5
Native-born of foreign father by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
3
3
3
Canada
218
218
218
Denmark . . . ....
3
3
3
England
99
99
98
France . . .
10
10
10
Germany
97
97
97
Ireland
517
517
517
Italy ........ . .
15
15
15
Netherlands
1
1
1
Norway.. .
2
2
2
Portugal
1
1
1
Roumania
1
1
1
Russia. .
12
12
12
Scotland
27
27
27
Sweden . .
g
g
g
Switzerland . . .
4
4
4
Wales
2
2
2
Total
1,020
1,020
1,019
Total native-born
2,818
2,803
2,802
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian ...
7
7
7
Canadian, French
132
132
132
Canadian, Other. .
176
176
176
Croatian
1
1
1
English. .
54
54
54
French
2
2
2
German
18
18
18
Greek
11
6
6
Hebrew, Russian
12fi
120
119
Hebrew, Other
8
8
g
Irish
11(1
108
107
Italian, North
37
36
36
Italian, South
53
45
43
Lithuanian
19
14
11
Norwegian. .
1
1
1
Polish .
20
20
20
Russian
14
13
13
Scoteh. .
18
17
17
Scotch-Irish
1
1
1
Slovak
34
27
27
Swedish
14
14
14
Austrian (race not specified) .... ...
1
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
1
Total foreign-born
858
821
814
Grand total. .
3,676
3,624
3,616
48296°— VOL 12—1
616
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General
nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White
4,818
17
4,800
17
4,799
17
Negro . .
Native-born of foreign father
Austria-Hungary
by country of birth of father:
25
568
5
226
23
265
1
1,179
76
2
4
3
2
40
80
24
5
O
25
566
5
226
23
264
1
1,179
76
2
4
3
2
40
80
24
5
5
25
565
. 5
225
23
204
1
1,177
76
2
4
3
2
40
80
24
5
5
Canada
Denmark
England
France
Germany.
Greece
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Sweden
Switzerland ....
Wales
Total
2, 533
2,530
2,526
Total native-born . .
7,368
7,347
7, 342
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
133
54
530
382
2
1
4
1
188
1
7
122
241
523
46
294
330
635
143
3
18
8
161
7
4
110
5
42
1
384
3
91
11
4
2
1
11
3
8
129
54
507
382
2
1
4
1
187
1
7
122
224
510
46
289
309
572
127
3
18
8
146
7
4
96
4
41
1
359
3
91
11
4
2
1
9
3
8
128
54
500
381
2
1
4
1
187
1
7
122
221
505
46
288
305
564
117
3
18
8
134
6
4
94
3
41
1
357
3
91
11
4
2
1
9
3
Armenian
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French..
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
Dutch
English . . .
Finnish
French
German
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish..
Welsh
Australian (race not spec
Austrian (race not specifi
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born
ified)..
ed)
4,514
4,293
4, 235
Grand total. .
11,882
11,640
11,577
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
617
«
co
S3
COC^I
GO r-H
CMNtMOO-* OO.-IO5CO
(NO !N t— t »O OO ^O
CO T-H TH CD
.-< C) rH OO CnCM CO
r-T
(M
i „_•
„•
|l
T-H
»H CM
... ....
*
OS
0
B
11
CO 1C
T-H
OS
T— 1
CO *^ T^ CO O5 OO CM t— r—
co~ -g^N
1
CD
CM"
( .
T-H
T— t CO 1O OO ^ ^
T-H T-t *-t TO T-H T-H
i
00
&
coco
1— 1
(N CM rt S
: i'-^-^
S
"O
E-l-tS
tJ
cu
213
s
CO -t" O
: : : : :
S5
i
0
•^ o
t-
0
10
T<
11
IT
OO OO IO CO C35
T^ T^ T-( 1^
: ;CO^H-H
rH
CO
CO
ft
B
o
EH
M
.5,2
O2 Ml
s-
CO CO • CM CM
• ' T— 1 •
— i
O
:o
O»
SP
"O
cv
<C
£3
OOCN
-a-*- D s- -
CM "
i
I
T— 1
'o
CD
ft
K
5
ii
s
OO ^O M* OS
CD
O
00
O
03
cu
.s
O
c
CO
ii
00
I—I b- T-H "T T-H CO COCO T—
00 CO CO 00
T-H
CM O CC C"l -^
Ol
CO
o
T-t
.C
4J
'%
t-,
i .
S"wi
T-H
- CM T-H 00 CO <M (N
•<N T-H 00
i "°
CD
CO
t-t
s
CO
.0
s
3
fc
•
!*•
CO T—4 O *O O C*l CO
^ CO *O O T-H
T-H CN
T-H Ol • O C-l t^. T-H
00
8
a:
CS
2|
fe" £
3
T-H
T-H
2
*•* 0
II
r
<N O CO CO Ol O *#
CO t-H (M CO
— : —
T-H
CM
i
00*50
r
^ *C CO 0s? OO T-H Ol
r-- oi d ^ T-H
rH
i-H • GC t- CC T-H
§
CO
SO
00
CO
^O O O CO O T-H CM >O
T-H t^» CM ^* T-H CO
T— t
T-H CO O O •
in
CM
CO
00
O
OS
213
2
CD
||
o
t— I
CO T-H ....
: : : : : :
„
T— 1
a 2,
02 W)
tM
i— 1 O l-H Tt* T^H CO
i— 1
• — < CO O O •
• T-H T-H •
T-H
CM
CO
S
CO
1
1
X; p^ °
11
COIN
00 >-l
C^ "O C-l "— i iO OO *C
CO T— ( r— i O
?-T
"5
CM
CU
fe
LH ....
8 : : : : : : : : :
£ j i : : : j j j j
il nativity ar
fl
^a
^
OJ
i
a
^ : . : : : : : : :
3 : • j : i : : : j
&>>:::: : : : :
'S t: a : : ; : : : : :
I- OJ 60 •
ȣ ^ fl ... .... v
tive-born
<3
CD
0
Native-born o
White....
Negro
o£z< x '• • tA : • • "c
(-.O^^jjCt-J §0!^ • "^
Or-'lH-OCcSO Sofl • a
^^•gc|g-^a £g^9^ £
.^£<s6ow£ OOAS .z
d'o
(Zi
. ;_c« ; : : :
fe -~ C If) ~^ ^J Q/
III 3||«
"3
•«^>
0
H
03
C
"cS
-*-»
§
618
The Immigration Commission.
0 5
£d
°°gS|3
HO rHlOCOGO OOOrHrHCO t^-COOit^-CO OO^OlC
CO O CO OS CO Oi Oi OO W I-H ^J1 O>
rH rH W CO rH W O rH rH
S
-i-d
CS 'oO-H
O 7^00 rHrHC^IrHI-- • rH'' O4 • •
rH • • • • >
C3
*""* O
.
o
II
T-H OJ ^H O) ^ rH ^ t*
•lO rH 04 O CX) (MrHOCOt- CO rHC^h- ^fCOrHCC
Oi t^- ^ 00 OJ i-H ^ ""J* O rH CO IO
rH rH rH C^
00
r-l
a <u
ia'S
-SS8S -
•O rH Oi O O CO Ol r^ Oi ^T CO t*- iO O C*l rH iQ C*-
CO rH Oi rH rH O ^t" C^-J — t^— ^
rH C^J rHCO
*-
£3
rH •
OS COdO OirHC5CO-f (M rH rH CO t"- i—
O
•3-3
-r ^ ; :
•<r 04 oo -o rH 04
4)
fe&
...
0
•* 0
> •
lH
O
>o
•v
s-g
CX3CO -^
r-l f— lOO OSrHr-lCOCO rH rH rH rH I"- r—
CO "^t1 *^* rH CO
U3
3
g
C cj
hn
•*
8?
T3
(U
tO
y
O GO -* rH ! CO i-
rH rH •
HiO rHCOCO Oit--COC^tM -^rHOC4t^. COO4O
lO CO1^1 r^rHQOOO»O H^ r-l CO C4
CO
—
o
$
^"S
<M <?*<&
rH 04 rH i.^ . rH -
•
ft
ra
•9"
^ 3
* '
A
0
a
(V
a
3
o
CO
l-n
•^(M CO GO • *"
rH •
i— 1
rH
a
+j
'£
h
i .
i/j'&b
rH O1! rH '
!t^ rHOX r-i— t C^l rH O O^HC^l O O
I i— t M T— < C^l rH
<N
.a
i
3
Iz;
£3
t^» CO rH t^- O5 rH r~i
;3<N o o
• rH C^ rH C4
U3
»•
2-2
3
8
"^ o
s '~-
rH H* C-l rH GO TH •
!M rHOCM
. !>. rH rH OS O ^H »O O O ^ OO CO *O ^H CO O*
•i-H 'rHOrHOGOC^ CO C4
t r-l
<N
"
. . .
9.2
S'M
CO tO CO
• O4 O H^ r-t CO O X) »O ^ C^
.
rHGOCOCOCO • •
• •H^ . -COO lOlQGC'-HCO 04 i-HrH^ rH O4r-
„
i— 1
2-2
•^ o
3
o
I— 1
I'E
•
9 ">
O4 •— t . . •
f > « \O O ^ C^ O4 ^H
O2 M
. . .
|
&0
5 d
-9*9S —
-(O rHiocooo OioO'-H^Hco r^-coosr^-co oo^ow
OCO OSCOdOlGO C^l r-1 TT OS
i— ( rHO4COrHO-l»OrH r-l
>O
9,'
•3
C
C3
>,
">_
-~~
Q*
: :.3 : : : : :
: :g : : : : :
- i ;|^'.: i ; ;
! ! ! ! os • ; ' * i;:...;..
; ; gg & jiji ; : ; ; ; ; ; ;
' ' ' ' : So i! «S d *'§ c
g
c
c
&
C
l|ll
tjj— ' «Oc3c3 f* j3 S £
1
EH
:j :a- : .-.- «™ og H ?la|
jf, Illl ||j=^^ Sl^E^ ll'il
3B .S£fe£ aj^.9^]3 .-ric3o30"o 003S
Scotch. . .
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
619
S
1-H OJCM rHl-H —I
S
OO • C
S
-H CO O C-) •
co1 ^^
to
S
M XC
o
X2
C-03 n
i?l a
Ig-adra ^llr 3
Ig-gfl -Sail £
!Ofe5.S *S3te t-
>«m
•d
a
2
O
00 >O
CM
00
^H CS i— 1 O5 i— I i-H CS
1
oT
S8-1
1-H
to
to
O5CM
SiO •"!< Ol O i— I i— * CGC3
C^ i-H t^.
g
g
l-HOl
°
1— |
CO
t^ CO O O O5 O W C^rHi^OO CO<^COW
I
05
00
OS
5
CM
S5
t-.
CO
S
£5
8
to
to
CO
5
S
g
tO 1-H
1
^J* tO ^* C^J OO • ^H « " " O rH
CO W (M -^ • ...
i— < ...
S
I
S-1
00
CN
1-H
. rH • • ....
1
CM «^. ^0 ;rt .... 0, ..;
00
00
ss
CO
1— 1
0)
1-H
1
i-H i— I OS ' '
...
M'*
O T COCO
o
CO
Oi
.—1
i-H
8
^^ M _H'.;
O5
00
CO
IT
"5
t-
i
i-H C^
OO
t- CO CO O "
o
CO
1
1
r^ I-H co o I-H *"
i-H
I
50
(M
CM
: : : : : : : : : : : : :
00
i-H i-H .— 1 ^H
•*
a
i-H
CO O >— ' Oi ^H OCOO C^ i— 1 i-H ,O »COCO^H
t— I-H CO O ^H
iH
1
S
00 1O
<M
OO
i-H
CO^COOO -^ O tN i— 1 C-li— i^HOS — OO^C-1
i
i
o>
00
Total native-born
• • d : : ; • ; ; ; : : : : ;
o . . . , . . . . . ; i ; ! . . . :
£ : : 6> >> . . .
"S ' "SiSffl ' w' ' I • !.S ; ! ! 9
a;; c — jjj • "2 "tf : e ' : — tA"3 § : "2 d "S — '
i I? oj i> -— ^fecjflS QjflJcS^ Oo^^ S^^ •S ^^
^ ^ ^5 ^ ^ ^ CJ |T^ 1-iJ ^ ^D i_] i^ ^^ ^T PM OH PH O3 02 O3 [^
c3 c3 O
020
The Immigration Commission.
^
~ co y, ~"
i— i —
^H 1— t
i —
i
•—
;
«
"3
43
II
°>3
CO C*l CO CO •— ' ^H *^C^ CON
o
C'
—
«
o
5 °
Sr
^SJS
- ^OOOt- ^22= CO<Mt--H COO
—
o
>o
-t
-
.5.2
Scoo"^
C^ rH^H XC*l^i-^ 1-Hr—* »-H
s
1
-
O «-^
FH ^1
t j 10 CN >— ' ' • ^ • I-H
' '
-.
EH£
^
C
£•2
co>o
M
oc
=
)
o
"" 0
8
i-B
o.«s
l-H
IM
t
-
ft
S-E
1
M
.9—'
CO ^
<J>
2
)
)
o
bfi
83
T3
0)
<C
£3
coo
O »OtM *OCOCli-H *- 4 OO ^^ OO «O
t-H CO
8
CM
s
r
)
8
ft
w
5
i!
COCO
*O O C1! •— 1 >— * (M C*3
00
CO
r
i -
,cS
g
<D
.a
o
5-2i
S 'C
i-H TP
0 ^.« 2-0.- ; 0^ COCO
, —
"0
•:
-^
J3
t
i— 1 l-H
• . . r-l . .
•*
§
;>
2
s
£
£1
CO O CO i—
o t~^
O> W t^. OC •— i 0-1 CO "^t* O •'t1 r— i t--'^lOO »OOO
C-l IO UO i-H i— I i— 1 i-H
—
00
CO
i
i
«c
8
j|
. .CO
rH ' ' • ,M ' ' i— 1 • • i-H >
00
«:
•^
2
§
^* o
bH -^
rS t,
CO 00 O
oo ^coco xt-,:c c^c, oo.
o
I-H
c*1
5
"
c a;
02 "tb
58-
C ^H O (N rO C^l OO t^- O iC i— l iO CO O O O
s
IN
=
)
y
1—1 CM
("•• iO ' O t^- ^* >O Oi iO ^ O T~t ^H > ^~
• t— i-H i-H (>1 i— t i-H ^H •
§
r'
r
o5
, . ,
, , , . ... . .
r
3
>-* 0
,— 1 i-H r-H i-H i-H . C1 '
^
r
C3 gj
.
1 .
IMOO^H
I-H C-l
t-» »O Ol t^- "f *^ OO iO O O5 ^H Oi • ^*
^ l-H ^H C^ i-H '
o
71
1
•
r
fc
ill
2l
P.-3
*" tt'x''
»O C^t'-Oi-HCl O^ftOOi— I O1"^GC»— ' -f't4^-
L*5 ^H — ^ ^1 i— < CO *O ,N ^-i^-ti— ( CO»-H
i— 1 t-H
r-
i
i
«
t .
"
oi
T3
. . .
T:
a
\
S
"
>,
'• • '•
•-
/-S
B
>
0 "^ fe
: : j : ijjj : : : : : : : : : : !|
c
»
4
5
1
2 §5
: : : : : % s :-^ : • : : : : : : 2
|
?n
73
t*> f^H O
JD . .
: • • •§£ c-d ; : : |^ . . |
-
,?•
£
•4.
c
g
a
a;
O
.§ S'2'2~
1 r- C3 C3 -
c 5 a c 5
ex •-; c3 cs c
3 gq^£2 «S25S 'S'S'S'o ca^i:
I Illll §1^1 ?|1| |||
w
•/
'f
Total fa
-z
1
.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
621
-t t~
t-H T-H
0
iO -C »O H* -H* N t-H OS 00 N »O CO <N Is" OOCO^tO
N^ONN'OOlcO CO t-- N
ON N T-H
T— 1
CO || -^
Cl iO
oJ || ^
OO CO -^ t~ CM Ol rH *** rH rH rH(~COO
rH U0^)< rH rH Ol
CO
•00
• T— 1
O • t" • O • • it.. IO T-H
•N • -iO
1-H
0
1— t
00
CM t~O> -H CMOO
CO "1* 1-H
of
"IT
T~H CO O N t"*- N CO T-H 00 t"» CO N
01 i—t GO 01 co
CO
o
00
o>
CO
co"
T-Hrt^rHrHrH rH Tf—Ht-- rH CO l— 'CO
COCM rH
OCTi
T-H
of
Ol-*i ^
"8
CO i— i »O i— 1 t^- t-H . N N N O> CO l> CO CO
T-Hi-HCOlOCO' N CO r- 1
t-t rH f- •
CM
s
t^
co"
t~ O CO C71 Ol rH rH
CO rH 00 -f
8 N^g
i-H
-f CO
o
00
OS
N
^ iO OO
CO i-H
o
1
CO O) 2J 00 T-H
N CO O CO
Cl 1-H
2
0
Oi • t-H
CO
CO
s
T— t
T-H 1-H
-tf NOO
COO1
CO
N*° TH
O ' ' ' • • • t*» 1-H i- H
00
— H
CM
t-
CMCM-H(N rH
O5 ~F
CO *^*
OlT-H
OO
CO
^ CO
gj : : ; : : : - : : :
CO
CO
OJ
T-H
1-H
rH C0t~
T
TH rH N N O O
IO !"•• t^~
T-H
N iC N N- 1C O>NT-HT-H
N « N
»o
Ol
s
OJ
t~ OO O OC CO rH rH rH 00 »C
"O CM rH CO t~ CO -^
OlrH
r
.TH 00 CO
r>. • • » « • I-H . T-H t
"O
O5
rH
Ol 00 O! . . 1C ...
rH
i— t Ol ••— t CO O O
COCON C1> »O ON r-H
N • N
N
1
rH
^ t— T-H rH c*5 1-H 00 !-H t^-
-1* Ol 'O (M IO CO CM
CM
OO
01
T-H T— t OO ' O5
CO -— ' - N
... .
T-H
CM
>o
rHrH l-H 00
rH TJI Ol
00 I-H f-OC
rH
r- . , , ^ , ,
T-H T— 1
8-
-H
°g^g2 00
OOO t-HN N »-HC^ N
i
-H
00
r- CO rH Ol CM Ol T-H
CO Ol t^ CO
rH rH
t- i-H CO »O T-H
CO N CO
TH
CO
-f
o
T-H
CO
>o
h-
N CO
COCO CO
O) CM
00-^ t-trH N OSCO
GO •
>o
CM
00
T-H
0
T-H f~ Ol O> OC rH
CM T-H CO-*
s — ss
0000
8
T— <
i-H
00 Tp i-H O i-H OS N
CO
CO
0
t-
CO O 00
T-H
T— I
00
CO
GOT-HT-I
T-H
C35^ OT— (COlO CM T— i CM O t-OOC^T— 1
CO t^ T-H -J< Ol 1-H
OJ
00
o
co
rH O CO T-H -1* . .
rH . . CO
00
N
00
t-
CO h- i-H
1-H CO
T-H
T— 1 . . . T-H . . . . T-H T-H
OOT* O-HIOIO - ClrHCMOS COOOCOrH
CO t^ 1-H -^ . rH rH
00
T-H
00
>ra
o
CO
s
3
' -^ CO ' T-H '< CO
T-H TH
0
to"
o o o
CM O
o
O) Ol IO Ol CO CO t~- O1
CM OJ T-H
CO
CM
of
i
GO CO -f t^- Ol Ol — H ^ 1-H rH rH t** O OO
CO O CO O Ol Ol •'H
-H US'* rH rHO)
; ; a ; ; ;
: : 8 : :
. . x;
: : d : : : : : : : : : : •
a^ . . a) ...
> • ' bJD E? • -
1
E-
Total native-born
. . <33
"-1 .T3 SjS
*~ ; ; £ -£ ~ ; ; ; ; ', \ \ ',*& '.'•<£'• I I g
£ • • £ *«- , i • t- 13 ! fl ' '^ tA'cS ^ 1 ^ rj ~
i *? bfi i "L w G fl &0 S C m ,2 -—"'" Cl^3w "t.,? <D £H T3
c£» IT" a> a> .S 3 S d> G £, Qj(-.C;c3a^ O S ^ -^ & :£ T^T
c9 c3 O
a" d a _| a o d '•'•'•'• '• .' '
622
The Immigration Commission.
§1
Or^»-H»OOO t^-CCOlOOd GO-^OOM i— l »O CC O W -t'C^'-H'— *CC
<M -^ O C^l CO <* i-l CO i-H Tp CO Ci »-l rH
*O CO CO O »-< i-H *-* CO
•<(•
o
IO
•^
00
c^~
' -rt
"3
-— -
££
i-H
10
I-H
C5
iO
o
EH
|-g
SB
O'-H'^COCO <N r-4C^O '^'COCOCO'O I-H CO CO C-l •— I <— I W •-* Oi W
ooc^ico«oot-.^Hr- tOM »oio
i-H i-H i-H C^ C-l
o
c-i
<N
O5
s
m~
a_oJ
33*30
OOiOClCXjt-- ^COt^-Or-l (M i-4 b- W CO iO »Oi-H CO <M »-<
C'-lC^'^'^O^Ot^ Oi »O i— I W CO i— •
CO i— t f-l CO i— i
cc
of
00
OS
10
,2 "3
Oi i— < ^* »O »O C^l • »— i T— I CO t-* i— I t"» to Oi «^H r— I i— (
CO i— 1 CO • W
t^
00
Ol
H™
M
'rt "O
.- 0)
• • O ^H <M ... . <M . 1 1-4 <M . . . . .
3
t-H
10
>
o
JS^
• • • • •
d
(_i
O
LO
•*f
S'g
a-S
o »— 1 10 "*** co i— ).i— i ^H i— i r-» «— t »o co '-C • I-H i— < •— i
•^ •-* co c^
0
t^
CO
>o
3
CO
<M
feb
STi
<D
60
03
•O
0)
yd
SB
:nr-ooioi-< lo-^oc^oo coc^^o »— i •— i o: <M t~~ >-H ^H t-i co w
t^--— li-HGOCOrfi— (CO C^CQ O-^"
f— 1 i-H i— 1
i-H
OJ
•^
t^
n
'3
a;
ft
•*
2"S
• T-tOOCO»O "-H ^H . . • I-H CO CO
0
t~-
95
c5
GO
^1
^|
O
03
a>
a
+->
i
«a-d
1-s
C^ iO ^ 1-1 CO iO 't-C^i-t COW^H O i-tOiMO i-Hi-H Oi-H
t,— .r-t^-ccco- co c^i '— * •*
t-.
0
.— 1
i
(N
43
43
'£
C^oJ
co'ti
I—^HOl^HOO'-KM ^2 IO -t O -^ i-t • — 1
CO i-H Tl i-t •
CO
CO
<N
o
t-^
r~
0)
rQ
a
£
4 -a
e3
t-.r-t-.OiO COC^r~iO:O »-l(N>OCOCO (M^CNO CO ^HCO
Oi i— ( OS CO O5 ffi OO 10 <— i OCO
•M rH C^l M
CO
. —
o
of
•*
CO
t^
*^
•OtJ
.X OJ
iO
F— (
00
33
R
^^
• • •
40
8
s-g
a-S
t-lOOOt^-O CO CO r— T-H TP <N -^ QO'-HCO'-H rHOI
O--(CDO3CO CO iM C-l
I-H ^H
T— 1
iO
l>
s
t-
i-H
• .
C a;
tn"Sb
r * ci os ci 01 coc^"*ioos i— 1 1— i t-t f-n os iM co»o co i— (
S -H i-, O OS »O -^ CO t- CS
T— t 1—il—i
h-
•^
(M
1-H
t^
3
<>r
^3
i •? 7 1 c^i o c-i r-» ' •— » t-H r- *H c^j i— i t>i os w 10 <— i
CO^-lC^iOiO ' CO M -f
T- 1 I-H •
00
CO
•*
8
!>f
o!
S^
^1
cc
^
o
i— i
^-o
Si 2
tN
i-H
00
Tf
S'C
. . .... . , . .
c^
& w>
**?NN>ooo [>• < i-i I-H co *-t.— <^HC^ r-- OJ»o ^H
CO-H(NtO'* CO 'W ^
i-H i-H ' •
g
CO
g
o
<N
i
1
i be
o> c '
[H.S fl
. -^ a
t- u o
£ag
Ss
S-a
ft'o
O t— •—» *o OG t-COOSOOC^ OO^O»OCC i-HiOCOO(N Tf C^ •— ( i— < CO
?i-r"c-icc-*i-HO i— i -^ 0001—1 I-H
"O CO CO r-O <— t *-i I-H CO
2
>o
•*"
00
rH
c^r
r-*
V
2
•a
•g : : : : : : : : : : : : : : ; : : : : : : :^ :
1 i i i i i i i' i i i i i i i i i i i : i : il? :
5 o cC ^
a
3
lii.ii! iiiii jiiii ijiii ;;su
>>
'>
|=jM;i HiM I;;;; | i lh&
a
t4
o
XJ
General nat
*%£ :^3 : ; : : : : ; : ; : : : : : : : :g|§
yoJll 91 ig : |.i ig i 1 ia: i : = ig^S
lifjii 11 iw HIM )nti wS
C-OXJ-SSS J3ob££a "CBtn-^'S ti>!>a''C TnTlwin-S
Bai oj.2c3cs .-S=acao3 So3D§ 8°°fe£L 3>^3 = i
•^MM^SS ^SSZiin pHtftfrtM MMWWM e^<1^w
1
a
60
1
_£
"3
-fD
o
EH
"3
•iS
o
-f-»
13
a
C3
IH
o
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
623
TABLE 64.— Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY 09 EMPLOYEES.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting
wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Albanian
1
68
40
268
141
1
4
1
90
1
2
74
45
172
21
102
138
240
60
11
2
62
3
3
50
3
18
228
3
45
1
1
2
1
8
1
19
29
4
1
Armenian
49
11
264
140
1
4
1
86
1
2
72
18
155
20
102
106
163
56
9
2
54
2
2
27
2
18
164
2
43
1
1
2
1
5
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French .
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Danish
Dutch
English
4
Finnish .. -. ...
French - -
German
2
27
17
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian North
32
77
4
2
Italian South
Lithuanian . . ... .
Maevar
Norwegian .
Polish
8
1
1
23
1
Portuguese . . . .
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian
Scotch .
Stovak
64
1
2
Slovenian . . .
S wed ish
Syrian
Turkish
Welsh .
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified). .
3
Total
1,910
1,586
324
624
The Immigration Commission.
race
g
=0
O
>o
1
ts
o
o
•2
I
H
H
CQ
T3
'3
O!
.S
•3
11 .
S 2 W
H S h^
ft >> "^
o . ' S
OJ •-
- s
CQ
•O
S
o
EH
Number reporting—
^ CD W
CO<N ''-.(N ^H-V^ . . . ^H
«j
1-1 2
i—t Oi CO "O iO
00 CO
1 ; |a . ;t~jr «=-<S«|« ^ca^co^
°s
C5 CO I-H LO CO 00 I-H t^C^COi-Hf-H t"- r-« O
i-H l-H C-* i-H C-l ""^ i— 1
p
CO ^H cO C-l iO i—t r-H ^ F— i C"l T-H ^ C^l Ol CO ^ ^H iO ^* CO ^f CO1 d CO
O CO CO CO ^H Ol CO t^» C~l *O >O O Ol T-H O
i-H CO i-H i— 1 ^.(^Ji-HlMlO i-H
to
(_i
C3
<u
>>
0
i-H
S.
IH
-*J QJ
3>
T5 0
"3
O
hH
Number reporting—
M Sf!
iO OS
^
M^
--1
^HCO
iC C-l
...
...
'£
CO
t-* w
O -!>-lO T-Hl— |IO<MO -^^H^Hi-H
l|
00
CM
N CO
o -^
i-H
CO »H CO i— 1 ^ »O CO CO i— 1 t>- t"*. O ^O d i-H 00 i-H
»O t-* i-H iOi-HO»OQi i— (
I-2
CO
01 -^
S3
CO i-H t*- i-H TP (M C>J ^f Ol t-- TJI i— t I-H CO <N O C-l
r— ooc^ iOi-nc-ii>-c<i c<i I-H
i—t i-H
In United States 5 to 9
years.
Number reporting—
o o-"^
CQ
•4->
^3
>
^H CO r+
oco
• i-H OO i— 1 GO ^J* O T-H ^ i-H
DO
^ |OT
00 CO
i-HiO
F— I CD ^O^O OOGOt— 'CDCl IO^OT— IrH^H
i— i O t-H CO O CN CO
T-H
p
CO
OO iM
CM CO i— t GO ^ CO CO
i-H
In United States under 5
years.
Number reporting—
2 IS
• • •
|
CO*
1
rH|g
»«««
i-H i-H
i!
I>-»Ot^
CO <N
M QO iO ^H OO I-H CO
l-H (N
is
r-noo-
^n M C5 »O T-H C^ CO "f O
ii QJ Q t QJ _i
G ^H "^ C3 -*^ CO
Ills-il
OCOCOCD i—l ClCO I>-CS|IO»OO C^i-H O
t— 1 CO t-H i-H T-HC^i-HM'O >— *
•
: i c
Albanian
Armenian
Bohemian and Mor
|s| ; : : : : !:::«;::: MM!
ft,O sfl-'C'g fj ' ' ' <0
'5'3 "•*c-'w'^w -S2o$2jd <t>cp 'Co §^b?rd^
rtrS 1wC3— ^C^-3 "dXem *-•*-< ,J Cd C3 ^H^^W^
gg o-^gap3 c§Co> •§ •» " -3 -3 5^g — t:
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
625
N •*
ffi
o^c.
OO
CO
CO ^ CM CM 00 FH CM rH
CM rH
Cl
rH
CO
Ol iO 00 COCO rH 1C (N
CO
O5
l>
•Jt^-»OCO CM rH O I"*- rHCMCOl-H
r—
CM
t>r
^ CM CM ""^f CM t~*» t^» CO CO *O CO ^ Is* r—4 l^» >O ^H ^H 00 »H
COCOCM i-Ht^- lOCNCOrH i-t CO
l>
00
CO
1-^iOiC CMCOOOOO rHCMOOCM
t- ^ 0 0
<>f
••*< CD O ^ CN r~- b» CO CO 1C CO -^f t-^ i-H i-H t— O rH ^ 00 i— 1
Oi CM CO rH t>- CO CM CO rH rH rH CO
s
CO
rH CO
s
; J00
00
O3
02
rH • CO ^ • lO • • • rH
"*
§
COOOI>- -*^rH i— I'O CM'
«3
• rH CO^CM
§
^ CN CM rH ^ CO rH
t~
CO
•100 'O OrHOS rH CM rH CM.
O5
cn
rHlOO^frH 00 ^ Cl O i— ' rH'rHCS rHlOI>-
I> OO CM CO rH
01
§5
rH
•CO • i— I rH rH CO rH rH
9£>
IO
CO CO FH 00 FH CO CN
rH 00 rH
•*
"3
s
CO^'-O lOCOrHrH COOOlCO -CM OO
1— < 1— ( •
h-
O CO CM lO rH Tp Tt* CO
i— t O rH
i
£
CO •* rH rH LO CO r-l rH IO rH Oi CO -CM OO
rH CM rH rH rH '
o
rH
O
rH
>o
CM • t— rH ,-<
•*
.
t^- CM CM O *O ^ CO
OO
CO
ro
IO rH rH rH rH CM
CO
OCMCO t— rH 1C "^ ^
*O »C rH
i— 1
o
rH
r—t IO rH rH rH — < CM
CM
"^ *O »O CMCOOOOO i— t CM 00 CM
t"- CN O CO
CO
i
CM"
OCMCO rH t^ OCMCOrH '"'rH rH "^CO
5
Hi Nil ;14
Hi III! Nil
• • QJ
o
\l\\\ MM \\\\ ! j j ! ! M|
1(1 mi nil
:x : : : : : d : MM : : ; : : : :°
• CD r^H w CD ' r1 ri ' ' ' ' ^
73
«:1 il^: ; J :?i
33O o O S Ei. 3 "* 3 °te
rtW^ SoQWCQ E-i^<Joj
1
H
""".S.S^r^r-l ^ ^^ '""S ^ ^ ^ ^^
^T3'Om'o ^jJcDCO |^3^2 ?1i~J.2lJ'^ rC^--H'J^
E^eScfl^cJ QJ(li(3JOJ .« c3 c3 i^ O *o ^ S S ® fe ^
•^OOW&H OOKW rHrHMH^ J^ PH PH O3 CQ M 02 <I
5
O
EH
626
The Immigration Commission.
8§|
«,
»||
• • • •
.9
.*->
s
i-t^iM -O ---CS '-00001-1 (N^H
T-^
a
°^ w
'?
"3
£
«
-t->
t-ncscc^o • • • -o • 'r-T ic^-KNooco ^rc^c^o^-i
i— « O • • • • C<l • • O* W CO t^- i— I
0
0
EH
.0
>
£
o£
to's
t>- »c eo oo ^ i— ir-t^r^Ht- ^HOfNO TT-OIOCOI-H icc^iOi-H^ c*
ClCOTOO O OC^ •^7-JOOCOiO O^ i— '• >— <
i— I t— I ^H r-l CO •— ! CS ^ ^H
1 •»
r«-
gfe
if
OOiO^OO>O T-HI— l^rHO i— IOOO Ci t- O •— i CO O^t^-OO C^
OCCCMOO ^ O1^ •VC^rHGCCO i-Hi-l CJ
i— ( -^J1 C* i-H ^Hi— (COC^IC^'lO^H 1-H
irt
oo
. £ M
0 °'£
00 00 ' i-H
K
M B-S
%
M
a
TO R £
>.
.9
4J
5
^H TJI rp . . . . T^ . . . ,_( . . GC «-H 00 I-H • • • F- (
o
<^'S
P.
.a
OJ t-t
+* 0}
s>
£
h
Of
^-3
r-l'ra
co t^-t- ••'•oo • • h- »c •— f i— 1 01 ec o TJ<I— tc^rH
05"^ •'••!— 1 •• -Hr-lOQ
i-i
W2
.a
a
p
. . . I . .
o>
+A
'5
P
3
%
0^
^'3
t>
OS tO^C COt-Hr- 1 I-H *O CO ?O t^ i— i GO M i— ( ^CV4'-HOO-H t-
C^ (M « t- X' — i iO i— re ;= C I-H
100
d
HH
6s
^^
M t^- CO CO i— i I-H r- 1 iO O C^ CO W & O C^l i— < CO CO O N t-
cc o co o ciWia^t^aopoei »-»
CC<N ^H ^ ^
o>
ss™
OS
bfi
511
0
-*-J
'•£
w
4J
00 W • fN I-H • M
IN "S
ro
OJ
ft
.s
Is
£
t-.
*J
rHCO— <OCO CM *--X --COOTp cD i-i '*<'-<
CO
O)
.Q
'2I>'
a
>
s
'8
P
2
to
= -S
»a
rHOiO^ i-H O OOO OCi-^iOOO 00 *O i-t F- < —" F-
CO i— t i— ( F-I i— t t- C<1 t>- 1— ( O« CO
t-H
>o
f— (
i— i
Is
^^
r-< -^ t^- ci co FH as oo Oi O5 1^- 1^- co ^ o FH r* N i-
CO ^" CO r-t (N t-~ CM O O CO CO
i-H
oo
1— 1
1O
L
S^-2
«ll
• ' -CO rH
IH
W
T3
a
a
+3
2 >•
a
<N 'a
1— 1
s
•2
m
a> .
Pi
£
>
'S E°
CJ t-
ss
M
O*
^5
+j
t-n 'M
COCMr-»O ••••iO ...r-i rji.-oC: •**«.. ,-H
CM
-a**1
>
0)
•4^
'3
t>
^
0^
^:s
>
t-iOl-b-00 -HI-H O FH OS -J OO'OCOOCM FHiOCOCMCM
CO CM CO OC O CM O CO 1C t-*-
CM CM
l-
n
M
is
if
l-OOCSOiCl I-H-H O i-HOlOO CMOCO^CO lOOCOCOCM
CO CM i— < T-I CO OS r-H CM O O *O t-
N rHCM
•^*
>o
i
§,
i ^
i a i
IP'
^ ^»*
kj C3
rt, •*— »
- CJ
ftT3
oo 10 — • oo 10 r—,-*^,— »;o i— i ^ c; ^ as r- cc »-< QO o^t>-oo w
OCOCMOO ^* o-^r TT CM •— < oo co I-H i— i CM
I-H ^r CM — i-H r- 1 CO CM CM »O I-H FH
~
«
: :g ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
;S|S: MM: iHI !^^ •
I'ggS : : : : : : : : : %£ :££ : : : : : .
JS^ -: i : : i i i i i tfS l| § g i «' g §
If HI 1^^^ ^S: || jag |S|X| |
11111 Hill Jill 1
«J)<«oo ooQQW SS30 KB45SS 5S2;£(2 tf
Russian.
H
O
EH
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
627
CN
I1
S!
. . . . . . .
0
TJ- ?q OC-H CNi-H
CM i-H
1
)-Hl-
CO
1
CN"
>Oi-
co
*O CO O 00 i-l «N CJ OJ
CO t^.
CO
8
>O
CO
rt
o : : : : : : :
CN
*••
CO
r^
: : :
00
SO "C -H
- i— 1
i
I— 1
co^co
1
Cl f-
CN
1C ^H O i— I CM r-H CN
5
{M ! '. '. '.'.':'.
T
•*!• •
2
-
— — I CO— 1 -H
§5
.— l
-H
g -JCO CN
I
N
^^^-S- CO
1
-1
1C
"C
1— 1
t--. -H
-
CO
S ST" "*
CO
•*
00 i-i IS ^ 1C
r- 1
!«Oi-
CO
gCOOCXJ CNOOJ
8
co~
• •
; \\\\ : :1^
• •
: : : : : : :"8
o ft
ij
121
3 0 C
•<S,<i
1 .' • • 2 CD
' C i ' — C^
5 C3 ^ J C ^
j ^ 'c .2 a .2 j- -2 -^
13
"o
628
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 66. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55
to
64.
65 or
over.
Native-born of native
father:
White
3,240
5
20
80
95
107
101
589
5
513
2
440
1
666
1
394
2
180
1
50
Negro . . .
12
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Austria-Hungary. .
Canada
22
368
2
134
5
16
4
19
5
20
1
15
4
88
2
53
1
71
2
28
1
25
3
12
47
20
3
1
Denmark
England
4
4
1
13
2
2
11
4
10
25
3
30
11
2
20
21
18
5
13
6
1
France
14
175
1
716
fil
1
3
2
1
28
53
16
1
3
Germany
2
15
9
7
1
28
2
Greece
Ireland
2
15
5
22
10
38
8
29
8
23
9
109
10
97
6
104
4
176
1
1
80
20
1
Italy
Netherlands
Norway
1
1
2
Portugal
1
Roumania
Russia
1
6
4
2
3
2
3
4
2
1
....
8
8
5
2
4
2
2
12
2
3
11
Scotland. .
1
1
1
3
Sweden
Switzerland
1
Wales
1
1
\
Total
1.B01
8
53
83
89
84
69
292
201
222
321
142
34
3
Total native-
born
4.853
13
73
163
184
191
170
886
716
663
988
538
215
53
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
129
1
7
30
8
43
26
Armenian
1
2
1
4
2
3
2
9
8
2
"5"
1
33
13
64
33
1
1
22
11
80
44
33
17
94
58
3
2
52
33
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
54
409
217
1
1
4
1
138
Canadian, French.
Canadian, Other...
Croatian
4
5
2
44
9
5
1
Cuban
Danish
1
2
1
36
1
Dutch
English
2
1
1
16
22
1
20
30
8
2
Finnish
1
5
104
238
404
38
192
293
589
127
French
1
9
81
160
11
20
93
150
41
2
2
2
58
1
1
26
18
42
12
53
38
68
20
1
7
2
22
1
1
33
6
9
1
29
11
31
2
14
German
1
1
11
9
2
3
8
31
2
26
20
1
J
13
37
"26"
27
1
3
11
40
2
9
42
86
4
21
62
124
38
7
25
37
5
30
44
84
24
2
Greek
3
9
1
Hebrew, Russian..
Hebrew, Other
Irish
5
1
22
2
2
1
8
"i
i
Italian, North. .
....
1
2
1
4
9
15
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian .'
3
19
7
143
8
4
96
5
26
Magyar
1
5
2
21
3
1
Norwegian...
1
14
1
Polish ....
2
2
8
15
2
2
15
1
2
Portuguese
1
Roumanian
2
25
1
4
Russian
2
1
4
5
1
1
26
2
1
11
7
1
5
Ruthenian
Scotch..
1
3 10
1 .
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
629
TABLE 66. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number or each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55
to
64.
65or
over,
Foreign-born, by race-
Continued.
Slovak
353
3
77
12
4
2
1
10
2
?
8
11
19
92
95
1
13
3
2
56
45
2
25
23
2
Slovenian
Swedish
2
11
3
1
17
1
6
3
Syrian
2
2
1
Turkish
1
1
Welsh
1
Australian (race
not specified)
Austrian (race not
specified
1
2
1
2
4
1
1
Swiss (race not
specified)
1
Total foreign-
born .
3,728
3
19
49
89
153
162
898
731
550
652
290
112
20
Grand total
8,581
16
92
212
273
344
332
1,784
1,447
1,213
1,640
828
327
73
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1 861
9
17
75
101
37
21
478
269
186
282
147
38
g
Negro
5
3
1
1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Austria-Hungary . .
3
3
Canada
225
10
13
19
?3
16
68
37
14
20
3
1
1
Denmark
3
1
2
England
100
^
6
s
4
1
25
19
11
14
9
France
10
1
4
1
9
2
Germany
100
5
10
g
8
5
29
10
11
11
3
Ireland
543
3
18
99
98
?9
9Cj
136
107
69
84
20
1
Italy
15
1
?
4
9
S
1
1
1
Netherlands
1
1
Norway
2
1
1
Portugal...
1
1
Roumania
1
1
Russia
12
2
1
?
1
3
2
Scotland
29
1
1
9
4
3
3
4
3
1
Sweden
9
1
1
1
5
1
Switzerland
4
1
9
1
Wales
2
1
1
Total
1,060
4
41
69
73
78
54
279
180
110
137
38
2
2
Total native-
born
2 926
6
W
137
174
9Ti
175
760
450
297
419
185
40
10
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
7
1
1
1
2
2
Canadian, French.
135
3
3
4
5
6
42
23
18
18
9
4
Canadian, Other...
187
9
4
7
8
43
30
28
40
24
1
Croatian
1
1
English
56
1
3
4
14
15
9
7
2
1
French
2
2
German ....
18
1
9
1
5
2
3
2
Greek
11
1
6
2
2
Hebrew, Russian..
129
3
5
13
14
94
19
45
6
Hebrew, Other..
9
2
2
3
2
630
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 66. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race— Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55
to
64.
65 or
over.
Foreign-born , by
race — Continued.
Irish...
112
37
57
20
1
20
14
18
1
34
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
1
3
3
6
1
4
11
9
1
6
"e"
2
33
11
11
10
23
3
5
4
1
1
15
2
4
21
1
5
1
4
1
1
"i"
1
Italian, North
Italian, South.
2
1
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Polish
1
5
4
1
4
2
2
2
6
4
6
1
Russian
2
Scotch...
o
5
1
2
2
3
1
Scotch-Irish
Slovak
4
1
5
1
9
6
6
2
6
3
Swedish
1
Austrian (race not
specified)
1
Swiss (race not
specified)
1
Total foreign-
born..
885
....
10
11
39
52
81
55
255
129
95
107
42
7
2
Grand total
3,811
....
16
69
176
226
296
230
1,015
579
392
526
227
47
12
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father:
White.
5, 101
7
37
155
1%
?44
???
1,067
782
626
948
541
?18
58
Negro
17
X
3
2
1
2
1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
25
8
4
5
1
4
2
1
Canada
593
3
??,
?,9
38
43
31
156
90
61
91
23
4
2
Denmark
5
1
2
2
England
234
7
10
10
8
11
50
30
32
42
27
6
1
France
24
1
?
1
7
3
2
3
5
Germany.
275
?
?0
?3
19
17
1?
59
30
39
36
16
2
Greece
1
1
Ireland . .
1,259
5
33
44
66
61
46
245
204
173
260
100
?.1
1
Italy
76
1
7
14
10
11
10
11
7
4
1
Netherlands
2
2
Norway
5
1
1
1
2
Portugal .
3
1
1
1
Roumania.
2
1
1
Russia
40
9
7
r,
4
4
10
2
2
3
Scotland...
82
2
5
4
8
15
7
15
15
7
3
1
Sweden
25
1
2
i
1
9
10
3
2
1
Switzerland
5
1
i
9
1
Wales
5
1
1
1
1
1
Total
2, 661
12
94
145
16?
16?
1?,3
571
381
332
458
180
36
5
Total native-
born..
7,779
19
131
300
358
406
345
1,646
1,166
960
1,407
723
?,55
63
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
8
1
7
Armenian
136
2
T
3
9
31
35
24
33
3
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
54
1
?,
8
13
11
17
2
Canadian, French.
Canadian. Other..
544
404
3
4
8
4
8
6
14
15
11
9
85
69
87
63
98
72
112
98
61
57
48
10
5
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
631
TABLE 66. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race — Continued.
F EM AL E— Continued .
General nativity and
race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44!
45 to
54.
55
to
64.
65 or
over.
Foreign-born, by race —
Continued.
Croatian.
2
1
4
1
194
1
7
122
249
533
47
304
330
646
147
3
19
8
163
8
4
110
5
44
1
387
3
91
12
4
2
1
11
3
1
1
1
Cuban.
Danish
1
2
1
43
1
Dutch
English
1
3
2
5
1
30
37
1
2
11
44
92
4
44
65
129
42
29
32
9
2
Finnish
French
1
14
87
205
13
53
104
161
51
2
2
2
64
1
1
28
18
42
12
74
39
73
21
1
7
2
22
1
1
33
6
9
1
33
12
32
2
14
German
1
1
1
10
"3"
22
1
1
10
23
1
3
11
23
4
6
11
37
1
5
26
44
3
6
24
46
1
'26'
46
4
9
11
46
4
10
27
37
5
45
46
88
24
2
Greek . .
Hebrew, Russian..
Hebrew, Other
Irish .
3
2
2
5
22
3
2
1
9
Italian North
3
3
Italian South
1
1
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar.
1
5
3
22
3
1
Norwegian
1
16
1
Polish
1
2
7
12
16
2
2
15
1
2
Portuguese
1
Roumanian
2
25
1
6
Russian. . .
4
5
6
7
1
1
30
2
7
11
7
1
5
Ruthenian
Scotch..
1
1
8
1
58
13
1
1
Scotch-Irish
S'ovak.
2
4
9
16
20
101
101
1
IS
3
2
51
2
28
23
2
Slovenian
Swedish
2
17
3
1
19
1
7
3
Syrian...
2
2
1
Turkish..
1
1
Welsh.
1
Australian (race
not specified)
Austrian (race not
specified)
1
2
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
Swiss (race not
specified)
1
Total foreign-
born
4,613
....
13
30
88
141
234
217
1,153
860
645
759
332
119
22
Grand total
12,392
....
32
161
388
499
640
562
2,799
2,026
1,605
2,166
1,055
374
85
48296°— VOL 12—11-
632
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 67. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race and length of residence.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
•
Race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
«
®
<
+J .
E>-
<G C
g?B
•r* Qj
sg-
ftft
ge
oa o^
«!
a a
1— i O
HH
"o?
13
W
1
•4
£.b
c a
0
s£
'i|
Be.
i»
S|
bees
.£ ^
V-d
C2 C
S°
"3
•+->
o
EH
VI
1
^
Ejj
«= c
o
a. -
.5 £
II
W &
i
8 2
M fe
M&
.s &
^ ^
cS C
H °
3
0
H
Armenian
23
4
58
34
1
39
3
46
21
59
11
38
62
125
39
5
1
32
1
1
15
6
68
2
30
2
1
4
3
4
10
3
1
3
6
1
10
4
10
4
1
8
2
3
8
13
5
4
30
18
1
11
1
2
16
21
2
8
33
86
28
1
9
9
23
4
58
34
1
39
3
46
21
59
11
38
62
125
39
5
1
32
1
1
15
6
68
2
30
2
1
4
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian French
20
15
7
3
21
12
48
30
7
4
21
12
Canadian, Other
1
Danish
English
5
8
1
2
1
4
1
2
21
1
39
1
13
4
24
11
13
6
31
3
43
5
20
4
31
24
51
16
1
7
1
4
3
20
4
6
16
22
5
3
21
1
40
2
18
5
24
13
17
6
1
1
3
French .
German
2
13
16
2
5
27
58
21
1
1
5
1
3
16
39
7
7
38
74
23
4
1
23
1
1
10
2
56
1
10
2
1
3
Greek
2
18
4
2
9
12
2
3
3
5
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew. Other
Irish .... ....
3
6
28
7
1
4
7
10
3
Italian, North
2
4
Italian, North.
Lithuanian
Maevar
1
1
"^"•fej «" -
Norwegian
Polish
17
1
6
4
2
3
9
21
1
8
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
1
1
3
"is"
Russian
9
2
43
1
2
3
3
6
5
4
12
1
20
9
3
47
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
8
Scotch
1
4
1
1
Slovak
11
2
2
Slovenian
Swedish
7
3
2
17
9
20
Syrian
2
1
1
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified). . .
Total
2
1
1
2
1
731
245
92
22
359
110
55
207
372
355
147
229
731
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
633
TABLE 68. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
8
121
54
402
1
1
4
1
1
5
102
229
393
30
286
579
125
3
17
7
138
8
4
95
5
341
3
75
12
2
1
8
2
7
90
16
394
1
1
4
1
1
5
101
151
308
36
215
305
83
3
15
7
73
7
3
50
2
181
3
72
10
2
1
7
2
8
115
54
202
1
1
3
1
7
84
16
195
1
1
3
1
Armenian
6
0
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French ...
200
199
Croatian
Cuban
Danish
1
1
Dutch
Finnish
1
1
26
5
46
7
48
78
1
1
1
26
5
46
7
47
77
1
French
4
70
224
347
29
238
501
124
3
14
6
131
6
2
93
5
319
3
72
8
2
4
75
146
322
29
168
288
82
3
12
6
66
5
1
54
2
160
3
69
6
2
German. . .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar....
3
1
7
2
2
2
3
1
7
2
2
2
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian .
Russian
Ruthenian
Slovak. ..
22
21
Slovenian
Swedish..
3
4
3
4
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
8
7
Swiss (race not specified)
2
2
Total..
3,069
2.283
469
405
L'.iiOO
1.818
FEMALE.
Armenian
Canadian, French.
Croatian
French
German. .
Greek
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other. . .
Italian, North.. . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian .
Norwegian .
Polish
Russian..
Slovak
Swedish
Austrian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified)
Total.
5
125
1
3
120
2
81
2
80
3
44
1
1
40
2
2
2
2
18
11
18
6
11
1
11
7
10
7
fi
121
8
37
55
20
1
101
8
33
35
4
1
41
2
18
21
1
40
2
17
21
1
80
6
19
34
19
1
61
e
16
14
3
1
18
14
34
14
1
6
12
8
U
1
2
3
5
9
2
3
5
9
10
11
29
5
1
4
9
3
5
1
1
1
i
1
486
373
198
194
288
179
634
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 68. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speack
English.
Age at tune of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
8
126
54
527
o
1
4
1
1
7
120
240
514
44
323
634
145
3
17
8
156
8
4
109
5
375
3
89
12
2
1
9
3
7
93
16
514
1
1
4
1
1
7
119
157
469
44
248
400
87
3
15
8
79
7
3
08
2
189
3
86
10
2
1
8
3
8
118
54
246
2
1
3
1
7
So
16
235
1
1
3
1
\rmenian
" 8
8
Uohernian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
281
279
Croatian ....
Cuban
Danish .
1
1
Dutch
Finnish
1
1
37
6
87
9
66
99
2
1
1
37
5
86
9
64
98
2
French
6
83
234
427
35
257
535
143
3
14
7
147
6
2
104
5
348
3
77
8
2
6
82
152
-383
35
184
302
85
3
12
7
70
5
1
03
2
163
3
74
6
2
German
Qreek
Hebrew, Russian . .
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South •>
Lithuanian....
Manerlonian. , ,
Maevar..
3
1
9
2
2
5
3
1
9
2
2
5
Norwegian . .
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Ruthenian . .
Slovak
27
26
Slovenian .
Swedish
12
4
12
4
Syrian .
Turkish.
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified) ....
9
8
Swiss (race not specified)
3
3
Total
3,555
2,656
667
659
2,888
1,997
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
635
TABLE 69. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OI* EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
8
121
54
402
1
1
4
1
1
5
102
229
393
36
286
579
125
3
17
7
138
8
4
95
5
341
3
75
12
2
1
8
2
7
90
16
394
1
1
4
1
1
5
101
151
368
36
215
365
83
3
15
7
73
7
3
56
2
181
3
72
10
2
1
7
o
7
43
46
19
1
1
6
22
13
17
1
1
1
33
8
35
1
25
3
34
Armenian
45
43
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
348
343
Cuban
Danish
1
1
3
1
1
5
86
23
75
16
78
135
28
3
1
1
5
86
23
75
16
72
117
24
Dutch
French
German.
166
220
8
110
274
49
2
5
3
75
2
1
65
2
174
1
17
5
7
96
198
8
55
116
22
2
3
3
29
1
9
40
98
12
98
170
48
1
8
2
47
2
1
20
3
118
1
15
5
1
S
33
95
12
88
132
37
1
8
2
32
2
1
20
2
79
1
15
4
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North.. .
Italian South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
4
2
16
4
2
10
4
2
12
4
2
9
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
27
Ruthonian
Slovak
57
1
14
4
49
1
43
2
1
1
1
2
45
1
43
2
1
1
1
2
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified).
Austrian (race not specified). .
Swiss (race not specified)
4
3
3
3
Total
3,069
2,283
1,307
706
780
640
982
937
FEMALE.
Armenian
5
3
1
3
2
1
1
Canadian, French
125
120
9
9
20
18
96
93
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
German
18
IS
4
4
5
5
9
9
Greek
11
6
7
4
3
2
1
Hebrew, Russian
121
101
81
61
20
20
20
20
Hebrew Other
8
8
5
5
3
3
Italian, North
37
3.3
12
9
16
15
9
9
Italian, South
55
35
24
9
14
10
17
16
°0
4
15
1
5
3
Norwegian
1
1
1
1
Polish
18
6
15
3
3
3
Russian..
14
12
11
9
2
2
1
1
636
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 69. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Slovak
34
14
1
1
8
14
1
1
21
2
1
1
2
1
8
4
5
12
3
12
Swedish
Austrian (race not specified). .
Swiss (race not specified)..
1
1
Total....
486
373
210
119
102
87
174
167
TOTAL.
Albanian
8
7
7
6
1
1
Armenian.
126
93
44
22
36
27
46
44
Bohemian and Moravian
54
16
46
13
8
3
Canadian, French
527
514
28
26
55
52
444
436
Croatian
2
1
2
1
Cuban
1
1
1
1
Danish
4
4
1
1
3
3
Dutch .
1
1
1
1
Finnish
1
1
1
1
French
7
7
1
1
6
6
German
120
119
11
11
14
13
95
95
Greek
240
157
173
100
43
35
24
22
Hebrew, Russian.
514
469
301
259
118
115
95
95
Hebrew, Other
44
44
13
13
15
15
16
16
Italian, North
323
248
122
64
114
103
87
81
Italian, South
634
400
298
125
184
142
152
133
Lithuanian
145
87
64
23
53
40
28
24
Macedonian
3
3
2
2
1
1
Magyar
17
15
5
3
8
8
4
4
Norwegian
8
g
3
3
2
2
3
3
Polish...
156
79
90
32
50
35
16
12
Portuguese
g
7
2
1
2
2
4
4
Roumanian
4
3
1
1
1
2
2
Russian.
109
68
76
36
22
22
11
10
Ruthenian
5
2
2
3
2
Slovak
375
189
195
58
126
83
54
48
Slovenian
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
Swedish
89
86
19
16
15
15
55
55
Syrian
12
10
5
4
5
4
2
2
Turkish
2
2
1
1
1
1
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Austrian (race not specified) . .
Swiss (race not specified)
9
3
S
3
5
4
3
3
1
3
1
3
Total
3, 555
2,656
1 517
825
882
727
1,156
1,104
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
637
TABLE 70. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Total
number
of persons
in house-
holds.
Number of persons for whom detailed
information was secured.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
71
257
115
138
253
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian French
9
37
51
178
27
86
23
92
50
178
Irish
Total
46
229
113
115
228
Total native-born...
117
486
228
253
481
Foreign-born:
Armenian
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
187
263
103
116
290
145
248
233
184
82
98
128
54
72
156
63
116
138
110
39
74
135
49
44
134
79
123
76
74
41
172
263
103
116
290
142
23Q
214
184
80
Canadian, French
English...
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
346
1,851
974
829
1,803
Grand total..
463
2,337
1,202
1,082
2,284
TABLE 71. — Number of persons for U'hom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
178
202
380
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Armenian ...
20
19
39
Canadian, French
70
65
135
Canadian, Other
1
4
5
English...
12
15
27
German.
1
1
Greek
16
10
26
Hebrew
43
35
78
Irish . . .
73
84
157
Italian, North
1
1
Italian, South.
30
42
72
Lithuanian . .
31
24
55
Polish
26
24
50
Scotch..
1
1
Syrian
7
16
23
Total
329
341
670
Total native-born .
507
543
1,050
Foreign-born:
Armenian
77
50
127
Canadian, French
68
77
145
Canadian, Other.
3
17
20
English
42
23
65
German
1
1
Greek
56
31
87
Hebrew ...
113
99
212
Irish
27
33
60
Italian, North
1
1
Italian, South
86
79
165
Lithuanian
107
50
157
Polish
84
52
136
Scotch
1
1
Spanish
1
1
Syrian
32
24
56
Total foreign-born
695
539
1,234
Grand total
1,202
1 082
2,284
638
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 72. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY Off EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,175
672
1,847
Negro ....
6
5
11
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
2
2
Canada
192
102
294
Denmark
1
1
2
England
67
54
121
France
5
6
11
Germany . .
32
15
47
Ireland .
322
264
586
Italy
17
4
21
Netherlands
1
1
2
Norway
0
2
4
Portugal
2
2
Russia
14
6
20
Scotland
26
17
43
Sweden
13
6
19
Total.
696
478
1,174
Total native-born
1,877
1,155
3,032
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
1
1
Armenian .... .
51
5
56
Canadian French
203
72
275
Canadian, Other
151
137
288
Cuban. .
1
1
Danish
1
1
English
74
34
108
French ... .
2
2
4
German
17
5
22
Greek
88
7
95
Hebrew, R ussian
247
74
321
Hebrew, Other
20
4
24
Irish
85
67
152
Italian, North . . .
103
16
119
Ttalian, South
226
27
253
Lithuanian .
7
6
13
Maevar
9
9
; T "* J
Norwegian
7
1
8
Polish . .
12
12
Portuguese
3
3
Roumanian
3
3
Russian
30
8
38
Scotch
17
16
33
Slovak .
1
1
Swedish..
66
11
77
Syrian.
2
2
Turkish... .
4
4
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
2
Swiss (race not specified) ...
1
1
Total foreign-born
1,433
494
1,927
Grand total
3,310
1,649
4,959
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
639
TABLE 73. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OB1 EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is made
for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
1
49
203
146
1
1
70
2
16
87
242
19
80
101
225
7
8
7
11
3
3
30
16
1
64
2
2
1
1
3
5
4
Armenian .
1
1
5
4
3
2
1
4
2
8
21
10
8
16
20
17
43
21
2
110
87
Canadian French
Canadian Other
1
Danish
1
7
English
1
6
6
4
2
7
13
24
2
9
1
19
34
3
3
10
22
1
i
9
41
1
18
63
1
3
32
74
2
6
2
2
1
4
6
24
4
7
8
19
1
Greek
2
2
15
21
10
31
4
8
18
4
3
18
39
1
1
Hebrew Russian
8
3
62
5
14
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
8
25
1
4
12
2
Italian North
3
3
13
17
Italian South * -
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
i
i
i
1
1
Polish
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
13
5
6
4
5
1
2
2
Scotch
11
Blrvu-alr
Swedish
1
5
5
3
3
14
1
1
11
1
1
9
Turkish
Australian (race not speci-
fipHI
1
Austrian (race not specified)
Total
1
1,399
14
92
123
105
89
274
161
189
352
FEMALE.
3
9
65
1
2
4
11
8
12
27
Canadian Other
129
1
o
7
3
2
18
23
24
49
English.
33
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
6
14
2
1
1
5
1
2
2
Greek
7
2
1
1
3
69
5
6
13
16
10
14
3
2
4
2
1
1
Irish
63
2
3
2
5
9
8
10
24
16
2
2
7
3
2
Italian South
27
1
3
9
2
6
5
1
6
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
8
4
3
1
Scotch
16
1
1
1
2
3
8
11
1
1
1
4
4
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
1
1
Total
467
8
17
42
43
31
75
56
64
131
640
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 73. — Number of foreign-born employees in the Uniled States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Albanian
1
52
268
275
1
1
103
4
21
94
311
23
143
ii7
252
13
8
8
11
3
3
38
32
1
75
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
7
7
Armenian
1
1
1
6
4
4
9
1
8
4
10
32
28
8
24
43
17
55
45
2
137
136
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
2
1
Cuban ...
Danish
1
10
English
2
7
11
5
1
3
8
1
19
38
2
11
French
German
1
19
47
5
6
12
25
2
2
10
51
1
6
4
14
3
1
21
77
2
12
39
80
3
6
2
2
1
6
6
26
4
17
8
20
1
Greek
2
7
17
27
11
47
4
2
15
26
2
8
21
4
11
21
44
1
]
1
Hebrew, Russian
8
3
86
7
14
Hebrew, Other .
Irish
3
8
26
1
Italian, North
3
3
Italian, South.
Lithuanian. . . .
Magyar. . . .
1
1
1
1
1
Norwegian
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
i
Polish . ...
Portuguese
Roumanian .
1
8
1
i
3
4
1
17
Russian
5
1
10
1
5
1
5
1
2
4
Scotch .
19
Slovak.
Swedish
2
5
5
3
4
14
1
1
12
1
1
13
Syrian . .
Turkish. .
Australian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified) . . .
Total..
1
1.866
22
109
165
148 120
349
217
253
483
TABLE 74. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.)
MALE.
-
I i Ur
lited St
ates—
Race of individual.
reporting
complete
data.
.
Under
1
year.
1
year.
2
years.
3
years.
4
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 to
14
years.
15 to
19
years.
20
years
or
over.
Armenian
5
2
5
10
7
17
9
15
7
Canadian, French
64
3
o
9
7
13
30
Canadian, Other
2
1
1
English. .
42
3
7
3
1
2
7
19
Greek
56
3
1
8
10
4
26
2
2
Hebrew...
113
7
13
22
11
28
19
6
2
Irish
27
27
Italian , South
86
2
3
14
5
10
37
g
4
2
Lithuanian
103
4
5
11
17
10
39
13
9
2
Polish. .
84
5
5
12
15
14
26
2
4
1
Syrian
32
3
f>
2
g
g
4
Total
686
24
29
73
90
59
192
72
57
90
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
641
TABLE 74. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In United States —
Under
1
year.
1
year.
2
years.
3
years.
4
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 to
14
years.
15 to
19
years.
20
years
or
over.
50
77
17
23
1
31
99
33
1
79
50
52
1
1
24
1
8
2
5
3
15
2
9
10
12
1
1
2
8
4
18
4
5
32
8
7
Ctiriixiititi Ollipr
English
1
5
1
1
6
15
2
1
5
8
1
10
10
25
3
5
6
21
Hebrew
8
6
1
1
32
Irish
1
9
4
3
Italian South
8
1
4
26
9
14
5
3
8
9
5
8
18
23
13
o
2
5
2
Polish
Scotch
1
1
3
Syrian
2
1
3
4
9
2
Total
539
22
41
81
73
44
114
43
38
83
TOTAL.
Armenian
127
6
10
10
25
16
27
11
15
7
Canadian French
141
2
6
4
21
15
31
62
Canadian Othor
19
2
5
4
8
English
65
1
8
8
5
2
1
o
12
26
German
1
1
Greek
87
8
9
14
20
7
32
2
2
Hebrew
212
13
17
28
47
16
49
27
12
3
Irish
60
1
59
Italian North
1
1
Italian, South .
165
2
11
40
10
19
55
IS
6
4
Lithuanian
153
9
6
20
20
15
02
17
9
2
Polish
136
7
9
26
23
22
39
5
4
1
Scotch
1
1
Spanish
1
1
Syrian
56
5
1
9
6
18
11
6
Total
1,225
46
70
154
163
103
306
115
95
173
TABLE 75. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males icho
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting com-
plete data.
Number without occu-
pation.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
N umber
work ing
for profit.
3
,Q
S
en
—H f_T
C -Z
c^ o
5-°
CJ
7 >.
x •-
o *^
01 3
&
-3
c3 O>
^-.•0
l-t
In other oc-
cupations.
"3
'o
o
In other oc-
rupations.
"3
o
EH
Farmers.
In other oc-
cupations.
3
"o
Armenian
48
31
24
38
69
9
61
94
74
23
7
1
4
1
1
1
2
7
6
5
12
22
12
21
22
15
33
3
29
15
24
6
4
3
"6"
3
3
2
64
27
7
6
....
1
3
1
5
10
3
1
10
6
4
7
64
27
7
4
4
"2"
"is"
18
3
15
2
1
8
23
1
16
2
3
4
19
6
1
10
23
1
16
15
21
7
Canadian, French
12
16
English
Greek
3
7
1
9
1
2
2
1
Hebrew
9
Irish
2
3
7
15
4
Italian, South
1
1
1
15
4
6
7
2
2
Lithuanian
Polish. .
2
3
1
5
Syrian
Total
471
33
38
3
53
17
69
180
122
17
139
44
75
119
642
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 76. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS i
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Number without occupa-
tion.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
work ing
for profit.
Farm laborers.
o
+3
li
0%
T-, 01
d
HH
A
•o
a
%%
O -M
JS
<a
a
)— )
In sewing, em-
broidering, etc.
In other occupa-
tions.
3
o
EH
Farm laborers.
In other occupa-
tions.
3
0
EH
Farmers.
In other occupa-
tions.
•a
-M
£
Armenian
30
29
9
18
1
25
66
14
48
40
40
1
17
35
19
3
8
1
24
51
11
39
13
29
1
17
1
3
1
2
1
9
5
8
Canadian, French
....
2
3
3
1
"z
3
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
1
English
1
1
1
i
German
Greek
1
1
Hebrew
6
6
12
1
6
4
7
2
2
1
23
4
....
2
9
1
i
Irish
1
Italian, South
2
4
1
2
<>•}
1
i
Lithuanian
1
2
7
1
Polish
4
Spanish
Syrian
Total
344
251
1
20
4
15
13
53
35
2
37
3
3
TABLE 77.— Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United
States, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing or
farm
labor.
Gen-
eral
labor.
Hand
trades.
Do-
mestic
service.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Albanian
1
31
84
64
1
1
48
2
9
47
154
11
29
81
186
7
5
3
10
2
2
19
11
1
49
1
4
1
18
35
24
1
1
37
1
7
4
75
7
18
72
164
Armenian
1
5
5
6
3
2
6
4
2
Canadian, French..
31
19
4
1
1
1
11
Canadian, Other
Cuban
Danish
English ..
5
1
1
3
1
1
French
German
1
4
16
1
20
37
2
1
2
4
Greek
2
15
1
12
4
1
7
2
2
5
2
2
1
7
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish
1
3
1
1
1
4
Italian, North
1
10
1
Italian, South
2
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
5
3
4
2
1
7
9
1
23
1
4
Norwegian
Polish
5
1
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
1
1
Russian. . .
5
4
1
1
1
1
Scotch.
Slovak .
Swedish
6
7
1
3
2
7
Syrian
Turkish
Total
863
525
48
100
13
49
5
86
37
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
643
TABLE 78. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the United
States, by race.
(STUDY Otf EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Shoe
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing or
farm
labor.
Do-
mestic
service.
Sew-
ing, em-
broid-
ering,
and
lace
making.
Teach-
ing.
Trade.
Other
occupa-
tions.
Armenian
2
5
9
7
1
2
17
1
1
2
7
5
1
3
3
1
1
Canadian French
3
2
2
1
1
1
Canadian Ofher
1
1
4
2
1
1
English
2
French . .
Greek
2
1
Hebrew Russian
1
11
1
3
1
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
Italian North
1
2
1
i!:|ll I'i SOUtll
4
1
Lithuanian
5
Russian
1
1
Scotch
1
1
1
Swedish
9
Total
66
13
5
10
4
23
1
}
3
TABLE 79. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of in-
dividual.
Total number.
Domestic and per-
sonal service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
General labor (not
otherwise entered).
Professional serv-
ice.
ai
•O
g
H
Transportation.
CO
o
a
+3
«J
At school.
Shoes.
Leather.
IH
0>
fi
-4->
O
Native-born of native father,
White
103
80
3
8
2
4
3
1
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian French-
27
1
6
64
1
3
20
6
1
1
....
Canadian, Other
English
1
1
3
49
1
1
4
1
3
Irish
1
3
1
1
1
Italian South
Polish
3
Total
102
2
73
4
10
1
1
1
6
4
Total native-born
205
2
153
7
18
1
3
5
3
7
6
Foreign-born:
Armenian
65
61
1
37
51
86
27
72
100
80
31
32
50
22
2
1
6
1
4
1
4
1
2
Canadian French
1
Canadian Other
English
35
40
73
12
59
32
10
27
1
1
1
1
6
8
3
2
3
1
"2
i
Greek
6
3
5
1
60
48
3
2
2
4
5
15
Hebrew
1
1
Irish
Italian South
2
1
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
2
Syrian
3
Total foreign-born . .
611
6
370
147
39
2
1
10
1
30
5
Grand total
816
8
523
154
57
3
4
15
4
37
11
644
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 80. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classifications of the United States census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race
of head of family.
Total
num-
ber.
Domes-
tic and
per-
sonal
service.
Manufacturing and me-
chanical pursuits.
Profes-
sional
service.
Trade.
At
home.
At
school.
Shoes.
Leather.
Other.
Native-born of nativefather,
White...
124
28
9
3
4
73
7
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French . . .
25
4
8
1
1
73
1
2
1
12
2
1
1
1
29
2
2
•1
6
2
2
2
Canadian, Other..
English
1
2
1
1
German
Hebrew
Irish
7
3
34
1
1
Italian, North..
Italian, South
1
1
Scotch.
Total
116
1
48
11
5
2
46
3
Total native-born
240
1
76
20
8
6
119
10
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
39
67
17
22
1
28
78
33
1
55
46
45
1
1
18
2
8
3
6
36
52
12
16
1
23
58
28
1
Canadian, French . . .
2
1
5
Canadian, Other
1
English
German
Greek . .
3
17
5
1
13
6
2
3
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South..
1
41
34
37
1
1
15
Lithuanian.. .
6
8
Polish .
Scotch...
Spanish
Syrian..
2
1
Tot:il foreign-born
Grand total . . .
452
4
66
24
2
355
1
li'ij
5
1 !J
44
8
8
474
11
Boots and Shoes: General Tables
The East.
645
TABLE 81. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race. *
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber
report>
mg
com-
plete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
3
a
3
•0.0
§~
°.
<N
*t
o>
a
3 .
s
"2r-
= <•/•
C3
>O
«^
a>
•o
a
a
•ad
g^
s
a»
•a
§s
'%<»
is
0
•a
a
"a 2
03 W5
s
<M'
V
•a
a
3s
^
a<*s>
•o
a
Is
C39t>
8
t~i
01
•a
a
§S
Is
C3Wi>
1
$22. 50 and under
$25.
$25 or over.
e@
9%
«J
ee
s»
Native-born of native father:
White
831
4
ns.ss
(a)
1
2
29
1
88
235
75
230
1
117
2
35
4
15
Netrro
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
2
133
1
49
3
21
223
10
1
1
2
8
17
6
(a)
13.37
(a)
13.27
(a)
14.71
13.48
12.45
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
14.59
(a)
?
Canada
4
24
40
14
25
1
19
6
1
Denmark
England
6
22
5
8
2
4
70
3
6
1
9
31
1
2
France
Germany
2
9
1
32
3
4
52
3
1
19
Ireland.
....
1
7
2
Italy ..
Netherlands
1
Norway. ..
1
Portugal
1
1
Russia
3
o
?
1
Scotland
1
1
2
6
3
....
3
4
1
1
Sweden
Total
477
13.48
1
19
71
132
41
118
72
18
1
4
Total native-born
1,312
13.71
1
3
49
159
367
116
349
191
53
5
19
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
1
45
160
101
1
1
40
2
12
67
195
14
63
88
205
6
4
4
10
3
3
21
8
1
51
2
2
1
1
(a)
11.37
13.29
14.33
(a)
(a)
14.38
(a)
14.83
9.63
10.93
11.79
12.70
10.92
10.38
(a)
(a)
(a)
9.82
(»)
(a)
9.48
(a)
(a)
13.92
(a)
(a)
(a
(")
1
Armenian ...
1
3
5
4
12
29
9
15
48
27
1
7
11
9
5
41
24
2
19
15
Canadian, French
4
9
1
1
2
2
Canadian, Other. . .
1
Cuban
Danish
1
English
2
3
8
1
5
12
1
7
3
French
German. . .
1
16
64
3
10
33
71
3
14
73
8
21
30
71
3
1
7
2
8
25
4
2
9
9
1
1
1
Greek
26
15
1
6
2
29
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other.. .
Irish
4
4
11
15
7
18
9
4
5
2
3
Italian, North..
....
1
Italian, South. . .
2
1
1
Lithuanian
Magyar. .
1
2
3
6
1
1
9
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
6
Norwegian
Polish
1
2
Portuguese . .
Roumanian
Russian. . .
5
3
Scotch
1
Slovak
1
Swedish
2
8
1
12
1
1
8
12
4
2
1
2
Syrian
Turkish
1
Australian (race not specified) . . .
Austrian (race not specified)
Total foreign-born .
1
1
1,112
11.83
4 102
284
361
67
179
7(i 24
8
7
Grand total
2,424
12.85
1
7
151
443
728
183
528
2(57 77
13
26
* This table shows wapes or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
646
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 82. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race. *
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
(4
s>
_ o
*& to
rtCq
Has
P>
•a .
eg
* S3
§3
g|3
£s
•gfc
rtfe
^
•°d
s!
si
£3
gs
•ON
SSJ
Ss
SS-a
c2
c*S
83
<N a
S 3
S15 and un-
der $17.50.
"go
3£
ofc
*•§
in H
^ S
13
H .
c3 S
t*
0°
<M
<&
Native-born of native
father:
White .
421
3
S8.48
(a.)
1
10
130
2
175
1
87
4
9
5
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of birth
of father:
Canada. . .
70
26
4
5
175
1
1
3
8
2
8.11
8.35
(a)
(a)
8.44
00
(a)
(»)
(a)
(a)
4
20
10
2
1
48
1
29
9
16
7
1
England
France
1
1
Germany
2
86
2
28
Ireland
4
4
4
1
Italy
Norway
1
Russia
2
1
1
1
2
1
Scotland
1
3
1
Sweden . . .
Total
295
8.35
10
86
130
57
6
O
1
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian....
719
8.42
1
I'll
218
306
144
10
14
6
2
45
89
14
1
4
6
47
3
42
7
20
5
1
3
10
8
(a)
8.30
7.82
8.21
(«)
(")
(a)
6.99
(a)
8.05
(a)
6.78
(°)
(a)
(a)
9.30
(a)
1
1
Canadian, French
17
36
6
17
33
4
10
17
4
1
2
1
Canadian, Other
English . .
3
French ...
German . .
1
2
23
1
Greek ....
4
20
3
18
3
9
Hebrew Russian
4
Hebrew, Other. .
Irish
1G
3
5
5
7
1
Italian North
1
4
Italian South
1
1
Lithuanian
Norwegian
1
Russian
2
2
3
1
4
2
Scotch
4
2
Swedish
1
Total foreign-born
Grand total
307
7.79
14
123
116
49
2
3
Ull'ti
8.23
1
34
341
422
193
12
17
6
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number Involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
647
TABLE 83. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race. *
(STUDY OB* EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under $5.
$5 and un-
der $7.50.
$7.50 and
under $10.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
43
$6.92
3
27
10
3
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Canada
16
4
1
3
24
6
2
5
2
6.58
(°)
M
(a)
6.61
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
2
1
10
• 2
1
1
15
4
2
1
2
England. . ..
France
Germany
2
3
1
1
Ireland
4
1
1
2
Italv
Russia
Scotland
5
2
,
Sweden
Total.
63
6.26
10
40
9
4
Total native-born
106
0.53
13
67
19
7
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
1
6
3
4
15
3
2
5
10
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.35
(a)
(a)
(a)
7.70
(a)
1
5
1
4
9
2
1
Canadian, French
1
2
Canadian, Other
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
2'
4
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
1
Italian, North
1
4
3
Italian, South. . . .
5
1
2
Russian
Total foreign-born
50 6.99
3
29
15
3
Grand total
156
6.68
16
96
34
10
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 12—11 42
648
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 84. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OI* EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under $5.
$5 and un-
der $7.50.
$7.50 and
under $10.
$10 or
over.
Native-horn of native father,
White .. .
44
85.64
11
28
4
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Canada
15
5
2
29
2
1
2
2
6.20
(»)
(a)
6.00
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
o
9
2
2
21
4
3
England
Ireland
4
1
4
1
1
Italv
Norway
Russia
1
1
2
Scotland
Total
58
6.17
8
37
13
Total native-born
102
5 94
19
65
17
1
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
1
2
2
1
15
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
5.73
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(»)
1
1
1
Canadian French
1
1
1
3
Canadian Other
English
Hebrew Russian
10
2
1
Hebrew Other
Irish
1
3
1
2
Italian North
Italian South
1
1
1
2
1
Russian
Scotch
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Total foreign- born
36
5.61
11
18
7
Grand total
138
5.86
30
83
24
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
«Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
649
TABLE 85. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year, by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525.]
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
working
for wages.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
8
,— i
Ld
a
a
A
11
ll
a
a
li
li
D •
a^
•a0-
M
0
Si
So
13
8-3
I*
— ~*
1*
QJ
f
Is
f
O Q
5
Native-born of native father,
White
54
$1,008
1
1
7
7
7
10
3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
15
27
741
761
3
4
4
4
2
5
1
4
1
2
1
3
3
4
Irish
i
Total
42
754
i
7
8
7
5
3
4
7
Total native-born
96
897
—
i
1
1
14
15
14
15
6
9
20
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
27
46
22
23
45
10
43
36
33
12
416
759
756
407
441
718
516
407
420
559
i
2
1
6
2
9
1
2
5
11
1
8
5
11
2
3
3
3
1
4
2
6
1
4
3
2
4
1
1
9
2
2
1
2
1
2
7
5
"2"
2
5
2
2
4
"9"
4
2
1
2
4
i 2
1
1
1
1
Canadian French
English
Greek
i
5
2
3
13
1
8
7
6
1
Hebrew
Irish
1
4
1
2
3
Italian, South
i
i
1
3
5
10
8
1
5
6
4
3
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
297
527
4
14
47
55
38
34
25
31
21
12
16
Grand total
393
618
4
15
48
56
52
49
39
46
27
21
36
650
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 86. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OB* HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
a
P
Is
ojj
$150 and un-
der $200.
c
§o
13 ^j;
c
,58
s
= S
- -
$t;oo and un-
der $700.
$700 and un-
der $800.
So
•a P.
_ $1,000 or over.
00
C3 u
O CJ
i?~
tta
IP
9%
^ *~i
1"
p 5
at
O 0^
g-°
9S
Native-born of native father,
White
78
S791
1
1
1
1
5
9
8
8
15
11
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
22
4
49
1
3
695
(a)
713
(a)
(0)
2
1
4
1
5
2
5
4
2
2
4
3
1
7
English
Irish
2
2
....
1
2
10
8
8
Italian, South
Polish
g
Total
79
690
—
2
2
1
8
12
9
12
10
12
11
Total native-born . .
157
740
1
2
3
1 2
13
21
17
20
25
23
29
Foreign-born:
Armenian
53
55
34
44
67
14
62
91
72
27
414
766
753
393
428
639
480
404
417
578
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
7
1
4
12
1
2
10
22
1
11
26
26
4
8
3
4
4
7
1
9
24
17
3
7
10
1
5
6
12
10
5
7
1
4
9
4
2
4
3
3
2
9
7
1
2
2
6
5
5
9
1
13
13
2
2
3
8
1
ii
4
1
1
1
2
Canadian, French
English. .
1
Greek
4
1
4
1
4
12
4
1
7
7
4
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
2
1
1
5
5
4
6
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
1
Total foreign-born
519
495
11
10
14
41
32 115
80
62
42
48
44
20
Grand total
676
552
12
12
17
42
34 128
101
79
62
73
67
49
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 87. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Average
family
income.
X umber of families having a total income —
Under
8300.
$300
and
under
$500.
$500
and
under
$750.
$750
and
under
$1,000.
SI ,000
and
under
$1,500.
$1,500
or over.
Native-born of native father,
White
60
$1,125
8
15
14
15
8
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
15
32
912
985
2
4
6
8
3
7
1
9
3
4
Irish...
Total .
47
961
6
14
10
10
7
Total native-born
107
1,053
14
29
24
25
15
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
13
548
1,031
1,048
623
598
1,090
685
577
532
730
2
1
1
t
9
14
2
2
8
12
2
12
14
18
2
6
13
1
3
20
3
9
8
9
3
3
9
5
2
7
8
9
9
4
4
1
16
12
3
2
4
5
1
1
3
1
8
2
2
2
4
2
Canadian, French
English .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish...
Italian, South
7
4
1
1
Lithuanian ....
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
323
733
33
86
75
60
48
21
Grand total. .
i:!ii
813
33
100 104
84
73
36
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
651
TABLE 88. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
S
,— t
€^=
t*
0>
•a
5 •
a
^
O&3
« t.
O <v
2-°
99
8150 and un-
der $200.
$200 and un-
der 8250.
c c
a
A
A
$700 and un-
der $800.
$800 or over.
8250 and i
der 8300
8300 and t
der $400
•5°
^3 10
it!
1-S
V.'
8500 and u
der $600
8000 and u
der $700
Native-born of native father,
White
39
$502
2
1
8
9
8
8
1
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French. ..
10
2
4
1
1
26
1
399
(»)
(a)
a)
(a)
443
(«)
1
1
3
3
....
1
1
....
Canadian, Other
1
English
1
2
1
1
German
Hebrew
1
Irish .
....
1
1
3
2
4
1
6
4
2
2
1
Scotch ...
Total
45
419
1
1
2
3
4
12
10
5
3
3
1
Total native-born
84
457
1
1
2
5
5
20
19
13
11
4
3
Foreign-born:
Canadian French
12
4
4
3
15
5
1
11
10
5
2
335
(a)
(«)
(a)
260
(0)
(a)
259
208
(a)
(a)
1
1
1
2
1
1
7
1
Canadian Other
1
English
1
1
1
1
Greek
1
1
3
1
1
Hebrew
2
....
3
3
3
2
Irish
1
1
Italian, North ...
1
Italian South
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
3
3
^
1
Lithuanian
Polish .
1
3
1
Syrian
1
Total foreign-born . .
72
290
9
2
9
8
11
14
14
3
2
Grand total
150
380
10
3
11
13
16
34
33
16
13
4
3
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
652
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 89. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of families having an income from —
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families. a
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
60
54
7
19
9
11
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
15
32
15
QT
4
1
1
9
0
8
1
6
Irish. .
Total
47
42
5 10
14
7
Total native-born
107
90
12
29
23
18
Foreign-born:
Armenian
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
13
27
40
22
23
45
10
43
36
33
12
1
6
8
1
1
7
13
7
3
14
16
7
4
17
2
6
15
4
16
27
22
7
4
9
4
6
5
8
3
9
2
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
6
5
2
Lithuanian
Polish
1
2
Syrian
Total foreign-born
323
297
so ; 70
120
50
Grand total
430
393
42 99
143
68
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
TABLE 90. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number of selected fam-
ilies, a,
Number of families having entire income from —
Husband.
Husband and wife.
1
•a
id
o>
•g-s
<S
ft
c/3
3
K
Husband, wife, and
children.
Husband and board-
ers or lodgers.
&
i
Wife and children.
2
9
-D
§S£
•°£
—.•3
e£
C3 ^
O
&
I*
Children.
Children and board-
ers or lodgers.
Boarders or lodgers.
Sources or combina-
tion of sources not
before specified.
Native-born of native father,
White
60
28
4
8
....
2
i
9
15
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
15
32
6
12
2
1
1
3
3
6
3
6
Irish
2
2
Total
47
18
3
4
9
2
2
—
9
Total native-born
107
46
7
12
11
i
4
2
—
24
Foreign-born:
Armenian ...
27
49
23
25
52
21
44
36
33
13
15
16
6
10
24
3
18
4
9
5
2
6
1
1
3
7
5
2
6
4
1
2
2
9
6
10
C
6
B
8
5
11
4
Canadian, French
i
2
En dish .
Greek
....
5
11
1
2
2
::::
Hebrew ....
2
4
1
Irish
Italian, South
4
3
1
4
....
12
18
19
6
I/it.hiif\nian
Polish
Syrian
1
1
Total foreign-born
323
110
18
32
3
82
i
7
8
—
62
Grand total
430
156
25
44
3
93
2
11
10
....
8«
o For selection of families, see p. 525.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
653
TABLE 91. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over
employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
Hand
under
12.
10 and
under
11.
9 and
un-
der
10.
Sand
un-
der
9.
7 and
un-
der
8.
6 and
un-
der
7.
Sand
un-
der
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of native father.
White
93
37
12
10
12
9
2
7
4
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French .
25
4
55
1
3
4
3
21
6
4
4
3
2
1
2
2
English
Irish
5
13
1
3
3
2
5
1
Italian, South
Polish
3
Total
88
31
11
18
•7
6
5
4
5
1
Total native-born
181
68
23
28
19
15
7
11
9
1
Foreign-born:
Armenians
54
57
36
43
74
17
65
91
72
26
7
19
9
9
17
9
7
27
23
23
2
17
9
3
8
7
5
9
3
6
21
11
10
1
4
2
7
1
15
11
12
2
8
3
2
4
7
1
8
6
9
7
4
10
3
4
8
10
7
1
1
11
7
Canadian, French
1
English
Greek
2
8
1
3
2
6
2
Hebrew . .
9
1
4
8
8
Irish . . .
1
3
1
Italian, South
9
10
2
1
10
5
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
535
150
58
73
65
48
33
57
43
8
Grand total .
716
218
81
101
84
63
40
68
52
9
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
43
19
8
5
5
4
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French . . .
12
2
5
1
2
1
1
Canadian Other
2
1
1
English
4
3
1
German
1
1
Hebrew
1
1
Irish ...
39
13
2
5
5
2
2
8
2
Italian, South
1
1
Scotch ...
1
1
Total
61
20
7
7
7
3
2
12
3
Total native-born
104
39
15
12
12
7
2
14
3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
1
Canadian French
12
4
3
1
1
i
2
Canadian, Other
3
2
1
English..
6
1
1
1
1
i
i
Greek
3
1
2
Hebrew .
17
7
2
2
3
1
2
Irish
5
3
i
1
Italian, North
1
1
Italian South
12
2
3
1
1
1
3
1
Lith uanian
11
2
i
1
2
3
2
Polish
6
2
2
1
1
Syrian
2
2
Total foreign-born
79
24
6
10
9
7
2
11
9
1
Grand total .
183
63
21
22
21
14
4
25
12
1
654
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 92. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
["With boarders or lodgers" includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule
was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
"Family" households.
"Gtoup"
house-
holds.
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boarders or
lodgers.
Total
family
house-
holds.
Con-
sisting
of a
single
family.
Con-
sisting
of two
or
more
fami-
lies liv-
ing to-
gether.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
lodgers
only.
Total.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
71
57
2
59
7
5
12
71
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Canadian, French
9
37
3
31
3
31
o
5
3
1
6
6
9
37
..........
Irish
Total
46
34
34
8
4
12
46
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
Armenian . . .
117
91
2
93
15
9
24
117
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
24
31
23
19
35
20
34
1
4
9
4
1
2
28
32
25
19
38
20
• 35
2
4
10
5
14
2
7
14
6
6
2
5
16
4
8
14
7
13
30
25
8
33
48
29
27
52
27
48
32
29
18
2
Canadian French
2
2
1
English
Greek
Hebrew
3
Irish
1
7
28
25
2
1
Italian South
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
1
6
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
:;n;
200
13
213
62
68
130
343
3
463
291
15
306
77
77
154
460
3
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
655
TABLE 93. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment^
bij general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number
of house-
General nativity and ^olds
race of head of house- ^ffi
report-
ing
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment.
Under
85.
85 and
under
87.50.
$7.50
and
under
$10.
810 and
under
$12.50.
$12.50
and
under
$15.
815 and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native
father, White
58
11,674
1
12
8
18
19
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Canadian, French
Irish
9
27
(a)
15.03
2
4
1
7
3
8
3
6
1
1
Total
36
15.37
1
1
6
8 11
9
Total native-born. .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
94
16.21
1
2
18
16 29
28
32
42
23
24
46
11
47
27
25
14
13.34
15.14
14.93
11.56
16.11
15.64
14.63
12.42
11.68
9.14
7
3
1
8
6
1
4
6
5
2
7
5
5
2
4
2
1
6
8
5
7
9
5
4
5
3
16
2
6
1
8
7
8
7
20
2
25
11
5
1
3
14
4
Canadian, French
English
4
Greek
3
1
Hebrew
10
3
1
Irish
Italian, South
Lithuanian
2
1
5
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born.
Grand total . .
291
13.88
16
43
45
58
94
35
385
14.70
1
16
45
63
74
123
* 63
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 94. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
report-
ing
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per room.
Un-
der
81.
$1 and
under
$1.50.
$1.50
and
under
82.
$2 and
under
$2.50.
$2.50
and
under
$3.
$3 and
under
$3.50.
$3.50
and
under
$4.
$4 and
under
$4.50.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
58
$3.39
5
10
18
5
20
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Canadian, French. . .
Irish
9
27
(a)
2.94
1
6
1
4
4
3
1
6
2
6
1
1
Total
36
3.04
1
1
7
5
7
7
8
Total native-born.
Foreign-born :
Armenian
94
3.26
1
1
12
15
25
12
28
32
42
23
24
46
11
47
27
25
14
2.70
3.01
2.82
2.95
3.58
2.82
3.06
2.97
2.86
1.94
12
9
7
5
4
2
6
2
5
6
7
5
6
3
7
2
14
9
5
2
8
9
5
5
8
2
10
10
9
1
4
8
1
6
4
7
13
2
7
3
3
Canadian, French. . .
English
1
4
1
1
Greek
1
2
14
1
10
1
1
Hebrew
Irish
2
Italian, South.
Lithuanian
2
2
2
Polish . ...
Syrian
3
Total foreign-born .
Grand total . .
291
2.88
1
4
14
58
60
67
41
46
385
2.97
2
4
15
70
75
92
53
74
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
656
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 95. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of heo
head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
report-
ing
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per person.
Un-
der
$0.50.
$0.50
and
un-
der
81.
$1
and
un-
der
$1.50.
$1.50
and
un-
der
$2.
$2
and
un-
der
$2.50.
$2.50
and
un-
der
$3.
$3
and
un-
der
$3.50.
$3.50
and
un-
der
84.
$4
and
over.
Native-born of native fa-
ther, White
58
84. 51
1
2
2
14
5
34
Native-born of foreign fa-
ther, by race of father:
Canadian, French. . . .
Irish
9
27
(«)
3.22
2
3
2
2
1
5
1
2
1
2
2
11
1
1
Total
36
3.13
1
1 5
4
6
3
3
13
Total native-born. . .
Foreign-born:
Armenian
94 i 3.89
1
1 6
6
8
17
8
47
32
42
23
24
46
11
47
27
25
14
2. GO
2.79
4.35
2.G9
2.91
3.58
2.81
1.69
1.23
2.21
1
1
7
3
6
6
1
5
5
2
11
6
7
4
5
9
2
5
11
1
3
2
2
1
3
4
4
2
9
1
5
3
5
2
3
3
7
10
14
5
10
7
16
Canadian, French
English
4
Greek
1
2
3
6
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
1 8
9 10
7 7
2 3
3
Lithuanian
Polish
1
1
1
3
Syrian
Total foreign-born . .
Grand total
291
2.62
2
26 47
53
41
30
19
73
385
2.89
3
27 53
59
49
47
27
120
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 96. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of boarders
and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
"{Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households
keeping —
Number of—
Boarders.
Lodgers
only.
Total.
Boarders.
Lodgers.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
71
7
5
12
10
6
1C
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
9
37
3
5
3
1
6
6
4
7
3
1
7
8
Irish
Total
46
8
4
12
11
4
15
Total native-born
117
15
9
24
21
10
31
Foreign-born:
Armenian
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
5
14
2
7
14
6
13
2
5
16
4
8
14
7
13
30
25
8
11
24
2
11
22
12
10
3
1
8
3
1
12
32
5
12
22
15
24
94
70
15
Canadian, French. . . .
2
2
1
English...
Greek
Hebrew ....
Irish
1
7
28
25
2
3
14
91
70
3
Italian, South. .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian..
6
12
Total foreign-born . .
346
62
68
130
107
194
301
Grand total...
463
77
77
154
128
204
332
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
657
2
o
a
o
O
W
a
D
i-d
§1
°S
§9
.G O
S o
I
':
£&3
OS
1!
|
1 :
1 :
+9
S°
00
g
,
1 :
1 .
§
o> .d S
.-H O O>
^
II
\
II :
CO
l«
a
p<d ft
3 ""v-,
«5
II ~
-
ir
1 ._ ;rtrt rt . .
-r
|l «
C3
g_ °
0 0 fcj
o
II
•
II :
rt . . .CO .T)H<M
_
II c
II i-H
C3
fc «5
•*
(N
II <r"
.—i
|| CO
|| : : : : : :"- :- 1
|| UU
•Q73 S
6"o d
CO
<M
II
II*.
| rtCO-HOCO l-l 11-HO
/
II o
7 i
p
oS
„_§ g
^
ci
—
II
^^
•<a«
Ii "
r-l
•0
— ^
'•"•
II •
00
1 ....
COO^HOJt^ IOO*OCO
*
a
I'g
0 ^j
§s
^s .
o >
•-i 0
:
'
ii
m
+j
a
§
Xftd
^ « §
•o - s
.2 0 OJ
Oi
GO
II :
II :
II
II
II
II
ii
ii
|
03
o <"'o
§^^
>o
II :
II :
II
II : : :- : : : : : :
•— <
IP
&
fe w-0
T)J 1
"H
II :
II —
|| • • "M ; ; ; ;— :
•'-
ii "*
s
Saa
CO
M
II :
•
<M
II :- :- : : : : :-
:•-
ii u
§
|5a
ej
II :
CO
H ,
c'l
fc
II :
II '
|| .... • • •
ii
°g_§
CO
;
CO
•
O
1— 1
—
i'S
o fe
:
•
: : : : : : :
§s
^5S .
0 >
1-1 O
•
apartments.
r occupied by
5 of each sp
ber of persons
C3)
00
O
•a
II
II :
II :
II :
II :
II :
;
II
II
II
II
II
II
II
II : : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : : : :
ii
ii
ii
ii
1-room
"g j3 3
CO
^^
II :
II :
II :
•
II
II
II
II : : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : : : :
II : : : : : : : : : :
H el
2 o 3 fc g
1
i-H
»!
0
_
^
^
t~ S, C~. I ~ ~ 1 S f- ~ \ ~. S
r
CO
^
'
•6
:
1
i
1
S :
•o
1
o •
fl
0 '
0
•
0
IE
s
P
£> .
•
1
F.
a
^:
' 1
>i
4-3
S
£
a
>
BJ3
b/j O
1
4 ': ': ': i i i i i
c
t-l
c
General nal
+
a
C
I|B
C
t
\
t
+
a
2
Native-born of fore
Canadian, Frer
i
S
7
4.
rc
Total native-
£ 5 • :
S)t,c3c£«i -2 osis'o >,
•£<!uWGE £S»-3f^M
1
c
2
"o
+.
c
•V
T
c
0
1
G
i
a
3
)
i
3
658
The Immigration Commission.
Apartments of 7 rooms or more.
dumber occupied by house
holds of each specified
number of persons.
If
•
i :
>•".>
oi
II
M || (N || rtrt . . . rH . ; ; ;
COJJO
x II :
Ml Ml rtrt :
: ^
TO || TO
t^ II rt
-II -II i-1
i— i «
CM || TO
cd ""II ™
"II Ml :rtlH
"3 . 1-H
00 || "5
CM l| i-H
-Ilwfl :rt
•* rt
0 || 01
* Ml :
Ml " II ^rtrt
CM
>o || r-
TO "=11 :
Ml0 II :"
CM
-* 11°
<N Ml -1
- P1 II : :~ :
...
rH || TO
I II
0 3 % § 3
^ a& a g
• II
• II •
OO (M
cs
. . .
>O TO
i-H
•
TO
•
6-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
<= 2
- =
\ \
oi
' 11 1—l
*-H M i— I I] i—i • i—t i— t i— ( •
TP || 10
J
: II :
co ^r -CM CM i— i <N IH
S IIS
^
i-H
^ II ^ II '*1~l :w ^^^ ;
S II 3
0
• M t-H t-H
CM || CM J| r- < CO T-I -CM • rp I-H
S II 2
uj
10 II -1 :
^ II ^ II '^^
1-1 <NTO rH •
2112
-*
* II *
•* || 00 || ^tCM ; ; -r-i -.
' ~ : :
II rH
TO
coy
00 || >0
!N
-II :
: ll^ll -1"- : :M :
CO || l^
i-H
• II •
Ml Ml : : : : : : :
Ml :
|||||
- C^ 00
O O
1-H i-H
•a
0
^H
5-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
I|
1
rt -HTO
"O
O
OJ
II :
• M • || CO
I-H -(CM
r- || t-
00
- II
1-1 || CM || i-l I-H ^ -CM | to || t-
t,:
II :
'II 'II '"' 1~l r™1 ' i— i >— 1 1— i to »— i o M o
SD_J II
CO || CO || ^H-^ ^
1— 1 • IN i-H 1— 1 i-H
IS
ia"
U5
- II
tO 1 1 ^O 1 1 CM i-H T— 1 i OO i— 1 i-H • fH >— 1 "-O
-f
50 II :
;||0|| rt^C<,
TO
<«ll
^j
OS || rH
^ 112
J
Ml : :
Ml :
: : : : : : : : ; : : || :
-g E <-> a^
3 N2
- i ::
^H 1 TO
00>Ot~IM
I-H
O TOOOOOt^iO
*~
^
4-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
l|
I
•i-HCM
CO
cri
: II
II II ^
• 1-H i-H
TO || CO
00
: ||
II II : rt
CM • • TO rH
Ml1-
,U
: II
MilMJ -:
TO rH TO TO to
CO ]| t^.
, — —
--
i-l (N
TO || TO || TO
10 |rHTOTt<
•-: -
us
<M || rH rH | CM || -f || rH<N <M
t» ' i-H ^* CM
O2 || TO
1-H II (M
„;
•* II :«
<M || CO || >OTO IM
CM -CM I-H
12
1— 1
CM
TO
50 II ~N
TO || O> || <M TO (N
^H ^H^
TO || (M
—1 II 01
N
Ml ^
(N || CM || TO |Tl<
CM I-H 1—1
rH II"
^
Ml ! '•
Ml Ml : :
', ', ',
: II
^ ~- <* S
-i :: r
i-H —1
CO <O
i— t C^
1-1 N l-l«^-l
CO
O
rH
£
General nativity and race of
head of household.
i-~ : t>>
O
'S -*f
(-4 O
5 ^
1 1
33 • ^~
Ql ' ri
> ' "" s
• ' '
'i : I " I
c : S s i
0 ,H >
"S • "^ *3
° • •— '-i 'S
o^ ^- g
a • a5 3 „ ^
fe ' fe^Tl <* *
O • O ^ T3 *J +J
X3 o ^^ 2^3 ° °
i| i°5.S ^ E-i
.>g .^So^
*^> *^ C3
C3?" C3 IH
!? Jz;
• o '
. a . '. ::'.::
:| :5 i
aScT ill
E~ 03 r, > . _e
-iS^^g -:§|-S§
PI a 1^1$^ •l:33s<s
fliSSS Si§r3(S«&
S
to
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
659
TABLE 98. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Number of households occupying apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7
rooms
or more.
Native-born of native
father White
71
5.23
3
5
12
21
16
14
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
Canadian French
9
37
(")
5.41
1
2
3
10
2
10
2
8
1
7
Irish
Total
46
5.30
3
13
12
10
8
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
Armenia n
117
5.26
3
0
25
33
26
22
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
5.03
5.10
5.59
4.04
4.52
6.54
4.77
4.19
4.21
5.11
3
5
1
9
7
15
8
4
20
4
14
16
13
2
8
15
7
2
16
3
8
8
7
5
4
16
9
3
9
6
19
2
3
4
5
3
7
2
Canadian, French
1
1
4
English
Greek
Hebrew ....
Irish
15
Italian, South
2
5
6
5
3
Lithuanian
Polish .
1
1
Syrian
3
Total foreign-born . . .
Grand total
346
4.88
10
44
103
79
75
35
463
4.97
13
52
128
112
101
57
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
660
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 99. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each speci-
fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7
or more
rooms.
Total.
CO
2
"o
f\
CB
CO
3
O
^
CO
a
o
Z
CD
P.
CO
73
"o
CD
CO
3
O
CO*
a
0
S2
a>
a
CO
2
"o
JS
01
CO
o
CO
a
0
CO
t4
CD
P.
CO
"C>
"o
xi
CD
CO
3
O
,C
CO
a
g
0
ft
CO
T3
1
CO
CO
3
o
CO
O
CO
t_l
Q)
ft
CO
2
"o
si
CD
CO
o
a
CO
a
o
%
CD
P,
CO
•a
1
CD
CO
O
CO
c
o
2
at
P<
CO
2
"o
XI
CD
CO
O
CO
a
CD
ft
"3
te
x>
3
£
O
0
O
0
o
O
0
0
o
0
o
O
O
O
0
CD
£1
6
3
z
CD
XI
5
3
fc
CD
X!
0
1
CD
X!
6
3
fc
CO
X>
E
fc
V
,0
3
fc
CO
X>
0
1
1)
.0
E
3
&
CD
X!
6
3
&
CD
X!
a
3
fc
a
ft
0
3
£
a>
X!
I
1
CD
,Q
6
3
fc
CD
X!
s
3
fc
CD
X!
g
fc
Native-born of native father,
White
3
10
5
16
12
44
21
67
16
61
14
59
71
257
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
1
2
6
6
3
10
14
42
2
10
11
48
2
8
11
41
1
7
9
41
9
37
51
178
Irish..
Total
3
12
13
56
12
59
10
52
8
50
46
229
Total native-born
3
10
8
28
25
100
33
126
26
113
22
109
117
486
Foreign-born:
Armenian. .
3
5
1
9
7
10
17
3
28
30
15
8
4
7
20
4
14
Iti
13
2
64
31
8
32
113
14
74
112
84
6
8
15
7
2
16
3
8
8
7
5
35
85
22
13
88
15
48
74
48
23
4
16
9
3
9
6
19
2
3
4
30
106
38
17
59
36
101
16
21
21
5
3
7
2
48
21
30
10
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
187
263
103
116
290
145
248
233
184
82
Canadian, French
1
1
4
3
2
16
English..
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
15
80
Italian, South
2
4
5
6
5
3
44
21
31
27
10
Lithuanian
Polish
1
1
4
3
Syrian
3
19
Total foreign-born..
10
32
177
103
538
79
451
75
445
35
208
346
1,851
Grand total
13
42
52
205
128
638
112
577
101
558
57
317
463
2,337
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
661
TABLE 100. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativ-
ity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Number of households of each specified number of
persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
71
3.62
12
25
19
10
4
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian French
9
37
(a)
4.81
1
5
3
6
4
8
1
2
Irish
5
7
3
1
Total
46
4.98
5
6
7
9
12
3
1
3
Total native-born
117
4.15
17
31
26
19
16
3
2
3
Foreign-born:
Armenian
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
5.34
5.48
3.55
4.30
5.58
5.18
5.17
7.28
6.34
4.56
5
4
11
3
5
10
5
9
6
5
11
6
6
5
5
5
2
6
1
1
3
4
3
4
4
19
7
5
8
6
2
5
8
2
3
9
5
6
5
5
3
1
5
2
1
5
4
4
6
2
5
3
1
Canadian French
Greek
1
5
2
2
3
5
2
1
1
Hebrew
2
1
3
4
Irish .
2
5
Italian South
8
6
11
1
2
5
Polish
1
5
Syrian
2
Total foreign-born
346
5.35
32
57
40
62
51
44
30
17
13
Grand total
463
5.05
49
88
66
81
67
47
32
20
13
n Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 101. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per room.
Total
number.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Average
per
room.
Less
than 1.
1 and
under
2.
2 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White..
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
71
257
3.62
0.69
56
14
1
9
37
51
178
(«)
4.81
(Q)
.89
2
20
6
17
1
Irish
Total
46
229
4. 98 . 94
22
23
1
Total native-born
117*
486
4. 15 i . 77
78
37
2
Foreign-born:
Armenian
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
187
263
103
116
290
145
248
233
184
82
5.34
5.48
3.55
4.30
5.58
5.18
5.17
7.28
6.34
4.56
1.06
.93
.64
1.06
1.23
.79
1.08
1.74
1.51
.89
12
14
23
8
7
21
17
22
33
6
14
41
7
27
22
24
10
1
1
Canadian, French
English
Greek
5
4
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
4
10
4
Lithuanian
Polish .
1
8
Syrian
Total foreign-born
346
1,851
5.35
1.10
111
206
29
Grand total
463
2,337
5.05
1.02
189
243
31
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
662
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 102. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity andraceof head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of" house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per sleeping room.
Total
number.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Average
per
sleeping
room.
Less
than
2.
2
and
un-
der 3.
3
and
un-
der 4.
4
and
un-
der 5.
5
and
un-
der 6.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
71
257
3. 62
1. 61
45
16
. 6
4
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of fa-
ther:
Canadian, French..
Irish
9
37
51
178
(")
4.81
(")
1.84
4
18
2
13
3
5
1
Total :
40
229
4.98
1.88
22
15
8
1
Total native-born .
Foreign-born :
Armenian
117
486
4.15
1.67
67
31
14
5
35
48
29
27
52
28
4S
32
29
18
187
263
103
116
290
145
248
233
184
82
5.34
5.48
3.55
4.30
5.58
5.18
,r>. 17
7.28
6.34
4.50
1.91
2.12
1.72
2.19
2.42
1.53
•2. 30
2.43
2.30
1.67
10
16
13
9
10
22
13
5
4
10
20
20
15
9
27
5
19
20
19
5
o
12
1
5
12
1
13
7
5
2
Canadian, French...
English
Greek
4
2
Hebrew
1
Irish
Italian, South
1
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish. .
1
1
Syrian
Total foreign-born.
Grand total
346 1,851
5. 35
2.10
112
159
63
Q
2
1
463
2,337
5.05
2.00
179
190
77
14
2
1
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 103. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number
of house-
holds
sleeping
in all
rooms.
Number of households sleeping in all
rooms except—
1.
2
3.
4 or more.
Native-born of native father, White
71
5
18
28
20
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French.
9
37
1
4
6
10
2
17
Irish . .
6
Total
46
5
16
19
6
Total native-born ...
117
10
34
47
20
Foreign-born:
Armenian
35
48
29
27
52
28
48
32
29
18
9
5
1
9
6
13
17
2
12
24
8
14
5
7
8
10
22
15
2
19
10
11
1
3
7
3
4
11
3
1
10
11
Canadian, French
English. .
i-ivek. .
1
2
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
1
1
11
25
19
2
Lithuanian
Polish...
Syrian
1
Total foreign-born
346
5
87
110
100
44
Grand total
463
5
97
144
147
70
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
663
TABLE 104. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY Otf EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White 1, 072
Negro 6
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary 2
Canada 183
Denmark 1
England 60
France 5
Germany 30
Ireland 287
Italy : 17
Netherlands 1
Norway 1
Portugal 2
Russia 14
Scotland 26
Sweden 13
Total 642
Total native-born 1, 720
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian 1
Armenian 48
Canadian, French 195
Canadian, Other 147
Cuban 1
Danish 1
English 72
French 2
German 17
Greek SI
Hebrew, Russian 245
Hebrew, Other 20
Irish 79
Italian, North 103
Italian, South 223
Lithuanian 7
Magyar 8
Norwegian 7
Polish 11
Portuguese 3
Roumanian 3
Russian 30
Scotch 15
Slovak 1
Swedish 66
Syrian 2
Turkish 4
Australian (race not specified) 1
Austrian (race not specified) 1
Total foreign-born 1 , 394
Grand total 3,114
1,070
6
2
183
1
60
5
30
287
17
1
1
2
14
26
13
642
1,718
1
48
191
147
1
1
71
2
17
79
239
20
78
95
212
7
8
7
11
3
3
27
15
1
66
2
4
1
1
1,358
3,076
48296°— VOL 12— 11-
664
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 104. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White 630
Negro 5
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Canada ! 96
Denmark 1
England 53
France 6
Germany 13
Ireland 245
Italy 4
Netherlands 1
Norway 2
Russia 6
Scotland 17
Sweden 6
Total 450
Total native-born 1 , 085
Foreign-born, by race:
\rmenian 5
Canadian , French 70
Canadian, Other 127
English 32
French
German
Greek 7
Hebrew, Russian 71
Hebrew, Other 3
Irish 65
Italian, North 16
Italian, South 24
Lithuanian 6
Norwegian 1
Russian
Scotch 16
Swedish 11
Austrian (race no! specified) 1
Sw iss (race not specified) 1
Total foreign-born .
Grand total...
471
fi29
5
96
1
53
6
13
245
4
1
2
6
17
0
450
1,084
5
70
127
32
2
5
4
68
3
63
16
24
2
1
8
15
11
457
629
5
96
1
53
6
13
245
4
1
2
6
17
6
150
1,084
5
70
127
32
2
5
4
68
3
62
16
22
2
1
8
15
11
454
1,556
1,541
1,538
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
665
TABLE 104. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White 1, 702
Negro 11
Native-born of foreien father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary 2
Canada 279
Denmark 2
England 113
France 11
Germany 43
Ireland 532
Italy 21
Netherlands
Norway 3
Portugal 2
Russia 20
Scotland 43
Sweden r.t
Total 1 , 092
Total native-born 2, 805
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian 1
Armenian 53
Canadian, French 265
Canadian, Other 274
Cuban 1
Danish 1
English 104
French 4
German '. 22
Greek 88
Hebrew, Russian 316
Hebrew, Other 23
Irish 144
Italian, North 119
Italian, South 247
Lithuanian 13
Magyar 8
Norwegian 8
Polish 11
Portuguese 3
Roumanian 3
Russian 38
Scotch 31
Slovak 1
Swedish 77
Syrian 2
Turkish 4
Australian (race not specified) 1
Austrian (race not specified) 2
Swiss (race not specified) 1
Total foreign-born 1, 865
Grand total... 4,670
1,699
11
2
279
2
113
11
43
532
21
2
3
2
20
43
19
1,092
2,802
1
53
261
274
1
1
103
1
22
83
307
23
141
in
236
8
11
3
3
35
30
1
77
2
4
1
1
1
1,815
4, 017
666
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 105. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Num-
Male.
Female.
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
report-
ins*
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read,
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Native-born of native
father, White
260
120
120
120
146
146
146
266
266
266
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Armenian
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Canadian, French..
Canadian, Other...
English
73
5
21
38
1
8
38
1
8
38
1
8
35
4
13
35
4
13
35
4
13
73
5
21
73
5
21
73
5
21
German. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Hebrew
11
4
4
4
7
7
7
11
11
11
Irish
148
69
69
69
79
79
79
148
148
148
Italian, North
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Italian, South
Lithuanian
11
2
3
3
3
8
2
8
2
8
2
11
2
11
2
11
2
Polish
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Scotch
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Syrian
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total . .
281
130
130
130
151
151
151
281
281
281
Total native-born.
547
250
250
250
297
297
297
547
547
547
Foreign-born:
Armenian
116
70
69
69
46
38
38
116
107
107
Canadian, French. .
Canadian, Other...
English
135
19
60
60
2
38
55
2
38
- 52
2
38
75
17
22
71
16
22
68
16
22
135
19
60
126
18
60
120
18
60
German
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Greek
81
53
47
47
28
13
13
81
60
60
Hebrew
185
99
96
94
86
69
65
185
165
159
Irish
60
27
26
25
33
28
28
60
54
53
Italian, North.. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Italian, South
145
79
74
74
66
54
54
145
128
128
Lithuanian
151
101
76
61
50
38
23
151
114
84
Polish
125
80
C2
57
45
31
28
125
93
85
Scotch . . .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Spanish
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Syrian . . .
53
31
30
28
22
16
14
53
46
42
Total foreign-born .
1,134
640
575
547
494
400
373
1,134
975
920
Grand total
1,681
890
825
797
791
697
670
1,681
1,522
1,467
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
667
TABLE 106. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex-, years in the
United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Years i
n Unitec
[ States.
Num-
ber re-
Under 5
5 to 9.
]
0 or ovei
Race of individual.
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Armenian
70
24
24
24
15
15
15
31
30
30
Canadian, French
60
4
3
3
6
6
6
50
4(1
43
Canadian Other
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
English
38
10
10
10
28
28
28
Greek ' ....
53
24
22
22
25
21
21
4
4
4
Hebrew
99
45
44
43
27
25
25
27
27
26
Irish
27
27
26
25
Italian, South
79
29
26
26
35
33
33
15
15
15
Lithuanian
101
46
33
24
38
27
22
17
16
15
Polish .
80
47
36
32
20
20
19
7
6
G
Syrian
31
10
9
8
9
9
8
12
12
12
Total
040
239
207
192
182
157
150
219
211
205
FEMALE.
Armenian
46
34
29
29
10
7
7
2
2
2
Canadian, French
75
5
5
5
12
12
12
58
54
51
Canadian Other
17
1
1
1
16
15
15
English
22
9
9
9
1
1
1
12
12
12
German
1
1
1
1
Greek
28
22
10
10
6
3
3
T-fp.brew
86
50
38
35
21
17
16
15
U
14
Irish
33
33
28
28
1
1
1
1
Italian, South
66
35
29
29
18
15
15
13
10
10
Lithuanian
50
23
16
7
23
19
14
4
3
2
Polish
45
30
21
19
12
9
8
3
1
1
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Spanish
1
1
1
1
Syrian
22
8
4
3
9
7
7
5
5
4
Total
494
217
162
147
113
91
84
164
147
142
TOTAL.
Armenian
116
58
53
53
25
22
22
33
32
32
Canadian, French
135
9
8
8
18
18
18
108
100
94
Canadian Other
19
2
2
2
17
16
16
English
60
19
19
19
1
1
1
40
40
40
German
1
1
1
1
Greek
81
46
32
32
31
24
24
4
4
4
Hebrew
185
95
82
78
48
42
41
42
41
40
Irish
60
60
04
J>3
Italian North
1
1
1
1
Italian, South
145
64
55
55
53
48
48
28
25
25
Lithuanian
151
69
49
31
61
46
36
21
19
17
Polish
125
77
57
51
38
29
27
10
7
7
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Spanish
1
1
1
1
Syrian
53
18
13
11
18
16
15
17
17
16
Total
1.134
456
369
339
295
248
2.34
383
358
347
668
The Immigration Commission.
TABLK 107. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and write.
Armenian .
70
60
2
38
53
99
27
79
101
80
31
12
25
2
8
6
25
15
10
5
1
5
12
24
2
8
6
25
15
10
5
1
5
12
23
2
8
6
25
15
10
5
1
4
58
35
57
31
57
29
Canadian, French..
Canadian, Other
English...
30
47
74
12
69
96
79
26
30
41
71
11
64
71
61
25
30
41
69
10
64
56
56
24
Greek
Hebrew
Irish....
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish..
Syrian. .
Total
640
114
113
111
526
462
436
FEMALE.
Armenian.. .
46
9
9
9
37
29
29
Canadian, French
75
41
41
40
34
30
28
Canadian, Other
17
3
3
3
14
13
13
English...
22
3
3
3
19
19
19
German
1
1
1
1
Greek
28
2
2
2
26
11
11
Hebrew
86
14
14
14
72
55
51
Irish
33
14
11
11
19
17
17
Italian, North..
1
1
1
1
Italian, South
66
14
14
14
52
40
40
Lithuanian.
50
5
5
5
45
33
18
Polish....
45
45
31
28
Scotch..
1
1
1
1
Spanish
1
1
1
1
Syrian
22
5
4
4
17
12
10
Total.
494
111
107
106
383
293
267
TOTAL.
Armenian . . .
116
21
21
21
95
86
86
Canadian, French
135
66
65
63
69
61
57
Canadian, Other
19
5
5
5
14
13
13
English...
60
11
11
11
49
49
49
German ...
1
1
1
1
Greek
81
8
8
g
73
52
52
Hebrew . .
185
39
39
39
146
126
120
Irish....
60
29
26
26
31
28
27
Italian, North.
1
1
1
1
Italian, South
145
24
24
24
121
104
104
Lithuanian
151
10
10
10
141
104
74
Polish
125
1
1
1
124
92
84
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Spanish
1
1
1
1
Syrian
53
10
9
8
43
37
34
Total
1,134
225
220
217
909
755
703
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
669
o
h)
e
00
WL
-HO
IO
I— 1
^H CO1""
1
1—1
•peMoptAV
B
tO CD <M<M
-
s
o
-pa™
I^-CO
t-
GO O! CO ^ O CO ^H C^ i-H CO ^H CO
§
CO
I— «
•aiSms
co
(N CO i— i OO tM COOOCO i— i •—<•-* Ol
GO CM t-H 1C i-H r-H i— (
CO
1
00«
CO ^W »CO ' • -CO^H
CO
CO
o
•pa*op!Av
o
CO
C4 tc
*•
CO
-r
o
•pau^K
r^ I-H
i-H OS CM COO ' • • ' ' CO i-H
2
CO
1
to
•a*™
U3iH
(M CO <M ^ •
S
S5
1
•a
a
•mox
O i— 1
Si—tCi ^-t O CT i-* *-» (Mi— < i— «
t-1 I-H CO I-H
i-H
00
-f •
C-l
I
o
Oi
to -^ wto I, • I
t-
CO
a
T
•paAYOptj\Y
CJ
.
03
a-
3
o
CO
•pau™H
CO
•^ i-t 00
S
a
+3
£
I*
•aiSo!S
"O
00
O t-H CO CO O i— 1 • T •
00
CO
J3
3
>g
I**
T
^H i— 1 i— I C-l i-HOltO i-H CMCD^CD
OO CM i-H CO
1
CD
00
i • • • i-H • • it..
T— 1
OS
§
3
s
•pa™
00 -H
"3
r-t
• OO t— i— t tOOCM I-H .— i •— i i— < *— <
00
h*.
•ai*nS
SO
i-H CO ^ i-H CD CO CO • t-< tO CO to
^ i-H CD
S
00
i-H
CO
™
g
i-HOS Oli-H CMOOS • 'CDl— ^P
00
CO
S
oi
*paAVOpl^\Y
: : : : : : : : : : : : : :
2
t-H i^ • •
(N
CM
'paijjtjj^
•aj^nig
OS
T-H OO OOr-H (N O OS • • CD t— ^T
CM ^
o
-UIOO
SmiJoc
aiajd
[ajjaqimiN
TH O
CMOf-HCOtO OS O O i— < CM CJ^ftOCM
GO O CM i—" •-« i-« CM •-»
^H CO
1
IO
00
>>
+3
G : : : : : : ; : ; : : ; ; :
s ; i ; . , . , . , , , . . . .
o
c
c
t
T
>
i
j
3
c
_J
3
»i
a
»
>
^ : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
6> b • : : : : : . :
I
c
i
n
£ S M 1 : : : i : : : ; : ; :
&
s
1
1
c
9
)
11
3
«4-l
O
C
0^0
i'-Sg3
"S
Nji fill
•95-Sgo"S§ fc^3^££ 1sl:S^
1°
3
'o
d
a
3
o
EH
670
The Immigration Commission.
o
f r-i C^ i— I ^ i— I CO
«— 1 O
>o
OO OOSOO'-OC-l
•
O
c<i
^H O »O COi— 1
'
5 r-i iO QO 00 O
i OCli— I
CO O 00 -^ US iT3 1-. ,— I
oup
pecified ag
mbe
0)
>
O
(4
o
in
•paixiepj
^-t i— t CO CO iO i— < 00 O CO i-H
*H Oi i-< iO <M O
CS C^ 1C
CO Ol I-H i— i CO CC W O
-
CD w b- r- -^ co co
•
S
OS
1— »
3
-uioo 3ui;jodaj Jdqumjsf
y and
General na
d Zjzxx
|3 |-§3||
a H ^ §3 1
o
PH
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
671
-r i— 1 1— t
3
•*!*
rH
OS
•^P
CM
oo"
oo
CO
cc
CO
1—1
i— 1 1— 1 1— i
g
r-
?
CO
cC
5O
"5
eo
iH
CM
o
rH
"0
s
t-
rH
s
Tt<
O
1— 1
t—
^J*
^
1— 1
rH
CO1
i-H
iH
S
»O
R
i— I
o
T— 1
S
^
rH
1
•*
T— 1
O5
§
!— 1
05
S
eoi-i
to
•o
»o
S
rH
>o
•^
i— 1
rH
00
05
rH
*n
s
<CO
CO
3
5
1
o
T
i-H
S
CO
C^l
4
<o
**«
1— 1
t~
Tl*
CO
1 TT i— 1 rH
s
•**«
rH
s
es
CO
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
Total foreign-born
flranrl totaL .
to
05 U, rH£ rH
§
rH
t— CO CO O
rH
*s
8-
"• :<*> : :s : : : :" :
rH
CO
CM
rH
CO CO ^P • CM ^i*
CM
CM
• " - -~
rH
CO
^COOiCOrH CO ^ CO
CM M* rH
(N
rH
rHCM
CO
CO rH O CM OCOCO CM "31 00 »O
rH
CO
l^
rHCO»OrHrH CM CM rH -^ O5
o
rH
TP • t-- • • co • • CM •
o
IN
CM
rH
coir-co •
rH '
CO
CO
CO
rH
CO
*
CMCOCO |
CO
CM
rH
rH
8
'
1
r
S- CM Th CO O rH CO
•rH 00
to
rH
!_-
CO
l-H O rH CM • CM rH
CM tOr-t •
c5
CO r-
CM • CM • 'CO ' i— i
CO
rH
55
tO O CO '
rH •
•*
CM
O
rH
CO • CO -**1 CO 00 rH
8
t—
rH
rH Ol O 00 • CM rH
CO '
'-
S
«5 ;•» CO ^ IN
S
CO
rH
O rH rH •
rH •
3
CM Tf
O rH Tf CM t-'-Oi-H rH CO ^
•^ CM O
rH
rH
5
CO O t*- t~ CM CO "O rH T
^* IO rH CO
-100
c^
O
rH CM CM rH
CO
CD
COrH CM
CM CM
00
'•T I- rH OO CO rH
rH rH
5
00
CM
rH
COCMcOl1— rH rHCO»O CM
rH rH
rH
rH rH IO CM CO O rH rH CM CO
CO rH GO
S
O
OOOOOirH CM CM -T .
CM CO CM
-IO
IM
CO
rH
rH
CM rH '• ^^
1—f
o
rH
rH
CM
rH CiCMrH • • OO CO O>
rH • -CO
-
+
00
§
rH
t- O • rHCOCM CMCO-^CM
CM rH • -*
*
I
rH O> CM i-H • • t- CO Oi
rH • -CO
to «
GOrHCOtO ^'-OCOrH CMtOOcO
Oi *O I-H ^ I-H
1C
rH
tO CM r-- CO CM- 1C CO Oi '
r-coco co
rH
*s
>H
1 \\l\ \\\\ 1 1 1 1
o
o
% : : : : : : : : : : : :
,c
03
03 .
c
Total native-born . . .
& : : : : : : : : : :
£fc : ; : :
S ••§'*• • • : :g : :
*H > oj ^3 • • *w u
>, ' ^- -^ ' ' w J3
a • • .°.e w • • . .
>- a,' ' t- °,2 2 c *> ca73;"^ ffcS^S
"03 'a'o
o
PH
672
The Immigration Commission.
up
pecified ag
hin
Numb
3
o
EH
01
>
o
o
o
-moo 2m^iod3j jaqran^
vity and
Genera
00 O ^H ^H ^H
CO ^H . O
§3
: : : : : I :f j
MM! Mis
. : , . . <& O
i
: : : : : : :o«
i-
-
r; —- -— — ^ » ~truK.p^
fete! caS 03 g k S te
• <
O
EH
O
EH
TJ* c*5 O — I CO CD O <N rf*
OO ^H t^ ^ iO i— I
•M r-( 10
O> •* CN
OOOOTOINiM
B1
S"**
TO
i-l t^- • Oi ^-< CO h"-<
3 M
ll
i £ aT i .S3
.£:^2; >*>
— —
o
£<»* i •
o « oi c
0 - 'C *d
>.
i«,
EJ3
OJ O; 03
OAS
03 O
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
673
1 OS i— * OO
rH ^1 rH
Oi
»-H
i-H
1
rHtOCMt-rH rH tO •* CM f CO f O 1— CM CO OS 00 CM CO CO OO CO rH tO CM Tji rH CM i-l
IO I"- OO O CM OS rH CM tO ~H tO rH tH COCO t—
CM CM rH CO rH rH CM
rH
!
•*•
S
1
^l-HCO
OOrHCM CMrHOOCMtO 'CM 'CM CM
N
00
CM
: : : : : : : : :
1— I
rt
rH
tO
CO
00 O 00 1— 1 OO rH CO -^ CM OS O O O to •*** CM tO CO OO 00 rH CO rH rH rH rH
CM tO •* tOrHCMCMtOtOCO rHrH-H^
I— 1
00
CM
CM"
liOCM •*
rH<N rH
OS
S
to
*
-2rT
CO 1-OOrHOOtOrH CMrH
rH CM CO rH
CO
s
OS
|
lOrH
s
rH
1
rt"S
^frHtOCO lOrHrHOOtO rH '. '• CM rH tO
to « i
CM
i
! !
CM
OS
i— 1
§
rH
8
i-H
COrH
s
CO
CM
CO
tOC^I
O CCO lOrHTJJ t-lO
„ : :
g
1
IN
s
rH rH CO
to
rH
00
. .
CM -*rH
rH
J5
1
888
^H^H^t^CO OOO-^rHCD CO«CMO MO»OrHrH IrH rHrH
^J* CS ^ O ^ 00 rH i-H ^ «
OS
s
rH
r-4
8
§
I-H
rH .— 1
• C*3 • • • ^ ^2 rH ^* • i t . it i-H • C^ • • • '
rH
rH
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
CM t-rH
00
i
8£S
CO i—l ^ CO CO tO rH CO •
S
!
to
to
CM
-**
tOrHrHrH >O i-H t- 00 f CMCM CM rHCO
rH CM rH
rH
§
t-oo
rH rH
§
00
s
rH rf O C*3 rH
W O OS
rH
00 CM OS t— 00 OO CM OS CO O MI to to rH 00 O
CO ^3* t"- ^J* ^f O rH rH rH
rH rH
00 rHCOrH
S
Oi
00
• I— 1
**
s
rH
"
. ,
• rH^KN
a
CO
-as
tO 1— 1 CO OS rHCM^rHt— ^*CM rH rHf-CO
rH t- CMCO
•* rH
§
i
1 CO iO OO
00
8
00
to
-a«s-
CM CO O CO CN tO rH
rH
S ^
o
rH
rH
jsa-
I
t--
COrHOJ
CM CM
CO rH Of-COOsr- rHrHi-HrH OS CM
CM 00 rH rHCO
rH rH rH
CM
rH
8
. i-HrH •
to
2
CM
CM
rH
• rH
s
s
I"
CM CM CM t— rH rH CO
CM
CM
1
'"2
!-
t~
CM~
rHtOCMt— rH rH tO •* (N •* CO f O t— CM CO OS 00 CM CO CO OO CO rH tO CM rj" rH CM rH
1O t— OO O CMOS rH CM tO rH to rH rH COCO t-
CMCM rH CO rHi-HCM
rH
CO
a
tal foreign-born
and total. .
i i ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ! • ; ; • ; ; • ; : ; i i ; : ;.|?
: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :g£^
i fp
.-, •••• *? eo t.
L|g «
tal native-bor
jorn, by race:
nian
:,§ J d : : : :aoc
•c a • • • -2 1, ;sS-S
:£;3 8^ 55 : : : : : ; : : : : : :gSs
• ^O P-^-iU,^ " * t * • rt * ' ' — ' ^
> /V'l^sOSC'r^'GJj' * ' -. *^ 4<
-H •» •* PH ^ ._!i O 3 * Q ' S 03» * • — ^-^ ?
5 C fl •* •«, ^ OQ '** ' C3 ' Or* *Tj 1 ' * ^ G C5
"^H .2^ .S _r" -*^ _C *" ^ ^ "" ** S ^" ^ * Kn 03 ij ^ 'rt ^3 i
To
Irfiss •S'Sagi
ow£oo KMASS
sSifJ
^l
To
Gr
674
The Immigration Commission.
oj
-M
g
s
)^
1^ ^H y3 TP r-i co
C^ CO
a
c^
o
1— 1
a
>O
§
e
lO--H^Ht^.^HO t-^ CSI O O *— 1
o co cc>oao oir^oaccc
^H
^H
CO
o
00
a
•a
23
y
1—1
^HlO
o
t^
r— ( -*J1 ^H i—l L* i— 1 ' (M
iO
1— 1
<N
CN
0
EH
^T3
c3 aj
*H •;=
•< hi
1>
CO
2~ :8
CO
•^r*
---
O o i— i co '-o o r- o c^j ao o
T" >s* CO(MCO T-* *O O •^ •— 1
^
§
S
•^
C^i
33 Tab
a
rH >O CBl-HCO
•— « c-i
O!
•^J1
—
00
**OO CO*CO »O i-t CO *M CO
C^ CM *C CS T1 CC rH
Ol
?!
CO
CO
•a
3
EH
s
rt I-HIO
I— 1
r^.
I-H
CN
•^r
X^J !->• i— ( OO OiOCMC^Ii— 1
S
CO
s
o
S^
y
^H
^H »
•f
m
I— 1 1— 1 1— 1 "f .— < •
00
CO
ft
LH
O
9
a-g
sS
TO
<M
i-H IN
^H
CO
1— 1
s
iO l>- O T-I OO CS -^ CM C^ I-H
i-H ^H i-H i-H
00
t*
•f
1—1
t— 1
a
1
.S.2
in "So
•H
t— 1
co
•*
01
§?
•o
ID
cd
3
o
EH
g§
01 9 :
t^
CO
>o
t^
CO -^ — t GO O t>-O«5OC^
<M<N ^H^HCS COCOCO— t
CN
CO
00
CN
I
•o-d
.z; a*
IN •
C<1
IN
U5
(^
W
^5
5
£§
i
a>
-f->
8
§•2
S-c
S3
C3 O ^
>c
IN
r^
ir
OO i— iO ^OOt^"OOl
^— t CM •— ( T— i CM CM CM
Ol
"O
t— 1
O
CN
+3
'£
C aJ
to
. O • •
O
CO
"TCM CMO CMCMOtOr^
CM
t»
^J1
S
(M
CO M
.0
1
•a
-4-a
O
§5
CO ••" < ^H • i— 1
CO
C-)
—
>o
coco»-<t^Tt<io Trococ^-^r
I-HI-I CM-^ coio-^r— <
T— t
s
I
'o'd
tN
CM
8
£<?
2
8
£•0
C3 QJ
S'E
M
i— 1
ID ~H •
t^.
O3
I-H
CD CM T-H O C^ 1^ ^H l^ CO O O
•-H (N «CJ M
S
1—1
I-*
-^
.55
DQ M
O
iH
t^ ^H O • *-H
0
f-H
C?
I~- O i-H >C t^ CO CO O 01 00
I-H ^* ^^ CO CN
ri
^o
IO
I— 1
I
C^
i— I
•<r -H -a< o — c<i
1-H
O)
s?
-H' (NOOCO t^ClOt
^H • f-l
s
s
•*S
. . . ,
Oi
i— t
y
....
•4-3
CO
!3"O
pH
1— (
1— 1
• . ... ,-H . ,-H .
CN
CO
5 ®
S'C
•
c_®
CO M
C<1
•^ • TJ< O5 ^H C^
o
CM
CM
CO
«-< • tN 00 CO CO O IO •*
^-» > t— 1
§
g
53 ::::::
53
3
I i i ji j i
>
0 • •
T3
a
I*H
0
s
s
>
Si::::!
03
x ::::;•
^ •
T3
s
5
II hi
|j i j j! Mill
C3
d
.2
p
C
>>
-(J
0}
>
Ci3
MO t;
'S Ci *
o
•9
•a • •
• a «
|
•
!>
i
a
C8
fl
"o
Us if
13 n a" ico
0)
v>
83
g
: s-d : : : ^ • : :
•fiS ; ! ic;:j
cScc" • : w-2 : •
|
£
•2
°3
o
"3
i
0)
O
Native-born
S-5.2x3 • -
o-o -0.2 . sx:
•? S g"S^^-2
i g 5 c .2 ~. 3
>OOH5SlS
1
"c3
1
3
O
1111^ ^ -s :
II11I1I ^Ill|
fllsllw 5s3£ct
1
3
o
EH
1
C
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
675
CM
T-H
IO -* 00 T-H t-H COr-HCMr-l
5
C-)
Ot^I^-Ol^H OCGCCO^HlO O»CT— Ir-^OC
1
1
t-.
0
CO
.-..o^rt ^ co — i esi 'CM
00
lH
T-H
CM
t-H
CM
CO
Cl CM CM i-H i-l T-H T-H T-H
CO
00
T— 1
i-H T ^f O t~H CO CO t"— t"H ^ CT> Oi t^ I-H »O
CO
5
s
O CM CO T-H O • «— I •
l-H CO *
<M
CO
8
T-H
t^OCCN-H COO.O OS 1-CO ;^
00
CO
g
<N
^
OS
co •* L- r, CM oo o o i • • I-H
CO
CM
CO
I-H CM ...
-i
CO
T— I
>o
00
l-H
s
CO
• • •
. .
...
. .
...
...
• • ' •
o
rj; s \ \
CO
£:
1^ OO O Ol 1C OC 00 CM CSO^H^HCO
I-H CN I-H t-H CM
T— 1
s
CO
-H
•*
i-H • 'OJ
CO
t-
• • • •
6
. i-H i-H — > • •
CM •
a
8
CO OO 00 OS *O t~*- *O CM Oi ^O T-H ^H ^
1-HCM T-H CM
T-H
CO
i-H
s
o
CO
CO
CO
C35
T-H
CM
CM
o
CO
CO T-H CO ' CM T-H T-H t-H
CM
00
r- ( O CM tO T-H CO T-H • T-H CM O CM • •— 1
T—CM T-ff • CM CM CO • T-H
2
CO
i-H
.... ....
rt
. . 1 . ... 1
8
o -, : ^_^
i-H
CO
OOOOCMtOT-H CDCO 'T-HI^ IOT-H ' O
T-H t— i CO ' >— " CM CO • <— <
5
l-H
O
CM
T— 1
t~* T-H CM • • OO • ' '
8
CO
CON • 00 • -tO T-H I-H • I-H
?1
s
. . . . .
I ! 1 '.
CO
T-H
^H ^H ^ » T-H CM T-H
a
CO
•mo .-< "5~ ; :«= ^^:
S
So
CM
« 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
OJ
'
2
I— 1
OT— !- « :-
00
.
co^ |rt «- : > coo j
i—
CO
8
0
o
11 i;;i
3
t-T
CD
B-Si: : : : jj j j
o
fl
igfe ': ': Hill
1!
•2
1
tl CP pQ . rl r-i •
g e «-> I S 5 .
*~*PH: O • *- n '
i
ilo : : !'! :£!
•it
"cs
+3
03
Native-born c
Jffip jiii
sill
"cl
'o
B
_p
1
"3
'o
EH
•a
c
C
C3
T)
0)
^
a>
to
a
s
•3
S
676
The Immigration Commission.
3
o
Ejj
(N
(N
UO ^H CO
e
00
o
1C
53
^ 00 00 O5 »-H Ol ^ O ^^ l>-
1— » *H »— I i-H
•3
|1
oo
^ S
2
8
CNO-H<N 5NV5D CO
0
ll
TH
iCCOOl'H O-HI-I »H
CN 55
05
§5
(N
S8SS- 5SS-S
CO'M
"0
t^N ^ 1-1 1C (NCO
3
5O
^-ICOC1^^ OOdO O
CO— i C^CC I-H CO
•-3
. . . . . .
03
O
f-4
73 -a
s
. .rf . . 00 •
0!
CO
(N O rH C^ W C*4 »O CO
rH
o
y
0
g-d
1— 1
IN-Hrt . 00 •
53
CO
O
O ^ ^J"M t-H -^ -^ t»
WC^ M 1-H W
w.£
2
a s>
N
CO •
CO
10
CJCO • -W
CO M
....
•a
9
3
'o
EH
s
OSrH -H CO
to
s
s
O<MOO CCOOiC (N
o
&
23
CO
CO
CO
5O
CM ^H^
5
;£ |
1
o
_g
i
i •
8
1-1 ""* co
00
rr
O
83°°8 SJ205 S
.„,
a <»
?H
"
CO
"-*•
IH
,0
3
fc
"o
EH
s
CO 1-H Ij* CO l-H ^H 1— 1 l— t
CM CO
00
50
2
T(i 00 CO C^ -H O5O^<i-HCN
O) CO 1-1 TT 00 "O
•a "3
r- 1
(N
^ 0
S
ll
CO
s ;- «— -
-H
s
ss-s- as-a
~ -=.
53 "M
CO
i-H1""1 C^
-
00
t-
ot- - «SM 2
3
'o
EH
R
lOC^OO ^ j-> C<IC^
1— 1 I-H
5
8
co«3 co co ^r co
ii
O
•^ 0
S'C
C CD
02 "M
o
CO 1— 1 00 i— 1 i-H C^ C4
II
to
^^ :w : ss : :2
"3
f individu
5
o
03 . . '.
0
i
A
1
o>
E
£•« ^ : : : : : : : :
o
i
?
||| [gg
>
a
•M
O
^aa : Z t»
C3
£ § cT cf ! ! ! ! J2; oj
1
0
Native-born
C _C3 .cS^ C ^ | .. ^
.^oowoW MMS^M
'S
o
EH
1
EH
|g||l| ^| :§"§"
Illll
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
677
CO »O 1-H r
iji (M
i-H »H
HS
2
o
^H
a
*,
3
CO
t>-
OOO
-1 i-H
CO
s
§
>OOO
LOCO
2
1
?
<N«
(M
s
i-H
|3
CO
CO
S
N<N
N
<N
(M
i—<
8
*•
Zi
4O CO T— 1
-J1CO
•*2
i
^
•*
oo
S
CO ~H ^H
COCO
-ICO
1— 1
1
1
0510
rt
CO
a
S£
a
1
S
1 1
!
CM
cc
. .
. .
00 -H
CO
>O
CO
i-l CO
COIM
05
1
;n
82
*
1— 1
.—1
s
' •
• •
•
oc<s
s
i-H
W
lO O
T— 1 ^H
TT
s
S
• •
•
. .
,
• •
•
;
I
•
•
•
,
•
;
o
III
ca'C
ftX
COM
£
S
3
o
EH
1
•*-
T
I
c
•
i
i
4
S
1
•o
1
f
8
o
Ot
<D
a
'•B
3
I
678
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 110. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY OI EMPLOYEES.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting
wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Armenian
23
127
96
1
45
9
17
109
9
44
53
117
3
4
2
3
3
17
11
1
37
1
1
1
22
126
96
1
43
9
6
100
9
44
39
77
3
4
2
3
2
8
11
1
35
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other .
Danish
English
2
German
Greek
11
9
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North. . .
14
40
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian ... .
Polish
Roumanian ....
1
9
Russian
Scotch ....
Slovak
Swedish .
2
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified) .
Total
734
644
90
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
679
a
05
so
£ S
5s o
O i-3
^° PH
SH S
S
C3
+j
2
e
I
DQ
2 W
i 3
•s a
02
•a
e
&
01
2
S
e
3
o
EH
Number reporting —
I|i
••»« C1 00 OJ CO . ,H i . • tH •
coco
«|
~H OOO
CM i~H
^M ,_, CO^HOO -(N •
>
tf5 1^ O 00 i-H ~H CO •-< 1O OS -3* ~H • • C^ C4 ~H
TO) <-l
1:1
^coSco^ ^co^SS £2BS8 u"«u"oco -§s
P
^H Ol ^^ t*» ^H ^^ t^* C^ CO "-O O ^* CC ^^ 00 ^O ^O ^O ^O CO ^^ c*l O »~H
f^ t-- T— t lO ^^ 'O 00 »^ CO 05 CT1 C^ »^
i-H 1-H 1— ( F-l
u
o
2
1
0
f-l
m .
'- •—
T)
o>
'S
B
i— t
Number reporting —
M|
OO Is-
«l
-i
.—i OS i— I
CCiM
„ ;-^ -,-H.OCOO ;-H . . . ;rtrt
o.-SS
V
288
T^C^^HO GCOOOO^OO N ^H 1— H ^H T-H i-HCOO
P
O-VCO
ON^-* gOSJOOg M-MIN-H ^,CO^-H
In United States 5 to 9 years.
Number reporting—
m
"T CN
S
4^
V
• • •
Jziia
«^CO
^HTP r^J O i-H CO O* »fl ^-ITp^ ^H (M
•^ (N ^
P
b-OOOO
f i
^H CO "H CO ^H CO 00 CO f^ ^ ^ ^ CO ^H
i— t Tf C^l O
In United States under 5 years.
Number reporting —
s||
. .M
V
i « ^H •
'."* : \ '. ::'.'"''. : : : : : : : : :
V
*"""
^ <N N : : :^ : : ~
'.':', ': '.
°t>
^-tOC^CO FH
1— t
^H CO OS CO O f-<
P
T-H C<l Oi O i— I
rH
g ^ g^gg c, co^ g.
llptl
1 — t— ^H i-H
•
I y j
a ; • • : •
55 a) • r- ^ • . • • . • • •
1 fe o -- ' i * c i
ega'c" __ - - |Zo2 -| .i:| '5 j • ;
•S'csse •£•£•§ 3 || :c"c « S o A §> c2^'-^
Illll illli Hill ||||| Jlii
«VW QWfeOC Sr^MMM iJS£«^ KKODO5
48296°— VOL 12—11-
680
The Immigration Commission.
I ABLE I JL 1 . — V Islls uoroiiu iiuiut lit/jut ciyii- iibfjiuyws, vy oe.t/, </eu ca, «
MALE— Continued .
3
o
EH
i
I
&
X3
f?
5 H
$
FEMALE.
IO
CO ..... .... ....
«s
3
00
,|
-
CO
I-H
rt53 '.;;'.'" '.'.\
S
ll
5—
00
"2^^« ""-S^S °°2° ««^-i
o
||
GO ^H rH i-H
o
•*)<
iO 00 i— I TJI CO i-<
CO
In United States 10 years or
over.
Number reporting—
^2-2
«P
™ c >
S
"
«|
5
O O • • • i CO
CO
-1
3
CD
O
2S- j j h j j - *
5
°.-§
0
»-H ^-t
S
COX--5-H CO (N'Ci -^^ Tf-O
i
P
°
^H ^H
IO
CO O^ CO ^-t CO C^ • *O ^ ^ ^H 00 ^O
CO O i— i • W
S
1
t*>
CO
o
ire
DQ
1
3
P
c
(•H
Number reporting—
I II
l-
CO
"1
«
^TH : : : : : : : : : : : : :
<N
+9
CO
S
00
l:i
0-H
I
C^ICOCO COO1"^1 CS"^^-<
CO
£ ^
2"
53
<Nt-CO- COO ;U5 «*•-<
S
In United States under 5 years.
Number reporting—
«||
CO
— • • '
— '
«|
CO
rtCM •
CO
-|
LO
<N
oS
S
S
TT^CT , -H
00
P
10
i
1-1 ^CO^1
8
&!!sp<3
OC r—t i— < ^-t
•^«
1—t
0 36 1— * *j* co ^H
CO
-H
CO
^ 1.
|
•t
4
i
w
i
T
V
2
I
•H
Austrian (race not specified)
Total
"3
1
. . gj
|'i! ','.','. '.'.'.', '.':'.<"
IS ill Slj: I
SBV -:c:0. Illl 5
.2c3c3rH_ C'fete --C'S) C J=S
g^S^o g^'SS S32® .2^~-c
C °3 03 T, 2 PctiJr: .2.2_e> S^^*3
pcc;££o3 ES-T.-SK rs-sCb So22
M fla 05 ^ S ¥ *^ »_3 i_j "~ •"" o ^
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
681
• CJ-*
c^
)
""
i
i-l O O
COIM
cr
01
!
! * ! ).
IO ^t^
CO <<p
Tf rHrH COrHOO^ C^ C^'Or-
t— < rH r— 1 CO
t^.
i— i
^v
S
I
1
"-"
r-
O^^DrH ^OlOOt^-OO rHlO*O>OCO rHCOO
IO rH O (M rH 00 OO '-O rH C^ r-H
O) rH
OOi-H i-<c<l
•^
:
c
•>
4
>
'
*•
*§r
1—
O *^ t^- CO O5 CO C") Oi CO rH LQ f-1- ^0 CO rH lO *O i—
t^» r- 1 l>- CSrHOClrH rH 0s! 0s!
U3 1-H r-H C^l
CO
c'
•^
\
i
'<oco
)
• CO CD
p-
^
i
-HOO)
rH IrH : :^D t- '• (N
;
)
I • ' !
rtcNOO
*O CO
^H
c
ir
)
>
. . .. . .
233
O CO ^ O^ ^5 OO t~~ Ol O Ol ^^ '"^ »~* rH F-H CO ^
CO ^H -^ CO O4 IQ rH
(N ^H rt
t>
o
•<3
j
!M 00 t-
rH rH
OOCO»OTt< rHC:C^^t«aS W'— 'COC^rH rHCOCIr-
^ T— 1 rH Tl OO CO iO C^
CO
C>
:
i
J
i
• -^ oo
, .
e*1
)
4
>«
i-
Nt-US
w ^ -H®b- : : : : :
CO
c
>
1-1
t^OcO
- « s-«-s5 ™ _r "
OT-|
if
-
•
oS
t->. -T COrHOOOt^- C^^T-t'rH COrH
rH 1C COO '
COrt
u-
S
>
•
: Mj Mj i Njjj Mj
....
<c
(NiO-V
" ;« N ; ; ;^ ; ; ; ; ; ri ;
....
t>
Cs
O IO CO r-
I— 1
2rfN£ g°Sc^§ ^ ro""-H 2^
O ' rt
1— 1 .
i
>
^
N ION —
1— t 1— 1 i— 1
rHrHC^IlO W O <N *O l^- t- CO^rH Cl<M
C^l "^ CO i— t CO I>- rH
rH
CO ' i-l
IT
C\
Tf
l-H N IO r—
"88
r-
Ol rH O3
o^^cs
5
^*
r™
• • •'s
'.a •
:§S
: : : gj : : : : : : : : ; : :
15 ':£e : : : : : ; : :
: : :Ǥ
. . . o
. . . o
. , S)
c
_c:
K
<
|ll
<ooc
|
«o :°o S •§ ;| a • :
•^.cg &"&':-- '1 ^''M i § Id 'ij
en co EH <i
~
+i
682
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 112. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White. . .
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
12
12
2
7
21
34
27
115
6
18
5
13
1
6
3
9
9
19
3
16
27
86
Irish . .
5
Total
24
18
5
7
12
28
19
113
Total native-born
36
30
7
14
33
62
46
228
Foreign-born:
Armenian
16
23
5
16
37
3
20
25
21
6
14
24
4
4
27
3
20
10
6
2
2
6
2
1
6
4
3
3
12
4
7
8
13
6
8
9
8
4
13
29
9
24
45
12
30
53
43
14
23
24
12
18
20
19
30
36
30
12
18
18
15
1
8
15
5
2
2
1
98
128
54
72
156
o63
116
138
110
39
Canadian, French
English .
Greek
Hebrew
Irish ...
Italian, South
Lithunian
Polish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
172
114
27
79
272
224
85
o974
Grand total
208
144
34
93
305
286
131
al,202
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White..
13
17
5
7
20
41
35
138
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian French
7
3
1
6
5
1
23
Irish
13
15
4
9
17
21
13
92
Total
20
18
4
10
23
26
14
115
Total native-born
33
35
9
17
43
67
49
253
Foreign-born:
Armenian
18
8
4
5
13
19
7
74
Canadian, French
28
17
5
15
30
23
17
135
English
2
3
3
6
9
16
10
49
Greek
11
2
5
19
5
2
44
Hebrew
28
22
5
12
41
18
8
134
Irish
2
9
1
2
17
25
23
79
Italian, South
35
21
8
7
25
22
5
123
Lithuanian
19
7
2
11
28
9
76
Polish
26
5
7
30
6
74
Syrian . ...
15
5
2
11
7
1
41
Total foreign-born
184
99
30
70
223
150
73
829
Grand total
217
134
39
87
266
217
122
1,082
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White. .
25
29
7
14
41
75
62
253
Native-born of foreign father, bv race
of father:
Canadian French
13
8
2
9
14
4
50
Irish
31
28
9
15
26
40
29
178
Total
44
36
9
17
35
54
33
228
Total native-born
69
65
16
31
76
129
95
481
a Including 1 not reporting complete data.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
683
TABLE 112. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
Number within each specified age group.
uenerai nauvny anu race 01 neau 01
household.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
34
22
6
17
26
42
25
172
Canadian, French
51
41
11
19
59
47
35
263
English
7
7
5
13
18
28
25
103
Greek
27
6
1
13
43
23
3
116
Hebrew
65
49
11
25
86
38
16
290
Irish
5
12
5
8
29
44
38
a 142
Italian , South
55
41
11
15
55
52
10
239
Li thuan ian
44
17
5
20
81
45
2
214
Polish .
47
11
15
73
36
2
184
Syrian
21
7
2
4
25
19
2
80
Total foreign-born
356
213
57
149
495
374
158
a 1,803
Grand total
4i'.">
278
73
180
571
503
".-,:;
a 2, 284
a Including 1 not reporting complete data.
TABLE 113. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race.
(STUDY OJ1 EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
N um-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
21
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,175
1
6
22
28
24
170
1
168
2
166
297
1
180
1
79
1
13
Negro
6
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Austria-Hungary
2
192
1
67
5
32
322
17
1
2
2
14
26
13
1
1
52
Canada
6
5
7
7
10
29
21
42
1
13
10
3
Denmark
England
2
2
1
1
1
5
14
9
7
8
9
<>
5
France
Germany
3
1
9
1
1
10
3
4
54
3
7
37
2
6
49
2
5
91
4
40
1
5
Ireland
6
1
7
3
14
2
Italy
Netherlands
1
Norway
1
1
2
4
1
1
Portugal
1
4
Russia
2
3
2
1
1
• • »•
2
3
1
1
1
6
1
1
5
Scotland
1
1
2
1
1
Sweden
1
5
Total
696
20
25
26
26
31
140
91
95
159
68
15
Total native-born
1,877
1
26
46
48
54
55
311
261
261
457
249
95
13
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
1
51
203
151
1
1
11
26
17
Armenian
1
2
1
1
5
7
3
10
34
19
1
9
35
25
18
48
45
1
33
27
Canadian, French
3
2
2
12
7
"i
Canadian, Other
Cuban. .
684
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 113. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race- — Continued.
MALE— Continued .
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race — Con.
Danish
1
74
2
17
88
247
20
85
103
226
1
English
1
1
9
12
15
15
1
5
10
26
4
27
19
41
1
3
2
4
15
4
5
1
14
5
24
5
1
2
1
French
G erman
3
24
94
5
7
17
41
3
1
2
4
3
18
53
2
7
26
52
1
3
2
1
'l2
24
4
12
22
40
2
"2"
Greek
1
5
1
5
8
2
">,
7
15
1
8
14
2
2
5
Hebrew Russian
3
Hebrew, Other
Irish
13
1
1
1
Italian, North
4
5
1
7
6
9
Italian South
1
Lithuanian
7
9
7
12
3
3
30
17
1
66
2
4
1
1
Magyar
1
1
Norwegian
1
Polish
1
Portuguese
1
1
1
Roumanian
1
6
2
2
4
2
Russian
1
2
1
10
1
6
6
1
23
1
4
Scotch
1
Slovak
Swedish
1
11
11
1
14
5
1
Syrian
1
1
2
1
....
1
Turkish
Australian (race not
specified)
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Total foreign-born
1,433
6
JO
31
55
40
288
268
225
307
144
45
4
Grand total
3,310
1
.;j
66
79
III',!
95
599
529
486
764
393
140
17
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White.
672
1
10
?0
W
34
34
144
101
89
111
76
?0
7
Negro
5
3
1
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Canada
102
4
5
8
q
6
29
17
8
12
3
1
Denmark
1
1
England
54
1
4
4
2
13
11
4
8
7
France
6
2
9
2
Germany
15
1
1
5
2
3
3
Ireland
264
1?
14
11
15
7
58
51
34
49
1?
1
Italy
4
1
1
1
1
Netherlands
1
1
Norway
2
1
1
Russia
6
1
1
1
2
1
Scotland
17
1
2
2
5
2
1
2
2
Sweden
6
•
1
1
3
1
Total
478
•H)
?5
W
30
17
118
84
5?
77
?4
1
1
Total native-born . .
1,155
1
30
45
54
64
51
265
186
14?
188
100
21
8
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
5
1
1
2
1
Canadian, French
72
1
?
?
4
27
13
8
12
?
1
Canadian, Other
137
9
4
6
32
25
??
29
17
English .
34
1
1
9
8
8
4
2
1
French . .
2
2
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
685
TABLE 113. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Nuni-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
2U
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race— Con.
German
5
7
74
4
67
16
27
6
1
8
16
11
1
1
2
4
27
1
14
4
7
5
1
1
4
1
1
1
Greek
1
Hebrew Russian
2
3
7
8
1
13
10
2
4
"2"
Hebrew Other
Irish .
1
....
1
1
1
2
1
3
2
4
5
14
2
3
1
1
11
15
2
1
1
1
Italian, North
2
Italian South
4
1
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Russian
1
3
1
1
1
2
5
5
Scotch
2
1
* 4
2
3
2
1
Swedish
1
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
Swiss (race not specified).
Total foreign-born
1
494
4
7
13
24
32
29
145
80
63
67
25
3
2
Grand total. . .
1,649
5
37
58
78
96
80
41(1
266
205
255
125
24
10
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
1,847
9,
16
41
47
6?
58
314
9,6Q
?55
408
956
<W
20
Negro
11
4
3
1
1
1
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of
father:
Austria-Hungary . .
2
1
1
Canada.
294
10
10
15
16
16
81
46
?Q
54
13
3
1
Denmark
2
1
1
England
121
3
6
,5
3
5
27
18
1?
21
16
,5
France
11
1
4
9
2
9
Germany
47
4
1
1
1
9
q
9
8
4
1
Ireland
586
18
2J
2S
">4
17
112
88
83
140
59
6
Italy
21
?
4
3
1
3
4
9
?
Netherlands
2
2
Norway
4
1
1
1
1
Portugal
2
1
1
Russia. .
20
1
2
?,
3
3
5
?,
1
1
Scotland
43
1
4
3
5
5
6
7
7
4
1
Sweden
19
1
2
9
?
8
2
1
1
Total
1,174
40
50
55
56
48
258
175
147
236
Q9
16
1
Total native-born
3,032
?
56
91
10">
118
106
576
447
•103
645
349
116
21
Foreign-born, by race:
Albanian
1
1
Armenian. .
56
1
1
1
12
1?,
10
18
1
Canadian French
275
3
3
4
7
7
53
47
43
60
T>
13
Canadian, Other
288
?
3
11
6
49
44
47
74
44
7
1
Cuban. . .
1
1
Danish .
1
1
English
108
1
1
1
1
18
?0
?3
19
17
6
1
French
4
9
1
1
German
22
5
4
1
6
4
?,
Greek
95
1
1
5
7
8
28
1Q
13
10
3
Hebrew, Russian
321
9
fi
T>
16
•>8
•>4
121
57
•M
26
5
Hebrew, Other
24
1
3
1
2
6
2
4
4
1
Irish
152
1
1
4
?:
6
21
?1
?3
42
16
13
2
Italian, North
119
?
5
?
10
?
21
?8
22
19
6
?
Italian, South..
253
1
6
10
14
7
48
55
44
42
24
1
1
686
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 1 1 3 . — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL-Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race— Con.
Lithuanian
13
9
8
12
3
3
38
33
1
77
2
4
2
2
1
8
1
2
4
2
3
3
1
2
"2"
1
3
2
4
Ma"var
1
1
Norwegian
1
Polish
1
Portuguese
1
1
1
Roumanian
1
6
4
2
4
6
Russian
1
4
1
1
3
1
12
6
6
9
1
25
1
4
Scotch
1
1
Slovak
Swedish
1
16
12
1
16
6
1
Syrian
1
Turkish
1
2
1
1
Australian (race not
specified)
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified).
Total foreign-born
Grand total
1
1,927
4
13
33
55
87
69
433
348
288
374
169
48
6
4,959
6
69
124
157
205
175
1,009
795
691
1,019
518
164
27
TABLE 114. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of families —
General nativity and race of head of family.
Owning
home.
Renting
home.
Boarding.
Lodging.
In other
condi-
tions.
Total.
Native-born of native father \Vhite
10
61
2
1
74
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
Canadian, French
10
7
17
Irish
10
27
1
38
Total
10
37
8
55
Total native-born
20
98
10
1
129
Foreign-born:
'Vrmenian
3
35
1
39
Canadian French
6
43
7
2
58
English
6
25
31
Greek
2
25
27
Hebrew
6
49
1
1
57
Irish
17
10
4
31
Italian South
1
46
1
48
Lithuanian
5
37
2
2
46
Polish
4
26
8
1
39
Syrian . .
4
15
1
20
Total foreign-born
54
311
16
13
2
396
Grand total
74
409
26
13
3
525
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
687
TABLE 115. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups,
and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
At home.
1
X3
o
«
•4-3
<
X
o
+a
<1
"3
T-
o
E-i
i
£
+3
<
At school.
,M
8
4-3
«$
"3
«j
o
^
At school.
•a
o
£
+i
«!
<o
|
+^»
«!
"3
4_>
o
EH
03
I
,3
+£
<
At school.
X
0
-4-3
<j
"3
-*j
£
Native-born of native father,
White
35
4
39
W
99
7
7
35
40
....
75
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
14
21
1
15
5
5
14
23
4
15
31
2
19
24
18
5
6
18
2
1
12
6
10
7
5
2
"2"
1
20
43
6
16
43
9
29
31
23
7
Canadian, French
21
4
2
16
18
2
0
2
4
2
English
4
Greek .
15
15
1
1
Hebrew
31
2
1
3?
10
10
1
1
4
1
Irish
9
3
3
3
1
1
Italian, South
19
IP
q
q
Lithuanian
94
94
7
7
Polish . .
is
18
5
5
Syrian
5
5
?
2
Total . . .
153
2
155
2
58
60
9
3
12
155
69
3
227
Total native-born
IKS
6
194
2
87
89
16
3
19
190
109
3
302
Foreign-born:
Armp.nian
1
1
q
q
9
2
2
1
11
6
9
....
12
7
2
5
5
27
14
7
4
1
Canadian, French
5
5
1
1
Canadian, Other
2
?
English
1
1
4
4
1
1
5
2
1
3
1
4
4
20
12
5
1
2
"i"
Greek . . .
1
1
5
1
2
17
3
1
1
5
2
3
Hebrew
5
17
3
9
2
Italian, South
1
1
1
1
10
3
11
Lithuanian
1
3
2
1
Polish
3
3
1
1
Syrian
1
1
Total foreign-born
1
13
14
2
53
55
11
4
15
15
65
4
84
Grand total
201
7
....
208
4
140
144
27
7
:•;•!
205
174
7
386
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
34
34
1
34
35
q
q
35
43
78
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
15
1
16
1
?,
3'
16
3
19
Canadian, French
?5
1
96
10
10
1
3
4
96
14
40
English
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
fi
7
Greek
10
10
10
10
Hebrew .
95
95
1
5
fi
1
?
3
96
6
9
34
Irish . .
1
1
8
S
1
1
9
1
10
11
Italian, South
39
39
7
1
1
32
s
40
Lithuanian . .
19
iq
5
5
iq
5
94
Polish
9?
99
9
9
99
9
94
Syrian
14
14
9
9
14
?
16
Total
163
3
166
9
44
46
9
9
9
13
167
56
2
225
Total native-born
197
3
900
3
78
SI
9
18
9
99
9f|9
qq
r»
303
688
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 115. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups,
and general nativity and race of individual— Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
CD
a
o
+3
•<
"o
o
1
+3
•4
•a
o
£
-+J
<
"3
-M
o
frt
OJ
a
0
+a
"!
"o
s
&
-fj
•4
At work.
"3
-*-
o
H
<o
1
•+J
-<J
At school.
•a
o
-*j
«;
"a
-M
o
fH
o
|
-4-i
<!
At school.
M
p
+3
««j
"3
+3
O
EH
Foreign-born:
Armenian
1
9
1
2
5
5
8
1
1
2
4
2
2
1
7
8
2
11
10
1
3
21
24
4
7
6
Canadian, French
2
8
English . .
1
1
Greek .
1
1
2
?,
1
5
6
2
1C
15
4
3
Hebrew
3
3
3
2
1
14
13
2
16
?
2
7
?,
Italian, South
3
14
2
2
2
2
3
Lithuanian
Polish
4
4
3
3
4
1
3
3
"2"
Syrian
1
1
3
3
2
2
Total foreign-born
16
1
17
3
50
53
3
7
7
17
22
58
7
87
Grand total
213
4
217
6
128
134
5
25
9
39
224
157
9
390
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father,
White
69
4
73
1
63
64
16
16
70
83
153
39
83
13
26
77
20
69
55
47
23
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
29
46
<>
2
1
31
47
5
1
2
7
IV,
3
s
30
49
5
25
57
3
51
43
40
19
9
32
8
1
18
16
18
12
7
4
"2"
"2"
1
Canadian, French
28
3
1
5
5
2
8
5
English
Greek
•J5
26
1
1
Hebrew
56
2
51
1
1
57
3
1
15
11
16
11
16
1
2
4
2
2
1
4
6
2
Irish
Italian South
51
16
Tilth nanism
43
43
1?,
1?
Polish
40
40
7
7
Syrian
1Q
19
4
4
Total .
....1106
2
316
5
321
4
102
18
5
25
322
125
5
452
Total native-born
385
9
394
5
165
....170
2
34
5
41
392
208
5
605
23
17
2
6
8
48
38
11
11
7
171
Foreign-born:
2
2
1
3
14
14
13
1
3
1
2
1
6
2
3
2
18
14
2
2
1
Canadian French
9
13
Canadian, Other
?
?,
English
2
2
4
4
2
2
10
8
1
7
2
4
6
36
27
9
4
3
2
3
1
"2"
Greek
1
•8
1
2
8
4
1
1
2
2
4
31
23
5
5
1
1
7
9
5
Hebrew
33
25
5
"2"
5
4
4
2
3
1
Italian, South
4
1,it,hiianian
1
Polish
7
7
4
4
Syrian
0
2
3
3
2
2
Total foreign-born
29
2
31
5
103
108
3
18
11
32
37
123
11
Grand total
414
11
425
10
268
278
5
52
16
73
429
331
16
776
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
689
TABLE 116. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race and length of residence.
(STUDT OB« EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
w
a
_«
<
1
ft
03
Pi
•£>>
<ig
b£
.9
t*
03
w
Having second papers.
3
o
EH
w
a
•8
<
E
3
p<
03
ft
«£>
£§
M
_n
'£
c3
W
Having second papers.
"3
+5
&
w
a
®
<!
g
&
S3
A
+^ C
</J JL>
«s§
be
a
V
03
w
Having second papers.
1
§
Armenian
9
34
28
1
22
2
6
11
35
2
13
28
80
2
3
1
3
7
4
1
26
1
1
1
6
2
1
3
1
2
6
3
1
6
2
12
1.2
1
5
1
4
11
12
1
28
25
3
18
14
1
7
1
2
5
2
4
11
12
9
34
28
1
22
2
6
11
35
2
13
28
80
2
3
1
3
7
4
1
26
1
1
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
Danish
English
3
4
1
1
11
1
5
1
7
2
7
2
5
16
2
6
1
10
2
12
10
31
1
1
4
11
1
5
1
11
2
7
3
7
French
German
1
1
1
11
Greek
9
10
1
11
10
25
9
13
Hebrew Russian
4
3
Hebrew, Other
Irish
1
11
39
1
1
18
49
1
2
1
1
4
1
2
5
20
1
1
3
3
6
3
16
59
2
1
3
9
14
Italian, North
6
8
1
2
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar. . .
2
2
Norwegian
1
1
1
1
2
1
16
Polish
1
3
1
"i
1
2
1
1
2
1
14
2
3
3
1
17
1
3
2
1
3
Russian
1
Scotch
Slovak
Swedish
....
7
2
9
1
i
2
1
1
9
Turkish
Austrian (race not specified) . . .
Total
1
1
1
320
90
41
10
141
65
26
88
179
155
67
98
320
690
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 117. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race
of individual and length of residence.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number reporting complete
data.
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
a
£
<s
a
<fi /*•
I
03
B
Having second papers.
"os
+3
O
CO
a
1
03
P.
4^> •
«!
C3
B
Having second papers.
"03
+5
O
H
a
.2
03
P.
If
M
.a
03
B
Having second papers.
43
0
EH
Armenian
24
14
14
15
26
4
31
24
17
8
3
3
3
1
7
3
3
4
2
1
13
7
12
1
5
4
2
1
17
11
14
1
9
4
9
7
2
4
6
7
2
10
7
4
14
7
12
2
6
4
2
1
24
14
14
15
26
4
31
24
17
8
Canadian, French .
English
Greek
10
7
3
9
1
1
14
17
3
13
Hebrew
4
Irish
Italian, South
17
17
14
4
5
22
17
15
4
6
6
1
4
1
23
23
15
8
6
Lithuanian
Polish
1
1
2
Syrian
Total
177
75
21
3
99
26
7
45
78
101
28
48
177
TABLE 118. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
8
88
1
1
21
1
21
12
10
4
5
49
5
49
3
39
1
3
39
1
8
88
1
1
21
1
21
12
10
4
8
88
1
1
21
1
21
12
10
4
Canadian, French
German
Greek
1
11
1
11
Hebrew
10
1
10
5
2
2
10
1
10
5
2
2
Italian, North
Italian, South
11
7
8
2
11
7
8
2
Lithuanian
Polish..
Syrian
Total native-born
167
94
94
73
73
167
167
Foreign-born:
Armenian
124
139
1
85
204
1
161
152
129
1
54
76
64
63
64
48
75
1
30
96
1
76
50
48
1
23
24
66
1
8
60
1
39
14
18
1
18
124
139
1
85
204
1
161
152
129
1
54
87
130
1
44
155
1
111
79
59
1
49
Canadian, French
German
Greek.
55
108
36
95
Hebrew. . . .
Italian, North..
Italian, South
85
102
81
72
65
41
Lithuanian
Polish
Spanish
Syrian
31
31
Total foreign-born. .
1,051
602
407
449
250
1,051
717
Grand total . .
1.218
696
561
522
323
1.218
884
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
691
TABLE 119. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Armenian
76
64
55
108
85
102
81
31
18
29
8
34
16
6
2
5
17
29
7
32
16
6
2
5
58
35
47
74
69
96
79
26
46
35
29
63
56
59
39
26
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
602
118
114
484
353
FEMALE.
Armenian
48
11
11
37
13
Canadian, French
75
41
41
34
25
German
1
1
1
Greek
30
4
4
26
4
Hebrew.. ..
96
24
20
72
40
Italian, North
1
1
1
Italian, South. .. .
76
24
21
52
18
Lithuanian
50
5
5
45
9
Polish
48
3
3
45
15
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian
23
6
6
17
12
Total
449
119
112
330
138
TOTAL.
Armenian
124
29
28
95
59
Canadian, French . .. .
139
70
70
69
60
German
1
1
1
Greek
85
12
11
73
33
Hebrew
204
58
52
146
103
Italian, North. .. .
1
1
1
Italian, South
161
40
37
121
74
Lithuanian
152
11
11
141
68
Polish
129
5
5
124
54
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian
54
11
11
43
38
Total
1,051
237
226
814
491
692
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 120. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(STDDT OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian
76
64
55
108
85
102
81
31
28
5
25
53
33
46
48
10
18
5
10
42
27
21
16
10
17
9
26
28
37
39
26
9
15
9
22
26
32
30
18
9
31
50
4
27
15
17
7
12
30
50
4
27
13
14
7
12
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, South .
Lithuanian
Polish
Syrian
Total
602
248
149
191
161
163
157
FEMALE.
Armenian
48
36
18
10
4
2
2
Canadian French
75
5
3
12
9
58
54
German
1
1
1
Greek .. .
30
24
5
6
3
Hebrew .
96
60
31
21
15
15
14
Italian, North
1
1
1
Italian, South...
76
45
20
18
10
13
9
Lithuanian
50
23
5
23
6
4
3
Polish
48
32
7
13
9
3
2
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian
23
9
5
9
8
5
5
Total
449
235
95
112
64
102
91
TOTAL.
Armenian
124
64
36
27
19
33
32
Canadian French
139
10
8
21
18
108
104
German
1
1
1
Greek
85
49
15
32
25
4
4
Hebrew
204
113
73
49
41
42
41
Italian, North .
1
1
1
Italian South
161
78
47
55
42
28
22
Lithuanian
152
69
26
62
36
21
17
Polish
129
80
23
39
27
10
9
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian
54
19
15
18
17
17
17
Total
1,051
483
244
303
225
265
248
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
693
TABLE 121. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY off EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
1
47
198
1
1
2
15
83
240
18
100
221
7
7
7
10
3
3
30
1
64
2
2
1
1
1
40
196
1
1
2
15
53
226
18
75
136
7
7
7
7
3
2
25
1
61
2
2
1
1
1
44
104
1
1
2
11
80
209
14
84
199
6
5
6
9
3
1
29
1
64
1
2
1
37
103
1
1
2
11
50
195
14
60
114
6
5
6
6
3
Armenian
3
94
3
93
Canadian, French
Cuban
Danish..
French
German.
4
3
31
4
16
22
1
2
1
1
4
3
31
4
15
22
1
2
1
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magyar ....
Norwegian
Polish . . .
Portuguese
Roumanian
2
1
2
1
Russian
24
1
61
1
2
Slovak
Swedish
Syrian. . .
1
1
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Total
1,065
890
187
185
878
705
FEMALE.
Armenian
3
1
3
1
Canadian, French
64
62
40
40
24
22
French
2
2
2
2
German
5
5
3
3
2
2
Greek
7
4
7
4
Hebrew, Russian
68
58
16
15
52
43
Hebrew, Other
3
3
1
1
2
2
Italian, North .-
16
15
6
5
10
10
Italian, South. . .
25
12
7
7
18
5
Lithuanian
6
1
6
1
Norwegian
1
1
1
1
Russian
8
8
s
8
Swedish
11
11
7
7
4
4
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Total
221
185
81
79
140
106
694
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 121. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race— Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at tune of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
1
50
262
1
1
4
20
90
308
21
116
246
13
7
8
10
3
3
38
1
75
2
2
1
2
1
1
41
258
1
1
4
20
57
284
21
90
148
8
7
8
7
3
2
33
1
72
2
2
1
2
1
1
47
128
1
1
4
13
87
261
16
94
217
12
5
7
9
3
1
37
1
68
1
2
1
38
125
1
1
4
13
54
238
16
70
119
7
5
7
6
3
Armenian
3
134
3
133
Canadian, French
Cuban ..
Danish
French
German.
7
3
47
5
22
29
1
2
1
1
7
3
46
5
20
29
1
2
1
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar . .
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
2
1
2
1
Russian
32
1
65
1
2
Slovak
Swedish
7
1
7
1
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
2
2
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
Total
1,286
1,075
268
264
1,018
811
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
695
TABLE 122. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
1
47
198
1
1
2
15
83
240
18
100
221
7
7
7
10
3
3
30
1
64
2
2
1
1
1
40
196
1
1
2
15
53
226
18
75
136
7
7
7
7
3
2
25
1
61
2
2
1
1
1
12
13
1
1
8
12
1
Armenian.
8
21
6
21
27
164
26
163
Canadian, French
1
1
French
2
12
14
50
11
31
72
2
2
2
3
1
2
5
1
33
1
1
1
1
2
12
14
50
11
27
58
2
2
2
3
1
2
5
1
33
1
1
1
1
German.
2
52
127
6
37
76
3
2
28
115
6
19
24
3
1
17
63
1
32
73
2
5
2
2
1
i
11
61
1
29
54
2
5
2
2
1
Greek
Hebrew, Russian ...
Hebrew, Other. .
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Magyar
Norwegian
3
5
1
1
20
3
2
1
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
15
5
5
Slovak
Swedish
17
14
14
1
1
14
1
1
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified).
Austrian (race not specified). .
Total
1,065
890
377
254
250
218
438
418
FEMALE.
Armenian
3
1
1
2
1
Canadian, French
64
62
7
7
11
9
46
46
French
2
2
1
1
1
1
German
5
5
1
1
4
4
Greek
7
4
4
2
3
2
Hebrew, Russian
68
58
50
40
13
13
5
5
Hebrew Other
3
3
2
2
1
1
Italian, North
16
15
4
4
7
6
5
5
Italian, South
25
12
13
2
6
4
6
6
Lithuanian
6
1
5
1
1
Norwegian
1
1
1
1
Russian
8
8
8
8
Swedish
11
11
2
2
9
9
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Total
221
185
99
70
44
37
78
78
48296°— VOL 12—11-
696
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 122. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Albanian
1
50
2G2
1
1
4
20
90
308
21
116
246
13
7
8
10
3
3
38
1
75
2
2
1
2
1
1
41
258
1
1
4
20
57
284
21
90
148
8
7
8
7
3
2
33
1
72
2
2
1
2
1
1
13
20
1
1
8
19
1
Armenian
10
32
7
30
27
210
26
209
Canadian, French.. . .
Cuban
Danish
1
1
French
1
3
56
177
8
41
89
8
1
3
30
155
8
23
26
3
3
16
14
55
11
36
78
2
2
3
3
1
2
5
1
42
1
1
1
1
1
3
16
14
55
11
32
64
2
2
3
3
1
2
5
1
42
1
1
1
1
1
German.
1
20
76
2
39
79
3
5
2
2
1
1
13
74
2
35
58
3
5
2
2
1
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North ..
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Magvar
Norwegian
3
5
1
1
28
3
2
1
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
23
5
5
Slovak
Swedish
19
16
14
1
1
14
1
1
Syrian
Turkish.
Australian (race not specified).
Austrian (race not specified)...
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
Total
1,286
1,075
476
324
294
255
516
496
TABLE 123. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Total num-
ber of per-
sons in
households.
Number of persons for whom de-
tailed information was secured.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
24
78
35
41
76
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
101
292
61
185
55
59
185
182
158
56
152
47
82
24
27
100
108
95
45
140
14
103
31
32
80
74
59
101
292
61
185
55
59
ISO
182
154
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South. . .
Lithuanian
Polish.
Total
223
1,278
691
578
1,269
Grand total
247
1,356
726
619
1,345
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
697
TABLE 124. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OS* HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Native-born of native father, White 34
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
Armenian
Canadian, French
English
Greek
Hebrew
Irish 17
Italian, North 11
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish 30
Scotch
Total 227
Total native-born 261
Foreign-born:
Armenian .- 46
Canadian, French 71
Canadian, Other
English
French
Greek 42
Hebrew 59
Irish 7
Italian, North.. 22
Italian, South 69
Lithuanian 82
Polish 67
Scotch
Total foreign-born 465
Grand total... 726
Male.
Female.
34
20
88
3
2
39
17
15
33
25
18
1
261
295
23
54
3
1
1
11
64
13
17
46
45
45
1
324
619
Total.
68
30
169
4
7
62
34
26
58
49
48
1
488
556
125
3
1
1
53
123
20
39
115
127
112
1
789
1,345
TABLE 125. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
(By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction
is made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Armenian
Canadian, French.
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total..
Number
reporting
complete
data.
46
71
42
59
7
22
69
82
67
465
In United States—
Under
1
year.
4
1
2
12
1
year.
4
3
8
6
28
2
years.
. 5
5
10
3
1
4
4
11
43
3
years.
1
6
13
6
9
13
48
4
years.
1
4
11
3
32
5 to 9
years.
8
1
12
10
5
25
33
17
111
10 to
14
years.
11
6
5
9
12
9
64
15 to
19
years.
14
15
1
11
3
5
12
3
5
69
20
years
or
over.
3
42
"4
4
1
2
1
1
58
698
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 125. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In United States.
Under
1
year.
1
year.
2
years.
3
years.
4
years.
5 to 9
years.
10 to
14
years.
15 to
19
years.
20
years
or
over.
Armenian
23
54
3
1
1
11
64
13
17
46
45
45
1
2
4
3
2
1
2
9
1
4
2
1
1
Canadian, French
12
2
35
Canadian, Other. ..
English
French
1
1
8
Greek
1
4
3
3
9
2
11
Hebrew
1
16
15
4
4
1
1
1
9
2
1
Irish ...
Italian North
2
5
5
2
1
7
3
9
6
12
18
16
2
4
4
4
Italian South
3
2
1
12
3
9
1
9
4
Lithuanian
Polish
Scotch
1
Total
324
9
21
39
40
17
72
38
39
49
TOTAL.
Armenian.
69
4
1
9
2
4
17
15
14
3
Canadian French
125
8
2
1
2
8
27
77
Canadian Other
3
1
2
English
1
1
French .
1
1
Greek
53
4
9
13
8
5
13
1
Hebrew
123
4
12
24
6
18
28
26
5
Irish
20
7
13
Italian North
39
6
2
1
11
7
9
3
Italian South
115
7
8
11
18
5
37
13
13
3
Lithuanian
127
3
13
7
12
20
51
16
4
1
Polish
112
3
8
20
22
7
33
13
5
1
Scotch
1
1
Total
789
21
49
82
88
49
183
102
108
107
TABLE 126. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Number without occupation.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
working
for
profit.
Farm laborers.
General laborers.
In shoe industry.
i
1
•o
a
I-H
ft
3
O
Sg
fe.2
43 *»
O
a
"a
~-
o
Farm laborers.
In other occupa-
tions.
"3
-*j
O
EH
e
0}
03
ft
3
O
gw
|.|
O
a
»— i
•3
•*_>
o
E-"
7
3
12
11
Armenian. .
39
42
36
32
6
17
48
76
61
6
6
4
7
10
4
1
1
1
1
7
2
1
6
1
"S'
1
1
1
1
3
9
8
9
1
1
1
1
16
23
11
14
4
25
3
13
7
9
9
3
1
10
10
9
5
1
2
10
9
Canadian French
Greek . .
Hebrew.
Irish
1
9
10
1
1
1
2
2
Italian North
3
6
1
9
1
2
1
14
8
8
Italian, South.
1
65
..2.
3
65
39
5
7
6
Lithuanian
Polish
1
10
1
Total
357
33
46
8
19
13
36
122
132
6
138
28
36
64
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
699
TABLE 127. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OB* HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Number without occupa-
tion.
Number working for
wages.
Number
working
without
wages.
Number
working
for
profit.
Farm laborers.
In domestic
service.
I
OT
1 .
%^
Z~
w
a
In sewing, em-
broidering, etc.
1
3
O w
sl
~ -^
••-> 03
0 ft
a
»— i
"c3
-*-3
O
EH
Farm laborers.
1 .
O w
fcj
^j c3
O ft
a
h^
"rt
"o
EH
Farmers.
i .
O w
sl
sn
0 P.
a
3
e
Armenian.
17
28
2
1
7
34
10
8
39
37
37
1
12
23
2
....
1
1
....
1
1
1
3
3
2
1
2
Canadian, French
1
l
i
Canadian, Other
French
1
1
Greek
6
23
8
3
28
2
5
1
1
1
Hebrew.
1
4
5
9
1
1
2
4
4
Irish
9
Italian, North.. .
2
4
1
2
1
3
1
—
1
1
3
5
10
2
2
Italian, South
1
33
30
1
Lithuanian
"W
Polish
10
Scotch
Total
5
221
113
9
10
l
4
10
34
68
1
69
....
5
TABLE 128.
-Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States census, with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining,
and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor-
tation are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total number.
Domestic and per-
sonal service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
General labor (not
otherwise entered).
Professional service.
OJ
1
EH
Transportation.
i
o
a
+a
<1
1
+J
•4
gj
8
a
DD
Leather.
Other.
Native-born of native father,
White . . .
24
27
1
3
3
1
22
1
1
3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
22
1
1
2
1
1
1
English
Hebrew
2
Irish
1
Polish
Total
35
27
1
2
3
1
1
Total native-born.. .
59
49
1
o
4
1
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
43
67
39
49
7
22
58
81
64
24
59
23
38
6
16
47
50
26
17
1
2
2
4
1
3
Canadian, French
1
1
1
1
1
1
Greek
12
5
1
Hebrew
1
Irish
Italian, North
6
7
16
21
Italian, South
1
3
Lithuanian
1
13
16
1
Polish
1
Total foreign-born
430
4
289
64
52
1
10
1
9
Grand total...
489
4
338
64
53
1
3
14
1
10
1
700
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 129. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry , by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States Census with these modi-
fications: General Labor is here separated from Domestic and Personal Service; Fshing, Mining, and
Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transportation
are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Total
num-
ber.
Domes-
tic and
per-
sonal
service.
Manufacturing and me-
chanical pursuits.
Trade.
At
home.
At
school.
Shoes.
Leather.
Other.
Native-born of native father, White. .
Native-born of foreign father, by race
of father:
Canadian, French
25
1
5
1
17
1
32
2
5
4
2
1
14
2
4
3
1
2
15
English
Hebrew
1
Irish
1
Italian, North
2
1
Scotch
Total
46
23
1
2
19
1
Total native-born
j
71
1
28
1
2
1
36
2
Foreign-born:
Armenian
21
53
3
1
1
7
57
13
14
43
45
44
1
2
9
1
16
43
2
1
1
5
32
13
8
38
29
21
1
2
Canadian, French
1
Canadian, Other. .
1
English
French
Greek.
1
20
1
1
Hebrew
2
2
Irish
Italian North
4
3
3
15
1
1
11
7
1
Italian, South. . .
1
Lithuanian
1
1
1
Polish
Scotch
Total foreign-born
303
2
57
23
5
3
210
3
Grand total . .
374
3
85
24
7
4
246
5
TABLE 130. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year,
by general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 525.]
General nativity and race.
Number
working
for wages.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
| Under $100.
$100 and under
$200.
$200 and under
$300.
$300 and under
8400.
$400 and under
$500.
fc
£
s
^H
e»
$500 and undei
$000.
$600 and undei
$700.
$700 and undei
$800.
$800 and undei
$900.
$900 and undei
$1,000.
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
$666
1
2
3
1
2
2
1
3
2
14
47
8
24
7
11
28
28
21
499
605
(a)
457
(a)
495
385
305
395
i . i-H i— 1
2
1
1
4
2
8
S
4
4
1
2
0
14
?
1
7
2
Canadian, French
4
3
Greek
Hebrew
7
8
5
4
4
2
4
5
2
1
1
2
Irish
Italian, North. .
3
3
9
8
1
10
10
4
1
7
4
3
1
1
"i
Italian South
4
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
1
Total
188
471
2
8
27
45
31
27
24
11
3
6
4
Grand total...
205
487
2
9
27
47
34
28
26
13
4
9
6
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
701
TABLE 131.—
Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY Off HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Under $100.
$500 and under
J600.
$600 and under
$700.
f_l
0)
T3
a
*^j O
c3 ^
t^
»i>
%
•a
3o
1§
03 es
i
$1,000 or over.
0>
T3
I
T3§
%£
1
t&
$150 and undei
$200.
0)
T3
a
•38
c ^'
3*>
8
U
o
•a
a
^8
an
§*•
o
IO
&
a>
TJ
^2
c»
03^
O
$400 and undei
$500.
Native-born of native father,
White
21
$625
1
i
3
3
2
2
3
4
2
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
16
1
2
400
(a)
(«)
1
i
9
6
1
2
2
1
1
Hebrew
Irish...
l
l
Total
19
400
1
....
2
3
6
1
2
3
1
Total native-born
40
527
1
1
3
3
9
4
4
5
4
4
2
Foreign-born:
Armenian
36
56
31
39
7
20
45
76
55
400
550
313
472
(a)
429
338
364
367
2
3
4
1
2
1
o
6
1
4
7
10
10
9
9
6
1
12
3
3
"16"
4
4
3
10
11
2
14
4
4
1
2
2
2
2
7
1
1
2
3
4
"3
Canadian, French
2
o
2
3
1
Greek
Hebrew
1
Irish
Italian, North
6
5
12
9
1
4
6
5
3
12
26
11
2
11
16
12
2
Italian, South
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
4
Lithuanian
Polish
1
Total foreign-born .
365
407
!:i
12
19
36
22
88
69
48
31
13
11
3
Grand total
-in.-)
420
13
13
20
39
25
9?
73
52
36
17
15
5
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 132. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY Off HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families.o
Average
family
income.
Number of families having a total income —
Under
$300. b
$300
and
under
$500.
$500
and
under
S750.
$750
and
under
SI, 000.
$1,000
and
under
$1,500.
$1,500
or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
19
$805
3
5
6
5
Foreign-born:
Armenian
16
52
8
27
10
11
30
28
21
708
839
(<)
768
631
791
417
496
591
2
2
6
19
4
10
3
3
6
13
7
6
13
2
8
1
3
Canadian, French
6
3
7
1
3
16
13
8
4
Greek
Hebrew
6
5
2
1
Irish
1
Italian, North.
2
1
1
Italian, South
7
2
2
Lithuanian
Polish.. .
2
2
Total
203
661
16
57
71
34
19
6
Grand total
222
673
16
60
76
40
24
6
a For selection of families, see p. 525.
6 This column includes 2 families reporting income as "none."
c Not computed, owing to small number involved.
702
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 133. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
Under $100.
$500 and under
$coo.
Q^
G
-1
G ^"
§^
O>
fl c£
C3 ***
1
«©
(-,
1
^S
1 $1,000 or over.
$100 and undei
$150.
o>
Is
<£ *^
s
•»
$200 and undei
$250.
Ol
T)
a
3 •
SI
$300 and undei
$400.
$400 and undei
$500.
Native-born of native father.
White
5
(a)
1
1
2
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
Canadian, French
14
3
3
8411
(a)
(•)
1
1
8
1
1
3
....
i
1
Hebrew
Irish..
1
1
1
Total
20
411
1
1
9
2
5
i
1
—
Total native-born
25
426
2
1
10
4
6
—
i
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
3
8
1
2
17
3
2
15
22
(")
(a)
(a)
(*)
343
(")
(a)
220
215
1
1
1
Canadian, French
2
1
2
....
2
1
Canadian, Other .
Greek
1
1
Hebrew
1
1
3
3
4
4
2
Italian, North
1
1
1
2
i
Italian, South
1
Lithuanian. ..
2
3
2
4
3
3
5
4
2
6
Polish
Total foreign-born
73
270
6
6
9
11
14
15
6
4
1
i
Grand total
98
310
6
8
9
12
14
25
10
10
l
2
1
....
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 134. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OB" HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table excludes 2 families reporting income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families."*
Number of families having an income from—
Earnings of —
Contri-
butions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White .
19
17
2
9
2
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
14
52
8
27
10
11
30
28
21
14
47
8
24
7
11
28
28
21
1
7
3
2
24
10
6
2
8
3
6
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
11
4
2
4
6
2
2
1
1
2
Irish .
Italian, North
1
1
5
8
3
9
20
14
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
2
Total
201
188
26
49
72
23
Grand total
220
205
28
58
74
27
For selection of families, see p. 525.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
703
TABLE 135. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OS* HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table excludes 2 families reporting income as "none."]
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
of selected
families."
Number of families having entire income from—
Husband.
Husband and wife.
Husband and chil-
dren.
Husband, wife, and
children.
Husband and board-
ers or lodgers.
&
£
Wife and children.
Wife and boarders
or lodgers.
Children.
Children and board-
ers or lodgers.
Boarders or lodgers.
Sources or combina-
tion of sources not
before specified.
Native-born of native father,
White
19
7
1
5
1
1
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
14
52
8
27
10
11
30
28
21
1
19
3
7
4
5
18
5
1
1
4
3
1
15
::::
7
1
2
6
4
8
Canadian, French
3
1
1
Greek
Hebrew
6
1
....
2
6
2
4
1
3
6
Irish
3
Italian North
3
5
1
2
....
1
7
17
8
Italian South
1
Lithuanian
Polish
1
—
Total
201
63
17
27
49
3
6
2
34
Grand total
220
70
18
32
1
49
3
7
2
38
a. For selection of families, see p. 525.
TABLE 136. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em-
ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
Hand
under
12.
10 and
under
11.
9 and
under
10.
Sand
under
9.
7 and
under
8.
6 and
under
7.
Sand
under
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of native father.
White
23
13
1
3
2
1
3
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
25
1
3
2
1
9
1
1
6
3
4
2
English
Hebrew
3
Irish
1
1
Polish
1
Total
32
12
2
6
1
4
r,
2
Total native-born
55
25
3
Q
•i
5
5
5
Foreign-born:
Armenian
38
62
34
46
7
22
50
76
56
11
24
8
19
1
6
7
8
20
8
1
3
5
7
3
6
4
1
5
20
5
1
5
1
13
1
1
10
2
3
1
1
10
13
12
1
5
1
1
3
6
8
2
6
3
5
1
2
1
3
1
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
2
4
3
3
2
2
11
5
8
9
6
4
2
7
2
3
Italian, South . . . ..
5
12
2
1
1
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Total foreign-born
391
104
24
56
40
53
28
46
29
11
Grand total. .
446
129
24
59
49
56
33
51
34
11
704
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 136. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over em-
ployed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual — Cont'd.
FEMALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number working full time months specified.
12.
Hand
under
12.
10 and
under
11.
9 and
under
10.
Sand
under
Q
"and
under
8.
6 and
under
7.
3 and TT , _
under U°der
6. 3'
Native-born of native father,
White
7
1
3
1
1
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Canadian, French
15
2
4
3
6
1
1
4
1
2
1
English
1
Hebrew
1
2
3
Irish
1
Total
24
9
1
1
4
6
2
1
Total native-born . .
31 10
4
2
4
7
3
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian ..
3
9
1
2
22
4
2
15
23
1
1
3
1
2
Canadian, French
2
1
1
Canadian, Other.
1
Greek
1
1
Hebrew
11
2
1
3
8
3
5
1
2
1
1
Italian, North
Italian, South. .
O
2
Lithuanian
!
3
1
2
2
1
1
Polish
1
2
1
Total foreign-born
81
27
2
13
11
4
5
8
10 1
Grand total. .
112
37
6
15
15
11
8
8
11
1
TABLE 137. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
|" With boarders or lodgers" includes only households having boarders or lodgers at the time schedule was
taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
"Family" households.
"Group"
house-
holds.
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boarders or
lodgers.
Total
family
house-
holds.
Consist-
ing of a
single
family.
Consist-
ing of two
or more
families
living
together.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
lodgers
only.
Total.
Nati ve-born ofnativefather,
White j
24
23
23
1
1
24
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
3
50
G
26
10
8
20
7
3
2
1
5
51
6
26
10
8
23
8
3
11
5
1
5
11
5
2
8
l(i
56
8
34
10
11
33
29
20
1
1
4
Canadian French
Greek. . .
1
3
Hebrew
Irish-
Italian Xorth
1
3
2
7
21
17
3
10
21
17
Italian South
3
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
223
133
7
140
26
51
77
217
6
Grand total
247
156
7
163
27
51
78
241
6
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
705
TABLE 138. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OB* HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment.
Under
$5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
S7.EO
and
under
$10.
$10 and
under
$12.50.
$12.50
and
under
$15.
$15 and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native
father White
17
$12. 44
4
G
2
5
Foreign-born:
Armenian
15
47
12
26
5
10
31
27
18
9.32
9.78
9.86
10.00
(a)
9.50
8.37
8.24
6.45
1
5
10
20
5
12
1
5
10
12
5
3
16
5
10
2
3
8
8
1
3
2
2
Canadian, French
Greek
3
Hebrew
1
2
1
10
6
12
1
Irish
Italian North
1
Italian South
2
1
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
191
8.97
4
38
80
55
9
5
Grand total
208
9.26
4
38
84
61
11
10
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 139. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Number of households paying each specified rent
per month per room.
Under SI.
u
O)
•a
a
3
O
»o
•O-H
§*»
1— 1
6©
fc
•a
a
V
°
rH
0»
u<
a>
-a
a
o
•sS
§^
N
6©
•~
QJ
T3
3
1*
S
c-i
«^
t-4
0)
T3
a
a
d
si
03
3
ti
OJ
•C
P
3
"2^
§<*
O
»o
£
sJ
P
O
S
z
Native-born of native father,
White
17
$2.16
4
9
4
Foreign-born:
Armenian
15
47
12
26
5
10
31
27
18
2.00
1.85
2.08
2.26
(a)
2.26
2.01
2.16
1.66
1
9
5
18
4
2
3
1
9
5
8
7
15
5
17
2
5
3
6
Canadian French
Greek
Hebrew
1
Irish
2
Italian, North
G
12
11
5
3
4
8
1
Italian South
1
2
1
4
3
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
191
1.99
1
19
55
78
32
6
Grand total
208
2.01
1
19
59
87
36
6
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
706
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 140. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUD? OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Number of households paying each specified
rent per month per person.
o
10
si
lH
OJ
•d
a
P
$4 or over.
a?
•O
a
3
TJ.J
i /.
03
O
>o
9.
01
1
0
*o
•CJ
^
e»
a/
T3
a
T>~;
1*
°
»•>
OJ
•a
a
3
O
to
•ON
1"
8
a-
T3
a
V
o
"5
<N
e@
to
T3
a
3
d
»o
•§8
03
CO
<«
w
T3
a
3
"2-*
g*
c
to
S
Native-born of native father,
White
17
$3.52
2
i
2
4
1
7
Foreign-born:
Armenian
15
47
12
26
5
10
31
27
18
1.54
1.88
1.94
1.91
(a)
1.73
1.53
1.37
1.82
2
2
3
13
3
6
3
3
10
13
6
8
8
2
5
i
4
1
5
2
1
6
Canadian, French
6
4
7
4
2
4
2
1
Greek . . .
Hebrew.. .
Irish
Italian, North
4
7
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
Italian, South.
3
3
11
4
6
2
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish.
Total
191
1.56
21
60
37
23
20
" 12
10
8
Grand total .
208
1.67
21
60
39
24
22
16
11
15
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 141. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers, and number of boarders
and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number of households keep-
ing-
Number of—
Boarders.
Lodgers
only.
Total.
Boarders.
Lodgers.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
24
1
1
2
2
Foreign-born:
A rm pn j a?i
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
11
5
1
5
11
5
2
8
18
8
3
6
18
8
5
14
Canadian French
Greek
1
3
2
8
Hebrew.
Irish.
Italian, North
1
3
2
7
21
17
3
10
21
17
2
7
5
17
70
59
7
24
70
59
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
223
26
51
77
44
161
205
Grand total
247
27
51
78
46
161
207
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
707
3-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
sS
»— i
os : || : : : : : ; : : ;
• 1 :
,4 • || rtrt-H •
CO || CO
<o : 1! : : i"1 : i-1 : :
<M || <N
us : II : : : : : : i"-
CO || CO
<*
00 || 00
co : || : : : : : i-*00 :
^ || TC
<A || ::"*:: i-1 : :
« ,|0<
~ 1 : || : : : : : : : : : I
; || ;
sssrsa
• .-Hi-l • 1MOOOS1"
a
a
co
Q
a
o
o
01
2-room apartments.
lumber occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
*-* a5
oi
1
: II : : : : : : : : :
00 ||
rf II : : : : : : : : :
«
e.
1
1*
1
IN
co' || : : : : : : : : :
II
w
II ~ •
~ II rt
II
J9qnmu
dejo
— ' '. ,','.. ^e^-
i
1-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
o|
|| ' ! ' ! ' ! ' ! '
II
00
|| : : : : : : : : :
II
: II : : : : : : : : :
II
II
1C
II : : : : : : : : :
II
II
•*
: II : : : : : : : : ;
II
CO
II : : : : : : : : :
II
?j
|| : : : : : : : : :
II
rH
II : : : : : : : : :
II
jaqmnn IEJOX
II ....
|| : : : : : : : : :
jaqmnu 1^50^ PUBJQ
Ol ^H tO I-H CO ^H ^H CO C~l C^l
1
S
General nativity and race of head of household.
OJ ......
S : : ; : : \\\\
^ : : : ; : ; • ; :
1 1 : :
a Sl§ > **.a ^ 5
I •?I!i-gIJ3 31|a 1 1
j C M fl &*-, w r3T3+3-2 F^ C5
* Eii5S'-h2-d 3£ *; -°
.& -s<oo;nw ssij(^
708
The Immigration Commission.
Apartments of 7 rooms or more.
lumber occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
rW flj
°0
sj
rH rH rH rH
•W
•^
05 <N i-i ;
CO || CO
• II •
CO 1~^
• II •
- h~
•0 rH rH ; -CM ; ; rH ;
C* • • -rH • • • • | rH || rH
N « -1 : : : : : : :
•sjuaurj.red'R jo
jaqinnu i^jox
CO rHO 'CM -^ .rHrH .
rH • • i
3 II 8
6-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
si
• rH • • • • • CO rH
10
... . .
o; rtrH ; : i1-1 ; m \\ n
00 -*CMrH. |rH :C6||00
(^ IM | |CM • • | •<}• || •*
(.Q rH rH CM • ' • • rH rH IO II CC
^ rH 'T-lrHrH • • CO || -t
^ CM rH -rH • • • 'CM
•*
CO
CO CO CO
50
CM
T-H
II •
•s}U9raj.redi3 jo
aaquinu fB^ojj
^5 i~H *O ^* CC CO CC CO O4
r-t i-H
S||*
5-room apartments.
lumber occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
o
r-t £
rH CQ
CO
ci
: ; ^
OQ CM rH rH rH CM
^ rH 1O rH rH CM rH
ajl_a
^ rH rH rH rH -^ rH
0> || 05
^ rH • rH rH CM rH
10
to
I00
^ CMCO rH <N
00
co i50^ :rt N
2112
CM
' II
aaquinn JBJOX
O O OO CM 00 CM CO i— I r-t -ft*
v-4 rH
8 || 8
4-room apartments.
Number occupied by house-
holds of each specified
number of persons.
oS
— -
CM
CM
06 : : : ; : ;CMCM<N
* |<»
«j«
^ rH • |rH • rH rH IO CM
S
la
IS
CMCMrHCM • rHrHrHCM
CM
1— 1 II 1— 1
^j5 rH rH -^ rH OO • rH rH • •
SllrH
j^ rH ••^•CMCO • CMCMrH
15 IIS
CM
' rH CO «ii i r-< •
IO || IO
rH
: II :
jaqurnu IBJOJ,
CO Ol ^ U5 O T^ CO OO CO O)
•— * CM rH
8
r
General nativity and race of head of
household.
3 : : : : ; : : : :
6 : : : : : : : : :
0> JH
> O t .
3
1 1
EH 0
-^* -^ ~
l..e . fe§§
ig;E§£aj.S J ^ S "p
^•g-<OCWrH HHMr^PH
i§
jz;S
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
709
TABLE 143. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per
apart-
ment.
Number of households occupying apartments of
each specified number of rooms.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7
rooms
or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
24
5.83
3
5
10
6
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
4.65
5.42
4.75
4.59
6.20
4.09
4.27
3.90
4.10
9
14
5
20
1
6
8
13
9
6
18
2
8
2
3
11
1
4
1
15
4
3
3
1
10
Canadian, French
Greek . .
1
1
Hebrew
2
4
Irish
Italian, North
2
8
9
4
Italian, South
2
2
1
3
3
2
1
1
Lithuanian
Polish
Foreign-born
223
4.68
5
25
85
55
34
19
Grand total
247
4.79
5
25
88
60
44
25
TABLE 144. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each speci-
fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
1 room.
2 rooms.
3 rooms.
4 rooms.
5 rooms.
6 rooms.
7
rooms
or
more.
Total.
~-.
Number of
persons.
Number o
households.
Number o
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number oi
persons.
Number oi
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number o
households.
Number oi
persons.
Number oi
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number o
households.
Number oi
persons.
Number oi
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households
Native-born of native father,
White
3
12
5
13
10
34
6
19
24
78
Foreign-born:
Armenian
9
14
5
20
1
6
8
13
9
45
51
21
88
5
28
41
93
66
6
18
2
8
2
3
11
1
4
37
86
8
54
10
20
58
6
43
1
15
4
3
3
6
93
30
17
19
1
10
13
62
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
101
292
61
185
55
59
185
182
158
Canadian, French
Greek
1
1
2
6
Hebrew
2
4
20
21
Irish .
Italian, North
2
8
9
4
11
38
38
27
Italian, South
2
2
1
10
6
6
3
3
2
23
34
16
1
1
15
5
Lithuanian
Polish
Foreign-born
5
22
25
122
85
438
55
322
34
238
19
136
223
1,278
Grand total
5
22
25
122
88
450
60
335
44
272
25
155
247
1,356
710
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 145.- — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativ-
ity and race of head of household.
(STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of per-
sons per
house-
hold.
Number of households of each specified number of
persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
24
3.25
10
4
5
4
1
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
5.94
5.12
5.08
5.44
5.50
5.36
5.61
6.28
7.90
1
6
1
3
11
1
10
2
7
4
1
4
3
3
5
4
1
1
4
2
4
6
1
4
2
8
2
4
2
7
2
6
2
2
1
1
2
Canadian, French
13
3
6
2
2
5
4
3
1
3
Greek ....
Hebrew
2
3
4
3
6
2
2
Irish
Italian, North
Italian. South
2
1
5
2
5
1
2
1
1
4
5
Lithuanian
Polish
Foreign-born
223
5.73
11
35
39
27
31
29
25
11
15
Grand total
247
5.49
21
39
44
31
32
29
25
11
15
TABLE 146. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OH HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per room.
Total
number.
Average
per
house-
hold.
Less
than
1.
land
under
2.
2 and
under
3.
Sand
under
4.
4 or
more.
Average.
Native-born of native father,
White
24
78
3.25
20
4
0.56
Foreign-born:
Armenian . .
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
101
292
61
185
55
59
185
182
158
5.94
5.12
5.08
5.44
5.50
5.36
5.61
6.28
7.90
3
28
5
9
5
2
8
2
14
29
7
22
5
8
18
18
11
1.28
.94
1.07
1.19
.89
1.31
1.31
1.61
1.93
Canadian French
Greek
Hebrew. .
3
Irish
Italian, North
1
6
9
7
Italian, South.
1
Lithuanian
Polish
2
Total
223
1,278
5.73
62
132
26
3
1.22
Grand total
247
1,3,56
5.49
82
136
26
O
1.15
Boots and Shoes: General Tables— The East.
711
TABLE 147. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household.
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Persons.
Persons per sleeping room.
Total
number.
Average
per
house-
hold.
I/ess
than
2.
2
and
under
3.
3
and
under
4.
4
and
under
5.
5
and
under
6.
6 or
more.
Average.
Native-born of native
father, White
24
78
3.25
17
7
1.42
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
101
292
61
185
55
59
185
182
158
5.94
5.12
5.08
5.44
5.50
5.36
5.61
6.28
7.90
6
28
5
10
6
4
9
6
1
8
26
7
13
4
6
11
15
12
2
3
1
2.10
1.79
1.79
2.31
1.72
2.03
2.28
2.39
2.59
Canadian, French. . .
Greek
Hebrew
6
5
Irish
Italian, North
1
7
5
5
Italian, South
4
3
2
2
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
223
1,278
5.73
75
102
29
15
2
2.12
Grand total
247
1,356
5.49
92
109
29
15
2
2.06
TABLE 148. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number
of house-
holds
sleeping
in all
rooms.
Number of households sleeping hi all
rooms except—
1.
2.
3.
4 or more.
Native-born of native father, White
24
1
2
12
9
Foreign-born:
Armenian
17
57
12
34
10
11
33
29
20
6
3
4
2
8
29
6
22
4
6
13
6
3
3
19
1
10
4
('ana.dian, French
6
1
Greek
Hebrew •
Irish
2
Italian, North
1
4
13
21
12
Italian, South v. .
7
1
1
Lithuanian
1
4
Polish
Total
223
6
65
97
46
9
Grand total
247
6
66
99
58
18
48296°— VOL 12—11-
712
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 149. — -Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OI* HOUSEHOLDS.)
Male.
Female
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Native-born of native
father, White
55
24
24
24
31
31
31
55
55
55
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
Armenian.
1
1
1
I
I
I
I
Canadian, French. .
English
98
4
45
1
45
1
45
1
53
3
51
3
51
3
98
4
96
4
96
4
Hebrew
26
6
6
6
20
20
20
26
26
26
Irish. .
21
10
10
10
n
11
H
21
21
21
Italian, North
8
3
3
3
5
5
5
8
8
8
Italian, South
• 5
5
5
5
5
5
5
Lithuanian
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Polish
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
4
4
4
Scotch
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total
170
68
68
68
102
100
100
170
168
168
Total native-born .
225
92
92
92
133
131
131
225
223
223
Foreign-born:
Armenian.
64
43
38
38
21
14
14
64
52
52
Canadian, French..
Canadian, Other . . .
122
3
68
59
53
54
3
47
3
41
3
122
3
106
3
94
3
English . .
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
French. .
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Greek
47
39
39
39
8
3
47
42
42
Hebrew
115
55
55
55
60
60
60
115
115
115
Irish. .
20
7
7
6
13
10
10
20
17
16
Italian, North..
38
22
15
15
16
14
14
38
29
29
Italian, South. .
110
66
46
46
44
12
11
110
58
57
Lithuanian . . .
126
81
66
51
45
21
1°
126
87
63
Polish
110
65
60
56
45
39
33
110
99
89
Scotch
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total foreign-born
758
446
385
359
312
226
204
758
611
563
Grand total
983
538
477
451
445
357
335
983
834
786
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
713
TABLE 150. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OK HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber
who
read.
Num-
ber
who
read
and
write.
Armenian
43
68
39
55
7
22
66
81
65
8
4
28
18
8
3
28
18
8
2
28
18
7
1
10
10
6
6
28
63
1
27
7
11
23
16
15
24
56
1
27
7
10
14
14
15
24
51
1
27
6
10
14
12
12
Canadian French
Greek
10
10
10
10
Hebrew
Italian North
6
19
32
33
1
16
24
31
1
16
17
31
5
24
33
17
4
16
28
14
4
16
22
13
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
446
148
129
121
107
88
81
191
168
157
FEMALE.
Armenian
21
9
5
5
8
5
5
4
4
4
Canadian French
54
4
4
3
1
1
1
49
42
37
Canadian, Other . .
3
3
3
3
English
1
1
1
1
French
1
1
1
1
Greek
8
7
3
3
1
Hebrew
60
20
20
20
8
8
8
32
32
32
Irish
13
13
10
10
Italian, North
16
2
2
2
6
4
4
8
8
8
Italian, South.
44
26
8
7
12
3
3
6
1
1
Lithuanian
45
22
10
7
18
7
3
5
4
2
Polish
45
25
22
19
16
14
11
4
3
3
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Total. ...
312
115
74
66
71
43
36
126
109
102
TOTAL.
Armenian
G4
17
13
13
15
11
311
32
28
28
Canadian, French
122
8
7
5
2
1
1
112
98
88
Canadian Other
3
3
3
3
English
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Greek
47
35
31
31
11
10
10
1
1
1
Hebrew
115
38
38
38
18
18
18
59
59
59
Irish
20
20
17
16
Italian, North
Italian South
38
110
8
45
3
24
3
23
11
36
8
19
8
19
19
29
18
15
18
15
Lithuanian
126
54
34
24
51
35
25
21
18
14
Polish
110
58
53
50
33
28
24
19
18
15
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Total
758
263
203
187
178
131
117
317
277
259
714
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 151. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time
of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Eace of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States—
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and
write.
Armenian
43
68
39
55
7
22
66
81
65
1
20
2
20
1
20
2
20
1
19
2
20
42
48
37
35
7
19
50
79
63
37
39
37
35
7
12
32
65
58
37
34
37
35
6
12
32
50
54
Canadian, French. .
Greek . .
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, North
3
16
2
2
3
14
1
2
3
14
1
2
Italian, South
Lithuanian ...
Polish
Total.
446
66
63
62
380
322
297
FEMALE.
Armenian
21
3
3
3
18
11
11
Canadian, French
54
21
18
17
33
29
24
Canadian, Other . . ..
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
English ....
1
1
1
1
French
1
1
1
1
Greek .
8
1
1
1
7
2
2
Hebrew
60
20
20
20
40
40
40
Irish
13
1
1
1
12
9
9
Italian, North
16
8
7
7
8
7
7
Italian, South ...
44
3
2
2
41
10
9
Lithuanian
45
1
44
21
12
Polish
45
2
2
2
43
37
31
Scotch
1
1
1
1
Total
312
61
55
54
251
171
150
TOTAL.
Armenian
64
4
4
4
60
48
48
Canadian French
122
41
38
36
81
68
58
Canadian, Other
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
English ..
1
1
1
1
French . .
1
1
1
1
Greek .
47
3
3
3
44
39
39
Hebrew
115
40
40
40
75
75
75
Irish
20
1
1
1
19
16
15
Italian, North
38
11
10
10
27
19
19
Italian, South
110
19
16
16
91
42
41
Lithuanian. ...
126
3
1
1
123
86
62
Polish
110
4
4
4
106
95
85
Scotch . .
1
1
1
1
Total
758
127
118
116
631
493
447
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
715
&
CN
r» ^H co co rH
"O
CO
g
""*"" ^sss
o
CO
cc
S £
t— * IO • * ' • • ' i-H
*•
"
c3
£
t> g
1 •
I-G
CM
-
I-H
a
O4 »O i-H CO ^H ^ CO CO
g
en
CM
co "3>
CO
CO ^H CO CO T-H
CO
CO
00,00 t-^gg
CO
o
I-H
s
(N
o —
C4
ITS
s
H+J
•o-a
CO • • •
CO
CO
OJ
> 5:
o
•* o
|H
, .
•
en
OO
&
3
iO
S'C
C a!
....
I— 1
1— 1
&
£
c3
T3
a)
CO 60
0
-1 : :rt
«
f-H
f^_ ^sj »_( cO O O^ O OO ^*
CO
o
i-H
1 ^
....
CO
CO
s
,~; (D
....
ft
en
^
^ I
.a
CJ
IS
+3
O
id
o
I-H
....
o
-O^OOJOCO OgCMO
CM
CO
5?
a
^ 'tH
.a
'£
oS'Sb
i-H rH
N
CN
tH
00
CM
g
w
5
a
3
^
f
I-H ^H ^H
I-H
CO
»-H
i-H
^H r^- *-H 10 o co o co
CM
i
^
T-J-O
'. '•
I-H
i-H
8
^1
• •
•*-»
O
CM
l-c
CM
** ':
i-H
CO
iO W ^ OS ^* CO CD M
i-H ,— ,— --
K
OO
I
OQ"W)
N
»-H
1—1
1— t
CO^S^CO ^2c?S
CO
o>
0
i-H
W
i-H
IO • CO i-H i— 1
1— 1 •
8
i-H
^^00) ^t-cO«
9
CO
•o'S
O!
^ o
11.11
2
>-T3
i-H
1— 1
i-H
C3 Q;
a-c
.9— '
i-H
10 -COi-Hi-H
°
i-H
(N
CO^COO -^1-COUJ
5
s
JJ
ividual.
j
o
'O
a
"o
>r, White.
42 • . . . I
T3
a
6
•S
•
d
F?
CB
>
S-g : :
I
0
1
4A
CS
a
1
(— 1
|| : :
1
'zr
a
• £ ^-a •
£j ps
a
*s
(-.
1
General
Native-born (
|SWM PH
55
1
a
0
ill
73
4^
g
1
o
716
The Immigration Commission.
a
W
£73
t-1^
>o
M
CS N U5 •* <M i-H
CC
O
TT
i-H
t—
i— t cc co T-H I-H t^. r~- cc ^t< cc 10 ^t* I-H
<N »O 10 •— i I-H TP rr1 ^
s
cc
•<*«
t^-
CO
•o'S
i— i
i— t
<M CO <N Tt< w
CO
r^
3
y
o
H
li
-s c
oo
fH
CO (Mi-H
T— 1
O
i-H
"^
CC
O CO CO I-H 1-1 b-*MOiC<l OCCCXi— i
s
M
oo
iO
c^
g_ai
bo's
O
Oi (N lO **
i— 1
S
•^
:•-
CO -^ • CO W CO M CO
W 1-* T-<
2
s
A—;
H
E?5
^
fc
s"2
.— (
......
rH
i-HiO <N •*«« W •
"*<
i-H
IO
;* s
O
? 0
IH
>2T3
c3 3;
Pi
^
a-c
1
.SjH
S'Sb
1
4-H
•*
00
CN
COCO(N i— ' >O t- O CMU5O
CO
00
T3
£s
«
<d
s^
rH
rt
to
A
y
03
^
O
*J
o
^1
§«
w
r- •
t»
0
T-H
OtO(N T-H4Of-O C^ICC^O
i-H i-H i— 1
CO
t^.
CO
00
a
S E
a
a<u
1— I
^H
rH
w
•(M •
N
•f
&
CO bJD
1
^3
cc
CO C*l ^ "& N ^H
I— 1
to
<M
•^
cc
00 CO 1-1 rH CDlM N O«Mr-(
t-H <N (N COCO
CO
cc
l-H
o
t^
rH
z
... . . ...
^^
^
f *
' *
s
^^
. . . . . . . . .
2
o
O)
II
CO
1O N--H
00
•**<
t^-o^H^H COCN CN O30O5
•-H ^ (MCN —•
s
i-H
§
•S ^
oB^
(N
00 W*^
00
I-H
s
CC O -*<N
rH i-H
s
01
^**
£3
O>
O rt
1-H
*H
T— 1
c<5
i— t
iC •— I CO iO lO O CO
f-H
l-H
•^
"tf
"5
oi
•o-o
.is *
fe ^
O
•J5
O
r o
S^
* ^
1M • -CO 04 d
O5
OS
S'C
1 ,
c_3j
S'Sfc
W
0 -H
l-H
»— t
CO
l-H
eort co N coto^
o»
CO
IO
^
s
a
a :•::::
>
•o
3
%H
0
0)
45
3
t>
t^ :;;:;:
lli|] IN |M|;
1
t>
1
jj ::::::
1
t»>
5
^
o>
I IMMi
na : ; :
d
S
:•«.•: : : : : : :
a
§
+a
5
>
*->
•s c : :
G 55 • • J3
!
:§te : • :
:Sa : : '• '• 'a. a '. '
a
General nati
Native-born of m
o.1- • • 73
— pc, . . ^
<» • • O
0 Q ; ; ^
C CS fH fr
iits-ii
la^MsSl
$a
0)
fc
3
o
EH
>
1
3
o
EH
; W O ; . • g 3 a
iijfrfjj ,: * SJ
iLi iisi
SEggaa; £;^^3 l§og
•3<OOWPM OWAS SJPnM
1
*S
5
3
o
EH
03
•4^
2
•o
i
o
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
717
?
O> CO 00 t~ <M i-H i-H
00
8
i-H
•^ O CO i-H i-H O CD O CD i— I O OO i-H
— T 1 ~t< O CM CO O*MO
1-H i-H i— 1 T-H i— 1
Si
t^.
1
l-H
1—1
COrH (N •* (N i-H
i-H
-
T)
"
O3
CO
I-H
T-t
•
oo CD co I-H ^H o 10 o (**• 01 M c-j rH
7
*a
s
'
OS
m co oo t^ ^H
3
"
CO CO CO O5 O5 O ^t* »O
<Nr-H IMCO CM tO •**•
^
CV
---
o
1-H
—
COO I-H i-HCDt-rt^ -^ CO CO i— 1
*
->
T™
<—
l-H
1-H
I-H 30 W^ <M •
r^
/
)
00
T-t
1—)
i-H
OIC^ »-H i-HTt^COCO OJ CO CO i— 1
s
T
c
i-H
T~
<>
r-*
et • >IH 1 1 j
0
C^
COOO(N (Ni-HCO«O (MCOO
COCO ^HCOrHi-H COCOCO
a.
c«-
^
c^
£
-
>
>
CO
t— •
(,
o
I-H c*^ C^ O5 O CO *O C^ iO CD
tt
!f
f
s
c>
1
g
1— 1
?
:•
)
2
^"•*"°M ~
CO
i-H
0
o o I-H I-H r~. h- oo co oo ^
I-H CO C~3 CO ^ t~~ CD
i
;O
'•
)
!
j :::::::
<^
/v
:::::::
| :::::::
1 ... .... . .
00
CO Cfl i— 1
OS
1— 1
C^(M,-Hi-< ! Or-t CO CO-^i-H
i— i CS • i-H (N CO rp CO
"7
/
T
)
•*
QO CO ^ lO '
o
CO
CD OO • • f- CD <N O -^ W
' 1-H i-H i-H CO CO
s
-
>-
>
CO
* -p
i-H
CO
• ' C1) ^H T-H i— 1
5
1
^
CO • • CO CM C3
-
r
>
CO
« «j-
I— t
CO
CO
O CM • • O CQ O O iM OS
CM T-( I-H
r
•
i
/
—
$
•a
o
1
-
0)
s
:•§*;:: ::::::
t
c
-
d
P N N i
—
c
t
"5
•)
8
~
Native-born o
liiljrii
llagliil
.fcoHMfiSftS
1
1
o
&H
pll fill III
~
•*-
c
~
L
C
718
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 153. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to
19.
20 to
29.
30 to
44.
45 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White..
Foreign-born:
Armenian
7
3
2
4
10
9
35
8
23
5
11
4
5
22
21
24
5
29
3
17
9
5
10
4
7
4
16
6
12
11
28
21
15
. 2
5
24
47
32
27
23
11
16
7
8
21
29
23
1
27
1
9
1
2
9
1
2
56
152
47
82
24
27
100
108
95
Canadian, French
6
Greek
Hebrew
2
1
1
4
Irish
Italian, North
1
10
6
6
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
1
Total
123
89
15
61
185
165
53
691
Grand total
130
92
15
63
189
175
62
726
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White..
2
4
3
2
8
9
13
41
Foreign-born:
Armenian . ...
16
6
5
10
6
2
45
Canadian , French
22
27
8
11
25
22
25
140
Greek
2
4
7
1
14
Hebrew
14
20
7
14
26
15
7
103
Irish
2
9
3
6
6
5
31
Italian, North
s
7
1
5
4
6
1
32
Italian, South. .. .
23
12
1
5
21
12
6
80
Lithuanian
21
4
8
34
5
2
74
Polish
13
5
1
4
29
6
1
59
Total
121
94
21
52
162
79
49
578
Grand total.
123
98
24
54
170
88
62
619
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White..
9
7
3
4
12
19
22
76
Foreign-born:
Armenian
24
11
9
21
33
3
101
Canadian, French
45
56
14
27
53
45
52
292
Greek
7
7
6
28
12
1
61
Hebrew..
25
37
9
26
41
31
16
185
Irish
G
18
4
8
13
6
55
Italian, North
13
12
2
6
9
14
3
59
Italian, South
45
22
5
15
45
33
15
180
Lithuanian
42
8
14
81
34
3
182
Polish
37
12
2
10
61
29
3
154
Total
244
183
36
113
347
244
102
1,269
Grand total
253
190
39
117
359
263
124
1,345
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
719
TABLE 154. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativ-
ity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of families —
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Owning
home.
Renting
home.
Board-
ing.
Lodging.
In other
con-
ditions.
Total.
Native-born of native father White
7
17
24
Foreign-born:
Armenian
2
14
1
2
19
Canadian, French
10
46
2
1
59
Greek
8
1
9
Hebrew
8
26
34
Irish..
5
5
10
Italian North
1
10
1
2
14
Italian, South
2
34
1
2
1
40
Lithuanian
2
27
4
1
34
Polish
2
18
4
24
Total
32
188
5
13
5
243
Grand total. .
39
205
5
13
5
267
TABLE 155. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUD? OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Number within each specified age group.
'General nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
o3
6
O
+J
•4
"o
o
1
+3
•<
•a
o
-j-s
•<
"3
1
e
a;
o
a
+i
•<
At school.
.^
0
+3
<J
"3
-M
O
EH
(D
O
J3
43
<
At school.
M
0
£
•+J
<
"3
-4J
O
EH
At home.
w At school.
At work.
1
EH
Native-born of native father,
White
7
7
1
•?
7
10
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
6
19
<i
2
2
8
2
9
6
23
5
4
29
"2
10
54
5
20
14
11
25
24
29
192
Canadian, French
....
21
5
4
23
27
4
2
6
Greek
Hebrew
8
4
2
10
q
£)
1
1
1
1
8
4
4
20
20
22
12
10
7
5
4
7
Irish
4
q
q
1
Italian , North
4
19
19
22
1
1
1
1
5
5
<i
1
Italian, South
—
20
20
?3
1
1
4
3
6
5
Lithuanian
4
Polish
6
Total.
106
10
116
6
61
67
7
2
9
112
78
2
Total native-born
113
10
—
123
6
64
70
7
2
9
119
81
2
202
Foreign-born:
Armenian .
s
1
^
3
4
3
10
11
1
3
Canadian, French
?,
2
2
">
2
2
3
Greek
T
1
Hebrew . .
1
1
7
5
1
8
5
1
1
9
7
1
3
Italian, South
1
1
1
?
1
3
4
1
1
Lithuanian
1
Polish
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total foreign-born
5
2
7
21
1
22
2
4
6
5
25
5
35
237
Grand total.
118
12
130
6
85
1
92
9
6
15
124
106
7
720
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 155. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
Number within each specified age group.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
G to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
09
a
o
a
-n
•<
At school.
^A
t-i
o
-f^
<
"a
"o
H
o
a
o
a
+J
•<
At school.
,x
t~t
0
*j
<
3
o
e
CJ
1
.3
•4-9
•«{
"o
o
-a
g
-*-i
•«j
M
t*
o
•4-d
•4
"a
+*
o
H
At home.
At school.
At work.
1
fri
Native-born of native father,
White
1
1
?,
4
4
S
3
1
8
9
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
13
19
3
3
16
4
4
13
19
i
33
1
T
20
56
1
2
34
13
13
33
25
18
Canadian French
??,
26
?6
4
1
4
8
1
English
Greek
1
1
1
1
1
11
3
7
22
21
12
1
22
10
6
10
1
6
....
....
3
Hebrew
11
9
2
13
16
16
4
2
1
5
2
Irish
2
8
1
8
5
p
Italian North
7
99
1
*,
Italian South
99
10
10
1
1
Lithuanian
91
2]
1
5
3
4
5
Polish
12
1
13
Total . .
108
10
118
1
76
3
80
11
6
17
109
97
9
215
Total native-born
109
11
....
120
1
80
3
84
14
6
20
110
105
9
224
9
1
4
7
3
3
1
Foreign -born:
Armenian
?
2
9
Canadian French
1
1
1
Greek
1
1
3
3
1
1
"2"
3
5
2
1
....
1
....
Hebrew
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
2
1
Italian, North
2
?
Italian, South
1
1
1
1
?,
Polish
1
1
Total foreign-born
1
3
1
13
14
1
3
4
24
4
14
3
21
Grand total
112
11
123
2
93
3
'.IS
15
9
114
119
12
245
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father,
White
8
1
p
7
7
3
3
g
11
19
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
IP
5
?4
6
6
in
11
30
Canadian, French
38
5
43
4
49
53
8
6
14
4°,
69
fi
110
English
1
1
1
1
Greek
6
6
1
1
fi
1
Hebrew
19
4
?3
?,5
?5
5
1
6
IP
34
1
54
Irish
6
6
1
17
18
3
3
?fl
97
Italian North
11
2
13
10
10
1
1
11
11
24
Italian, South
41
1
42
1
14
15
1
1
4?
15
1
58
Lithuanian .
40
1
41
1
4
3
8
41
5
3
4P
Polish
14
2
16
11
11
14
11
47
Total
m
9,0
934
7
137
3
147
18
8
?6
99]
175
11
407
Total native-born
002
91
?43
7
144
3
1,54
?,1
8
?9
>*}
1S6
11
496
Foreign-born:
Armenian
5
5
5
5
Canadian, French
2
?
3
3
2
3
5
Greek
1
1
6
6
1
fi
7
Hebrew
1
1
2
11
1
1?
?
1
3
1
14
2
17
Italian, North
2
?
1
1
?
1
3
Italian, South
2
1
3
1
6
7
1
3
4
3
8
3
14
Lithuanian
1
1
1
1
Polish
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
4
Total foreign-born
8
2
10
1
34
1
36
3
7
10
P
39
8
56
Grand total
9^0
?3
?,53
s
L78
4
100
94
15
39
?38
TO
19
48?,
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
721
TABLE 156. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race of individual and length of residence.
(STUDY OI< HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Kace of individual.
w>
a
'•£ ««'
§|
<u~
fc. a>
-t^>
O)
feft
•ss
gs
fc
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
a
.2
•4
Having first
papers only.
i w
QJ u.
gl
.S ft
ll
H- 0
1
0
EH
CO
a
.2
<
Having first
papers only.
O CO
O> f-H
II
1-g
w§
3
0
EH
w
d
.2
<i
Having first
papers only.
i> tn
0) '•—
W 01
*f&
.3 ft
!«
ffi 0
"3
-4^>
O
EH
9
21
7
14
2
5
19
24
21
1
1
1
7
3
1
10
1
1
6
9
8
20
1
11
6
5
1
1
7
9
1
7
2
1
2
2
9
21
7
14
2
5
19
24
21
Canadian French
1
6
1
Greek . -
1
1
Hebrew
1
4
1
6
2
1
2
2
11
2
4
12
9
8
2
Irish
Italian North
1
1
7
15
13
2
7
6
7
1
3
1
1
2
14
21
17
2
3
1
4
Italian South
7
15
10
Lithuanian
Polish .
3
Total
122
40
5
3
48
37
9
28
74
77
14
31
122
TABLE 157. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of in-
dividual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
Armenian
6
126
1
39
13
16
8
12
2
60
2
59
4
66
1
26
7
11
4
5
4
66
1
26
7
11
4
5
6
126
1
39
13
16
8
12
6
125
1
39
13
16
8
12
Canadian, French
Greek
Hebrew
13
6
5
4
7
13
6
5"
4
7
Italian North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
221
97
96
124
124
221
220
Foreign-born:
Armenian
69
123
1
52
121
39
112
126
111
46
69
43
64
23
54
1
10
63
17
45
45
45
15
42
69
123
1
52
121
39
112
126
111
58
106
Canadian French
French
Greek
42
58
22
67
81
66
20
56
17
51
46
35
4
53
13
15
5
23
24
109
30
66
51
58
Hebrew
Italian, North . . . .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total.
754
451
332
303
170
754
502
Grand total
975
548
428
427
294
975
722
722
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 158. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over,
by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Armenian
46
69
42
58
22
67
81
66
4
21
5
23
3
17
2
3
4
21
5
23
3
16
1
2
42
48
37
35
19
50
79
63
39
43
15
33
14
35
45
33
Canadian French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian South
Lithuanian
Polish . . .
Total
451
78
75
373
257
FEMALE.
Armenian
23
5
5
18
10
Canadian, French
54
21
19
33
23
French
1
1
Greek
10
3
3
1
Hebrew
03
23
23
40
30
Italian, North .
17
9
9
g
4
Italian, South .
45
4
3
41
12
Lithuanian
45
1
1
44
4
Polish
45
2
1
43
22
Total
303
68
64
235
106
TOTAL.
Armenian
69
9
9
60
49
Canadian, French . . . .
123
42
40
81
66
French
1
1
Greek
52
8
8
44
16
Hebrew
121
46
46
75
63
Italian, North
39
12
12
27
18
Italian, South
112
21
19
91
47
Lithuanian
126
3
2
123
49
Polish
111
5
3
106
55
Total
754
146
139
608
363
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — The East.
723
TABLE 159. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian ........
46
69
42
58
22
67
81
66
10
5
29
21
6
19
32
34
7
4
8
20
2
10
9
10
8
1
12
10
5
25
33
17
8
1
11
10
5
21
25
13
28
63
1
27
11
23
16
15
28
59
1
26
10
20
12
12
Canadian French
Greek
Hebrew
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Polish
Total
451
156
70
111
94
184
168
FEMALE.
Armenian
23
10
3
9
8
4
4
Canadian, French
54
4
2
1
1
49
39
1
1
Greek
10
9
4
1
Hebrew
63
23
15
8
8
32
30
Italian, North
17
3
1
6
6
8
6
Italian South ....
45
27
7
12
5
6
3
Lithuanian
45
22
2
18
1
5
2
Polish
45
25
13
16
6
4
4
Total
303
123
47
72
35
108
88
TOTAL.
Armenian
69
20
10
17
16
32
32
Canadian, French
123
9
6
2
2
112
98
1
1
Greek
52
38
12
13
11
1
1
Hebrew
121
44
35
18
18
59
56
Italian, North
39
9
3
11
11
19
16
Italian South
112
46
17
37
26
29
23
Lithuanian
126
54
11
51
26
21
14
Polish
111
59
23
33
19
19
16
Total
754
279
117
183
129
292
256
724
The Immigration Commission.
HI.— THE MIDDLE WEST.
TABLE 160. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by general
nativity and race.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
2,395
1,826
4,221
Negro
44
1
45
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia .
2
2
4
Austria-Hungary . . .
88
65
153
Belgium
3
3
6
Canada
21
11
32
Denmark
5
2
7
England .. .... ..
66
46
112
France
22
IS
40
Germany
902
009
1,571
Ireland
170
215
385
Italy .
14
2
16
2
2
Netherlands
4
3
7
Norway - ...
1
1
1
1
Russia
14
10
24
Scotland
17
8
25
Spain - - -
1
1
Sweden . . .
4
7
11
Switzerland
27
20
47
Wales
1
2
3
Africa (country not specified)
1
1
Total
1,426
1,023
2,449
Total native-born .
3,865
2,850
6 715
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
5
5
Bohemian and Moravian
49
11
60
Bulgarian . .
20
20
Canadian, French
5
1
6
Canadian, Other
3
2
5
Croatian . .....
3
3
Danish . . ..
6
6
Dutch
3
3
English
20
4
24
Furnish
1
1
2
French ....
2
1
3
German
137
52
189
Greek - - - - .
121
121
Hebrew Russian. .
38
38
Hebrew, Other. .. . . .
18
3
21
Irish
26
12
38
Italian North
36
36
Italian South
39
39
Lithuanian - . . .
1
1
16
16
Magyar
11
4
15
2
2
Norwegian
6
6
Polish
48
5
53
Portuguese - .
2
2
Roumanian
39
39
13
13
Scotch ....
3
1
4
Servian
4
4
Slovak
1
1
Spanish .
1
2
3
Swedish
20
20
Syrian .
7
1
8
Turkish
23
23
Welsh..
1
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
725
TABLE 160. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by general
nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Australian (race not specified)
1
1
Austrian (race not specified)
9
2
Belgian (race not specified) - ...
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
5
5
Total foreign-born
738
101
839
Grand total
4,603
2,951
7 554
TABLE 161. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY Ol» EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
O
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Armenian
5
48
20
5
3
3
6
3
20
1
2
136
116
38
17
26
35
37
1
16
11
2
6
46
2
39
13
2
4
1
1
19
7
22
1
2
1
5
1
1
2
1
2
4
1
1
11
Bohemian and Moravian
2
5
1
7
2
1
3
24
Bulgarian
4
Canadian, French
2
1
1
2
2
Canadian, Other
Croatian . . .
2
1
Danish
6
1
11
1
1
81
1
1
3
16
Dutch
2
1
English
1
2
2
3
Finnish
French
1
15
German
2
10
3
6
47
5
3
7
18
9
3
1
3
3
5
9
4
2
5
3
14
15
1J
4
14
18
6
Greek . .
10
Hebrew, Russian
5
Hebrew, Other
1
1
2
1
Irish
3
2
2
1
Italian, North
1
1
8
3
Italian, South
5
1
Lithuanian
Macedonian
1
1
1
10
5
3
2
2
Magyar
3
1
Mexican
Norwegian
6
12
Polish
1
3
6
2
17
2
6
5
1
2
3
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
1
1
16
3
7
8
1
Russian
1
1
1
1
Scotch
Servian
2
2
Slovak
1
Spanish
1
1
Swedish ...
1
5
6
2
10
1
Syrian
Turkish
1
11
7
1
2
1
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Belgian (race not specified)
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
2
2
Total
722
23
34
134
80
50
139
32
46
184
726
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 161. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race— Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Under
1.
1.
o.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian
11
1
2
4
1
1
50
3
10
4
5
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
3
4
1
1
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
2
English
1
1
Finnish
1
French
1
6
German
3
8
3
1
3
1
1
11
10
8
Hebrew (other than Russian)
Irish
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
Maevar
1
Polish
2
2
1
1
Scotch
Spanish
1
1
1
Syrian ...
Welsh
1
Total . . .
97
5
9
6
8
18
15
20
16
TOTAL.
Armenian . .
5
59
20
6
5
3
6
3
24
2
3
186
116
38
20
36
35
37
1
16
15
2
6
51
2
39
13
3
4
1
3
19
8
22
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
2
1
2
6
1
1
15
Bohemian and Moravian
2
5
2
7
3
1
6
24
Bulgarian
4
Canadian French
2
2
2
2
3
Canadian, Other
Croatian ... .
2
1
Danish
6
1
13
1
1
89
1
1
3
19
Dutch
2
1
1
1
25
English
1
2
3
4
Finnish
French
1
12
German
5
16
3
14
47
5
3
10
18
9
3
2
3
3
6
9
4
5
2
5
3
25
15
11
5
5
14
18
Greek
10
Hebrew, Russian. . .
5
Hebrew, Other
1
2
2
1
Irish
1
1
1
5
2
2
1
Italian, North
8
3
Italian, South
5
1
Lithuanian
Macedonian
1
1
1
10
6
3
1
2
3
Magyar
4
1
Mexican
Norwegian ....
6
13
Polish
1
3
6
2
17
2
6
5
1
4
5
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
1
1
16
3
7
8
1
Russian
1
1
1
2
Scotch
Servian
2
2
Slovak
1
Spanish
1
1
5
7
1
1
Swedish
1
2
10
1
Syrian
Turkish
1
1
11
7
2
1
Welsh
Australian (race not specified)
1
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
Belgian (race not specified)
i
1
Swiss (race not specified)
2
2
Total
819
23
39
143
86
58
157
47
66
200
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
727
TABLE 162. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY Off EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings
per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
8'
3
(H
1
p
i
a^
03 o>
8^
si
IH
<D
•a
a .
3S
•Ot^
a««
03
3
i
D
^
a n
8-S
t^
99
t*
03
•o
§3
^
C3«e
O
6©
a
T3JO
s*
O 03
« -a
C^l
»
1
§3
•ar^
c3 ^^
«o
,— i
ee
i
D
l!
Q 03
*-o
t~
9S
EH
•3
§8
"2^
§S
O
O3
e@
i
3
•a "5
lg
s|
?i
&
1
IM
O
>o
8
Native-born of native father:
White...
$1,570
40
$12. 21
9.46
32
1
145
2
303
22
477
13
144
1
251
1
144
38
13
23
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by coun-
try of birth of father:
Australia
1
63
2
16
3
49
19
684
137
4
2
4
1
1
10
14
1
2
17
1
1
(a)
13.23
(a)
17. 46
(a)
13.02
13.09
13.10
9.13
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
12.00
15.93
(a)
(a)
11.70
(a)
(a)
1
Austria-Hungary .
1
9
18
15
13
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
"2
Belgium
Canada
1
4
4
4
Denmark
1
7
3
112
23
1
16
6
191
37
1
England
3
1
41
4
4
3
83
9
12
4
149
31
1
5
1
56
11
2
"2!"
8
2
1
13
6
"i2
7
France
Germany
6
1
Ireland .
Italy
Mexico
1
1
Netherlands
1
3
Norway
1
Roumania
1
Russia. .
4
1
2
5
1
1
2
3
1
1
Scotland...
1
1
2
Spain .
Sweden
?
Switzerland
1
4
8
1
3
1
Wales...
Africa (country not specified) .
1
Total .
1,032
12.68
7
53
165
296
116
225
87
33
25
25
Total native-born
2,642
12.35
40
200
490
786
261
477
231
71
38
48
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
5
43
16
4
3
3
6
2
14
1
2
105
92
29
14
23
30
25
16
11
2
5
42
2
(a)
13.44
8.25
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
13.95
(a)
(a)
12. 76
9.82
14.97
14.36
12.85
12.66
10.27
10.17
10.86
(a)
(a)
11.76
(a)
2
3
Bohemian and Moravian
1
3
10
8
10
3
2
10
8
2
Bulgarian
....
1
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
2
Croatian
1
1
1
Danish . .
3
1
2
Dutch
?
English
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
Finnish..
French
1
18
26
3
2
8
3
3
5
2
1
23
31
1
4
5
10
7
5
6
German. .
2
6
13
15
1
9
3
2
2
"4
19
9
12
3
6
8
2
S
16
2
9
5
1
4
2
2
1
2
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish...
1
4
7
2
1
9
Italian, North
1
Italian, South
Macedonian
1
Masvar
1
1
Mexican.
Norwegian . .
2
2
1
Polish
1
4
8
15
1
6
1
7
1
Portuguese..
*This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
48296°— VOL 12—11 47
728
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 162. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings
per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
fl
•§8
tf£
o-a
IO
si
SH
•3
a .
SS
•at-;
S"
>o
ae
a
£$
cS
<S u
s-s
t-i
6@
[_
CD
•a
§o
^«ra
"S3
03 93
O
i— I
99
a
•as
1*
§3
«
^H
99
h
CD
•a
§§
•at-;
§^
o
.— 1
99
a
3
•g§3
§**
s|
t-;
S
lH
ID
•a
§8
Is
c3 99
1
1
£
•ss
s 9s
1-
•O-o
$
99
i4
CD
>
0
g
8
9%
Foreign-born, by race — Continued.
Roumanian
35
6
1
4
1
1
17
7
22
1
2
4
$9.40
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
15.49
(a)
8.84
(a)
(a)
(a)
8
1
11
12
3
2
9
Russian
1
1
Scotch.
1
Servian .
3
1
1
Slovak
Spanish
1
Swedish
2
1
10
5
4
5
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
Syrian . ....
Turkish
5
2
1
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified
1
1
1
Swiss (race not specified)
o
1
Total foreign-born
596
12.00 ....
12
69
127
165
38
101
58
15
5
6
Grand total
3,238
12.29
52
269
617
951
299
578
289
86
43
54
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 163. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUD7 OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings
per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
a
T3 "5
C^
°>!S
§^
CN
39
t-i
0)
•a
H .
3S
•a^
m
e%
a
!§
<3 !~
%3
t^-
t&
1
§S
"2"
C-H
C39K
0
.— I
9%
a
3
73 2
§5
o &
»•§
N
9%
$15 and under
$17.50.
i
c^
§**
s|
t-;
,— i
9%
1
§s
•gcq
is
1
a
•a «3
1»
S«
•0,3
S
9%
M
<B
g
h
O
>o
(N
«@
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by coun-
try of birth of father:
Australia
1,015
$7.57
8
101
388
356
130
14
16
2
1
25
1
9
1
40
11
392
156
1
3
5-
7
4
11
2
w
9.41
(a)
(a)
(«)
8.61
7.36
8.35
9.42
(a)
(a)
(a
(a
(a
7.46
(a)
1
Austria-Hungary
6
12
1
4
3
Belgium
Canada
2
1
4
2
1
Denmark
England
4
3
19
3
8
3
126
28
16
2
158
63
1
8
3
69
47
1
3
France
Germany
5
7
10
5
4
2
1
Ireland
i
Italy
Netherlands
2
2
2
3
5
1
1
2
1
1
Russia
2
2
Scotland
1
Sweden
Switzerland
5
2
Wales
Total
669
8.65
29
185
272
139
13
23
6
i
1
Total native-born
1,684
8.00
8
130
573
628
269
27
39
8
i
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
729
TABLE 163. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Aver-
age
earn-
ings
per
week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
s
c-i
s«
S3
t3
a
P
3
•gs
Sfe
s"3
C3
se
&
-a
a .
3S
•Ol^
£
1
T=2
c^
«" IH
s£
t^
e^
53
T3
§g
•g£J
C3 ^^
O
,— 1
eo
1
•g2
§s
Sa>
."O
(N
i— 1
«#
fe
•a
§S
•ai>:
C ~H
03^
>c
e»
1
•Pg
S^
03 i-,
o o
"?-a
t^
rH
es
$20 and under
$22.50.
Hi
ll
i
$25 or over.
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
5
2
2
1
29
1
10
3
2
1
2
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
$7. 50
(a)
6.83
(a)
(0)
(0)
(a)
1
1
3
1
1
Canadian (other than French)
1
English
1
Finnish
1
German
1
12
1
14
1
1
Hebrew (other than Russian)
Irish
—
2
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
Magyar
Polish
Scotch
1
Spanish
2
Total foreign-born
58
8.04
—
3
22
21
9
2
1
Grand total .
1,742
8.00
8
133
.V.i.-,
649
278
29
40
8
1
....
1
a Not computed, owing to small amount involved.
TABLE 164. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OI< EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under $5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
621
2
$5.60
00
10
237
246
2
105
23
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father-
Australia
1
20
1
1
2
8
1
185
22
6
4
3
1
6
(a)
6.07
(a)
00
(a)
00
00
5.76
5.65
00
(a
(a
(a
(a
1
10
1
1
1
4
Austria-Hungary
4
5
1
• Belgium
Canada
Denmark
1
2
England
2
1
30
4
1
France
Germany
3
64
6
3
80
12
2
4
1
8
Ireland
Italy
Russia
Scotland
2
Sweden
1
2
Switzerland
3
1
Total
2C1
5.80
3
83
120
44
11
Total native-born
884
5.66
13
320
368
149
34
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
Bulgarian
2
4
1
2
17
(a)
(°)
(a
00
6.69
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Dutch
English
2
6
German..
5
2
4
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
730
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 164. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race — Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2. 50 and
under $5.
S5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
810.
$10 or
over.
Foreign-born, by race— Cont'd.
Greek
16
1
2
2
10
4
2
2
1
1
S5
(a
(a
(a
7
(a
(a
(a
(a
(a
.49
1
1
.33
6
7
3
Hebrew, Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
2
1
6
1
Italian, North .
1
4
1
2
Italian, South
Polish..
1
1
Roumanian
Russian
1
1
Scotch. . . .
1
Belgian (race not specified).
Total foreign-born
1
67
6
.71
1
15
27
16
8
Grand total . .
951
;
.73
14
335
395
165
42
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 165. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each,
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OS EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under
$2.50.
$2.50 and
under $5.
$5 and
under
$7.50.
$7.50 and
under
$10.
SlOor
over.
Native-born of native father:
White.
679
1
So. 03
(a)
23
313
1
260
68
6
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of lat her:
Australia
1
36
2
1
1
4
3
170
35
1
3
1
2
7
(")
5.52
(a)
M.
(»)
w
(a)
5.30
6.52
(a)
(o)
a
(°)
(")
1
10
1
1
Austria-Hungary
1
18
1
6
1
Belgium
Canada
Denmark
1
1
1
17
11
England
1
1
68
5
2
1
81
16
1
France
Germanv.
2
1
2
2
Ireland
Italy. .
Russia
2
1
Scotland
1
1
1
Sweden
1
5
Switzerland
1
Total.
267
5.50
4
102
117
39
5
Total native-born
947
5.16
27
416
386
107
11
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
English
3
1
18
2
1
2
1
(a)
(a)
6.95
w
M
(a
(a)
1
2
1
5
German
6
1
4
1
3
Hebrew (other than Rus-
sian)
Magyar
1
1
1
Polish
1
Syrian
Total foreign-born . .
28
6.07
8
9
8
3
Grand total
975
5.20
27
424
395
115
14
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary
lost time or lost lime from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing
annual earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year,
« Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
TABLE 166. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
731
(STUD* OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father:
White 2, 333
Negro 43
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia 2
Austria-Hungary 88
Belgium ' 3
Canada 21
Denmark 5
England 65
France 22
Germany 952
Ireland 167
Italy 13
Mexico 2
Netherlands 4
Norway 1
Roumania 1
Russia 14
Scotland 17
Spain 1
Sweden 4
Switzerland 27
Wale? 1
Africa (country not specified > 1
Total 1,411
Total native-born 3, 787
Foreign-born, by race;
Armenian 5
Bohemian and Moravian 49
Bulgarian 19
Canadian, French 4
Canadian, Other 3
Croatian 3
Danish 6
Dutch 3
English 19
Finnish 1
French 2
German 137
Greek 118
Hebrew, Russian 34
Hebrew, Other t 17
Irish 20
Italian, North 36
Italian, South 36
Lithuanian 1
Macedonian 16
Magyar 11
Mexican 2
Norwegian 6
Polish 48
Portuguese 2
Roumanian 39
Russian 13
Scotch ....'....'..... 3
Servian 4
Slovak 1
Spanish 1
Swedish 20
Syrian 7
Turkish 23
2,327
42
2
88
3
21
5
64
22
951
167
12
2
4
1
1
14
17
1
4
27
1
1
1,408
3,777
5
49
17
4
3
3
6
3
18
1
2
136
114
34
17
26
36
32
1
15
11
2
6
48
2
37
11
3
j.
1
1
20
7
11
732
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 166. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
MALE-Contlnued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Australian (race not specified).
Austrian (race not specified). .
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
Total foreign-born.
Grand total . .
724
4,511
C95
4,472
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White 1,782
Negro 1
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia
Austria-Hungary 64
Belgium ." 3
Canada 11
Denmark 1
England 46
France 17
Germany 601
Ireland •. 208
Italy 2
Netherlands 3
Russia 10
Scotland
Sweden 7
Switzerland 20
Wales 2
Total 1, 005
Total native-born 2, 788
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian 11
Canadian, French 1
Canadian, Other .- 2
English 4
Finnish 1
French 1
German : 50
Hebrew (other than Russian) 3
Irish '. 12
Magyar 4
Polish 5
Scotch 1
Spanish
Syrian 1
Welsh 1
Total foreign-born 99
Grand total.. 2,887
1,781
1
2
64
3
11
1
46
17
601
208
2
3
10
8
7
20
2
1,005
2,787
11
1
2
4
1
1
50
3
12
4
5
1
2
1
1
99
2,886
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
Negro
4,115
44
4,108
43
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
733
TABLE 166. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL-Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who—
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Australia 4
Austria-Hungary 152
Belgium 6
Canada 32
Denmark 6
England Ill
France 39
Germany 1, 553
Ireland 375
Italy 15
Mexico 2
Netherlands 7
Norway 1
Roumania 1
Russia 24
Scotland 25
Spain 1
Sweden 11
Switzerland 47
Wales 3
Africa (country not specified) 1
Total '-'.in.
Total native-born 6, 575
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian 5
Bohemian and Moravian 60
Bulgarian 19
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other 5
Croatian 3
Danish 6
Dutch 3
English 23
Finnish 2
French 3
German 187
Greek 118
Hebrew, Russian 34
Hebrew, Other 20
Irish 38
Italian, North 36
Italian, South 36
Lithuanian 1
Macedonian 16
Magyar 15
Mexican 2
Norwegian 6
Polish 53
Portuguese 2
Roumanian 39
Russian 13
Scotch 4
Servian 4
Slovak 1
Spanish 3
Swedish 20
Syrian 8
Turkish 23
Welsh 1
Australian (race not specified) 1
Austrian (race not specified) 2
Belgian (race not specified) 1
Swiss (race not specified) 5
Total foreign-born 823
Grand total 7, .i'.is
4
152
6
32
6
110
39
1,552
375
14
2
7
1
1
24
25
1
11
47
3
1
2,413
6,564
5
60
17
5
5
3
6
3
22
2
3
186
114
34
20
38
36
32
1
15
15
2
6
53
2
37
11
4
4
1
3
20
8
11
1
1
2
1
5
4
152
6
32
6
110
39
1,551
375
14
2
7
1
1
24
25
1
11
47
3
1
2,412
6,558
5
59
17
5
5
3
6
3
22
2
3
184
114
33
20
38
36
32
1
15
15
2
6
52
2
37
10
4
4
1
3
20
8
11
1
1
2
1
5
794
788
7,358
7,346
734
The Immigration Commission.
& B
o
Pj •
W -
§ S
P«
Number within each specified age group.
3
o
EH
mt
o^1"
CM"
00—1
00
CM
0
rf
co"
'p9M.Opl^y
CM"^
' |
»1
CM
00
00
CM
r-t
^H . .
, ,
'P9TJJBJ^
gs
rH — H CO CM CO " . . i-H .
CO . ...
CM
O3
•ai3uIS
CO
1— I
c
I
o oocooa uscooit^i-H —i .—<oa> -Hcoco^H
O CM T-t CM 00 .1—1 ^H
to
to
CO
CM"
53
o
0
Wox
OOCO
-I T(1
§8
f-
i—i
*p9AVOpt \\
CM i-t
; ;
: ^ : :::::::::
05
CM
T— 1
•
•*"""
—1
-< Tt"
-•• — — ~_ — — i— i . —
CM
f
CO
r-t
OiCO
^
o
i
91§tltg
-H — 1
CO
c
C-H t^
H
O TP lO Cfl T-HCO--H • 'O • -00 •
r-r oo »o ...
r— < . . •
CM
O
CO
00
S
"pdMOptj^Y
«»rt
I— 1
H . .
iO • • i-l • M *
05
®
• :
"pSIJJBpJ
CO CM
c
C rH CD
CO Tt< i— i O ^H i— I i~1 -O • CD1
i— i . . t
1
1
•313ms
00rl<
c
a.
to
1— 1
I— 1
2
o
CN
ra
oo!2
OJ
i-H CM — 1 00 CO ~* CM O — < to ^H t^ OO ^H CO 00 '
CO CO i— 1 Ol CD •
CM
to
B
— i
"pBMOpl^^Y
*•
"*
^~]
"P9IJJBJ^[
COO
i—l (
Oi-HCOr-
CD <N (M O I-H (N i-f CO
T-H CO Ol
00
F-H
S
•313ms
Tt< 10
;S "^S 2gg"
C55
CO
00
oi
3
rH
•mox
S10
CO
ja N-
(C'-JiOCO— ICO • T-HUOIM •00'— t
»— < CO CO ' '
IN
CO
o
•P*MOPIAV
"p8IJJBJ^
CM
CM
TP
•aiSnig
1"°
^ C^i-
*W IO •— ' — i CO • i— 1 »O C^ - 00 »— 1
i
CM
8
4, i M , a, ^
GO CO
— <TP<N-HTl<CO CMOOOOOiCM n*— I^HCMO — 1 CO tO ^H — (
t^-OICOCMOtO i— < i— < CM
O
ao
CN
i— i
o
1— (
co"
General nativity and race.
1
)
"c
E-
Total native-born
c :
o •
>>
X2
; ; | ] j j j Hi | j j ]l
&
OJ
>
s
reign fathe
er:
C3 ' P
o
c
>
Native-born of n
White
Negro
a-a a a : : : • : ;d e
i.fclD3^§Sc Ecu^^a; qjoS3g p,gg;Ji
ts'o
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West. 735
mOOCJltCCO CO O CO O5 TH CM *-H t~- 00 CC OO.T— THCD «-H CM CD 00 CM OcOCM^iH rH O t*- CO iH CM *H >O
H* rH rH CO rH CO «H CM CO CO r-H rH HH CO rH CM CM
OIMO
lC^lMr-^
>o--H CIC
(N •— 1
CM Oi lO CD OO
i-lt^-i-l t-
CS Ol
Oi rH -* t-H TH CD CM TH rH . rH rH
8
8
SI
CN CNT-H'T-H
(N C
(M
T-H r-H CO T-H t~ CD
• 1C TH OO TH
• CD 00 i • CM
- T-H .O • OTO ' T-H
CM iH CM • rH
8
00 Ol *O CO CO CO CO O5 i
4 -
* i— I rH O t- CO 1— I CM rH I
9
,~
0
S
i-SJ : : : : : : :
• c _g . :
cS :
: : : : : : : : : : :
?
q
a
. S+3
•feo : : : • •
373
a! c ! ' ' ! ! ',
fl
?:
emian
III ^j U:J ^§:
MO
°§|.| g
m a . . • . . •
* "is ' • • ' ' '
ScC a;-— -
"H tC ^
O O M ^;
M i ^ cc3
-^ wj rv'S
° ^ 00 CU
c o« &
0) C O »
K O (U g ,W
c _
"
Foreign-
Arm
Boh
Bulg
Can
Can
<^«OQ
0
E-i
a
03
u
O
736
The Immigration Commission.
•roox
CO *-<
CNOCM^C^O OOO^^HCO O3COI--CM
i
f~ 1
of
Ol T— 1 W
*p9MOpIjYY
o
00
-H f~ ^«g
3
1 -
CO
^
3
; ; ;
o
*p8TJJBJ^[
CM
CO 0 0« -H<N j
CM
§
rH-Hrt
•ai^s
O'H
CO
•* CO T-H d CO i— <
00
;
l~ rH
^ ^
'I^jox
CN
^
10
CO
00
i-H
o
Ji°PIAV
o
•pa™
00
\l\\\\ \]?\\ r\\
IM
=
i-H
Cu
3
O
*0[2uig
-
: : : : : ^ : : : : : :
^
o
k
&
C3
•g
Wox
CO
00
CN •' M • O-. CO O CO • -H • 1-1 ' — 1
CO C-l •
i— 1
OO
~f
o
^H l— 1
"3
0
— < r, — -f o . , , _
CO
s
rt
a
EQ
P8;""' ' A
. . .
1
o>
a
3
o
CO
*p9IJJUJ^
A
CN N 0^ ;~ |
•M
r
a
-M
3
s
NS£, ^ ...
s
s
i-H
^
3
.0
a
•mox
^
?5 ii
OS
1— 1
-1
§
l°~~
<;
S
2?
"p9A\OpI YV
_o
"pOIXltJJ\[
g
^ «N ;g^
s
g
- —
•ai3u!S
o
^H i-r io I-H --» cDO'* I-H COCOCOCO-H
i-H C^l t— « «— 1
CO
CO
"
WL
00
C^l 1^- ^H CO «-H "t1 1^ O Oi *~* ^H O CO CO CO ^H
CO ^^ t" *O ^H
i
1—1
CO
t— 1
CO
-^
TH
«5
'D9AYOPI U
i-H
O
0
1— t
•P3IJJT3H
I—
"5
(M
CN
•aiSuiS
£^
C*3 t— »— t CO »-H CO r>-iO O5 •— < -H CD CO CO CO i— 1
O
T
/
CN
CO
^ _Q 3
&
ill
1— (
C^OC^^-C^tD CDcDOii-HCO OCOCDl-iM
i
1O
Oi rH CN
>>
. . .
c :::::: ; : ; : : : : ; : :
o
: : :
i
£ :::::: : : : : : : : : : :
C
a
o i ! . ; , ! . . . ', ;...'.
-3
p-H
CD
•- .. fe :
c
1
2
i:£.=;
oS~ >-.
(
3
1
5
Native-born of nat
\\'hite
Negro
^oi ao;;;- ;;;:; ! I !
o^S^n.s^c^ ^p^ § "S ^»S * S
C3 O
~
4-9
0
i
CS
"3
•^
o
EH
Foreign-born, by r
Bohemian and
Canadian, Frei
Canadian, Oth
Boots and Shoes: General Tables— Middle West. 737
T-H 1-^
s~
«,, *,-*,_-
s
1
CM"
l-H-*
.: -r
co"
CM :o o co T-H ;o I-H
T-H i-H Tt< CC
l-H
IM CM
CO
CMl-H ^H
OJ
CO
OCN
CM GO r-H 30O •
,-H • • • .
....
1-4
«
rtrt
l-H
oc
co r~
CO OJ
00
i-HiOCMOi-HOO t- "i? T-H CM i—
T— 1 T— 1 CO IO t^
C*l ^H CO C5
T-H
S300
O CO 10 • — ' ^H
00
CO
1
iO iO
O TH '^ CO 6l t^ *"
i-H O CM
l-H l-H
CO
o
', , . — i-H
• •
. .
. ...
: : : :
-
: :~ :
(M
(M
T-<
CO to
00
•T-H • "^ ' Tt< i— ' Tf O 1-H
^H • • i-H
to
CN
00
CO ' • 'i-H
10
0
Nt-
*f 1-H • • t"-
: : : :
I-H
*
\ \
-H
"• : : : ~
M<
00
CD
'4?^
?! t" I-H O^ O •
T-H i-H •
uo
10
CO
w^
QG'-HQO iO Tf 1-— t>- • i-
""" : :"
4
N
« : : : : :
CO
8
L-
c; • T-I co CM x jc •
: "'::::
I TH r-
O
CM
t^T-H T-H -CM •
s^
O
T-H
O iO
10
i-HCOC-l^-^-rf OGCO-^«Oi-
-r ^H 10 •— c-j s.
4 T-H • i-H T-H
• r-H r-H
H
rH
' '
CM
<N
-f
•I-H Oi t- •
<1
f_j
»O
0
Cft
o
CM O
THOTH^^OO CMl-^T-,
icO^H
TH
H
^
T-H
H T-H
2
t-- ^-i i-H • i-H ' '
8
CO
',
-1- iO
o
^7 I-H CO TH ;C 10
H rt 'OOO
H
r- :*-
T-H C-l Tf • i-H •
CO
f^
CO
00
IO
«g-»«8 S|S-
rt ,1^,10
10
-f
i-H • '
• •
?3
c;
T-l
^ * • '
H
t- C'
) i-H CM "*/« i—t
CM
CO
1— 1
Cl
LH
l-H
CM O i-H »O CM »O CM O O -^
O CM t-H Oi O
rt -"S"5
Cl-H ,-
H t^C*
-t-
J 01 Tf 1C r-H C^l i-H i-H
cn
<
CM"
co"
"<M CO O COr-H^rH
t-H T-H Tt< CO
1 t""Ha*
• •
i mm \\\\
t ,
. . c
3 : : : : ; : ;
fc : :
o
o
II
1 1 C
. . c
• -,£
' t
a : : : : : : :
3
C
o
C
M
"3
g i ;
i.. &:'::: : : : :
CU (H C3 , , , , , , . ,
2 .3 ^
?.S 1
3 ft P
1 ' £
iiH
E> t-^
_j QJ C
5 fi ^ .5 ^ c •— ~
H 'C »^H ° O & E>1^*.
OJ
"3
o
o
•a
o ; ;
-4-3
!Z
•SB 3:1:1 : : : :
c — c; 3 „• • 4i • . >, •
Soi.SS^gc cu'g^ C
2xi:i-=^65 gBg^-S
i'S™"~ac)M J3 fc s — ' >
C3 O
1 a '.2 • •
a • c ;•«
5 1|M|
4 "~ ^ "~- '/ — ^
i S £ 3 M-S
> » o o C jj
738
The Immigration Commission.
o
O
o
"
w*x
i— 1
?-. 0) CO — <
-
•
<>
o
-
•o*
ic c^- GS O ic eo O re ro <^ cc x r— oo rH oc^r--
u- r- - c^ t^-i— iccc^cecoco
i-H r— 1
CO
a
)
,-
a
P3AW>PIM
1-1
' I !
o
•pa™
O rH
rH
'
ir
1
'
:
i -
X
,— t
•ai3mS
rH
35CUCO
-
5
>
i
i
H
^ "^ ^ 1-^ rH CO rH i-H rH CS C-l IO » rH C-J C^l lO
•l.ox
rH ^H
§
i
§
t- • <M CCrH-* OrH rH GO
te
0
•paMOpiAv
i—
1
b
0
1O
-r
•pa™
-H -H
Z
-
t^ C^ C^lr-H-JH „_(,_,,_, -J
5"
o
•ai3njS
C£
<•
CM • rH *
c
u,
OJ
ab
a
-a
•mo,
C,
;;
ef
S
/
CM'-HC^^t*csJ rOrHOOiH ctrei-Ht^- r— xo
tin
g
-r
•paMOpiAv
CO
Cf
T]
•
-
S
N : : : : : : : rt" : : - : :
ft
n
J2
C3
g
O
o
•paijjejij;
.
•*
o>
;
XT— ICCi-H CCrHlOrH OOOt— S ^ ~.
a
-
•
:
(MrHrHrHTH CC XMi— I COC1!
+3
fe
•oi3mS
. . .
umber
™
rH
- — —
3
a
•
~-
«o
t
COOCJC<li-H rH XrH <MO»»O-^00 71 — i"
TT 0 W rH C4 rH
A
as
CM
•pa^opiM
^
-
-pa™
CO
C!
:
•
•
.
o
rH « <M C-l rH N r-< O O5 CI C1 X 7)
Ol —
-aiaors
*-'
i -X rH
r-
/
CM "I* t— rH lO rH rH CC ^ M ^ 71 :? 7 1
•^ C^ lO rH — — —
•I.ox
{
O rH CM
o
•^
t-
•
-
CO
of
cs oo w »— < re ^H ** oo co *c *~" t-- *~
ce ro r-«
OT
rH
3
•pa-p!A,
t^
• -
; • • • ;
•a^s
C
flrH«
Tj
r-
-
rH
--
O5OO C-l rHCC r-*-^h-CeiC r-tf^-CO
Ac "
5 >H t;
^^a
O — C5
0 ft^J
rH C
r> 71 re r-i
9
C*
*
~
i^r-cicc»c coscrertCM ceooh-oOrH y •— \ •>
»o i-* c^i t- — ce OJ re re r 7
X •
i
c;
"5 :
o
CJ
: : :-g
£
T5
§
>
4^
>
i father, 1
Continue
. . . a
'• :|
:3
g i i i j j j i j j ; i i j j j j
C3 • . •
iJ ° '£<
>
•4-
C3
M i
£s
• a
L&
i
s~
o£
•a : 3
= : =
i
- S C S r^ _" '•' '•• — O '7°
g
c
Eo
? -r-
|I
^0
&
OWt'UIMI .
Switzerl;
Wales . .
Africa (c
I
&H
"rl
+2
O
r*
11 f||| I4^4_i 4i'yii ig-g»
1
Boots and Shoes: General Tables— Middle West. 739
•ico 10 <N to « <M c-- w co •* I-H mo cam
.-I i-l 1C COi-H <M <N
rH i-H CN t— H »O
rH n (N rH rH -^ LO M
t-H Tf lO CO CO CO rH • >O ' rH
rH (M O 10 CO
CO <M rH Tf< O CO -i—l
I 'O O <N O CO <N O CO CO Tt< r
rH rH lO CC •— <
rH rH (M i— ( I
5c.
> C O
rt
• • g M C3 ! '
. . C3 CD •= . •
2^ S
• "S S
•.a-e
•SP
s
•S £ ~
2 ^ -c
^ a S
c/3 -*J 03
; M.J3 o tn
3-at EH o
740
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 168. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting
wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Armenian
1
30
3
4
3
5
2
11
1
86
19
21
9
14
11
10
4
7
4
20
1
11
2
12
5
2
2
3
1
Bohemian and Moravian
30
1
4
3
5
2
11
1
84
4
18
8
14
9
4
Bulgarian
2
Canadian , French . . .
Canadian , Other
Danish...
Dutch
English .. .
Finnish
German
2
15
3
1
Greek
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish . .
Italian, North
2
6
4
2
Italian South
Macedonian. . . .
Maevar
5,
4
20
1
1
2
12
5
""*& J "• •
Norwegian. ...
Polish..
Portuguese
Roumanian
10
Russian
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
2
Austrian (race not specified)
2
3
Swiss (race not specified). .
Total
303
253
50
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
741
8
e
!^
"0
S
e
00~
<»
"c
CQ
•«
«
wi
(D
•<s>
g
4^
C3
4-S
tS
CO
T3
^J
CD
rfS
43
HO
'3
s
P
•^
CD
CO
a
!^
-M
e
<%>
_o
5>s
ca
8
-c-
CO
(-i
^-i
C3
™-3
>O
+3
w
g
rl «
<u
1
O)
r: o
o .S
R,
S
i-3 OT
& "
S C3
w
j
«u
s
!^
O
« ?,
C& -M
s §
-si
a
-o
g
!H a
D «
C?j
S .w
•<?*
£
5 1
^
^^ "S
^^
•+->
s>
m
-o
•3
1
•s
'3
g
p
13
CD
a
e
•fd
£
c
-o
C3
2
03
05
CD
'1
£
0.
>,
ca
d
o
H
H
,J
n
<j
H
gS+2
• • • • • •
M
co |.a
_n
4.3
EH
42
• i-^ ' C^ W • 1-^ ' • r— 1 • • 1 f i 1 f— |
a
.52
o
£
M
CD
.0
g
-1
?— 1 ^H • i— I 00 0*^ T-H t^ i-H T— 1 rH
r?
O ±5
£:2
^f >O O CO T— 1 ^ 'O C*l C1! *M i-H O 'O Ol ^H CO <— t ~P "-H >O t^ C"l *O Ol ^H
CO i— i T-< O5 00 C^l i-t M C-l N T-I CO
P
CC i-H ' i— ( O OO CO i— I W C^ C^ r-l -^
i-H
o
|
«p
12
a
HI
I
+3
g
42
: : :- : i- « -i ::::::::::
o
A
"P
£, «3
J_i
*j
i-H rH i-H t^- rH ^H rH •
C0°
XI
rt.S3
•d
'5
fc
w
°S
O3 CCi-H »O N i— i i— t i-H -^ COC^ OOCO(N«H lO^P
C<l i-* t- i— 1 iHi
a
S IH'
O COCO O C? C0 1— 1 »H CO Tt< W Oi ^ CO rH 1/3 rj*
CO i— 1 • OO i-H rH
o|.J3
$
tuO
G
«s|
en
o
-4-J
1
ft
^42
3
J|
£
£
X)
rH tco
CO
•e
CD
£
i!
C^ (>1 i^ • i-H ... t— CO 00 •* CO 00 C^ W i-4 CO ^H
• i i • |— | rH rH
q
rH
eSB
C^CNrH '• TH *TH! OOCOOO'* COOfO CMtH ^W
" • • 1-4 1-H rH i— 1
O
J,
.9
-4_>
EH
O
W
II
'3
Number rep
P
-4-S
i— < *W
"P
V
C"l ^ O5 rH - »H OS C~1 OO *O 0s? O O *O *O rH W
• Is- i-H rH rH rH rH
I-H
P
lM ••* O5 rH • rH OS ^ OO O (N ^ O »O O rH M
• t^> i— 1 rH rH rH r-C
|
fc
d> 2 I
2 C3
^ ~t±
TOOCOCO (NCDWlOrH rHQt^-OrH ^2O^>rHiO OOC^>OOC^
COrH rH O 00 CO rH <N <M CM rH M^
fl ; : ; : ; : : : i : ; : : ; : : ; : ; : i : ;
1; ! \\l\\ \\l\\ \\l\\ \\l\\
° -j3
eg ft(Q 3 53 1 "^ "S ri d ••'•.
Ill 111! Hill M lilt
<i««00 OfiOWfe (^OOWW ASStJS SS^PnCL.
742
The Immigration Commission.
*« £ -2
(H
^s
""
iii
1
.S
.
1
^s
T— < r— 1 T-H CO r-H
T-H
CO
EH
Pi
>
3
fc
OT
CJ T— I 1— 1 C4
O
p
OOMNrtrf ^«_0 ^^^HU,
5
g *-
.... ....
^H
o
V,
bo
MI'P
§
£
S
+J
• " T-H T-H 1— t '
00
o
^ '55
O
S1
1
. .
-H
t-l • CO • •
^
.0
a
"f
1 '
1
'S
3
£
If
Wr-l OC i-H T-H <N
o
en
p
a
p
COi-H .- T-H C<1 i— 1 i-H i-H 0^1
T-H
O
(M
(^ p t/5
*H
O Q ."^
« 6>
, , ! ! I I ', ',
n
0
4-3
i
o,
01 is
OT
IH
l—t V)
m
>
§
VI
1
S
*
°J3
'?
: : : : : : :
0
P
a
p
o
i— t
°°1
S
60
00 S'p
•a
a
J2
; ; ; III! ', ', '. '.
•3
a> .
a
^.S
II
j>
1— 1 t/1
O5
"fl
I
3
ojg
C1»O >— 1 I-H *!-H«O5 T— l«l— t
S
i— «
P
n »O I-H I-H . f-H .05 I-H > I— I l-H
CO
~ <
C t
i be
S||
— c3
Prt3
C^l rH "H -Hrf<N
S
' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
1
':':':'.'. '.'.'.'. ^'rCS"
: : : : : : : : : § " &S
1*111 iiii ^ p. ^j
c: : : : : : : : : £. s s «
Iliii 111 ill
C3
O
r-H 1O C^ b- C^J f-H W T-H
i— < i— i i— I GC
-2 Si : J :c'"
S •- •- ^5 -9 ^3 - s- a .cj ;« a
IIII IIII
•3
-*-3
O
H
Boots and Shoes: General Tables— Middle West. 743
P i-H O i-H i-H .-H
"Ocooo-* coooc-j
a; co oo i< co O co
OOIMOOI^ «OOO
(N COlO
i-t ' W
i 05 r— O co c^ oo co rH »o o c*i to .— <
CMOOCOrH COCMIN rH rH •*
rHrH CO 00 Ol O rHrHrHIO
OOO1O
CJ I-'
r- CU
£6
feO
III
03 "9 "3
bC 03 C3
-5§p
!§
- QJ -~
PH C>
II
liiii
2 § = c.S
ill!!
jllll
; S
'Co'
i ., c -M
1 8 o
^ o> n
^ Co o
^c3 01
rt^'CJ
0
H
3
48296°— VOL 12—11-
744
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 170. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STCDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Native-born of native father:
White
2,395
44
95
164
221
1
170
1
164
2
183
1
661
7
336
9
190
6
131
11
57
6
21
2
Negro
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
2
88
3
21
5
66
32
962
170
14
2
4
1
1
14
17
1
4
27
1
1
1
1
23
Austria-Hungary
6
5
1
3
6
6
10
9
1
8
11
1
1
Belgium
Canada
1
1
4
1
15
6
223
32
6
1
4
2
16
6
171
30
3
4
1
3
Denmark
1
1
3
England..
2
3
1
61
7
1
4
3
49
9
3
1
7i i
9
8
2
88
18
8
2
99
34
3
'47"
14
1
1
1
12
1
France
" i
Germany
35
3
1
46
5
3
54
8
2
Ireland ....
Italy
Mexico
1
Netherlands
3
1
Norway
1
Roumania
1
Russia
1
1
2
3
3
....
2
7
5
1
1
.
Scotland..
2
4
Spain. . .
Sweden
1
1
5
2
3
Switzerland
1
1
2
2
1
3
1
....
8
1
Wales
Africa (country not
sppmfiprl)
1
Total
1,426
50
63
75
86
76
104
327
251
133
172
70
18
1
Total native-born...
3. N;:,
145
J.'7 L".I7
257
242
288
995
596
3129 314
133
39
3
Foreign-born, by race:
Armenian
5
49
20
5
3
3
6
3
20
1
2
137
121
38
18
26
36
39
1
16
11
2
6
48
2
39
13
3
4
1
1
7
6
1
2
8
3
2
7
2
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
1
1
4
3
1
2
13
7
1
1
2
Canadian, French
4
Canadian, Other..
1
1
1
Croatian
?
1
Danish . . .
1
1
2
1
2
-i
Dutch
1
English
1
1
1
....
2
4
2
5
1
2
2
Fjnnjsh,. t .
French
1
1
German
4
1
2
3
4
7
7
7
1
1
3
11
2
3
13
12
45
14
6
1
9
10
17
20
10
2
4
12
5
17
4
7
2
5
2
3
1
24
9
4
5
9
6
6
24
1
13
7
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other. .
1
1
4
Irish
1
2
Italian, North .
2
5
2
3
3
2
Italian, South
1
1
3
Lithuanian
Macedonian
1
2
7
1
1
2
13
2
14
2
3
4
1
2
2
4
Magyar
Mexican
1
Norwegian
3
3
1
2
Polish..
1
4
1
4
12
5
3
Portuguese
Roumanian
1
2
2
2
5
1
8
4
2
2
1
3
3
1
Russian
Scotch...
1
1
Servian
1
2
1 .
1
Slovak..
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
745
TABLE 170. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race — Continued.
MALE— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
IT.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born , by race— Con .
Spanish
1
20
7
23
1
2
1
5
1
Swedish
1
1
14
1
5
4
4
2
2
2
7
3
2
Syrian
Turkish
1
1
1 ....
Australian (race not
specified)
Austrian (race not speci-
fied)
9
Belgian (race not speci-
fied)..
1
Swiss (race not speci-
fied)
1
1
1
1
1
Total foreign-born
Grand total
738
7
Q
22
33
35
40
176
136
73
111
60
26
10
4,603
152
236
319
290
277
328
1,171
732
402
425
193
65
13
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father:
White
1,826
77
163
?,55
913
?48
177
460
1?,6
47
36
19
9
3
Negro
1
1
Native-born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
2
1
1
Austria-Hungary . . .
65
5
10
10
12
8
7
9
?
9
Belgium
3
1
1
1
Canada
11
1
?
2
4
1
1
Denmark
2
1
1
England
46
3
1
5
5
is
8
li
3
France
18
9
1
9
4
4
9
1
9
Germany.
609
17
4?
W
W
fW
94
178
"W
91
18
4
Ireland .
215
1
3
14
18
16
11
85
30
12
19
3
1
Italy
2
1
1
Netherlands
3
1
1
}
Russia
10
4
1
1
4
Scotland
8
1
2
3
1
1
Sweden
7
2
1
3
1
Switzerland
20
1
2
T
1
4
5
3
1
Wales
3
1
Total..
1.023
?•>
60
PT
Pfi
QQ
132
SOD
116
41
41
8
1
Total native-born
2,850
102
223
350
310
347
309
769
242
88
77
27
3
3
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
11
1
1
3
5
1
Canadian, French
1
1
Canadian, Other..
2
1
1
English
4
1
1
1
1
Finnish
1
1
French
1
1
German....
52
5
5
q
2
1
15
5
0
2
?
Hebrew (other than
Russian) .
3
1
1
1
Irish
12
1
4
3
3
1
Maevar
4
l
1
1
1
Polish
5
?
1
1
1
Scotch
1
1
Spanish
2
2
Syrian..
1
1
Welsh
1
1
Total foreign-born
101
1
6
9
15
5
3
28
14
10
5
2
3
......
Grand total
2,951
10S
99q
359
?95
V¥>:
119,
797
956
98
89
99
6
3
745
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 170. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Native- born of native
father:
White
4,221
172
327
476
1
383
2
412
2
!illl
1
1,121
7
462
9
237
6
167
11
7G
6
23
5
Negro
45
Native -born of foreign
father, by country of
birth of father:
Australia
4
153
6
32
7
112
40
1,571
1
1
1
17
1
32
1
6
1
30
10
401
117
6
1
1
Austria-Hungary
11
1
15
1
13
18
1
14
11
1
8
3
24
8
230
69
8
13
1
1
Belgium
Canada
1
1
6
1
112
22
2
1
1
4
1
120
25
1
2
1
4
5
1
3
Df»n m fl,rlc
1
2
88
8
4
England
2
9
5
108
25
8
5
170
20
1
14
3
109
30
11
4
117
46
3
si
17
1
1
1
12
2
France
"i
Germany
52
4
1
Ireland . .
385
16
2
7
1
1
24
25
1
11
47
3
1
Italv
1
Netherlands
1
3
1
1
1
Norway
Hournania
1
Russia
1
5
1
2
3
4
1
2
6
10
5
1
1
Scotland
2
5
1
Spain
Sweden
1
2
1
8
1
4
8
1
3
3
Switzerland
2
3
5
3
5
1
9
1
Wales
Africa (country not
specified.)
1
Total
_' I!1,'
75
u:t
:.••'
182
175
236
•636
367
174
213
78
19
1
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
6,715
247
(,-,()
647
567
589
597
1,764
417
391
160
42
r,
5
GO
20
G
5
3
G
3
24
2
3
189
121
38
21
38
36
39
1
IG
15
2
(')
53
2
1
12
6
1
2
8
3
1
1
2
7
•>
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
2
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
3
1
2
14
7
Bulgarian
Canadian French
4
Canadian Other
1
1
•>
1
Danish
1
1
2
1
2
1
Dutch
1
English
1
2
1
3
5
1
3
5
1
2
o
1
9
German
4
1
7
3
9
7
16
7
1
2
5
11
2
1
1
4
13
27
45
14
6
5
9
10
22
20
10
2
7
12
5
23
4
7
2
8
2
3
1
26
9
4
5
9
(i
6
24
1
15
7
Greek
Hebrew Other
2
1
4
Irish
2
2
2
5
2
3
3
2
Italian South
1
1
3
Macedonian
1
2
1
1
7
2
1
2
13
2
3
4
1
2
2
4
Magyar
1
1
Norwegian
3
3
1
2
Polish
3
4
2
5
13
5
3
Portuguese . .
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
747
TABLE 170. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
10.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
to
over.
Foreign-born, by rn ce— Con.
Roumanian"
39
13
4
4
1
3
20
8
23
1
1
2
1
5
1
2
2
2
5
1
14
2
8
4
2
2
1
3
3
9
Russian
Scotch. . .
1
1
Servian
1
2
1
2
1
1
14
1
Slovak
Spanish . . .
1
Swedish
5
4
4
2
2
2
7
3
2
8 vrian
1
Turkish... .
1
1
1
1
Welsh
Australian (race not speci-
fied) . .
1
Austrian (race not specified)
Belgian (race not specified).
Swiss (race not specified) . . .
Total foreign-born
G rand total
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
839
8
15
31 48
40
43
204
150
83
116
62
29
10
7..V.I
255
465
678
615
629
640
1,908
988
500
507
.'.'I1
71
16
TABLE 171 . — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race and length of residence.
(STUDY OP EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
M
f«
o-S
6*3
h<2
G>
feft
•gl
go
fc
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
M
a
&
3
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
"ea
-fj
o
EH
w
a
.2
<
Having first
papers only.
i M
Sfe
6£&
.a ft
li
"o!
•0
O
EH
a
<i
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
3
o
EH
Armenian
l
4
2
1
1
1
3
30
5
3
3
G
6
5
1
1
2
6
o
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
3
30
5
3
3
6
6
5
1
1
2
6
2
5
5
3
2
98
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
3
23
1
2
1
2
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Danish
i
1
"2"
23
Dutch.
1
....
....
2
3
1
3
"4
4
1
1
......
2
2
English
1
2
22
German..
2
3
4
2
2
1
7
5
2
3
2
6
4
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
1
1
Hebrew, Other
3
"4
3
Irish
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
3
1
1
3
1
Italian, North
Italian, South
1
1
1
1
Lithuanian
Magyar
1
1
1
Norwegian
2
2
2
3
Polish.
2
9
2
2
1
3
4
2
2
1
2
1
Roumanian
Russian . . .
5
5
3
2
o
2
1
2
4
3
5
9
i
i
2
4
"2"
Swedish
1
Syrian .
2
1
"2"
3
2
Swiss (race not specified)
Total
98
21
16
7
44
9
7
38
54
30
23
45
748
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 172. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OI> EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian
5
48
19
4
3
6
3
1
o
136
116
34
16
33
36
1
16
11
2
6
46
2
39
13
4
1
1
19
7
22
1
2
1
5
3
44
8
4
1
6
3
1
2
128
64
31
16
25
27
1
3
6
2
6
32
2
28
12
3
1
23
1
2
1
23
1
2
4
25
18
2
3
4
1
1
2
21
7
2
1
4
1
1
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Danish
2
2
2
2
Dutch .
Finnish
French
2
01
3
2
01
2
German
75
113
34
12
29
24
1
16
11
1
3
32
1
37
12
4
1
1
17
6
22
1
1
07
02
31
12
21
15
1
3
0
1
3
19
1
26
11
3
Greek
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
4
4
12
4
4
12
Italian North
Italian, South
Lithuanian . .
Macedonian
Magyar
rt 6 •;
Mexican
1
3
14
1
2
1
1
3
13
1
2
1
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Servian
Slovak
Spanish
1
19
7
6
1
2
1
5
1
17
6
0
1
1
Swedish
2
1
2
1
S yrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified).
1
1
1
1
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
5
5
Total
661
500
144
142
517
358
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
11
11
9
9
9
2
Canadian, French
1
1
1
1
Finnish
1
1
1
1
French . . . .
1
1
1
1
German
49
43
29
29
20
14
Hebrew (other than Russian)
3
3
2
2
1
1
Magyar
4
2
4
2
Polish
5
5
5
5
Spanish
2
2
2
9
Syrian
1
1
1
1
Total
78
70
48
48
30
22
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
749
TABLE 172. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian
5
59
19
5
3
6
3
2
3
185
116
34
19
33
36
1
16
15
2
6
51
2
39
13
4
1
3
19
8
22
1
2
1
5
3
55
8
5
1
6
3
2
3
171
. C4
31
19
25
27
1
3
8
2
6
37
2
28
12
3
1
32
1
3
1
32
1
3
4
27
18
2
3
4
1
1
]
95
113
34
13
29
24
1
16
15
1
3
32
1
37
12
4
1
3
17
6
22
1
1
2
23
7
2
1
4
1
1
1
81
62
31
13
21
15
1
3
8
1
3
19
1
26
11
3
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
Croatian
Danish
2
2
1
2
90
3
2
2
1
2
90
2
Dutch
Finnish
French
German
Greek.
Hebrew, Russian ...
Hebrew, Other
6
4
12
6
4
12
Italian, North
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Magyar
t r &•;
Mexican
1
3
19
1
2
1
1
3
18
1
2
1
Norwegian
Polish . .. .
Portuguese
Roumanian
Russian
Servian .
Slovak
Spanish
3
19
•8
6
1
2
1
5
3
17
6
6
1
1
Swedish ..
2
2
2
2
Syrian
Turkish
Australian (race not specified)
Austrian (race not specified)
1
1
1
1
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
5
5
Total
739
570
192
190
547
380
750
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 173. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in the United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9. 10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian.
5
48
19
4
3
6
3
1
2
136
116
34
16.
33
36
1
16
11
2
6
46
2
39
13
4
1
1
19
7
22
1
2
1
5
3
44
8
4
1
6
3
1
2
128
64
31
16
25
27
1
3
r,
2
6
32
2
28
12
3
2
6
18
1
3
7
2
4
1
1
3
1
1
38
1
38
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French
4
4
Croatian
2
1
1
Danish
6
3
1
2
102
1
6
4
4
4
1
6
3
1
2
98
1
6
4
4
4
1
Dutch
Finnish
French
German
20
100
19
7
16
14
18
50
17
7
11
6
14
15
9
5
13
18
12
13
8
5
10
17
Greek ... .
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North .
Italian, South
Lithuanian
Macedonian
16
8
1
3
3
1
Magyar
3
1
3
1
Mexican
Norwegian
6
17
6
17
Polish ...
12
2
17
2
r,
5
13
2
6
4
Portuguese
Roumanian
33
5
4
1
22
5
3
Russian
3
3
Servian
Slovak
Spanish
1
19
7
6
1
2
1
5
1
13
1
1
1
13
1
1
Swedish ..
1
1
5
6
5
6
Syrian
Turkish
21
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
Australian (race not specified) .
Austrian (race not specified) . . .
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
2
2
2
2
Total
661
500
310
169
129
113
222
218
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
11
11
2
2
2
2
7
7
Canadian, French
1
1
1
1
Finnish
1
1
1
1
French
1
1
1
1
German.
49
43
15
9
11
11
23
23
Hebrew (other than Russian)
3
3
3
3
Magyar . .
4
2
3
1
1
1
Polish
5
5
5
5
Spanish
2
2
1
1
1
1
Syrian
1
1
1
1
Total ..
78
70
24
16
16
16
38
38
Boots and Shoes: General Tables — Middle West.
751
TABLE 173.— Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in the United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Armenian ......
5
59
19
5
3
6
3
2
3
185
116
34
19
33
30
1
16
15
2
6
51
2
39
13
4
1
3
19
8
22
1
2
1
5
3
55
8
5
1
6
3
2
3
171
64
31
19
25
27
1
3
8
2
6
37
2
28
12
3
2
8
18
1
5
7
2
6
1
1
5
1
1
45
1
<5
Bohemian and Moravian
Bulgarian
Canadian, French . ...
5
5
Croatian
2
1
1
Danish.. . ._
C
3
2
3
125
1
6
4
4
4
1
6
3
2
3
121
1
6
4
4
4
1
Dutch -. -
Finnish
French
German
35
100
19
10
10
14
27
50
17
10
11
6
25
15
9
5
13
18
23
13
8
5
10
17
Greek
Hp.hrpw, Russian , .
Hebrew Other
Italian, North
Italian, South. . • .
Lithuanian
Macedonian
l(i
11
1
3
4
1
Magyar
4
1
4
1
Mexican
Norwegian . .
0
22
6
22
Polish
12
2
17
2
6
5
13
2
6
4
Portuguese
Roumanian.
33
5
4
1
1
1
22
5
3
Russian
3
3
Servian
Slovak
Spanish
3
19
8
6
1
2
1
5
1
1
1
5
7
1
5
7
1
13
1
1
1
13
1
1
Swedish
Syrian
Turkish
21
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
Australian (race not specified) .
Austrian (race not specified). . .
Belgian (race not specified)
Swiss (race not specified)
1
1
2
2
2
2
Total
739
570
334
185
145
129
260
256
LIST OF TEXT TABLES.
PART I— GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTUR-
ING INDUSTRY,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page-
Table 1. — The growth of the boot and shoe industry in the United States,
1880 to 1905, and the status of selected States for 1905 211
Table 2. — The increase in the average number of wage-earners in the
United States from 1880 to 1905 and the average number in selected
States for 1905 212
Table 3. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 213
Table 4. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 213
Table 5. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . . 214
Table 6. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 215
Table 7. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) -. '. . . 216, 217
Table 8. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by locality
and by sex ; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) 220-223
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 9. — Number of boot and shoe workers in the United States and in
selected States, by country of birth, 1880 225
Table 10. — Number of boot and shoe workers in the United States and in
selected States, by general nativity and country of birth, 1890 226
Table 11. — Number of boot and shoe workers in the United States and in
selected States, by general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900. 227
Table 12. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under
1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by sex and race. (Study of employees). . . 228
Table 13. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 229
Table 14. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) . 232
Table 15. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by locality and by race. (Study of em-
ployees) 233
Table 16. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 234, 235
Table 17. — Race of employees for whom information was secured, by
locality and by sex; per cent distribution. (Study of employees) 235,238
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 18. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for-
eign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 241
Table 19. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 242
Table 20. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for-
eign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 243
Table 21. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of a?e or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 244
753
754 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 22. — -Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified occu-
pation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of em-
ployees) 245
Table 23. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 246
Table 24. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 247
Table 25. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manu-
facture of boots and shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by
birthplace of individual. (Study of households) 248
Table 26.— Per cent of females 16 years of age or over engaged in the man-
ufacture of boots and shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by
birthplace of individual. (Study of households) 248
Table 27. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 249
Table 28. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $15
or over per week, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 250
Table 29.— Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning $10
or over per week, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 251
Table 30. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 252
Table 31. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning $10
or over per week, by locality and by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 253
Table 32. — Per cent of female.. employees 18 years of age or over earning
$7.50 or over per week, by locality and by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 253
Table 33. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 254
Table 34. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 255
Table 35.— Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or over
earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of residence
in the United States. (Study of employees) 256
Table 36. — Comparative earnings per week of foreign -born male employees
18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the United
States. (Study of employees) 257
Table 37. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 258
Table 38. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual. (Study of households) 259
Table 39. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) .... 260
Table 40. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . 261
Table 41. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of
households) 262
Table 42. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(Study of households) 263
Table 43. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 264
Table 44. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of household0) 264
Table 45. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from hus-
band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 265, 266
Table 46. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 267
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: List of Text I ables. 755
CHAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 47. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 268
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 48. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or
over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of individ-
ual. (Study of households) 271
Table 49. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 272
Table 50. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over,
working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study
of households) 273
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 51. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 275
Table 52. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 276
Table 53. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 277
Table 51. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 278
Table 55. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . 279
Table 56. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . . . 280
Table 57. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 281
Table 58. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households).. 282
Table 59. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 283
Table 60. — Average number of persons per apartment per room and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 284
Table 61. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 285
Table 62. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 286
Table 63. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping iu all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 287
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 64. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees). . . . 289
Table 65. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 290
Table 66. — Per cent of employees who read, by locality, by sex, and by
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) .' 291
Table 67. — Per cent of foreign -born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race
of individual. (Study of households) 292
Table 68. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read
and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United
States and race of individual. (Study of households) 293
Table 69. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal con-
dition, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . . . 294, 295
Table 70. — Percent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) "296, 297
756 The Immigration Commission,
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page-
Table 71. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 298, 299
Table 72. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over who are married,
by locality, by sex, and by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 300, 301
Table 73. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United
States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study
of employees) 301
Table 74. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by
locality, and by race of husband. (Study of employees) 302
Table 75.— Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by
race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.
(Study of employees) 302
Table 76. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years
in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 303, 304
Table 77. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 305
Table 78. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 306, 307
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 79. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 309
Table 80. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households).' 310
Table 81. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age
at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father
and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 311
Table 82. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years
of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 312
Table 83. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States,
by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 313
Table 84. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 314
Table 85. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 315
Table 86. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by
sex and race. (Study of employees) 316
Table 87. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by
locality, by sex, and by race. (Study of employees) 317
Table 88. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race
of individual. (Study of households) 317
Table 89. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of
households) 318
Table 90. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 319
Table 91. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 320
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: List of Text Tables. 757
PART II— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE
EAST,
GENERAL SURVEY.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 92. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 325, 326
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 93. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees). . . 327, 328
Table 94. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 330
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 95. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified
occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of
employees) 333
Table 96. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 334, 335
Table 97. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 336
Table 98. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 337
Table 99. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 338
Table 100. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees 18 years of age or
over earning each specified amount per week, by race and length of
residence in the United States. (Study of employees) 339
Table 101. — Comparative earnings per week of foreign-born male em-
ployees 18 years of age or over, by race and length of residence in the
United States. (Study of employees) 340
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics:
Table 102. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 343
Table 103 . — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conj ugal
condition, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 344,345
Table 104. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition by sex and
age groups, and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). . 346, 347
Table 105. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the
United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(Study of employees) 348
Table 106. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by
race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.
(Study of employees) 349
Table 107. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years
in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 350
Table 108. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 351, 352
CHAPTER V. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 109. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21
years of age at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 355
Table 110. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States,
by years in the United States and race. (Study of employees) 356
Table 111. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex
and race. (Study of employees) 357
Table 112. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by
sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of
employees) 358
Table 113. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 359, 360
758 The Immigration Commission.
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A.
CHAPTER VI. — Introduction: Page.
Table 114. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 362
Table 115. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 362, 363
Table 116. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured,
by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house-
holds) 363
Table 117. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex
and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 364
Table 118. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 365
CHAPTER VII. — Racial displacements:
Table 119. — Population of Community A by country of birth, in years in
which State census was taken 367, 368
Table 120. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 369
Table 121. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households). 370
Table 122. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 371
CHAPTER VIII. — Economic status:
Table 123. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race of individual. (Study of households) 373
Table 124. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 374
Table 125. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race of individual. (Study of households) 375
Table 126. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 376
Table 127. — Per cent of foreign-born male employees in each specified
occupation before coming to the United States, by race. (Study of
employees) 377
Table 128. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 378
Table 129. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by gen-
eral nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 379
Table 130. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manu-
facture of boots and shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by
birthplace of individual. (Study of households) 380
Table 131. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race
of individual — Company No. 1 380
Table 132. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race of
individual — Company No. 2 381
Table 133. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 381
Table 134 . — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 382
Table 135. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 383
Table 136. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 383
Table 137. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 384
Table 138. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual. (Study of households) 385
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: List of Text Tables. 759
CHAPTER VIII. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 139. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 386
Table 140. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . 387
Table 141. — Per cent of females 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount (approximate) per year, by general nativity. (Study of house-
holds) 387
Table 142. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each speci-
fied amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of
households) 388
Table 143.— Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family
(Study of households) 389
Table 144. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 390
Table 145. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 390
Table 146. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 391
Table 147. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 392
Table 148. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 394
CHAPTER IX. — Working conditions:
Table 149. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 397
Table 150. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of in-
dividual. (Study of households) 398
Table 151. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over
working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 399
CHAPTER X. — Housing and living conditions:
' Table 152. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 401
Table 153. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 402
Table 154. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room by general nativity aand race of head of household. (Study of
households) 403
Table 155. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 405
Table 156. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 406
Table 157. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) .... 407
Table 158. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 408
Table 159. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households).. 410
Table 160. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 411
Table 161. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 412
Table 162. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 413
48296°— VOL 12—11 -49
760 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER X. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 163. — Number and per cent of households regularly in all except
each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 414
CHAPTER XI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 164. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees). . . . 417
Table 165. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 418
Table 166. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and
race of individual. (Study of households) 419
Table 167. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the
United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 420
Table 168. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal
condition, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) . . 421
Table 169. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex, and
age groups, and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). . 422, 423
Table 170. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and
age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 425, 426
Table 171. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United
States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study
of households) 427
Table 172. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife abroad, by
race of husband and by years husband has been in the United States.
(Study of households) 427
Table 173. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years
in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 428
Table 174. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by gen-
eral nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households)... 429, 430
Table 175. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 431, 432
Table 176. — Number and per cent of persons involved in cases assisted in
Community A, by general nativity and race of head of case 433
CHAPTER XII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 177. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 435
Table 178. — Number and per cent of total pupils in school in Community
A, by general nativity and race of father of pupil 436
Table 179. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age
at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father
and by birthplace of child . (Study of households) 437
Table 180. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of
age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) 437, 438
Table 181. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households) 438
Table 182. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . 439
Table 183. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex
and race. (Study of employees) 440
Table 184. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of
individual. (Study of households) 440
Table 185. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(Study of households) 441
Table 186. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 442
Table 187. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 443
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: List of Text Tables. 761
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B.
CHAPTER XIII. — Introduction: Page.
Table 188. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 445
Table 189. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed
information was secured, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 446
Table 190. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 447
Table 191. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 447, 448
CHAPTER XIV. — Racial displacements:
Table 192. — Population of Community B, in years in which a State census
was taken, by country of birth 449, 450
Table 193. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households). . 452
CHAPTER XV. — Economic status:
Table 194.— Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 455
Table 195. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 456
Table 196. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of
foreign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming,
by sex and race of individual. (Study of households). 457
Table 197. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-
born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 457
Table 198. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 458
Table 199. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 459
Table 200. — Per cent of males 16 years of age or over engaged in the manu-
facture of shoes, by general nativity and race of father and by birth-
place of individual. (Study of households) 460
Table 201. — Number of employees in each specified occupation, by race of
individual 460
Table 202. — Number of employees in each specified department, by race
of individual 461
Table 203. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual
(Study of households) 461
Table 204. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativ-
ity and race of individual. (Study of households) 462
Table 205. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 463
Table 206. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 464
Table 207. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each
specified amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study
of households) 465
Table 208. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(Study of households) 466
Table 209. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativ-
ity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 467
Table 210. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativ-
ity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 467
Table 211. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 468
Table 212. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and
race of head of family. (Study of households) 469
Table 213. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativ-
ity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 470
762 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER XVI. — Working conditions: Page.
Table 214. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 471
Table 215. — Months worked during the past year by females 16 years of
age or over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of
individual. (Study of households) 472
Table 216. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over
who are working for wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 473
CHAPTER XVII. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 217. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 475
Table 218. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 476
Table 219. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 477
Table 220. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 477
Table 221. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or
lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 478
Table 222.- — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 479
Table 223. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 480
Table 224. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons,
by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house-
holds) 480
Table 225. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and
per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 481
Table 226. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold . (Study of households) 482
Table 227. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 483
Table 228. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 484
CHAPTER XVIII. — Salient characteristics:
Table 229. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 485
Table 230. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and
race of individual. (Study of households) 486
Table 231. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the
United States and race of individual. (Study of households) 487
Table 232. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 488
Table 233. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 490
CHAPTER XIX. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 234. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 491
Table 235. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households).. 492
Table 236. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 492
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: List of Text Tables. 763
CHAPTER XIX. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page.
Table 237. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who
speak English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of
individual. (Study of households) 493
Table 238. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study of
households) 494
PART III— THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE
MIDDLE WEST,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 239. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 497, 498
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 240. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 500
Table 241. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 501, 502
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 242. — Occupation of foreign -born male employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 503, 504
Table 243. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 504
Table 244. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 505
Table 245. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 506
Table 246. — Per cent of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 506
Table 247. — Per cent of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 507
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics:
Table 248. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 509
Table 249. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal
condition, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employ-
ees) 510, 511
Table 250. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex and
age groups, and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees). 511, 512
Table 251. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the
United States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(Study of employees) 513
Table 252. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race 513, 514
Table 253. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 514, 515
CHAPTER V. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 254. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees). . 517
Table 255. — Per cent of foreign-born employees who speak English, by sex
and race. (Study of employees) 518
LIST OF GENERAL TABLES.
PART I— GENERAL SURVEY OF THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFAC-
TURING INDUSTRY,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 531
Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 531, 532
TableS. — Total number of male employees for whom information was
secured, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 532, 533
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 4. — Number of foreign-born male employees in the United States
each specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 534, 535
Table 5. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci-
fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 536
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 537
Table 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 537
Table 8. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the
United States, by race. (Study of employees) 538
Table 9. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. ( Study of employees) 539
Table 10. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . 540
Table 11. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified
industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 541
Table 12. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 542, 543
Table 13. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 543, 544
Table 14. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 545
Table 15. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 546
Table 16. — Number of male heads of families earning, each specified amount
Eer year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
olds) 547
Table 17. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 548
Table 18. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and
race of head of family. (Study of households) 549
Table 19. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 550
765
766 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III.— Economic status — Continued. Page-
Table 20. — Number of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by gen-
ral nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 551
Table 21. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 552
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 22. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual. (Study of households) 553
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 23. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race
of head of household. (Study of households) 554
Table 24. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 555
Table 25. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per
room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 556
Table 26. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 557
Table 27. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and
number of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 558
Table 28. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified
size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 559, 560
Table 29. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 561
Table 30. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of
each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 563
Table 31. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 563
Table 32. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 563
Table 33. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 564
Table 34. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each speci-
fied number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 564
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) • 565-568
Table 36. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 569
Table 37. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of households) 570
Ta'ble 38. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study
of households) 571
Table 39. — Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 572-578
Table 40. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and Ly general nativ-
ity and race of individual. (Study of households) 579-581
Table 41. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus-
band. (Study of employees) 582
Table 42. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 583-587
Table 43. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex, and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 588, 589
Table 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 589-593
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: General Tables. 767
CHAPTER VII.— General progress and assimilation: Page.
Table 45. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 594
Table, 46.— General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex, age
groups, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 594, 596
Table 47. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of
age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study
of employees) 597
Table 48. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence. (Study
of households) 598
Table 49. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 598
Table 50. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of
individual. (Study of households) 599
Table 51. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study
of households) 600
Table 52. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age
at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of employees) . 601, 602
Table 53. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 603, 604
PART II -THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE
EAST,
GENERAL SURVEY.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 54. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 605
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 55. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees). . . 606, 607
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 56. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the
United States, by race. (Study of employees) 608
Table 57. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 609
Table 58. — Number of male employees, 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 609, 610
Table 59. — Number of female employees, 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 611
Table 60. — Number of male employees, 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 612
Table 61. — Number of female employees, 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 613
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics:
Table 62. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 614-616
Table 63. — Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 617-622
Table 64. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(Study of employees) 623
768 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics — Continued. Page-
Table 65. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 624-627
Table 66. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by
sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 628-631
CHAPTER V. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 67. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of
age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of
employees) 632
Table 68. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age
at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of employees) . 633, 634
Table 69. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 635, 636
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY A.
CHAPTER VI. — Introduction:
Table 70. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 637
Table 71. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 637
Table 72. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured,
by sex, and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 638
CHAPTER VII. — Racial displacements:
Table 73. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. _ (Study of employees) .. . 639, 640
Table 74. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of
households) 640, 641
CHAPTER VIII. — Economic status:
Table 75. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 641
Table 76. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 642
Table 77. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 642
Table 78. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 643
Table 79. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified indus-
try, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 643
Table 80.— Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified
industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 644
Table 81. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 645
Table 82. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 646
Table 83. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 647
Table 84. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 648
Table 85.— Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount
per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 649
Table 86.— Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). . 650
Table 87. — Amount of family income per year by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 650
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: General Tables. 769
CHAPTER VIII. — Economic status — Continued. Page.
Table 88. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 651
Table 89. — Number of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households)... 652
Table 90. — Source of family income iii detail by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 652
CHAPTER IX. — Working conditions:
Table 91. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by sex, and by general nativity and
race of individual. (Study of households) 653
CHAPTER X. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 92. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race
of head of household. (Study of households) 65*4
Table 93. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 655
Table 94. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 655
Table 95. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per
person by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 656
Table 96.— N umber of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num-
ber of boarders or lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 656
Table 97. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified
size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 657, 658
Table 98. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 659
Table 99. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of
each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 660
Table 100. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). . 661
Table 101. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 661
Table 102. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household . (Study of households) 662
Table 103. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 662
CHAPTER XI.' — Salient characteristics:
Table 104. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 663-665
Table 105. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 666
Table 106. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 667
Table 107.- — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by
sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 668
Table 108. — Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 669-673
Table 109. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 674-677
Table 110. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus-
band. (Study of employees) 678
Table 111. — Visits abroad made by foreign- born employees, by sex, years
in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 679-681
Table 112. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 682, 683
Table 113. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group,
by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 683-686
770 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER XII. — General progress and assimilation: Page-
Table 114.- — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 686
Table 115.— General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex,
age groups, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 687, 688
Table 116. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence.
(Study of employees) .' 689
Table 117. — Present political condition of foreign -born males who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence.
(Study of households) 690
Table 118. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . . 690
Table 119. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of
individual. (Study of households) 691
Table 120. Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 692
Table 121. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
a<*e at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of
employees) 693, 694
Table 122. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) . 695,696
REPRESENTATIVE COMMUNITY B.
CHAPTER XIII. — Introduction.
Table 123. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 696
Table 124. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 697
CHAPTER XIV. — Racial displacements:
Table 125. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of
households) 697, 698
CHAPTER XV. — Economic status:
Table 126. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 698
Table 127.— Occupation before coming to the United States, of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of in-
dividual. (Study of households) 699
Table 128. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified in-
dustry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 699
Table 129. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified in-
dustry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 700
Table 130. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified
amount per year, by general nativity and race. (Study of households) . . 700
Table 131. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 701
Table 132. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and
race of head of family. (Study of households) 701
Table 133. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 702
Table 134. — Number of families having an income within the year from
husband, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 702
Table 135. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 703
Boot and Shoe Manufacturing: General Tables. 771
CHAPTER XVI. — Working conditions: Page.
Table 136. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and
race of individual. (Study of households) 703, 704
CHAPTER XVII. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 137. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race
of head of household. (Study of households) 704
Table 138. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 705
Table 139. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 705
Table 140. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 706
Table 141. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num-
ber of boarders and lodgers by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 706
Table 142. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci-
fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) '. 707, 708
Table 143. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 709
Table 144. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of
each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 709
Table 145. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) . . 710
Table 146. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 710
Table 147. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 711
Table 148. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 711
CHAPTER XVIII. — Salient characteristics:
Table 149.— Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 712
Table 150.— Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 713
Table 151. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual. (Study
of households) 714
Table 152. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general
nativity and race of individual. (Studyof households) 715-717
Table 153. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 718
CHAPTER XIX. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 154. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 719
Table 155. — General occupation of persons 16 years of age, by sex, age
groups, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 719, 720
Table 156. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age
or over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence.
(Study of households) 721
Table 157. —Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex, and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households). 721
Table 158. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of
individual. (Study of households) 722
Table 159. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 723
772 The Immigration Commission.
PART III —THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN THE
MIDDLE WEST,
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page.
Table 160. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 724, 725
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 161. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees). . . 725, 726
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 162.— Number of male employees, 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 727, 728
Table 163. — Number of female employees, 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 728, 729
Table 164. — Number of male employees, 14 and under 18 years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees): 729, 730
Table 165. — Number of female employees, 14 and under 18_ years of age
earning each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 730
CHAPTER IV. — Salient characteristics:
Table 166. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 731-733
Table 167. — Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 724-739
Table 168. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of hus-
bands. (Study of employees) 740
Table 169.— Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years
in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 741-743
Table 170. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by
sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 744-747
CHAPTER V. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 171. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who
have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years
of age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study
of employees) ' 747
Table 172. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of em-
ployees) 748, 749
Table 173. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 750, 751
LIST OF CHARTS.
Page.
Number of employees of each general nativity for whom information was
secured :•-.•• "^
Number of employees for whom information was secured, by general nativity
and race 219
Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by race 230
PART 10— GLOVE MANUFACTURING.
773
IMMIGRANTS IN INDUSTRIES.
GLOVE MANUFACTURING.
This report, which was prepared under the direction of the Commission by W. Jett
Lauck, superintendent of agents, forms part of the general report of the Immigration
Commission on immigrants in industries.
774
GLOYE MANUFACTURING.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page-
Growth of the industry 777
Increase in the number of employees 777
Territory studied 778
Households studied - 778
Members of households for whom detailed information was secured 779
Employees for whom information was secured 781
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
History of immigration 783
Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and mem-
bers of their households 785
Racial classification of employees at the present time 787
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied. . 789
General occupation of males at the present time in the households studied. 792
General occupation of females at the present time in the households studied . 793
Weekly earnings
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied 795
Annual earnings of males 18 years of age or over in the households studied .
Annual earnings of females 18 years of age or over in the households studied . 797
Annual family income 79i
Wives at work 800
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of
keeping boarders or lodgers
Sources of family income
Relative importance of the different sources of family income 803
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Regularity of employment .-.
The immigrant and organized labor 806
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Rent in its relation to standard of living 807
Boarders and lodgers
Size of apartments occupied
Size of households studied
Congestion
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Literacy 817
Conjugal condition
Visits abroad •
Age classification of employees and members of their households
CHAPTER VII.— General progress and assimilation:
Ownership of homes
Status of children in the households studied
Citizenship
Ability to speak English 832
General tables '37
General explanation of tables
List of text tables
List of general tables
48296°— VOL 12—11 50 775
THE GLOVE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
Growth of the industry — Increase in the number of employees — Territory studied-
Households studied — Members of households for whom detailed information was
secured — Employees for whom information was secured — [Text Tables 1 to 7 and
General Tables 1 to 3].
GROWTH OF THE INDUSTRY.
The growth in the glove-manufacturing industry in the countiy
as a whole and in the State of New York during the period 1880-1905
is shown in a summary form in the table below. It is at once evident
from a glance at the table that the industry is principally confined to
the State of New York, about three-fifths of the total amount of
capital invested being employed in that State. The expansion of the
industry in all geographical divisions is also exhibited by the fact
that only $3,379,648 were invested in 1880, as compared with a
capital commitment of $10,705,599 in the year 1905. The detailed
table follows:
TABLE 1. — Growth of the glove-manufacturing industry in New York State and in the
United States, 1880-1905fl
[Compiled from United States Census reports, 1890-1905.]
Number
State,
Year.
of active,
establish-
Capital.
Value of
products.
ments.
New York ... .
1905
194
$6, 348, 407
$9, 946, 443
1900
243
6, 219, 647
10,854,221
1890
212
4,143,502
7,369,730
1880
199
2,690,048
5, 718, 529
United States
1905
339
10, 705, 599
17,740,385
1900
381
9, 004, 427
16,721,234
1890
324
5,977,820
10,103,821
1880.
300
3,379,648
7,379,605
<z The figures reported for 1900 represent leather gloves and mittens only, and therefore do not agree,
with the totals for gloves and mittens in the General Report on Manufactures, Parts I and II. The*
statistics for censuses-prior to 1900 are for gloves or mittens, whether of leather or other material, except fur
and knit gloves or mittens.
INCREASE IN THE NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES.
The extent of the employment offered by the glove industry is the
most significant feature in connection with the industry in its bearing,
upon racial changes in the operating forces. In the table below it
is seen that the number of employees rapidly increased both in the
' ' - ' - '""' ' " 777 ' "
778
The Immigration Commission.
country as a whole and in New York during the twenty years, 1880-
1900, but underwent a considerable decrease after the year 1900:
TABLE 2. — Increase in the number of employees of the glove-'inanufacturing industry in
New York State and the United States.0
[Compiled from United States Census reports, 1890-1905.)
Average number of wage-earners.
State.
Year.
Men 16
Women
Children
Total.
years of
age or
16 years
of age or
under 16
years of
over.
over.
age.
New York
1905
5,613
2,485
3 056
72
1900
9,907
2,843
7,001
63
1890
6,507
2,655
3,829
23
1880
5,313
1,569
3,623
121
United States
1905
10 645
4 174
6 245
226
1900
14,180
4,364
9,542
274
1890
N. 1x7
2,998
5,091
98
1880
7,697
2,102
5,249
346
a The figures reported for 1900 represent leather gloves and mittens only, and therefore do not agree
with the totals for gloves and mittens in the General Report on Manufactures, Parts I and II. The
statistics for censuses prior to 1900 are for gloves or mittens, whether of leather or other material, except
fur and knit gloves or mittens.
TERRITORY STUDIED.
The study of the industry was limited to New York, all the infor-
mation for employees and households being secured in that State.
These data are combined in the tabulations for the present report.
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
A total of 262 households, the heads of which were employed in the
manufacture of gloves, were studied in detail. In the following table
the number and percentage of households studied are presented,
according to general nativity and race of head of household :
4
TABLE 3. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY or HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Households.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father,
White
30
25
43
30
39
30
11.5
9.5
16.4
11.5
14.9
11.5
Foreign-born— Continued.
Italian, South
40
25
15.3
9.5
Foreign-born:
Slovak
o-raTl t^fai . ,
French
262
100.0
Total native-born
Hebrew
30
232
11.5
88.5
Irish . .
Total foreign-born
Of the total number of the 262 households studied in this industry
88.5 per cent are foreign-born and 11.5 are native-born. Of the 232
foreign-born households the French, South Italians, Hebrews, Irish,
Germans, English, and Slovaks range from 16.4 to 9.5 per cent in
the order named.
Glove Manufacturing.
779
MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR WHOM DETAILED INFORMATION WAS
SECURED.
The table which follows shows, by general nativity and race of
head of household, the persons in the households studied and the
persons for whom detailed information was secured:
TABLE 4. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed information ivas
secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons in house-
holds.
Persons for whom
detailed informa-
tion was secured.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Number.
Per cent
distribu-
tion.
Native-born of native father, White ....
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
103
106
147
118
188
141
202
102
9.3
9.6
13.3
10.7
17.0
12.7
18.2
9.2
103
106
147
117
187
141
202
102
9.3
9.6
13.3
10.6
16.9
12.8
18.3
9.2
Foreign-born:
English
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
262
1,107
100.0
1,105
100.0
Total native-born
30
232
103
1,004
9.3
90.7
103
1,002
9.3
90.7
Total foreign-born
Of a total of 1,107 persons in the 262 households studied in the
above table 90.7 per cent are foreign-born and 9.3 per cent native-
born. Of the foreign-born the largest proportion, or 18.2 per cent,
are South Italians, while the smallest proportion, or 9.2 per cent,
are Slovaks. With regard to those for whom detailed information
was secured it is seen that the proportions remain practically the
same.
The table next presented sets forth, by general nativity and race
of head of household, the sex of persons in the households studied
for whom detailed information was secured.
TABLE 5. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Number.
Per cent of each sex.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Native-born of native father, White
54
53
68
54
99
76
102
45
49
53
79
63
' 88
65
100
57
103
106
147
117
187
141
202
102
52.4
50.0
46.3
46.2
52.9
53.9
50.5
44.1
47.6
50.0
53.7
53.8
47.1
46.1
49.5
55.9
Foreign-born:
English
French
German ...
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
551
554
1,105
49.9
50.1
Total native-born
54
497
49
505
103
1,002
52.4
49.6
47.6
50.4
Total foreign-born
780
The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table shows that of 1,105 persons for whom detailed
information was secured 49.9 per cent are males and 50.1 per cent
are females. The households the heads of which are native-born
show a slightly larger proportion of males, consequently a smaller
proportion of females, than the households of which are foreign-born.
Of the several foreign-born races the proportion of males and females
is approximately the same.
In the following table persons for whom detailed information was
secured is shown according to sex and by general nativity and race
of individual:
TABLE 6. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White
55
19
16
25
31
45
29
62
16
19
27
28
43
38
1
30
1
3
4
27
46
39
60
21
61
27
1
117
35
35
52
59
88
67
1
46
1
3
5
60
94
70
128
52
135
56
1
10.0
3.4
2.9
4.5
5.6
8.2
5.3
.0
2.9
.0
.0
.2
6.0
8.7
5.6
12.3
5.6
13.4
5.3
.0
11.2
2.9
3.4
4.9
5.1
7.8
6.9
.2
5.4
.2
.5
.7
4.9
8.3
7.0
10.8
3.8
11.0
4.9
.2
10.6
3.2
3.2
4.7
5.3
8.0
6.1
.1
4.2
.1
.3
.5
5.4
8.5
6.3
11.6
4.7
12.2
5.1
.1
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
English. ..
French
German
Hebrew . .
Irish . .
Italian, South
Scotch
Slovak
16
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other..
1
33
48
31
68
31
74
29
English .
French
German
Hebrew
Irish . .
Italian, South
Slovak
Welsh
Grand total
551
554
i. HI:,
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
181
236
315
202
2f.4
290
383
500
605
32.8
42.8
57.2
36.5
47.7
52.3
34.7
45.2
54.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of the total of 1,105 individuals for whom detailed information
was secured, 57.2 per cent are foreign-born males, 32.8 per cent are
native-born males of foreign father, and 10 per cent are native
whites born of native father, while 52.3 per cent are foreign-born
females, 36.5 per cent are native females born of foreign father, and
11.2 per cent are native wrhites born of native father. In other
words, a larger proportion of foreign-born than of second generation
and a larger proportion of second generation than of native-born
whites. Of the foreign-born races the South Italian, followed by the
Hebrew, shows the largest and, with the exception of certain race's
that show none, the Canadian other than French the smallest pro-
portion of males. Approximately the same relative positions are
occupied by the same races as regards females.
Glove Manufacturing.
781
EMPLOYEES FOR WHOM INFORMATION WAS SECURED.
Detailed information was also secured for 908 employees, of whom
the number and percentage of each race is shown in the table below
according to sex.
TABLE 7. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
178
279
4
457
4
1
3
44
1
44
36
3
1
2
5
1
2
7
2
6
2
2
112
16
27
37
4
9
11
44
1
1
2
2
6
2
4
2
4
1
39.2
.0
.2
.2
5.5
.2
3.5
3.5
.4
.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
.4
.4
1.1
.2
.4
18.3
2.6
3.7
7.7
.9
.9
1.1
7.0
.2
.0
.2
.4
.2
.0
.0
.0
.7
.2
61.5
.9
.0
.4
4.2
.0
6.2
4.4
.2
!o
.4
1.1
.2
.4
1.1
.0
.2
.2
.0
6.4
.9
2.2
.4
.0
1.1
1.3
2.6
.0
.2
.2
.0
1.1
.4
.9
.4
.2
.0
50.3
.4
.1
.3
4.8
.1
4.8
4.0
.3
.1
.2
.6
.1
^
.8
.2
.7
.2
.2
12.3
1.8
3.0
4.1
.4
1.0
1.2
4.8
.1
.1
.2
.2
.7
.2
.4
.2
.4
.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria Hungary
1
1
25
1
16
16
2
1
Denmark
2
19
England
France
Germany
28
20
1
Ireland
Italy
Roumania
Russia
2
5
1
2
5
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
2
2
5
1
2
83
12
17
35
4
4
5
32
1
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
1
Croatian
Danish
English
29
4
10
2
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
5
fi
12
Italian, North
Italian, South... .
Magyar
Norwegian
1
1
Polish
1
2
1
Roumanian
R ussian
5
2
4
2
1
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
3
1
Syrian
Grand total
454
454
908
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father.. .
63
241
213
80
363
91
143
604
304
13.9
53.1
46.9
17.6
80.0
20.0
15.7
66.5
33.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
CHAPTER II.
RACIAL DISPLACEMENTS.
History of Immigration — Period of residence in the United States of foreign-born
employees and members of their households — Racial classification of employees at
the present time — [Text Tables 8 to 14 and General Tables 4 and 5].
HISTORY OF IMMIGRATION.
Data showing in detail the history of immigration to the glove-
making industry is, unfortunately, unavailable. The returns of the
United States Bureau of the Census show, however, the general racial
composition of the working force at certain periods. From the census
figures it is possible to determine the movement of immigration to
the industry.
The following table classifies, according to country of birth, the
employees of the glove-manufacturing industry in 1880:
TABLE 8. — Number of glove workers in the United States, by country of birth, 1880.
[Compiled from United States Census Report, Occupations, 1880.]
Country of birth.
Number.
Country of birth.
Number.
United States
3,667
British America
79
162
Other countries
111
195
Great Britain .
288
Grand total
4,511
Sweden and Norway . ....
9
The census for 1880 does not give the figures by States. In the
country as a whole there were, at the date of the census, 4,511 glove
workers. Of these 3,667 were native-born. Among the foreign-born
employees, persons born in Great Britain, in Germany, and in Ireland
had, in the order mentioned, the largest representation. There were
a number of natives of Canada and several natives of Sweden and
Norway reported, while 111 workers were classified under the caption
"Other countries." It is clear from this table that, in 1880, the pro-
portion of southern and eastern European laborers employed in this
industry must have been small.
In the following table the employees of the industry in 1890 are
classified according to general nativity and country of birth:
TABLE 9. — Number of glove workers in the United States, by general nativity and country
of birth, 1890.
[Compiled from United States Census Report, Occupations, 1890.1
General nativity and place of birth.
Number.
General nativity and place of birth.
Number.
Native white:
Native parents
3,567
Foreign-born, by country of birth— Con.
Ireland
134
] 571
Great Britain .
470
1,266
Canada (English)
54
Total colored
12
Canada ( French
45
70
Grand total
6,416
Derniark
17
199
Foreign-born, by country of birth:
Germany
277
783
784
The Immigration Commission.
In the census of 1890, as in the one which preceded it, data are given
for the United States as a whole, but not for the several States. It will
be noted that the classification is somewhat more complete than in
the preceding census, native-born white employees being classified
according to parentage. In 1890 there were 6,416 glove-manufac-
turing employees in the United States. Of these 3,567 were native
whites of native parents, 1,571 were native whites of foreign parents,
1,266 were foreign-born whites, and 12 were colored persons of un-
specified nativity. Among the foreign-born employees persons of
British and German nativity had, in the order mentioned, the largest
representation. The Irish occupied third place, and there were a
number of persons of Canadian, Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish birth,
as well as 199 persons born in foreign countries not specified. In this
census, as in that of 1880, the native-born employees considerably
outnumbered the foreign-born employees, and the proportion of work-
ers of the races of southern and eastern Europe was, clearly, very small.
The next table is compiled from the returns of the census of 1900.
TABLE 10. — Number of glove workers in the United States and New York State, by
general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900.
[Compiled from United States Census Report, Occupations, 1900.]
General nativity and country
of birth of parents.
New
York.
United
States.
General nativity and country
of birth of parents.
New
York.
United
States.
Native white:
Native parents
5,346
1,593
1,369
12
6,417
3,383
2,414
62
Persons having either both
parents born as specified, or
one parent born as speci-
fied and one parent native —
Continued.
Germany
771
790
582
157
58
92
34
114
133
1,783
1,002
940
238
372
157
276
196
290
Foreign parents
Eoreign white
Total colored
8,320
12,276
Great Britain
Persons having either both
parents born as specified, or
one parent born as specified
and one parent native:
Austria-Hungary
Ireland
68
95
69
124
191
229
Italy
Poland
Russia
Scandinavia
Other countries
Canada (English) .
Persons of mixed foreign par-
entage
In the above table data are presented for the State of New York
and for the United States. The classification is somewhat different
from that of the preceding table. Instead of classifying foreign-born
employees by country of birth, as did the censuses of 1880 and 1890,
the census of 1900 classifies all employees by country of birth of
parents and by general nativity. There were, in 1900, 8,320 glove
workers in New York and 12,276 in the United States. In New York
5,346 employees were native whites of native parents, 1,593 were
native whites of foreign parents, and 1,369 were foreign-born whites,
while in the United States 6,417 employees were native whites of
native parents, 3,383 were native whites of foreign parents, and 2,414
were foreign-born whites. There were 12 colored employees in New
York as compared with 62 for the country as a whole. As hi the
two preceding tables the native-born employees greatly outnumber
the foreign-born employees. The proportion of foreign-born em-
ployees was somewhat larger for the country as a whole than for the
State of New York. In New York among employees having one or
Glove Manufacturing.
785
both parents born abroad those of British, German, and Irish parent-
age had, in the order mentioned, the largest and those of Scandinavian
and Polish the smallest representation, while in the United States as
a whole employees of German, British, and Irish parentage had, in
the order mentioned, the largest and those of Austro-Hungarian
and Russian parentage the smallest representation. There were 114
employees whose parents were born in unspecified foreign coun-
tries, in New York, and 196 in the United States. Employees of
Italian parentage were reported to the number of 157 in New York
and 238 for the country as a whole.
It appears from the above table that natives of southern and
eastern Europe began to find employment in the glove industry at
some time between 1890 and 1900. In 1900, while a very large pro-
portion of all foreign-born employees were of the races of old immi-
gration, a considerable number of Italian, Austro-Hungarian, and
Russian race were reported.
PERIOD OF RESIDENCE IN THE UNITED STATES OF FOREIGN-BORN
EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR HOUSEHOLDS.
An additional insight into the racial movements to the industry
may be had from the following series of tables, which exhibit the
period of residence in the United States of foreign-born employees and
members of their households. Length of residence in this country
and period of employment in the glove factories are not necessarily
identical, but they closely approximate one another. The table first
submitted which follows below shows, by sex and race, the percentage
of foreign-born employees who had been in the United States each
specified number of years.
TABLE 11. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under 1 year, 1 year,
2 years, etc., by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to
9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
English
79
203
7.6
4.9
0.0
2.0
7.6
7.4
2.5
8.9
3.8
6.9
8.9
15.8
16.5
13.3
13.9
15.3
39.2
25.6
Total
FEMALE.
English. .
23
0.0
4.3
13.0
4.3
0.0
8.7
26.1
13.0
30. -1
Total
70
.0
2.6
7.9
11.8
3.9
13.2
26.3
10.5
23.5
TOTAL.
Ene-lish..
102
5.9
1.0
8.8
2.9
2.9
8.8
18.6
13.7
37.3
Total
279
3.6
2.2
7.5
9.7
6.1
15.1
16.8
14.0
25.1
786
The Immigration Commission.
The preceding table shows that the greatest proportion of the total
number of employees reporting have been in the United States over
five years, 3.6 per cent have been in here under one year, 2.2 per cent
have been here one year, 7.5 per cent two years, 9.7 per cent three
years, 6.1 per cent have been here four years. The males show 4.9
per cent with a residence less than, one year ; no females have been
here so short a time. Little difference is observed between the
proportions of males and females with a residence of one and two
years. The females show a higher percentage than do the males in
the three-year group, but the latter show greater proportions with a
residence of four years.
The following table condenses somewhat the data of the tabulation
preceding by combining into one group all employees who had been
in the United States less than five years :
TABLE 12. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number of years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad. This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The
total, however, is for all foreign-born.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent in United States each specified number
of years.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 to 14.
15 to 19.
20 or
over.
English
79
203
21.5
30.0
8.9
15.8
16.5
13.3
13.9
15.3
39.2
25.6
Total
FEMALE.
English..
23
21.7
8.7
26.1
13.0
30.4
Total
76
26.3
13.2
26.3
10 5
23.7
TOTAL.
English
102
21.6
8.8
18.6
13.7
37.3
Total
279
29.0
15.1
16.8
14.0
25.1
The preceding table shows that of 279 foreign-born employees
reporting, 29 per cent have been in the United States under five
years, 15.1 per cent from five to nine years, 16.8 per cent from ten to
fourteen years, 14 per cent from fifteen to nineteen years, and 25.1 per
cent twenty years or over. The English report somewhat smaller
percentages who have a residence of under five years, from five to
nine years, and from fifteen to nineteen years than are shown by the
totals for all foreign-born employees. Males show a higher percent-
age than do the females for each specified length of residence, except
in the column showing persons who have been in the United States
from ten to fourteen years.
Glove Manufacturing.
787
The table next presented shows, by race of individual, the per-
centage of foreign-born persons in the households studied who nad
been in the United States each specified number of years:
TABLE 13. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number
of years, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table
includes only races with 20 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent of persons in United States
each specified number of years.
Under 5.
Under 10.
Under 20.
English
60
94
69
128
52
134
56
23.3
18.1
10.1
42.2
.0
27.6
28.6
25.0
51.1
21.7
76.6
3.8
59.7
64.3
78.3
68.1
62.3
97.7
38.5
97.8
98.2
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
603
24.2
49.3
82.1
Of a total of 603 individuals, 24.2 per cent have been in the United
States under five years, 49.3 per cent under ten years, and 82.1 per
cent under twenty years. The Hebrews show the largest proportion
but the Irish report none with a period of residence under five
years, the same races showing the largest and smallest proportions,
respectively, with a period of residence under ten years. The
Slovak, followed by the South Italian and Hebrew, reports the
smallest and the Irish, preceded by the German and French, the
largest proportion with a period of residence of twenty years or
more.
RACIAL CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AT THE PRESENT TIME.
The racial composition of the operating forces of the industry at
the present time is indicated by the table following, which shows, by
sex, the number and percentage of employees of each race for whom
information was secured.
788
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 14. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number.
Per cent distribution.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
178
279
4
457
4
1
3
44
1
44
36
3
1
2
5
1
2
7
2
6
2
2
112
16
27
37
4
9
11
44
1
1
2
2
6
2
4
2
4
1
39.2
61.5
.9
50.3
.4
.1
.3
4.8
.1
4.8
4.0
.3
.1
.2
.6
.1
.2
.8
.2
.7
.2
.2
12.3
1.8
3.0
4.1
.4
1.0
1.2
4.8
.1
.1
.2
.2
.7
.2
.4
.2
.4
.1
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country
of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
1
1
25
1
16
16
2
1
.2
.2
5.5
.2
3.5
3.5
.4
.2
Denmark -.
2
19
.4
4.2
England
France
Germanv
28
20
1
6.2
4.4
.2
Ireland
Italy
Roiimania
Russia
2
5
1
2
5
.4
1.1
.2
.4
1.1
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemain and Moravian
2
2
5
1
2
83
12
17
35
4
4
5
32
1
.4
.4
1.1
.2
.4
18.3
2.6
3.7
7.7
.9
.9
1.1
7.0
.2
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
1
1
.2
.2
Croatian
Danish
English
29
4
10
2
6.4
.9
2.2
.4
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish . .
5
6
12
1.1
1.3
2.6
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magyar
Norwegian
1
1
.2
_ o
Polish
1
2
1
.2
.4
.2
Roumania
Russian
5
2
4
2
1
1.1
.4
.9
.4
.2
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish ..
3
1
.7
.2
Syrian
Grand total .
454
454
908
ion. o
100.0
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father
63
241
213
80
363
91
143
604
304
13.9
53.1
46.9
17.6
80.0
20.0
15.7
. 66.5
33.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Information was secured for a total of 908 persons in the glove-
manufacturing industry, the sexes reporting in equal number. Of
the males the largest proportion are foreign-born, followed by native
whites born of native father and native-born of foreign father, in
the order named, while the entire proportion of native-born negroes
are females. Of the females the largest proportion are white native-
born of native father, followed by the foreign-born and the native-
born of foreign father in the order named, and the smallest pro-
portion are native-born negroes. The proportion of foreign-born
males, by race, ranges from 18.3 per cent, as shown by the English,
to none, as shown by the Norwegian, Scotch, Slovak, and Slovenian,
while the proportion of females ranges from 6.4 per cent, as shown by
the English, to none, as shown by the French Canadian, Danish,
Hebrew other than Russian, Magyar, Roumanian, and Syrian,
CHAPTER III.
ECONOMIC STATUS.
Industrial condition abroad of members of immigrant households studied — General
occupation of males at the present time in the households studied — General occu-
pation of women at the present time in the households studied — Weekly earnings-
Annual earnings of male heads of families studied — Annual earnings of males 18
years of age or over in the households studied — Annual earnings of females 18 years
of age or over in the households studied — Annual family income — Wives at work-
Relation between the earnings of husbands and the practice of wives of keeping
boarders or lodgers — Sources of family income — Relative importance of the different
sources of family income — [Text Tables 15 to 34 and General Tables 6 to 21].
INDUSTRIAL CONDITION ABROAD OF MEMBERS OF IMMIGRANT HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
Before entering into a discussion of the economic status of employ-
ees of the glove-manufacturing industry, the industrial condition
while abroad of foreign-born employees and members of their house-
holds is set forth. The first table submitted in this connection shows,
by race of individual, the industrial condition before coming to the
United States of foreign-born males who were 16 years of age or over
at time of coming to this country.
TABLE 15. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out oc-
cupa-
tion.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
without
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
English .
24
39
26
49
29
42
26
1
22
38
24
37
10
40
5
1
1
2
1
1
4.2
.0
.0
22.4
6.9
2.4
.0
91.7
97.4
92.3
75.5
34.5
95.2
19.2
0.0
.0
.0
.0
55.2
2.4
34.6
4.2
2.6
7.7
2.0
3.4
.0
46.2
French
German
Hebrew . . .
11
2
1
Irish
16
1
9
Slovak
12
Total
235
15
176
26
18
6.4
74.9
11.1
7.7
The preceding table shows 6.4 per cent of the total number of males
reporting without occupation before coming to the United States,
74.9 per cent were working for wages, 11.1 per cent were working
without wages, and 7.7 per cent were working for profit. Hebrews.
789
790
The Immigration Commission.
show a very high percentage without occupation before coming to
the United States, Irish, English, and South Italian in the order
named show small proportions, and French, Germans, and Slovaks
show no males without occupation before coming to this country.
French show the highest percentage and Slovaks the lowest percent-
age of males who worked for wages before coming to the United
States. Irish and Slovaks show large proportions working without
wages before coming to this country, while South Italians show a
very small percentage and Hebrews, Germans, French, and English
show no males working without wages before coming to this country.
Slovaks show a very high percentage when compared with the other
races who worked for profit, and South Italians no males who worked
for profit before coming to this country.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the occupation
before arrival in the United States of foreign-born males in the
households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming
to this country:
TABLE 16. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent without occu-
pation.
Per cent working for wages.
Per cent work-
ing without
wages.
Per cent work-
ing for profits.
L
E a!
i
N
A
W
g£
o o
C.C
a>
O
3 .
o •*>
>&
O W
6A§
a
h- 1
•d
°$
""I
XB
fl
J— 1
*3
fe.2
It
£§
1
EH
1
ll
03
ft
**
J-2
5o|
c §
HH
"«
4^
O
EH
12
3
ft
J|
t~ 3
».2
J3ti
+j 73
o P.
S§
•3
4^>
O
EH
English
24
39
26
49
29
42
26
4.2
.0
.0
22.4
6.9
2.4
.0
0.0
.0
.0
4.1
20.7
2.4
15.4
0.0
2.6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
87.5
76.9
76.9
71.4
3.4
85.7
.0
0.0
2.6
3.8
.0
3.4
2.4
.0
4.2
15.4
11.5
.0
6.9
4.8
3.8
f)1.7
97.4
92.3
75. 5
34.5
95.2
19.2
0.0
.0
.0
.0
55.2
.0
34.6
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.4
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
55.2
2.4
34.6
0.0
.0
.0
.0
3.4
.0
42.3
4.2
2.6
7.7
2.0
.0
.0
3.8
4.2
2.6
7.7
2.0
3.4
.0
46.2
French
German.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
235
6.4
5.5
.4
60.9
1.7
6.4
74.9
10.6
.4
11.1
5.1
2.6
7.7
Of the total number of males reporting, 6.4 per cent were without
occupation, 60.9 per cent were in the glove industry, 5.5 per cent
were farm laborers, 1.7 per cent were in hand trades and 0.4 per cent
were general laborers. Of those working without wages the greatest
proportion were farm laborers and of those working for profit the
greatest proportion were farmers. Hebrews report the highest per-
centage of males without occupation before coming to the United States,
Irish and Slovaks the greatest proportion who were farm laborers, and
English and South Italians a very high percentage who were engaged
in tne glove industry in Europe before coming to this country. Irish
show a very low percentage of males who had any previous experi-
ence in the glove industry, and no Slovaks were employed in this work
before coming to the United States.
In the following table the industrial condition before coming to the
United States of foreign-born females in the households studied who
Glove Manufacturing.
791
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming is shown according to
race of individual:
TABLE 17. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of foreign-born females
who were 16 years of age or over at the time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number-
Per cent —
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
With-
out
occu-
pation.
Work-
ing for
wages.
Work-
ing
with-
out
wages.
Work-
ing for
profit.
French .
37
27
36
42
23
29
14
30
29
14
8
12
6
13
9
78.4
51.9
83.3
69.0
60.9
21.6
44.4
16.7
31.0
39.1
0.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
German
1
Hebrew
Italian South
Slovak
Total
201
144
56
1
71.6
27.9
.5
.0
The above table shows that 71.6 per cent of the females reporting
complete data were without occupation before coming to the United
States, 27.9 per cent worked for wages, and 0.5 per cent worked
without wages. Hebrews show the highest percentage of females
without occupation, followed by French, South Italians, Slovaks,
and Germans in the order mentioned. Germans show the highest
percentage of females working for wages before coming to the United
States, and Hebrews the smallest proportion. Germans alone show
a small proportion of females working without wages before coming
to the United States.
The next table presented shows, by race of individual, the occupa-
tion before coming to the United States of foreign-born females in
the households studied who were 16 years of age or over at time of
coming.
TABLE 18. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who
were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Num-
ber
re-
port-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Per
cent
with-
out
occu-
pa-
tion.
Per cent working for wages.
Per cent working
without wages.
Per
cent
work-
ing
for
profit
Farm
labor-
ers.
In
do-
mes-
tic
serv-
ice.
In
glove
in-
dus-
try.
In
sew-
ing,
em-
broid-
ering,
etc.
In
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
To-
tal.
Farm
labor-
ers.
In
other
occu-
pa-
tions.
To-
tal.
French
37
27
36
42
23
78.4
51.9
83.3
69.0
60.9
0.0
.0
.0
.0
39.1
0.0
11.1
.0
.0
.0
18.9
25.9
5.6.
23.8
.0
2.7
3.7
8.3
2.4
.0
0.0
3.7
2.8
4.8
.0
21.6
44.4
16.7
31.0
39.1
0.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
3.7
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
German
Hebrew
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
201
71.6
5.0
2.0
14.4
4.0
2.5
27.9
.5
.0
.5
.0
48296°— VOL 12— 11-
792
The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table shows that 71.6 per cent of the females report-
ing were without occupation before coming to the United States; of
those who were working 5 per cent were farm laborers, 2 per cent were
in domestic service, 14.4 per cent were in the glove industry, 4 per
cent were in sewing and embroidering, and 2.5 per cent were in other
occupations. Only an insignificant percentage were working without
wages before coming to this country. Of the foreign-born races
Hebrews show the highest percentage without occupation before
coming to the United States, Slovaks show considerable proportions
who were farm laborers, while Germans, South Italians, and French
show the greatest proportion who were formerly employed in the
glove industry.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF MALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual, the general occupation of males 16 years of age or over in
the households studied:
TABLE 19. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general nativity and
race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Perc
ent —
General nativity and race of individual.
complete
data.
In glove in-
dustry.
Otherwise
employed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father, White
39
89.7
5.1
5.1
0.0
Foreign-born:
E nglish
32
93.8
6.3
.0
.0
French . .
45
95.6
.0
2.2
2.2
German...
30
100.0
.0
.0
.0
Hebrew
55
96.4
1.8
.0
1.8
Irish
31
100.0
.0
.0
.0
Italian, South . . .
57
98.2
.0
1.8
.0
Slovak
27
96.3
3.7
.0
.0
Grand total ...
369
90.8
6.0
1.1
2.2
Total native-born of foreign father
52
59.6
28.8
.0
11.5
Total native-born .
91
72.5
18.7
2.2
6.6
Total foreign-born .
278
96.8
1.8
.7
.7
The above table shows that of a total of 369 males reporting com-
plete data by far the largest proportion, or 90.8 per cent, are employed
in the glove-manufacturing industry, 6 per cent being otherwise
employed, 1.1 per cent at home, and 2.2 per cent at school. The
foreign-born show a larger proportion than the native-born of native
father — a group which in turn shows a larger proportion than the
native-born of foreign father who are employed in the industry
under study. The native-born of foreign father report a considerably
larger proportion than either the native-born of native father or the
foreign-born who are otherwise employed. From this it is clear
that the second generation are inclined to seek employment in
industries other than that in which their fathers were employed.
Glove Manufacturing.
793
The foreign-born report comparatively small proportions at home
and at school — the native-born whites showing the largest propor-
tion at home and the native-born of foreign father the largest pro-
portion at school. Of the several foreign-born races the English,
Hebrew, and Slovak are the only ones showing a proportion employed
other than in the glove-manufacturing industry, the French and
South Italians are the only ones showing a proportion at home, and
the French and Hebrews are the only ones showing a proportion at
school, all these proportions being comparatively small.
GENERAL OCCUPATION OF FEMALES AT THE PRESENT TIME IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table which follows shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the general occupation of females 16 years of age or over
in the households studied :
TABLE 20. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general nativity
and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more females reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
Per cent —
General nativity and race of individual.
reporting
complete
data.
In glove
industry.
In do-
mestic
service.
Other-
wise em-
ployed.
At home.
At school.
Native-born of native father, White
55
43.6
0.0
1.8
52.7
1.8
Foreign-born:
English
25
68.0
.0
.0
32.0
.0
French
39
41.0
.0
2.6
56.4
.0
German
35
62.9
2.9
.0
34.3
.0
Hebrew..
43
25.6
.0
.0
74.4
.0
Irish
21
.0
4.8
.0
95.2
.0
Italian, South
50
82.0
.0
.0
18.0
.0
Slovak.
26
96.2
.0
.0
3.8
.0
Grand total
346
53.8
.6
1.7
42.8
1.2
Total native-born of foreign father
46
54.3
.0
8.7
30.4
6.5
Total native-born. .
101
48.5
.0
5.0
42.6
4.0
Total foreign born
245
55.9
.8
.4
42.9
.0
Upon referring to the above table it is seen that 53.8 per cent of
the 346 females studied are employed in the glove-manufacturing
industry, less than 2 per cent being shown in either of the other occupa-
tions, while 42.8 per cent are at home. The foreign-born group shows
a larger proportion than the native-born of either native or foreign
father employed in the industry under study, while the native-born
whites show a larger proportion than either the foreign-born or those
who were native-born of foreign father who are at home. Of the
several foreign races less than 5 per cent of a given race are other
than at home or employed in this industry, while no race reports a
proportion at school.
WEEKLY EARNINGS.
The average amount and the range in amount of weekly earnings
of employees of the glove-manufacturing industry are set forth in the
794
The Immigration Commission.
series of tables next presented. The first table of the series, which
immediately follows, shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week:
TABLE 21. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each- specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent earning each specified amount per week.
Average
earnings
per week.
$5 or
over.
$7.50
or
over.
SlOor
over.
$12.50
or
over.
$15 or
over.
$17.50
or
over.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
116
$11. 49
99.1
90.5
76.7
25.0
15.5
4.3
0.9
2.7
Grand total
296
12.33 99.0
91.9
81.1
33.4
26. 7
8.1
Total native-born of foreign
father
33
149
147
12.31
11.67
12.80
(a)
98.7
99.3
(a)
90.6
93.2
(a)
77.9
84.4
(a)
27.5
39.5
(a)
19.5
34.0
(a)
4.7
11.6
(a)
. 7
4.8
Total native-born
Total foreign-born .
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
tune or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
This table contains information from 296 male employees, of which
number 1 per cent earn less than $5; 91.9 per cent earn $7.50 or
over; 81.1 per cent, $10 or over; 33.4 per cent, $12.50 or over; 26.7
per cent, $15 or over; 8.1 per cent, $17.50 or over; and 2.7 per cent
as high as $20 or over per week. The foreign-born show a larger
proportion than native-born of native father earning each specified
amount.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race, the per-
centage of foreign-born female employees 18 years of age or over
earning each specified amount per week:
TABLE 22. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more females reporting.
The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per
week.
Per cent earning each specified amount
per week.
$2.50 or
over.
$5 or
over.
$7.50 or
over.
$10 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White
180
$6.37
96.1
66.7
36.7
13.3
Grand total
280
6.46
95.4
69.6
37.9
13.9
Total native-born of foreign father
44
228
52
6.88
6.44
6.55
93.2
95.6
94.2
S1..S
69.3
71.2
47.7
38.2
36.5
15.9
13.6
15.4
Total native born
Total foreign-born
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
Glove Manufacturing.
795
Of 280 female employees 18 years of age or over, the preceding
table shows that 4.6 per cent of them earn under $2.50; 69.6 per
cent, $5 or over; 37.9 percent, $7.50 or over; and 13.9 percent, $10
or over a week. The native-born of native father show the largest,
and the native-born of foreign father the smallest proportion earning
$2.50 or over, while the native-born of foreign father show the largest,
and the foreign-born the smallest proportion earning each other
specified amount, except $10 or over, where the native-born of native
father show the smallest proportion.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALE HEADS OF FAMILIES STUDIED.
The extent to which the male heads of families studied were regu-
larly employed, together with their average annual earnings, is set
forth in the table next presented, which shows, by general nativity
and race, the proportion of the husbands in the households studied
who are at work:
TABLE 23. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number of
selected
families. °
Number of
husbands.
Number of
husbands
at work.
Per cent of
husbands
at work.
Average
yearly earn-
ings of
husbands
at work.
Native-born of native father White
27
25
25
100.0
$647
Foreign-born:
English
17
15
15
(6)
734
French
36
35
35
100.0
592
German
29
26
26
100.0
685
Hebrew ....
34
34
34
100.0
729
Irish
29
29
29
100.0
724
Italian, South
39
37
36
97.3
579
Slovak
19
19
19
(6)
532
Grand total
230
220
219
99.5
G50
Total native-born
27
25
25
100.0
647
Total foreign-born
203
195
194
93.5
651
a For selection of families, see p. 842.
t> Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Upon referring to the above table it is seen that of the 220 husbands,
in the 230 families selected for study, 219, or 99.5 per cent, are at work
and earn an average of $650 per annum. While the native-born,
compared with the foreign-born, show a slightly higher proportion
of husbands at work, at the same time they show slightly lower
earnings. Of the several foreign-born races the South Italian is the
only one showing a proportion of husbands who are idle. The
average earnings range from $734, as shown by the English, to $532,
as shown by the Slovaks.
796
The Immigration Commission.
In the following table the range in the yearly earnings of male
heads of families is shown according to general nativity and race of
individual:
TABLE 24. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity and race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 842.]
General nativity and race of indi-
vidual.
Number working
for wages.
Average earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
§
tff
§
<M
«©
I
1
o
£
39
o
t&
*»
o
1
•*i*
ee
I
I
T-T
99
o>
T3
a
P
a>
•O
a
P
<B
13
a
P
a>
73
a
P
V
•a
a
P
a)
•O
a
P
cu
•o
a
a>
P
a>
•a
a
P
a>
a
P
a
T3
a
P
CD
T3
a
P
Native-born of native father, White..
Foreign-born:
English
25
15
35
26
34
29
36
19
$647
734
592
685
729
724
579
532
1
9
3
15
7
7
5
24
10
24
12
32
19
23
26
30
19
25
14
35
25
33
26
33
19
0.0
(a)
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
(a)
0.0
(a)
.0
3.8
.0
.0
2.8
(a)
4.0
(a)
8.6
7.7
.0
3.4
19.4
(a)
36.0
(a)
42.9
26.9
20.6
17.2
66.7
(°)
96.0
(a)
91.4
73.1
67.6
89.7
83.3
(a)
100.0
(a)
100.0
96.2
97.1
89.7
91.7
(a)
French ....
3
2
German
....
l
Hebrew
Irish
1
7
4
Italian, South
....
i
Slovak
Grand total
219
650
—
2
18
80
185
210
.0
.9
8.2
36.5
84.5
95.9
Total native-born
25
194
647
651
1
17
9
71
24
161
25
185
.0
.0
.0
1.0
4.0
8.8
36.0
36.6
96.0
83.0
100.0
95.4
Total foreign-born
2
" Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows the average earnings per year of male heads
of families to be $650, the greatest proportion earning under $800,
an insignificant percentage under $200, and a very small proportion
under $400. Foreign-born persons show slightly higher average
yearly earnings than do native-born of native father, foreign-born re-
porting a higher percentage than native-born of native father earning
under $200, under $400, and under $600. Native-born of native
father show a higher per cent than foreign-born earning under $800
and under $1,000. English, Hebrews, Irish, and Germans show higher
average yearly earnings than native-born of native father. A small
percentage of Germans and South Italians earn under $200 per year,
no other races showing any individuals earning under this amount.
All the races shown in the table except Irish have over 90 per cent
of male heads of families earning under $1,000 per year.
Glove Manufacturing.
797
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF MALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE HOUSE-
HOLDS STUDIED.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of
individual, the yearly earnings of males 18 years of age or over.
TABLE 25. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of .ndividual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Per cent earning —
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$000.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Un-
der
$200.
Un-
der
$400.
Un-
der
$600.
Un-
der
$1,000.
Native-born of native
father, White
32
3
5
10
1
11
1
22
42
30
49
31
51
27
$630
(a)
(a)
519
(a)
504
(a)
698
597
666
716
721
555
546
3
12
32
3
5
10
1
11
1
20
42
29
47
28
48
27
0.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
M
<°)
.0
.0
3.3
.0
.0
2.0
.0
9.4
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
9.1
7.1
13.3
2.0
3.2
17.6
14.8
37.5
(a)
(°)
(«)
(a)
(a)
(a)
27.3
35.7
30.0
24.5
16.1
72.5
48.1
100.0
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(<*)
(a)
90.9
100.0
96.7
95.9
90.3
94.1
100.0
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
English
French
3
3
1
3
3
6
1
7
1
6
15
9
12
5
37
13
German
Hebrew
Irish . .
2
Italian South
Foreign-born:
English
2
3
4
1
1
9
4
French
German
1
Hebrew ... -
Irish
Italian, South
1
Slovak
Grand total
315
625
4
37
127
304
1.3
11.7
40.3
96.5
Total native-born of for-
eign father
31
63
252
515
573
638
2
2
2
10
13
24
18
30
97
31
63
241
6.5
3.2
.8
32.3
20.6
9.5
58.1
47.6
38.5
100.0
100.0
95.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born..
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of a total of 315 individuals earning an average of $625 per annum,
1.3 per cent earn under $200, 11.7 per cent under $400, 40.3 per cent
under $600, 96.5 per cent under $1,000, and 3.5 per cent $1,000 or
over. No native-born whites earn under $200 or $1,000 or over; no
native-born of foreign parentage earn $1,000 or over, while 4.4 per
cent of the foreign-born earn $1,000 or over. The German and South
Italian are the only races showing a proportion earning under $200.
The South Italians also show the largest proportion earning under
$400 and under $600. Each race, except the French and Slovak,
shows a certain proportion earning $1,000 or over, the Irish showing
the largest and the German the smallest proportion.
ANNUAL EARNINGS OF FEMALES 18 YEARS OF AGE OR OVER IN THE
HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The contributions to the family income from the females 18 years of
age or over in the households studied may be seen from the following
798
The Immigration Commission.
table, which shows, by general nativity and race of individual, the
yearly earnings of females 18 years of age or over, working for wages:
TABLE 26. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number
working
Number
earning—
General nativity and race of individual.
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Under
1200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Native-born of native father, White . . .
24
$334
5
11
16
19
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father:
English
2
(a)
1
1
1
French..
6
(a)
1
1
5
t;
German.
6
(a)
2
3
6
6
Irish
5
(a)
1
1
4
5
Italian, South
1
(a)
1
1
1
1
Scotch
1
(a)
1
1
1
1
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
1
(a)
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
1
(a)
1
1
1
1
English
14
304
4
11
12
French.. .
18
292
5
7
17
17
German
20
320
6
13
17
17
Hebrew
9
(")
2
6
9
9
Irish . .
1
(a)
1
1
1
Italian, South.
40
219
24
32
35
35
Slovak
24
207
11
22
22
23
Grand total . . .
173
206
05
109
148
155
Total native-born of foreign father
21
268
6
8
18
20
Total native-born . .
45
303
11
19
34
39
Total foreign-born
128
253
54
90
114
116
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 27. — Per cent of females 18 years of age or over earning each specified amount
(approximate) per year, by general nativity.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity.
Number
working for
wages and
reporting
amount.
Per cent earning —
Under
$200.
Under
$300.
Under
$400.
Under
$500.
Grand total
173
37.6
63.0
85.5
89.6
Total native-born of foreign father
21
45
128
28.6
24.4
42.2
38.1
42.2
70.3
85.7
75.6
89.1
95.2
86.7
90.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
Of a total of 173 females earning an average of $266 per annum,
37.6 per cent earn under $200; 63 per cent under $300; 85.5 per cent
under $400; 89.6 per cent under $500; and 10.4 per cent $500 or
over. Among the nativity groups it is seen that the foreign-born
shows the largest proportion earning under each specified amount
except under $500, where the native-born of foreign father show the
largest proportion. The native-born of native father show the
smallest proportion earning under $400 and under $500.
Glove Manufacturing.
799
ANNUAL FAMILY INCOME.
The annual income of families whose heads were employed in the
glove-manufacturing industry, together with the several sources of
family income and their relative importance, is indicated by the
series of tables next presented. The first table submitted in this
connection shows, by general nativity and race of head of family,
the percentage of families having a total yearly income of each specified
amount.
TABLE 28. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified amount, by
general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
head of family.
Number
of
selected
families.o
Average
family
income.
Per cent of families having a total income —
Under
$300.
Under
$500.
Under
$750.
Under
$1,000.
Under
$1,500.
Native-born of native father,
White..
27
36
29
34
29
39
$828
831
983
991
890
909
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
7.4
2.8
.0
2.9
.0
17.9
48.1
50.0
27.6
32.4
55.2
51.3
74.1
86.1
65.5
73.5
79.3
66.7
96.3
97.2
89.7
94.1
93.1
89.7
Foreign-born:
French
German
Hebrew
Irtsh
Italian, South
Grand total
230
904
.4
6.1
41.7
74.3
93.9
Total native-born
27
203
828
914
.0
.5
7.4
5.9
48.1
40.9
74.1
74.4
96.3
93.6
Total foreign-born
For selection of families, see p. 842.
average yearly income of 230
The preceding table shows the
selected families to be $904. The percentage of families having an
income of under $300 and under $500 is very small; 41.7 per cent have
an income of under $750, 74.3 per cent under $1,000, and 93.9 per cent
of families have an income of under $1,500. Foreign-born show a
considerably higher average yearly income than native-born of
native father, the latter showing a higher percentage than foreign-
born, having an income under each specified amount except in the
groups under $300 and under $1 ,000. South Italians show a very much
higher percentage of families having an income of under $500 than
any of the races given, and this race also shows a small proportion
of families having a yearly income of under $300. Every foreign-
born race shows a higher average yearly income than does the group
native-born of native father. Hebrews and Germans report sub-
stantially higher yearly incomes, followed by South Italians, Irish,
and French in the order mentioned, the last-named race showing only
a slightly higher average yearly income than native-born of native
father.
800
The Immigration Commission.
WIVES AT WORK.
The extent to which wives engage in occupations outside of the
home in order to supplement the earnings of the husbands is indicated
by the following table. This table shows the wives at work, by
general nativity and race of head of family:
TABLE 29. — Wives at -work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number of
selected
families.^
Number of
wives.
Number of
wives at
work.
Per cent of
wives at
work.
Average
yearly
earnings
of wives at
work.
Native-born of native father, White
27
25
9
36.0
(6)
Foreign-born:
English
17
17
7
(6)
(6)
French . .
36
36
16
44.4
$234
German...
29
29
17
58.6
242
Hebrew
34
34
4
11.8
(ft)
Irish
29
29
o
6.9
(6)
Italian, South
39
39
31
79.5
175
Slovak
19
19
18
(6)
198
Grand total
230
228
104
45.6
217
Total native-born
27
25
9
36.0
(6)
Total foreign-born
203
203
95
46.8
212
a For selection of families, see p. 842.
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table, compiled from data secured from 230 selected
families, shows that 45.6 per cent of wives are at work, their average
earnings being $217 per year. The percentage of foreign-born wives
who work is considerably higher than that of wives who are native-
born of native father. Of the foreign-born races, South Italians
show a very high percentage of wives at work. Germans and French
also show considerable proportions when contrasted with the percentage
of Hebrews and Irish wives who are working. German wives at
work show the highest average yearly earnings, followed closely by
French, South Italian wives showing the lowest average yearly
earnings of wives at work.
RELATION BETWEEN THE EARNINGS OF HUSBANDS AND THE PRACTICE
OF WIVES OF KEEPING BOARDERS OR LODGERS.
The extent to which the wives of the families studied supplement
the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders or lodgers into
the home is shown in the table following, according to yearly earnings
of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
Glove Manufacturing.
801
TABLE 30.— Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or
lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of wives hav-
Number of husbands
earning—
Number
of wives
having
ing employment or
keeping boarders or
lodgers where hus-
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
ofselected
families. o
employ-
ment or
keeping
bands' earnings are —
$400
boarders
$400
Under
and
$600 or
or lodg-
Under
and
$600 or
$400.&
under
over.
ers.
S400.&
under
over.
$600.
$600.
Native-born of native father,
White
23
1
8
14
9
3
6
Foreign-born:
English . .
15
3
12
7
1
6
French
35
3
12
20
16
1
7
g
German
26
2
5
19
16
2
3
11
Hebrew
34
7
27
11
2
9
Irish
29
1
4
24
3
3
Italian, South
37
8
17
12
31
7
13
11
Slovak..
19
4
6
9
18
4
5
9
Grand total
218
19
62
137
111
14
34
63
Total native-born . . .
23
1
8
14
9
3
6
Total foreign-born
195
18
54
123
102
14
31
57
a. For selection of families, see p. 842. Of the selected families only those which have both husband and
wife present appear in this table.
b This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
TABLE 31. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps boarders or lodgers,
by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more selected families reporting. The totals, however, are for
all races. For selection of families, see p. 842. Of the selected families only those which have both
husband and wife present appear in this table.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Under
$400.a
$400 and
under $000.
$000 or
over.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White..
(&)
37 5
42 9
39 1
Foreign-born:
French
(b)
58 4
40 0
45 7
German
(b)
60 0
57 9
61 5
Hebrew
28.6
33.3
32 4
Irish
(b)
(6)
12 5
10 3
Italian South
87 5
76.5
91 7
83 8
Grand total
73 7
54 8
46 0
50 9
Total native-born . .
(6)
37.5
42.9
39.1
Total foreign-born
77.8
57 4
46 3
52 3
Per cent of wives having employment or keeping
boarders or lodgers whose husbands' earnings
are —
a This column includes 1 family in which husband's earnings are reported as "none."
6 Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The preceding table shows that 50.9 per cent of wives have employ-
ment or keep boarders or lodgers. Where the earnings of the husband
are under $400, 73.7 per cent of wives are thus employed. Where
earnings are from $400 to $600, 54.8 per cent of wives contribute to
the family fund; while 46 per cent of wives are working or keeping
802
The Immigration Commission.
boarders or lodgers where the earnings of husband are $600 or over.
Of the foreign-born races, South Italians show a very high percentage
of wives having employment or keeping boarders or lodgers when
contrasted with the other races given in the table, while Irish show
small proportions of wives contributing to the family fund.
SOURCES OF FAMILY IXCOME.
The sources of family income are set forth in detail in the following
table, which shows, by general nativity and race of head of family,
percentage of families having an income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources:
TABLE 32. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head
of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.^
Per cent of families having an income from—
Earnings of —
Contribu-
tions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodg-
ers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
27
36
29
34
29
39
92.6
97.2
89.7
100.0
100.0
92.3
33.3
44.4
58.6
11.8
6.9
79.5
14.8
22.2
41.4
14.7
31.0
28.2
18.5
2.8
20.7
23.5
3.4
10.3
22.2
22.2
24.1
8.8
24.1
7.7
Foreign-born:
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Grand total
230
95.2
45.2
26.1
12.2
17.0
Total native-born
27
203
92.6
95.6
33.3
46.8
14.8
27.6
18.5
11.3
22.2
16.3
Total foreign-born
n For selection of families, see p. 842.
The above table shows the highest percentage of families having
income from the earnings of husband, the next greatest source of
income being from the earnings of wife. A considerably smaller
proportion of families have an income from contributions of children,
while smaller proportions have incomes from payments of boarders
or lodgers and from other sources. Foreign-born show a higher per-
centage of families having an income from the earnings of husband
and wife and from contributions of children than native-born of native
father, the latter showing a higher percentage of families having an
income from other sources and from payments of boarders or lodgers
than foreign-born. Irish and Hebrews show all families having an
income from the earnings of husband, while Germans alone show
less than 90 per cent having an income from this source. Hebrews
and Irish show very small percentages having an income from earnings
of wife when compared with the other races. Germans show the
highest percentage of families having an income from contributions of
children and Hebrews the highest percentage of families having an
income from payments of boarders or lodgers, Irish and French
Glove Manufacturing.
803
showing very small proportions deriving an income from this source.
Germans and Irish show the highest percentage having an income
from other sources and South Italians the lowest.
In the following table, also, the sources of family income in detail
are indicated, but each source specified in exclusion of all other
sources; in other words, the proportion of families under each
designated source which have their entire income from that source:
TABLE 33. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.)
General nativity and race
of head of family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Per cent of families having entire income from—
Hus-
band
Hus-
band
and
wife.
Hus-
band
and
chil-
dren.
Hus-
band,
wife,
and
chil-
dren.
Hus-
band
and
board-
ers or
lodg-
ers.
Wife.
Wife
and
chil-
dren.
Chil-
dren.
Chil-
dren
and
board-
ers or
lodg-
ers.
Sources
or com-
bina-
tion of
sources
not
before
speci-
fied.
Native-born of native
father White
27
36
29
34
29
39
33.3
25.0
13.8
50.0
44.8
5.1
18.5
38.9
13.8
8.8
3.4
51.3
0.0
11.1
6.9
11.8
24.1
10.3
0.0
.0
13.8
.0
.0
7.7
11.1
2.8
3.4
17.6
3.4
2.6
0.0
.0
3.4
.0
.0
2.6
3.7
.0
3.4
.0
.0
2.6
3.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
29.6
22.2
41.4
11.8
24.1
15.4
Foreign-born:
French...
German
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South
Grand total
230
24.3
27.8
10.9
5.2
6.1
.9
1.3
.9
.4
22.2
Total native-born...
27
203
33.3
23.2
18.5
29.1
.0
12.3
.0
5.9
11.1
5.4
.0
1.0
3.7
1.0
3.7
.5
.0
.5
29.6
21.2
Total foreign-born
a For selection of families, see p. 842.
The preceding table shows the greatest percentage of families
having their entire income from husband and wife, from husband,
and from sources or combinations of sources not before specified.
The proportions of families having an entire income from wife, children,
and from children and boarders or lodgers is insignificant. Hebrews
show the highest percentage deriving their entire income from husband,
South Italians the highest percentage deriving entire income from
husband and wife, Irish the highest percentage deriving entire
income from husband and children, and Germans the highest per-
centage deriving their entire income from sources or combination of
sources not before specified.
RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE DIFFERENT SOURCES OF FAMILY INCOME.
The table next presented shows, by general nativity and race of head
of family, the percentage of total yearly income from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, indicating the extent
to which the families studied are dependent on the designated sources
of income.
804
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 34. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband, wife, children,
boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more families reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
family.
Number
of selected
families.a
Per cent of total income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
27
36
29
34
29
39
72.4
69.2
62.5
73.5
81.4
58.7
11.1
12.5
14.5
4.0
1.6
15.3
5.7
13.5
15.2
9.5
10.8
22.2
8.1
.5
3.6
2.2
.9
1.8
2.7
4.3
4.2
10.8
5.3
1.9
Foreign-born:
French
German
Hebrew.
Irish
Italian, South.
Grand total
230
68.5
10.9
13.5
2.6
4.6
Total native-born
27
203
72.4
68.0
11.1
10.8
5.7
14.5
8.1
1.9
2.7
4.8
Total foreign-born
o For selection of families, see p. 842.
The preceding table shows the highest percentage of the total
yearly income to be derived from earnings of husband, the next
greatest proportion comes from contributions of children, while
the earnings of wife show the next highest percentage of total income.
The percentage of the total income from payments of boarders or
lodgers and from other sources is very small. Native-born of native
father show a higher percentage of total yearly income from earnings
of husband and wife and from payments of boarders or lodgers than
foreign-born, the latter showing a higher percentage of total income
from contributions of children and from other sources than do native-
born of native father. Irish report the highest percentage of total
income from earnings of husband, followed by Hebrews, French,
Germans, and South Italians, in the order named. Irish also show the
lowest percentage of total income from earnings of wife. South
Italians show the highest percentage of total income from earnings of
wife and from contributions of children.
CHAPTER IV.
WORKING CONDITIONS.
Regularity of employment — The immigrant and organized labor — [Text Tables 35
and 36 and General Table 22].
REGULARITY OF EMPLOYMENT.
The regularity of employment offered and the relative industrious-
ness of the employees of the several races and nativity groups is
indicated by the following table, which shows, by general nativity
and race of individual, the months worked during the past year, by
males in the households studied who were 16 years of age or over and
who were employed away from home. The term " past year" in this
connection means the twelve months immediately preceding the
collection of the data.
TABLE 35. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more males reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent working—'
12 months.
9 months
or over.
6 months
or over.
3 months
or over.
Native-born of native father, White
36
29
42
29
51
31
54
27
97.2
93.1
83.3
62.1
94.1
93.5
51.9
74.1
97.2
96.6
90.5
82.8
100.0
93.5
94.4
81.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.6
100.0
100.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Foreign-born:
English
French....
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
336
80.4
92.6
98.8
100.0
Total native-born of foreign father.
36
72
264
83.3
90.3
77.7
91.7
94.4
92.0
94.4
97.2
99.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
Total native-born
Total foreign-born . .
Of a total of 336 individuals reporting in the above table, 80.4 per
cent worked the entire year, 92.6 per cent worked nine months or
over; 98.8 per cent worked six months or over, and 100 per cent
worked three months or over. A comparison of the nativity groups
shows that a larger proportion of the native-born whites of native
father than of either the native-born of foreign parentage or foreign-
born have worked during the entire past year, while the native whites
born of native father show the largest proportion and the native-born
of foreign parentage the smallest proportion who have worked nine
805
806
The Immigration Commission.
months or over and six months or over. Of the several foreign-born
races only the German and South Italian show a proportion who have
not worked six months or over; the Hebrew is the only one showing
the entire number who have worked nine months or over, and no race
shows that its entire number worked during the full year.
THE IMMIGRANT AND ORGANIZED LABOR.
The extent to which employees are members of labor organizations
is set forth in the table submitted below, which shows, by general
nativity and race of individual, the affiliation with trade unions of
males in the households studied who were 21 years of age or over
and who were working for wages.
TABLE 36. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over working for
wages, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Affiliated with trade
unions.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father. White
34
3
4
7
1
5
1
26
43
29
49
31
48
27
0.0
(a)
(a)
fa)
(a)
(«)
(a)
3.8
2.3
3.4
.0
.0
.0
3.7
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
English
French
German
Hebrew
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
English
1
1
1
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
Slovak
1
Grand total.. . .
308
4
1.3
Total native-born of foreign father
20
54
254
.0
.0
1.6
Total native-born . ...
Total foreign-born
4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of a total of 308 males reporting complete data in the above table
only 1.3 per cent, composed entirely of foreign- born persons, were
affiliated with trade unions.
CHAPTER V.
HOUSING AND LIVING CONDITIONS.
Rent in its relation to standard of living — Boarders and lodgers — Size of apartments
occupied— Size of households studied— Congestion— [Text Tables 37 to 49 and
General Tables 23 to 34.]
RENT IN ITS RELATION TO STANDARD OF LIVING.
Because of congestion within the households arising from the
tendency to crowd the apartments in order to reduce the per capita
rent outlay, the monthly rent payments of the households, the heads
of which are employed in the glove-manufacturing industry, are
chiefly significant in their bearing upon the standards of living.
The first table presented in this connection, which immediately
follows, shows, according to general nativity and race of head of
household, the average monthly rent paid per apartment, per room,
and per person.
TABLE 37. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Number of
households
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average rent per —
Apartment.
Room.
Person.
Native-born of native father, White . . .
19
14
28
12
34
17
28
22
S10. 84
12.20
8.11
10.25
11.28
8.65
9.95
7.09
81.78
1.92
1.62
1.73
2.03
1.47
1.92
1.54
$3.12
3.10
2.41
2.41
2.38
1.93
2.09
1.84
Foreign-born:
English
French
German
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian South
Slovak
Grand total
174
9.72
1.78
2.35
Total native-born
19
155
10.84
9.59
1.78
1.78
3.12
2. 27
Total foreign-born
Of a total of 174 households paying rent and reporting amount, it
is seen that the average rent per apartment is $9.72; per room, SI. 78;
and per person, $2.35. The foreign-born show a lower average rent
per apartment and per person than do the native-born, each paying
the same rent per room. Of the several foreign-born races the
English, followed by the Hebrew and German, pays the highest, and
the Slovak, preceded by the French and Irish, the lowest rent per
apartment. The Hebrews pay the highest average rent per room,
2.03, and the Irish the lowest, $1.47. The average rent per person
.84 paid by the Slovaks to $3.10 paid by the Enp-lish.
4S2900— VOL 12— ]l 52 807
ranges from
808
The Immigration Commission.
The range in monthly rents paid for apartments is indicated in the
following table which shows, by general nativity and race of head of
household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent
per month per apartment:
TABLE 38. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
of house-
-
3er cent
paying-
General nativity and race of
head ol household.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
rent per
apart-
ment.
Under
«;c
$3.
Under
$7.50.
Under
$10.
Under
$12.50.
Under
$15.
Under
$20.
Foreign-born:
French
28
$8.11
3.6
25.0
82.1
100 0
100 0
100 0
Hebrew
34
11.28
.0
2 9
17 6
70 6
91 2
100 0
Italian, South
28
9.95
.0
10.7
46 4
89 3
100 0
100 0
Slovak
22
7.09
.0
63.6
100.0
100 0
100 0
100 0
Grand total
174
9.72
.6
16.1
54 0
86 8
92 5
100 0
Total native-born
19
10.84
(a)
(<0
(fl)
(a)
(a)
(a)
Total foreign born
155
9 59
1 .6
16 8
56 8
87 1
93 5
100 0
i Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of 174 households paying rent and
reporting the amount, 0.6 per cent pay under $5 rent per month per
apartment; 16.1 per cent pay under $7.50; 54 per cent pay under
$10; 86.8 per cent pay under $12.50; 92.5 per cent pay under $15;
and 100 per cent pay under $20 rent per month per apartment.
The households whose heads are foreign-born show the same per-
centage as that exhibited in the total for all households concerning
whom information was secured paying under $5 rent per month per
apartment. The households of foreign birth show a slightly higher
percentage than that of the total number of households studied pay-
ing under $7.50, under $10, under $12.50, and under $15 rent per
month per apartment. The French households show 3.6 per cent
paying under $5 rent per month per apartment, as contrasted with
no Hebrew, South Italian, and Slovak households paying under this
amount. The Slovak households show by far the highest percentage
paying under $7.50, and the Hebrew households the lowest per
centage paying under this amount of rent per month per apart-
ment. The households whose heads are Slovaks show 100 per cent
paying under $10 rent per month per apartment. No French house-
holds pay over $12.50 rent per month per apartment, while over 85
per cent of the households, the heads of which are South Italians, and
over 70 per cent of the Hebrew households pay under this amount.
The Hebrew households alone show a certain proportion paying over
$15 rent per month per apartment.
Glove Manufacturing.
809
In the following table the percentage of households paying each
specified rent per month per room is shown, according to general
nativity and race of head of household :
TABLE 39. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
Number
of house-
Per cent
paying—
General nativity and race of head of
household.
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
room.
Under$l.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Foreign-born:
French
28
$1.62
0.0
82.1
100 0
100 0
Hebrew
34
2.03
.0
32.4
97 1
100 0
Italian South
28
1 92
0
60 7
89 3
100 0
Slovak
22
1.54
0
72 7
100 0
100 0
Grand total
174
1 78
0
64 4
97 7
100 0
Total native-born . . .
19
1.78
(o)
(a)
(o)
(a)
Total foreign-born
155
1.78
.0
03.9
97.4
100 0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of a total of 174 households paying rent and reporting amount in
the above table 64.4 per cent pay from $1 to $2, 97.7 per cent pay
under S3, and none pay as high as $4 per month per room. Of the
foreign-born races none pay as low as $1, none pay as high as $4; the
Hebrew and South Italian are the only ones showing a proportion
paying $3 or over, and the French show the largest and the Hebrew
the smallest proportion paying under $2.
The real situation relative to congestion is set forth in the follow-
ing table, which indicates the extent of crowding within the house-
holds by showing, according to general nativity and race of head of
household, the percentage of households paying each specified rent
per month per person:
TABLE 40. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
[This table includes only races with 20 or more households reporting. . The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
person.
Per cent paying —
Under $1.
Under $2.
Under $3.
Under $4.
Foreign-born:
French
28
34
28
22
$2.41
2.38
2.09
1.84
oooo
o
25.0
38.2
50.0
40.9
60.7
58.8
67.9
86.4
85.7
70.6
89.3
100.0
Hebrew
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
174
2.35
.0
30.5
64.9
79.9
Total native-born . .
19
155
3.12
2.27
(a)
.0
O)
34.2
(a)
66.5
(a)
81.9
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
810
The Immigration Commission.
Upon referring to the foregoing table it is seen that, of 174 house-
holds paying rent and reporting amount, 30.5 per cent pay from $1 to
$2; 64.9 per cent under $3, and 79.9 per cent under $4 per month per
person. Of the several foreign-born races not one reports a pro-
portion paying under SI; each shows between 25 and 50 per cent
paying under $2; less than 75 per cent of each, except the Slovak,
pays under $3, and over 10 per cent of each, except the Slovak, $4
or over per person.
BOARDERS AND LODGERS.
The practice of the wives of the glove-manufacturing employees
of supplementing the earnings of their husbands by taking boarders
or lodgers into the home has been discussed in a preceding chapter.
The extent of this practice and its bearing upon living conditions
are considered in the two following tables, the first of which shows,
by general nativity and race of head of household, the number and
per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers:
TABLE 41. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers, by general
nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of head of household
Total num-
ber of
households.
Households keeping
boarders or lodgers.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
4
5
2
6
8
1
3
1
13.3
20.0
4.7
20.0
20.5
3.3
7.5
4.0
Foreign-born:
English ...
French ....
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak.. . .
Grand total
2U2
30
11.5
Total native-born
30
232
4
26
13.3
11.2
Total foreign-born
Upon referring to the above table it is seen that of the 262 house-
holds studied 30, or 11.5 per cent, keep boarders and lodgers. The
native-born show a slightly larger proportion than the foreign-born
who keep boarders or lodgers. Of the several foreign-born races the
English, German, and Hebrew show approximately 20 per cent, while
no other given race shows higher than 7.5 per cent of its house-
holds keeping boarders or lodgers.
In the table following the average number of boarders or lodgers
per household is exhibited according to general nativity and race of
head of household. The averages are based (1) on the total number
of households, and (2) on the number of households having boarders
or lodgers.
Glove Manufacturing.
811
TABLE 42. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board arid lodging.]
Average number of
boarders or lodgers
per household —
Number of
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
households
keeping
boarders or
Number of
boarders or
lodgers.
Based on
Based on
number of
lodgers.
total num-
households
ber of
keeping
households.
boarders or
lodgers.
Native-born of native father, White
30
4
6
0.20
(a)
Foreign-born:
English
25
5
8
.32
(a)
French
43
2
3
.07
(a)
German
30
6
G
.20
(a)
Hebrew .
39
8
10
.26
(a)
Irish
30
1
1
.03
(")
Italian South
40
3
3
.08
(a)
Slovak
25
1
1
.04
(°)
Grand total
262
30
38
.15
1.27
Total native-born .
30
4
6
.20
(a)
Total foreign-born . .
232
26
32
.14
1.23
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 262 households studied in the foregoing table there is an
average of 0.15 boarders or lodgers in each, and an average of 1.27 in
the 30 households keeping boarders or lodgers. The native-born
show a slightly higher average number than the foreign-born. Of the
foreign-born races the English show the highest and the Irish the
lowest average number.
SIZE OF APARTMENTS OCCUPIED.
In the following table the percentage of households occupying
apartments of each specified number of rooms is shown by general
nativity and race of head of household :
TABLE 43. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified number of
rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Per cent of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White
Foreign-born:
English
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
6.30
6.88
5.67
6.93
5.69
6.10
5.35
4.88
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
2.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
4.7
3.3
.0
.0
7.5
24.0
0.0
.0
9.3
.0
10.3
.0
15.0
8.0
26.7
12.0
27.9
10.0
43.6
23.3
35.0
48.0
30.0
16.0
37.2
26.7
25.6
56.7
35.0
4.0
43.3
72.0
18.6
60.0
20.5
20.0
7.5
16.0
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
262
5.93
.0
.4
4.6
6.1
29.0
30.2
29.8
Total native-born..
30
232
C. 30
5.88
.0
.0
.0
.4
.0
5.2
.0
6.9
26.7
29.3
30.0
30.2
43.3
28.0
Total foreign-born
812
The Immigration Commission.
The foregoing table shows the greatest proportion of households
occupying apartments of 5, 6, and 7 or more rooms, the percentage
occupying apartments of 2, 3, and 4 rooms being very small. Foreign-
born show small percentages of their households occupying apart-
ments of 2, 3, and 4 rooms, no households of native birth occupying
apartments of this size. The foreign-born also show a slightly higher
percentage of households occupying apartments of 5 and 6 rooms
than do the native-born of native father. The native-born of native
father show a very much higher percentage of households occupying
apartments of 7 or more rooms than do the foreign-born. Of the
foreign-born races French alone show a small percentage of house-
holds occupying apartments of 2 rooms. Slovaks show a very much
greater proportion of households in apartments of 3 rooms than any
of the other races. It is particularly noticeable that the older immi-
grant races show a higher percentage of households in apartments of
a large number of rooms than the more recent immigrants.
SIZE OF HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The following table exhibits the range in size of households oy
showing, according to general nativity and race of head of household,
the percentage of households of each specified number of persons:
TABLE 44. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Per cent of households of each specified number of persons.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White.
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
3. 43
4.24
:;. -I-1
3.93
4.82
4.70
5.05
4.08
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
26.7
20.0
32.6
16.7
15.4
10.0
5.0
12.0
33. 3
16.0
27.9
30.0
15.4
10.0
22.5
36.0
23.3
24.0
16.3
26.7
15.4
33.3
20.0
12.0
6.7
20.0
16.3
13.3
17.9
16.7
10.0
20.0
6.7
12.0
2.3
3.3
20.5
20.0
20.0
16.0
3.3
.0
4.7
3.3
2.6
3.3
15.0
.0
0.0
4.0
.0
6.7
5.1
3.3
.0
4.0
0.0
4.0
.0
.0
5.1
.0
2.5
.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
3.3
5.0
.0
Foreign-born:
English
French
German.
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
262
4.23
.0
17.6
23.7
21.0
14.9
12.6
4.6
2.7
1.5
1.5
30
232
3.43
4.33
.0
.0
26.7
16.4
33.3
22.4
23.3
20.7
6.7
15.9
6.7
13.4
3.3
4.7
.0
3.0
.0
1.7
.0
1.7
The above table shows that the greatest proportion of households are
composed of 2, 3, and 4 persons, somewhat lower per cents of households
are made up of 5 and 6 persons, while the proportions composed of 7
or more persons are comparatively small. The native-born of native
father report a higher percentage of households composed of 2, 3,
and 4 persons than do the foreign-born, while the latter show small
proportions composed of 8, 9, and 10 or more persons as contrasted
with no households grouped as native-born of native father and con-
taining this number of persons. French report the highest percentage
of households composed of 2 persons and South Italians the lowest
Glove Manufacturing.
813
per cent of households of that size. Germans and Slovaks report the
greatest proportion of their households as composed of 3 persons and
Irish and German their highest percentage of households of 4 per-
South Italians, Irish, and Hebrews alone show proportions of
sons.
households composed of 10 or more persons.
CONGESTION.
The extent to which crowding prevails in the households of employees
of the glove-manufacturing industry has been indicated in preceding
tables. The degree of congestion and its effect upon living arrange-
ments is more directly indicated in the following series of tabulations.
The first table presented shows, by general nativity and race of head
of household, the average number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
TABLE 45. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
household.
1.
o
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or more.
Total.
Native-born of native
father, White.
(a)
(a)
4.00
3.43
Foreign-born:
English
(")
(a)
4.61
4 24
French
(")
(a)
(a)
3.25
3.44
(a)
3 42
German
(a)
(a)
fa)
4 00
3 93
Hebrew
(a)
4.47
4.70
(a)
4 82
Irish
(a)
4.94
(a)
4 70
Italian, South
(a)
(a)
4.43
5.50
(<*)
5.05
Slovak.
(»)
(a)
3.33
(a)
(o)
4.08
Grand total. .
(a)
4.25
3.94
3.74
4.32
4.69
4.23
Total native-born. .
(a)
(a)
4.00
3.43
Total foreign-born
(a)
4.25
3.94
3.85
4.46
4.83
4.33
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows more congested conditions to exist in small
apartments than in apartments with a large number of rooms. The
average number of persons per apartment is 4.23, foreign-born showing
a considerably higher average number of persons per apartment than
do the native-born of native father. Of the foreign-*born races, South
Italians show the highest average number of persons per apartment
and French the lowest.
In the table following the average number of persons per apartment,
per room, and per sleeping room is shown according to general
nativity and race of head of household.
814
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 46. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per sleeping room,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of household.
Total num-
ber of
households.
Average number of persons per —
Apartment.
Room.
Sleeping
room.
Native-born of native father, White.
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
3.43
4.24
3.42
3.93
4.82
4.70
5.05
4.08
0.54
.62
.60
.57
.85
.77
.94
.84
1.41
1.56
1.47
1.49
ol.95
1.68
2.35
2.00
Foreign-born:
English..
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak. .
Grand total
202
4.23
.71
a 1.73
Total native-born
30
232
3.43
4.33
.54
.74
1.41
"1.78
Total foreign-born
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
In a total of 262 households studied in the above table there is
an average of 4.23 persons per apartment, 0.71 person per room,
and 1.73 persons per sleeping room. The foreign-born report a
higher average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room than do the native-born. Of the foreign-born races,
the South Italian reports the highest average number of persons per
apartment, per room, and per sleeping room.
The next table presented shows the persons per room.
TABLE 47. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per room.
Number of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
Per cent of households
having each specified
number of persons per
room.
1 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
lor
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
0.54
.62
.60
.57
.85
.77
.94
.84
1
3
9
4
19
9
23
10
3.3
12.0
20.9
13.3
48.7
30.0
57.5
40.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
2.6
.0
2.5
4.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
ooooooo o
Foreign-born:
English . .
French
German
Hebrew. . .
1
Irish
Italian, South.
1
1
Slovak
Grand total
262
.71
78
3
29.8
1.1
.0
.0
Total native-born
30
232
.:.!
.74
1
77
3.3
33.2
.0
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
Total foreign-born
3
The above table shows the average number of persons to be 71 per
100 rooms; 29.8 per cent of the households have 1 or more persons
per room and 1.1 per cent have 2 or more persons per room. The
foreign-born report 74 persons per 100 rooms as compared with 54
Glove Manufacturing.
815
persons per 100 rooms in households of native-born persons of native
Father. The foreign-born show 33.2 per cent of households having 1
or more persons per room as contrasted with only 3.3 per cent of
households classed as native-born of native father having the same
number of persons per room. The foreign-born also show a small
proportion of households having 2 or more persons per room, while
persons native-born of native father show no households having 2 or
more persons per room. Of the foreign-born races, South Italians
show the highest average number of persons per room and Germans
the lowest. While South Italians show the highest percentage of
households having 1 or more persons per room and English the lowest,
none of the older immigrant races show any households having 2 or
more persons per room.
The following table exhibits the range in number of persons per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
TABLE 48. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
num-
ber of
house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per sleep-
ing room.
Number of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
Per cent of households having
each specified number of per-
sons per sleeping room.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
2 or
more.
3 or
more.
4 or
more.
5 or
more.
6 or
more.
Native-born of native
father, White
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
1.41
1.56
1.47
1.49
o 1.95
1.68
2.35
2.00
7
8
11
7
a 23
13
29
13
23.3
32.0
25.6
23.3
«t)0.5
43.3
72.5
52.0
0.0
4.0
2.3
10.0
o!8.4
3.3
37.5
28.0
0.0
.0
2.3
3.3
o.O
.0
15.0
8.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
o.O
.0
7.5
8.0
0.0
.0
.0
.0
a.O
.0
5.0
.0
Foreign-born:
English
1
1
3
o7
1
15
7
French
1
1
(a)
German
Hebrew
(a)
(a)
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
6
2
3
2
2
Grand total
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
262
o 1.73
a 111
o35
a 10
o5
o2
o42.5
ol3.4
o3.8
ol.9
0.8
30
232
1.41
a 1.78
7
a 104
23.3
045.0
.0
ol5.2
.0
o4.3
.0
a 2. 2
.0
a.9
«35
a 10
o5
a2
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
The preceding table shows the average number of persons per
sleeping room to be 173 persons per 100 sleeping rooms. The
foreign-born show 178 persons per 100 sleeping rooms as compared
with 141 persons per 100 sleeping rooms in households which are
native-born of native father. The foreign-born show a considerably
higher percentage of households having 2 or more persons per sleep-
ing room than do the households reported as native-born of native
father, the latter showing no households having 3 or more persons
per sleeping room. Of the foreign-born races the greatest congestion
in sleeping rooms is noted in households of the more recently arrived
immigrants, i. e., the South Italians and Slovaks. South Italians
show the highest per cent of households having each specified number
of persons per sleeping room, while English, French, Irish, and
German show only small proportions of households having more than
2 persons per sleeping room.
816
The Immigration Commission.
The final table of the series, which is next submitted, indicates the
effect upon living arrangements of congestion within the households
studied, by showing, according to general nativity and race of head
of household, the number and percentage of households regularly
sleeping in all except each specified number of rooms.
TABLE 49. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per ho use-
hold.
Average
number
of sleep-
in grooms
per house-
hold.
Number of households
sleeping in —
J'er cent of households
sleeping in —
All
rooms.
All
except
1
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
All
rooms.
All
except
room.
All
except
2
rooms.
Native-born of native
father, White. .
30
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
6.30
6.88
5. (.7
6.93
5.69
6.10
5.35
4.88
2.43
2.72
2.33
2.03
o2.42
2.&0
2.15
2.04
0.0
.0
.0
.0
o.O
.0
.0
.0
0.0
.0
4.7
.0
a.O
.0
5.0
8.0
0.0
.0
11.6
3.3
ol8.4
.0
22.5
20.0
Foreign-born:
English
French
2
5
1
o7
German . . .
Hebrew
(a)
<">
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
2
2
9
5
Grand total
262
5.93
o2.43
(«)
06
o27
a.O
a 2. 3
010.3
Total native-born
30
'232
6.30
5.88
2.43
a 2. <2
.0
a.O
.0
o2.6
.0
oll.7
Total foreign-born . . .
(«)
of,
a27
o Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
In the 262 households studied in the foregoing table there is au
average of 5.93 rooms each, and an average of 2.43 rooms per house-
hold are used for sleeping purposes. The nativity groups show ap-
proximately the same average number of rooms, as well as sleeping
rooms, per household. The Germans show an average of 6.93 rooms
per household and the English 6.88, the races of recent immigration,
the South Italians and Slovaks, showing the smaller average number
of sleeping rooms per household and the older immigrant races the
larger. As regards the percentage of households using all except each
specified number of rooms to sleep in, it is seen that none use all
rooms; 2.3 use all except 1 room; and 10.3 per cent all except 2
rooms. These proportions are made up entirely of foreign-born heads
of households, the native-born heads of households using all except
3 or more rooms to sleep in.
CHAPTER VI.
SALIENT CHARACTERISTICS.
Literacy — Conjugal condition — Visits abroad — Age classification of employees and
members of their households — [Text Tables 50 to 60 and General Tables 35 to 44].
LITERACY.
The general literacy of the employees of the glove-manufacturing
industry is set forth in the two tables which follow. The first table
presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the percentage
of employees for whom information was secured who were able to
read and percentage who were able to both read and write.
TABLE 50. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and write, by sex and
general nativity and race.
•
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
173
82
201
25
434
107
100.0
98.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
100.0
98.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
Foreign-born, by race, Eng-
lish
Grand total
444
425
869
99.8
98.8
99.3
99.5
98.8
99.2
Total native-born of foreign
father
61
234
210
80
344
81
141
578
291
100.0
100.0
99.5
98.8
99.7
95.1
99.3
99.8
98.3
100.0
100.0
99.0
98.8
99.7
95.1
99.3
99.8
97.9
Total native-born ....
Total foreign-born
The above table shows that of the total number of persons report-
ing 99.3 per cent can read and 99.2 per cent can both read and write.
The proportions of males able to read and to read and write are
slightly greater than those of females. Both males and females
who are native whites born of native father show 100 per cent who
can read and write. The households native-born of foreign father
report all the males and 98.8 per cent of the females as being able to
read and write. The foreign-born show 99.5 per cent of males who
can read as contrasted with 99 per cent who can both read and write
and the females show 95.1 per cent who can read and write. Of the
foreign-born the English show a greater degree of literacy among
females than among males.
817
818
The Immigration Commission.
The following table shows, by sex, general nativity, and race of
individual, the percentage of persons 10 years of age or over in the
households studied who read and percentage who both read and
write.
TABLE 51. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent who read
and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who read.
Per cent who read and
write.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White.
45
25
33
47
29
61
31
63
28
57
27
27
40
38
52
21
56
27
102
52
60
87
67
113
52
119
55
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.8
96.8
100. 0
98.2
96.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
90.5
76.8
100.0
99.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.1
94.2
87.4
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.8
96.8
100.0
98.2
96.3
100.0
100.0
97.4
98.1
90.5
75.0
100.0
99.0
98.1
100.0
100.0
98.5
99.1
94.2
86.6
100.0
Native-bornof foreign father,
by race of father, Irish.
Foreign-born:
English
French
German
Hebrew
Irish..
Italian, South.
Slovak
Grand total
420 : 418
838
99.3
95.7
97.5
99.3
95.2
97.3
Total native-born of native
father. ...
82
127
293
92
149
269
174
276
562
100.0
100.0
99.0
98.9
98.7
94.1
99.4
99.3
96.6
100.0
100.0
99.0
98.9
98.7
93.3
99.4
99.3
96.3
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
In the total number of persons reporting complete data in the
above table the proportions of males and females are almost equal.
Ninety-seven and five-tenths per cent of this number are able to
read, the proportion of males who can read being somewhat higher
than that of females. It is further seen that 97.3 per cent can both
read and write, the percentage of males being higher than that of
females. Native persons born of native father show a greater pro-
portion of their number able to read and write than do the foreign-
born, females in each case showing smaller proportions who are liter-
ate than do the males. Of the foreign-born races all except He-
brews, Irish, and South Italians show 100 per cent of both males
and females who can read. South Italians show only 75 per cent of
their females able to read and write. English, French, and Slovaks
show 100 per cent of persons who can both read and write, followed
by Hebrews, Germans, Irish, and South Italians in the order named
and in smaller proportions.
The percentage of foreign-born persons who read or read and
write after designated periods of residence in this country may be
seen from the next table presented. This table shows, by years in
the United States and race of individual, the per cent of foreign-
born persons 10 years of age or over who read and the per cent who
both read and write.
Glove Manufacturing.
819
TABLE 52. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.
By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by years
in United States.
Per cent who read and write,
by years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
English
60
87
.67
113
52
119
55
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
89.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.7
94.0
85.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
89.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
96.7
94.0
83.3
100.0
French
German
Hebrew....
Irish
Italian, South
89.3
100.0
89.3
100.0
Slovak
Total
562
97.5
97.1
96.1
97.5
97.1
95.4
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the total of 562 individuals reporting complete data in the above
table, over 95 per cent and under 98 per cent of those with each speci-
fied period of residence in the United States read and write some
language. As regards those with ability to read, as well as both to
read and write, the South Italian is the only race which shows a pro-
portion who can neither read nor write in the under 5 and from 5 to 9
years' periods of residence, while the German and South Italian are
the only races showing a proportion of those with a period of residence
of ten years or over who can read, but can not write.
The literacy of the foreign-born persons according to their ages at
the time of arrival in this country is set forth in the table next pre-
sented. This table shows the percentage of foreign-born persons 10
years of age or over, in the households studied, who could read and
the percentage who could both read and write, by race and age of
individual at the time of coming to the United States.
TABLE 53. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who read and per
cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of
individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-born.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who read, by
age at time of coming
to United States.
Per cent who read and
write, by age at time
of coming to United
States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Under 14.
14 or over.
English
60
87
67
113
52
119
55
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.9
93.8
83.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
(a)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
98.9
93.8
81.8
100.0
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South .
Slovak
Total . .
562
100.0
95.8
100.0
95.3
o Not computed, owing to small number involved.
820
The Immigration Commission.
Of a total of 562 individuals reporting complete data in the above
table, it is seen that all of those who were under 14 years of age at
time of coming to the United States read and write. Of those who
were 14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States,
95.8 per cent read and 95.3 per cent both read and write.
CONJUGAL CONDITION.
The conjugal condition of the employees of the glove-manufactur-
ing industry is studied in the series of tables next submitted. The
first table presented shows, by sex and general nativity and race, the
per cent of employees 20 years of age or over, for whom information
was secured, who were in each conjugal condition.
TABLE 54. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal condition, by
sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES )
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who are —
Single.
Married.
Widowed.
Native-born of native father^ White. .
145
78
24.1
16.7
74.5
78.2
1.4
5.1
Foreign-born, by race, English
Grand total
391
25.1
72.4
2.6
Total native-born of foreign father
46
191
200
23.9
24.1
26.0
73.9
74.3
70.5
2.2
1.6
3.5
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father^ White. . . .
2-12
34.3
53.7
12.0
Foreign-born, by race, English
24
45.8
41.7
12.5
Grand total
385
33.8
53.8
12.5
Total native-born of foreign father ...
63
36.5
44.4
19.0
Total native-born
309
34 6
52.1
13.3
Total foreign-born ...
70
30.3
60.5
9.2
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White
3S7
30.5
61.5
8.0
Foreign-born, by race, English.
102
23.5
69.6
6.9
Grand total . .
776
29.4
63.1
7.5
Total native-born of foreign father
109
31.2
56.9
11.9
Total native-born.. .
500
30.6
60.6
8.8
Total foreign-born
276
27.2
67.8
5.1
Of a total of 776 employees studied in the preceding table, 63.1
per cent are married; 29.4 per cent single and 7.5 per cent widowed.
The foreign-born show a larger proportion than the native-born of
native father, who in turn show a larger proportion than the native-
born of foreign father, who are married, while the native-born of
foreign father show a larger proportion than the native-born of native
Glove Manufacturing.
821
father, a group which in turn shows a larger proportion than the
foreign-born who are single. The same positions are maintained
by the different nativity groups as regards those who are widowed.
A comparison between the males and females shows that there is a
smaller proportion of single men than women, and a larger proportion
of men than women who are married, although the proportion of
widows is considerably larger than the proportion of widowers, in each
nativity group.
The table next presented further classifies the totals of the one
preceding and shows the percentage of employees for whom infor-
mation was secured who were in each conjugal condition, by general
nativity and race and by age groups.
TABLE 55. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex, age groups, and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
•
[This table includes only races with 200 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
20 to 29 years of
30 to 44 vears of
45 years of age or
20 years of age or
age.
age.
over.
over.
M
e .
Per cent
a
Per cent
3 •
Per cent
bp
Per cent
General nativity and race.
||
who are —
H
who are —
O C3
ft-a
who are —
C^
O OT
who are—
£ 0>
O QJ
£ a>
QJ 4>
f
£&
3
•g
•£
-d
09
-d
o
•g
Sft
TJ
O>
1
is
"Sib
|
o
f I
U>
Ti
O
T3
ll
EH
o
6 o
o
35
.a
JT|
.9
3 §
.a
t»
3 o
.2
03
S
K
*>
•"
^
CO
"
^
^
CO
^
r>
5
CO
^
*
Native-born of native
father, White
52
48 1
51 Q
0 0
51
11 8
88 ?
0 0
42
9 5
85 7
4 8
145
74 1
74.5 1.4
Grand total
145
50 3
49 0
7
149
1? 1
85 9
? 0
97
7 ?
86 6
6 5?
391
25.1
72.4 2.6
Total native-born of for-
eign father
16
43 8
.50 0
6 3
23
17 4
8? 6
0
7
(0)
(a\
(•n>
46 23. 9 73. 9
2.5?
Total native-born
68 47. 1 51 . 5
1 5
74
n 5
86 5
0
49
8.2
87 '8
4 1
191 24. 1 74. 3 1. 6
Total foreign-born
77
53.2
46.8
.0
75
10.7
85.3
4.0
48
6.3
85.4
8.3
200 26. 0
70.5
3.5
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father, White
95
57.9
41.1
1.1
82
24.4
61.0
14.6
65
12.3
63.1
24.6
242
34.3
53.7
12.0
Grand total
158
55. 1 42. 4
2.5
140
25. 0 62. 1
12.9
87
9. 2 60. 9
29.9
385
33. 8 53. 8 12. 5
Total native born of for-
eign father
24
20
38
66.7
00.0
39.5
29.2
38.3
55.3
4.2
1.7
5.3
24
108
32
29.2
25.0
25.0
50.0
59.3
71.9
20.8
15.7
3.1
15
81
6
.0
9.9
(a)
60.0
63.0
(a)
40.0
27.2
(a)
63
309
76
36.5
34.6
30.3
44.4
52.1
60.5
19.0
13.3
9.2
Total native-born
Total foreign-born.
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father, White
147
54.4
44.9
0.7
133
19.5
71.4
9.0
107
11.2
72.0
16.8
387
30.5
61.5
8.0
Grand total
303 52. 8
45.5
1.7
289
18.3
74.4
7.3
184
8. 2 74. 5
17.4
776
29.4
63.1
7.5
Total native-born of for-
eign father
40
188
115
57.5
55.3
48.7
37.5
43.1
49.6
5.0
1.6
1.7
47
182
107
23.4
20.3
15.0
66.0
70.3
81.3
10.6
9.3
3.7
22
130
54
.0
9.2
5.6
72.7
72.3
79.6
27.3
18.5
14.8
109
500
276
31.2
30.6
27.2
56.9
60.6
67.8
11.9
8.8
5.1
Total native-born
Total foreign-born. .
Not computed, owing to small number involved.
822
The Immigration Commission.
Of 776 persons reporting who were 20 years of age or over 63.1
per cent are married and 7.5 per cent are widowed. In the group
including persons from 20 to 29 years of age 45.5 per cent are mar-
ried and 1.7 per cent are widowed. Of persons from 30 to 44 years
of age, 74.4 per cent are married and 7.3 per cent are widowed, while
of those 45 years of age or over 74.5 per cent are married and 17.4 per
cent are widowed. Persons of foreign birth show a somewhat higher
percentage married in each age group than is shown in the table for all
persons reporting. The proportion of foreign-born persons widowed,
however, is smaller in afl age groups except that including persons
from 20 to 29 years of age than that shown in the totals for all per-
sons reporting. In the group mentioned the percentage of foreign-
born persons widowed is the same as that shown in the totals. In
every age group persons of foreign birth report a higher percentage
married than persons who are native whites born of native father or
persons who are native-born of foreign father. Males report a con-
siderably higher percentage of married person's in each of the age groups
than females, while the latter show a much greater proportion wid-
owed in each group than males.
The following table shows, by sex, age groups, and by general
nativity and race of individual, the percentage of persons in the
households studied, who were in each conjugal condition:
TABLE 56. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
20 to 29 years of
30 to 44 years of
45 years of age or
20 years of age or
age.
age.
over.
over.
M
a .
Per cent who
a •
Per cent who
be
G .
Per cent who
G°.
Per cent who
General nativity and
'43 rt
are —
•£ a
are —
are —
Tl C3
are —
race of individual.
|1
o ^
Is
Is
.
<B <o
,
CD a,
1 .
CO QJ
If.
T3
<x>
o
•d
1
i
a>
^
bJJ
i"2.
•d
"8
II
"3b
1
0
•a
"SP
B
0
•a
65
"M
o
•n
6 ^
"M
0
73
3 8
fc
a
CO
03
s
3 o
3
CQ
133
a
3 8
2;
g
33
1
^
I8
.9
CO
03
Native-born of native
father, White
8
(0)
/a-\
(")
19
1"i 8
48.9
5.3
10
0 0
90.0
10 0
37
21 6
73 0
5 4
Foreign-born:
French
2
(a)
(a)
(n.)
22
o
100 0
0
20
n
100 0
o
44
0
100 0
0
Hebrew
23
34.8
65.2
.0
23
4.3
95.7
.0
3
(a)
(ml
49
18 4
81 6
.0
Italian, South
17
41.2
58.8
0
22
13 6
86.4
0
11
0
100.0
n
50
20.0
80.0
.0
Grand total
95
54.7
45.3
0
142
fi 3
93.0
82
1 •>
97.5
i •>
319
19.4
79.9
fi
Total native-born of
foreign father
23
100.0
.0
0
1
(a~\
(a)
(at
24
100.0
.0
0
Total native-born
31
90.3
9.7
.0
20
20 0
75 0
5 0
10
n
90 0
10 0
61
52 5
44 3
3.3
Total foreign-born
64
37.5
62.5
.0
122
4.1
95.9
.0
72
1.4
98.6
.0
258
11.6
88.4
.0
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Glove Manufacturing.
823
TABLE 56. — Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by
general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
FEMALE.
General nativity and
race of individual.
20 to 29 years of
age.
30 to 44 years of
age.
45 years of age or
over.
20 years of age or
over.
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are—
Number reporting
complete data.
Per cent who
are —
oi
"So
.9
CQ
•d
o>
•e
£
a
•d
a>
fc
•§
£
_»
M
a
28
T3
•2
03
3
•d
1
o
•a
£
_®
"so
a
03
•d
•2
03
a
•d
a>
i£
O
"2
£
.2
"Ho
d
S
•d
o>
1
a
T3
0>
1
T3
it
9.3
12.8
.0
4.3
Native-born of native
father, White
11
6
18
15
36.4
w
.0
46.7
63.6
(a)
100.0
53.3
.0
(a)
.0
.0
29
16
21
20
20.7
6.3
.0
5.0
79.3
87.5
100.0
95.0
.0
6.3
.0
.0
14
17
1
12
.0
.0
(»)
.0
64.3
76.5
(a)
83.3
35.7
23.5
(a)
16.7
54
39
40
47
18.5
5.1
.0
17.0
72.2
82.1
100.0
78.7
Foreign-born:
French
Hebrew.
Italian, South
Grand total
98
33.7
65.3
1.0
145
11.0
87.6
1.4
78
.0
MI.S
19.2
321
15.3
79.1
5.6
Total native-born of
foreign father
15
26
72
80.0
61.5
23.6
20.0
38.5
75.0
.0
.0
1.4
13
42
103
23.1
21.4
6.8
76.9
78.6
91.3
.0
.0
1.9
6
20
58
(a)
.0
.0
(»)
75.0
82.8
(a)
25. 0
17.2
34
88
233
44.1
28.4
10.3
55.9
65.9
84.1
.0
5.7
5.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father, White
19
8
41
32
47.4
(a)
19.5
43.8
52.6
(a)
80.5
56.3
.0
(a)
.0
.0
48
38
44
42
18.8
2.6
2.3
9.5
79.2
94.7
97.7
90.5
2.1
2.6
.0
.0
24
37
4
23
.0
.0
(a)
.0
75.0
89.2
(a)
91.3
25.0
10.8
(a)
8.7
91
83
89
97
19.8
2.4
10.1
18.6
72.5
91.6
89.9
79.4
7.7
6.0
.0
2.1
Foreign-born:
French
Hebrew
Italian, South.
Grand total
193
44.0
55.4
.5
287
8.7
90.2
1.0
160
.6
89.4
10.0
640
17.3
79.5
3.1
Total native-born of
foreign father
38
57
136
92.1
77.2
30.1
7.9
22.8
69.1
.0
.0
.7
14
62
225
28.6
21.0
5.3
7.4
77.4
93.8
.0
1.6
.9
6
30
130
(a)
.0
.8
(a)
80.0
91.5
(a)
20.0
7.7
58
149
491
67.2
38.3
11.0
32.8
57.0
86.4
.0
4.7
2.6
Total native-born
Total foreign-born
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The above table shows that of persons 20 to 29 years of age, 55.4
per cent are married and an insignificant proportion are widowed,
and in groups showing persons from 30 to 44 years of age, 90.2 per
cent are married, while the percentage widowed is very small. Of
persons 45 years of age or over, 89.4 per cent are married and a com-
paratively large proportion are widowed; the totals for all persons
20 years of age or over show 79.5 per cent married and 3.1 per
cent widowed. Foreign-born show a higher percentage of persons
married than native-born of native father. In the group including
persons who are 45 years of age or over, native-born of native father
report 25 per cent widowed as contrasted with only 7.7 per cent of
foreign-born who are widowed. Females show a considerably higher
percentage than males of persons married who are from 20 to 29 years
of age; in the group showing persons who are 30 to 44 years of age
males show a slightly higher per cent married than females. Of
persons 45 years of age or over males show the higher per cent
married and females a much greater proportion widowed than males,
while of all persons 20 years of age or over males show a slightly
higher percentage married than females.
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-53
824
The Immigration Commission.
While a considerable proportion of the foreign-born male employees
were married, it is significant in connection with their conjugal con-
dition that a number of them upon immigrating to this country
left their wives abroad. Tins fact is disclosed by the following table,
which shows, by race of husband, the per cent of foreign-born hus-
bands who report wife in the United States and the percentage who
report wife abroad.
TABLE 57. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United States and
per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 40 or more husbands reporting. The total, however, is for all foreign-
born.]
Number
reporting
Per cent
wil
reporting
complete
data.
In United
States.
Abroad.
English
50
98.0
2.0
Total
124
96.8
3.2
The wives of 96.8 per cent of 124 husbands reporting in the above
table are in the United States and 3.2 per cent are abroad.
VISITS ABROAD.
The extent to which employees of foreign birth return to their
native country for long or snort periods appears from the following
table. This table shows, by sex and race, the visits abroad made
by foreign-born employees.
TABLE 58. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting —
No visits.
1 visit.
2 visits.
3 or more
visits.
Bohemian and Moravian
2
1
4
1
2
58
10
13
26
2
2
3
26
1
2
1
3
1
2
Canadian French
1
1
Canadian, Other
1
1
2
40
5
10
22
2
2
3
25
1
2
1
3
1
2
Croatian
Danish
English
15
2
1
4
1
2
2
2
1
French
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
1
Magyar
Swedish
Syrian
Total
158
123
25
5
5
Glove Manufacturing.
825
TABLE 58. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting —
No visits.
1 visit.
2 visits.
3 or more
visits.
Bohemian and Moravian
3
1
17
1
6
1
4
3
11
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
8
1
4
1
3
2
9
1
Croatian
English . .
7
2
French
German
2
Hebrew, Russian
Irish
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
Italian, North
Italian South
Norwegian
Polish
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
1
Total
54
32
20
9
2
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian . . .
5
4
1
Canadian , French
1
1
Canadian, Other
4
1
1
2
Croatian
2
2
Danish
2
2
English
75
48
22
3
2
French
11
6
2
2
1
German
19
14
3
2
Hebrew Russian .
27
23
4
Hebrew Other
2
2
Irish
6
5
1
Italian North
6
5
1
Italian South
37
34
3
Magyar
1
1
Norwegian
1
1
Polish
1
1
Roumanian
2
2
Russian - *..
1
1
Slovak
2
2
Slovenian '
2
2
Swedish
4
4
Syrian
1
1
Total
212
155
45
7
5
The table next presented shows, by sex and general nativity and
race of head of household, the percentage of persons in the house-
holds studied who are within each specified age group.
826
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 59. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race of head
of household.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
6.
6 to 13.
14 and
15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born:
English..
54
53
68
54
99
76
102
45
9.3
9.4
7.4
3.7
19.2
13.2
25.5
24.4
16.7
11.3
10.3
9.3
19.2
25.0
14.7
11.1
3.7
3.8
2.9
1.9
2.0
1.3
2.9
2.2
1.9
15.1
7.4
18.5
9.1
10.5
7.8
2.2
14.8
20.8
8.8
16.7
24.2
9.2
16.7
28.9
35.2
28.3
33.8
14.8
23.2
25.0
21.6
28.9
18.5
11.3
29.4
35.2
3.0
15.8
10.8
2.2
French
German
Hebrew
Irish...
Italian, South.
Slovak
Grand total ,
551
15.1
15.4
2.5
9.1
17.2
25.8
14.9
Total native-born ... .
54
497
9.3
15.7
16.7
15.3
3.7
2.4
1.9
9.9
14.8
17.5
35.2
24.7
18.5
14.5
Total foreign-born
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born:
English
49
53
10.2
3.8
2.0
13.2
2.0
7.5
2.0
9.4
18.4
11.3
40.8
39.6
24.5
15 1
French
79
6.3
16. 5
1.3
2.5
19.0
27.8
26 6
German. .
63
15.9
17.5
1.6
1.6
17.5
22 2
23 8
Hebrew
88
19.3
25.0
4.5
5.7
20.5
23.9
1 i
Irish
65
18.5
18.5
4.6
4.6
7.7
32.3
13 8
Italian, South
100
23.0
18.0
5.0
6.0
16.0
20.0
12.0
Slovak
57
36.8
14.0
3.5
3.5
31.6
10.5
0
Grand total
554
17.1
16.6
3.8
4.5
17.7
26.2
14.1
Total native-born . .
49
10.2
2.0
2.0
J n
18.4
40.8
24.5
Total foreign-born
505
17.8
18.0
4.0
4.8
17.6
24.8
13.1
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born:
English
103
106
9.7
6.6
9.7
12.3
2.9
5.7
1.9
12.3
16.5
16.0
37.9
34.0
21.4
13.2
French
147
6.8
13.6
2.0
4.8
14.3
30.6
27.9
German...
117
10.3
13.7
1.7
9.4
17.1
18.8
29 1
Hebrew. .
187
19.3
21.9
3.2
7.5
22.5
23.5
2.1
Irish
141
15.6
22.0
2.8
7.8
8.5
28.4
14.9
Italian, South
202
24.3
16.3
4.0
6.9
16.3
20.8
11.4
Slovak.
102
31.4
12.7
2.9*
2.9
30.4
18.6
1.0
Grand total
1,105
16.1
16.0
3.2
6.8
17.5
26.0
14.5
Total native-born . .
103
9.7
9.7
2.9
1.9
16.5
37.9
21.4
Total foreign-born
1,002
16.8
16.7
3.2
7.3
17.6
24.8
13.8
Of 1,105 persons reporting complete data, the greatest proportion
are from 30 to 44 and 20 to 29 years of age; 16.1 per cent are
under 6 years of age, and 16 per cent are from 6 to 13, while the
proportion 14 and 15 and from 16 to 19 years of age is small.
Foreign-born persons report a higher percentage of their number in
each age group, except those showing individuals of from 30 to 44
years of age and 45 years of age or over; in these two groups persons
Glove Manufacturing.
827
native-born of native father report a considerably higher percentage
of persons than foreign-born. Slovaks show the highest percentage
of persons under 6 years of age and Irish the highest percentage of
those from 6 to 13. In the groups showing persons from 20 to 29
years of age and from 30 to 44 years — the age of greatest efficiency-
Slovaks and Hebrews show the greatest proportion in the first-named
group and English and French the highest percentage of persons in
the group last mentioned. Germans and French show a much
higher percentage of persons who are 45 years of age or over than
do the other races, Hebrews and Slovaks showing very small pro-
portions of persons of this age.
Males and females report about the same proportion of persons in
each age group. The percentages of foreign-born females who are
under 6, from 6 to 13, 14 and 15, and from 16 to 19 years of age
are considerably higher than those of native-born of native father.
Females who are native-born of native father show a slightly higher
percentage in the group from 20 to 29 years of age than foreign-
born and a very much higher percentage who are from 30 to 44 years
of age and 45 years of age or over than foreign-born. Foreign-born
males show a higher percentage of their number who are under 30
years of age than those who are native-born of native father. In the
group from 30 to 44 years of age the proportion of native-born of
native father is considerably higher than the proportion of foreign-
born; native-born of native father also show a higher percentage of
males who are 45 years of age or over than foreign-born.
AGE CLASSIFICATION OF EMPLOYEES AND MEMBERS OF THEIR
HOUSEHOLDS.
The age characteristics of the employees of the glove-manufacturing
industry may be seen from the table next presented. This table
shows, by sex and general nativity and race of individual, the per-
centage of employees within each specified age group.
TABLE 60. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[This table includes only races with 80 or more persons reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent within each specified age group.
Under
14.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, W h ite .
Foreign-born, by race, English ....
Grand total
178
83
0.0
.0
18.5
6.0
14.6
9.6
14.6
10.8
9.6
16.9
19.1
31.3
14.6
10.8
9.0
14.5
454
.0
13.9
15.0
17.0
11.7
21.1
13.0
8.4
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
63
241
213
.0
.0
.0
27.0
20.7
6.1
12.7
14.1
10. 0
12.7
14.1
20.2
15.9
11.2
12.2
20.6
19.5
23.0
9.5
13.3
12.7
1.6
7.1
9.9
Total foreign-born . . .
828
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 60. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and general nativity
and race — Continued .
FEMALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Percent within each specified age group.
Under
14.
14 to
19.
20 to
24.
25 to
29.
30 to
34.
35 to
44.
45 to
54.
55 or
over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born, by race, English. . ..
Grand total
279
29
0.0
.0
13.3
10.3
20.4
27.6
13.6
20.7
10.4
13.8
19.0
17.2
14.3
3.4
9.0
6.9
454
.0
14.8
111. S
15.2
11.5
19.6
11.9
7.3
Total native-born of foreign father .
Total native-born
80
363
91
.0
.0
.0
21.3
14.9
14.3
16.3
19.6
20.9
13.8
13.5
22.0
10.0
10.2
16.5
20.0
19.6
19.8
13.8
14.0
3.3
5.0
8.3
3.3
Total foreign-born . .
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father. White.
Foreign-born, by race, English. . ..
457
112
0.0
.0
15.3
7.1
18.2
14.3
14.0
13.4
10.1
16.1
19.0
27.7
14.4
8.9
9.0
12.5
Grand total
908
.0
14.3
17.4
16.1
11 6
20 4
12 4
7 8
Total native-born of foreign father.
Total native-born . ...
143
604
.0
.0
23.8
17.2
14.7
17.4
13.3
13.7
12.6
10 6
20.3
19 5
11.9
13 7
3.5
7 8
Total foreign-born
304
.0
8.6
17.4
20.7
13.5
22.0
9 9
7 9
The preceding table shows that 14.3 per cent of the employees
reporting are from 14 to 19 years of age, 17.4 per cent are from 20
to 24, 16.1 per cent are from 25 to 29, 11.6 per cent are from 30 to
34, 20.4 per cent are from 35 to 44, 12.4 per cent are from 45 to 54,
and 7.8 per cent are 55 years of age or over. Employees who were
native-born of foreign father show considerably larger proportions
who were from 14 to 19 than do the native whites born of native
father or the foreign-born. The native whites born of native father
show the highest percentage who were from 20 to 24, followed closely
by the foreign-born. The foreign-born show the highest percentage
of employees from 25 to 29, the native whites born of native father
and the native-born of foreign father following. In the group
showing employees from 30 to 34 and from 35 to 44, the foreign-
born show the highest percentage, followed by native-born of foreign
father. Of employees from 45 to 54 years of age, the native whites
born of native father show the highest per cent, followed by native-
born of foreign father and foreign-born. In the group of employees
who are 55 years of age or over the native whites born of native
father show the greatest proportion, followed by the foreign-born.
The females show a higher percentage of persons from 14 to 19 and
from 20 to 24 years of age than do the males, but the latter show a
larger proportion who are 25 years of age or over.
CHAPTER VII.
GENERAL PROGRESS AND ASSIMILATION.
Ownership of homes — Status of children in the households studied — Citizenship —
Ability to speak English — [Text Tables 61 to 70 and General Tables 45 to 51].
OWNERSHIP OF HOMES.
The accumulation of property is not only indicative of thrift on the
part of the owner, but if the owner is a person of foreign birth it
also exhibits a tendency toward permanent settlement in the United
States. In this connection the following table is submitted, which
shows, by general nativity and race of head of family, the number and
percentage of families owning homes:
TABLE 61. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general nativity and race
of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Total
number of
families.
Owning home.
Number.
Per cent.
Native-born of native father, White
32
25
45
30
40
30
42
25
11
11
15
17
4
13
11
3
34.4
44.0
33.3
56.7
10.0
43.3
26.2
12.0
Foreign-born:
English
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Grand total
269
85
31.6
Total native-born
32
237
11
74
34.4
31.2
Total foreign-born
Of a total of 269 families studied in the above table, 31.6 per cent
own their homes. The foreign-born show a very slightly smaller
proportion than the native-born. Of the several foreign-born races,
the English, French, German, and Irish show somewhat larger pro-
portions than the Hebrew, South Italian, and Slovak.
STATUS OF CHILDREN IN THE HOUSEHOLDS STUDIED.
The table next submitted is instructive as indicating the tendency
on the part of the children in the families of employees of the glove-
manufacturing industry to attend school or to go to work when the
working age is reached. The table shows, by general nativity and
race of individual, the percentage of children 6 and under 16 years of
age, in the households studied, who were at home, at school, and at
work.
829
830
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 62. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at school, and at
work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or Tiiore children reporting. The totals, however, are for all races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
Number
reporting
Per cent —
complete
data.
At home.
At school.
At work.
Native-born of foreign father:
Hebrew
23
0 0
100 0
0 0
Irish
35
2.9
97 1
0
Italian, South .
21
4.8
95.2
0
Foreign-born:
Hebrew
25
12.0
80 0
8 0
Italian South
20
.0
95.0
5 0
Grand total
212
2 8
93.9
3 3
Total native-born of foreign father
133
1 5
96 2
2 3
Total native-born
14G
1.4
96 6
2 1
Total oreign-born
66
6.1
87.9
6 1
Of the total of 212 individuals reporting in the above table, 93.9 per
cent are at school, 3.3 per cent at work, and 2.8 at home. The foreign-
born show a smaller proportion at school and larger proportions at
home and at work than do the native-born of foreign father.
The following table shows, by general nativity and race of father,
and by birthplace of child, the number and percentage of children 6
and under 16 years of age who were at home, at school, and at work:
TABLE 63. — Number and per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age, at home, at
school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father and by birthplace of child.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only races with 20 or more children born in the United States and also 20 or more born
abroad. The native-born of native father are shown for comparative purposes.]
General nativity and race of
father.
Birthplace of
child.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
At
home.
At
school.
At
work.
Native-born White
United States.
United States.
Abroad
13
23
25
21
20
13
23
20
20
19
(a)
0.0
12.0
4.8
.0
(a)
100.0
80.0
95.2
95.0
(a)
0.0
8.0
.0
5.0
Forei<Tn-born Hebrew
Italian South
3
1
2
United States.
Abroad
1
a. Not computed, owing to small number involved.
The native-born of foreign father show a larger proportion at
school and smaller proportions at home and at work than do the
foreign-born. The native-born Hebrews show their entire number
at school, while the native-born South Italians show 95.2 per cent
at school and 4.8 per cent at home. The foreign-born Hebrews
show 80 per cent at school, 12 per cent at home, and 8 per cent at
work, while the foreign-born South Italians show 95 per cent at
school and 5 per cent at work.
Glove Manufacturing.
831
CITIZENSHIP.
The extent to which the employees of the glove-manufacturing
industry have acquired citizenship, or have taken the preliminary
steps, is indicated by the table next presented. This table shows,
by race, the present political condition of foreign-born male em-
ployees who have been in the United States five years or over and
who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming to this country.
TABLE 64. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of
coming, by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
32
6
9
13
2
1
9
1
1
2
1
2
"
Danish
1
16
4
7
5
2
1
7
English
10
1
2
7
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew Other
Irish
Italian South
1
1
1
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
Russian .
1
1
Swedish
1
Total. .
81
44
25
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Of the 81 males included in the preceding table, 44, or 54.3 per cent,
are fully naturalized, and 25, or 30.9 per cent, have first papers only,
leaving 14.8 per cent who are aliens.
The following table shows, by race of individual, the present politi-
cal condition of foreign-born males in the households studied who
have been in the United States five years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming:
TABLE 65. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the
United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.)
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number —
Per cent —
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
Fully
naturalized.
Having first
papers only.
English
14
27
19
20
20
30
11
13
12
17
12
20
19
2
(a)
44.4
(a)
60.0
100.0
63.3
(a)
(«)
14.8
(a)
25.0
.0
6.7
(«)
French
4
1
5
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
2
4
Slovak
Total
141
95
16
67.4
11.3
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
832
The Immigration Commission.
Information secured from 141 individuals in the preceding table
indicates that 67.4 per cent are fully naturalized and 11.3 per cent
have first papers only, leaving 21.3 per cent who evinced no
interest in citizenship. Of the several races for which computation
was made, 100 per cent of the Irish are fully naturalized, while
each other race shows a much larger proportion fully naturalized than
having first papers only. No race, except the Irish, however, shows
its entire number to be sufficiently interested in citizenship to have
either taken out first papers or to have become fully naturalized.
ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.
The extent to which the foreign-born glove-manufacturing em-
ployees and members of their households of non-English-speaking
races are able to speak English is set forth in the foUowing series of
tables. The table foUowing shows, by race, the percentage of persons
6 years of age or over in the households studied who speak English.
TABLE 66. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The totals, how-
ever, are for all non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of individual.
•
Number reporting complete
data.
Per cent who speak English.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of foreign father, by race of
father, German
23
48
30
65
68
28
18
45
38
58
58
27
41
93
68
123
126
55
100.0
100.0
100.0
96.9
86.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
. 97.4
89.7
50.0
96.3
100.0
100.0
98.5
93.5
69.8
98.2
Foreign-born:
French
German
Hebrew
Italian, South. ...
Slovak
Grand total . .
302
303
605
96.4
87.8
92.1
Total native-born of foreign father ....
63
239
73
230
136
469
100.0
95.4
100.0
83.9
100.0
89.8
Total foreign-born . .
In a total of 605 persons reporting complete data in the above
table 96.4 per cent of the males and 87.8 per cent of the females
speak English. The native-born of foreign father all speak English,
while only 95.4 per cent of the males and 83. 9 per cent of the females
of foreign birth speak English. A larger proportion of the males
than of the females of each race, except the French, all of whom speak
English, have this ability.
The table next submitted shows, by age at time of coming to the
United States and race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born
persons 6 years of age or over in the households studied who speak
English.
Glove Manufacturing.
833
TABLE 67 .—Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by age at time of coming to the United States and race of individual .
(STUDY OP HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, how-
ever, is lor all non-English-speaking races.j
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Per cent who speak
English, by age, at
time of coming to
United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
French
93
68
123
126
55
100.0
100.0
90.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
98.1
94.4
56.8
98.0
German
Hebrew
Italian South
Slovak
Total
469
97.3
87.4
From computations based upon a total of 469 foreign-born per-
sons reporting complete data in the above table it is seen that a
larger proportion of those who were under 14 than of those who were
14 years of age or over at time of coming to the United States
speak English. The Hebrew is the only race showing a proportion
of those who were under 14, while each race except the French
shows a certain proportion of those who were 14 years of age or over
at time of coming to the United States who can not speak English.
The Italian shows the largest proportion of those of the latter age
period who can not speak English, while the French show none.
The table next presented shows, by years in the United States and
race of individual, the percentage of foreign-born persons 6 years of
age or over in the households studied who speak English.
TABLE 68. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by years in the United States and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races with 40 or more persons reporting. The total, howeve/, is for all non-
English-speaking races.]
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
Per cent \
years i
vho speak E
a the Unitec
Qglish, by
States.
data.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
French
93
100.0
100.0
100.0
German
68
100.0
87.5
100.0
Hebrew
123
83.7
100.0
100.0
Italian South
126
41.4
79.1
77.8
Slovak
55
93.3
100.0
100.0
Total
469
77.6
93.2
94.1
The above table shows that of the 469 individuals reporting com-
plete data, 77.6 per cent of those who have been in the United States
under five years, 93.2 per cent of those with a period of residence of
from five to nine years, and 94.1 per cent of those with a period of
834
The Immigration Commission.
residence of ten years or over, speak English. The French is the
only race showing its entire number speaking English. The Hebrew
and Slovak races show their entire numbers with a period of residence
of five years or more to be speaking English, while the South Italian
shows only slightly more than 75 per cent of its number with this
period of residence who speak English. The Germans present a
unique condition in that a smaller proportion of those with a period
of residence of from five to nine than either of the other specified
numbers of years speak English.
The progress made by the members of non-English-speaking races
in acquiring the ability to speak English after stated periods of resi-
dence in this country is shown by the two tables following. The first
table shows, by age at time of coming to the United States and race,
the number of foreign-born employees who speak English.
TABLE 69. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[Tills table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Bohemian and Moravian
2
2
1
2
10
17
34
4
4
30
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
10
10
34
4
2
24
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
2
1
2
9
9
33
4
2
27
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
1
2
9
8
33
4
Canadian, French
Croatian
Danish .
French..
1
8
1
1
8
1
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
2
3
2
3
Italian, South
21
1
1
1
1
2
1
Magyar ...
Polish...
Roumanian . .
Russian
Swedish
1
1
Syrian
Total .. .
115
104
16
16
99
88
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
5
3
5
3
Croatian ....
1
1
1
1
French
2
2
1
1
1
1
German
8
8
3
3
5
5
Hebrew, Russian
2
2
2
Italian, North...
0
3
2
2
4
1
Italian, South
11
4
2
2
9
2
Norwegian . .
1
1
1
1
Polish
1
1
1
1
Russian.
1
1
1
1
Slovak
4
4
1
1
3
3
Slovenian .
2
2
2
2
Swedish
1
1
1
1
Total
45
33
13
13
32
20
Glove Manufacturing.
835
TABLE 69. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race — Continued.
TOTAL.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Bohemian and Moravian
7
2
2
2
12
25
36
4
10
41
1
1
2
2
2
4
2
4
1
4
2
2
2
12
24
36
4
5
28
1
1
2
1
2
4
2
4
1
7
2
1
2
10
14
35
4
6
36
1
4
2
1
2
10
13
35
4
1
23
1
Canadian, French.
Croatian .. .
1
1
Danish
French
2
11
1
2
11
1
German
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other .
Italian, North
4
5
4
5
Italian South
Magyar
Norwegian
1
1
Polish ..
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
2
2
1
Roumanian
Russian
1
1
1
1
Slovak
Slovenian.
Swedish
2
2
Syrian. .
Total...
100
137
J'.l
29
131
108
The following table shows, by years in the United States and race,
the number of foreign-born employees who speak English:
TABLE 70. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Bohemian and Moravian
2
2
1
2
10
17
34
4
4
30
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
2
1
2
10
16
34
4
2
24
1
. 1
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
Canadian, French
Croatian
Danish
2
6
15
8
2
2
11
2
6
14
8
2
2
8
French..
2
2
2
2
12
2
2
12
German ....
Hebrew, Russian
14
2
2
16
14
2
Hebrew, Other
Italian, North
Italian, South
13
3
1
1
3
1
1
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
2
1
Russian
1
1
1
1
Swedish
2
2
Syrian
1
1
Total
115
104
41
36
24
23
50
45
836
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 70. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the United
States, and race — Continued.
FEMALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number
who
speak
English.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Num-
ber.
Number
who
speak
English.
Bohemian and Moravian . .
5
1
2
8
2
6
11
1
1
1
4
2
1
3
1
2
8
2
3
4
1
1
1
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
6
1
1
2
6
Croatian
French
German
1
1
3
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Italian, North
2
4
1
2
3
1
Italian, South
Norwegian
Polish
1
1
Russian
1
1
1
1
Slovak .
3
2
1
3
2
1
Slovenian
Swedish
Total
45
33
14
6
8
5
23
22
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
7
4
3
2
3
1
1
1
Canadian French
2
2
2
2
Croatian
2
2
1
1
1
1
Danish
2
2
2
2
French
12
12
2
2
2
2
8
8
German
25
24
1
1
3
3
21
20
Hebrew, Russian
36
36
15
15
13
13
8
8
Hebrew, Other . .
4
4
2
2
2
2
Italian, North
in
5
5
1
1
4
4
Italian South
41
28
22
14
4
3
15
11
Maevar
i
1
1
1
Norwegian
i
1
1
1
Polish
2
2
1
1
1
1
Roumanian
2
1
2
1
Russian
2
2
2
2
Slovak
4
4
1
1
3
3
Slovenian
2
2
2
2
Swedish . .
4
4
1
1
3
3
Syrian
1
1
1
1
Total
160
137
55
42
32
28
73
67
GENERAL TABLES.
837
GENERAL EXPLANATION OF TABLES.
Persons of native birth have been divided into two general groups
and further subdivided under each of the two, as follows :
1 . Native-born of native father.
Persons under this group are classified as White, Negro, Indian,
Chinese, Hindu, Japanese, and Korean.
2. Native-born of foreign father,
Persons under this group are classified according to race of father
in all tables where the data were secured for households, and accord-
ing to country of birth of father in all tables, where the data were
secured for ernploj^ees. Where classification is by race of father the
classification used for several years by the United States Bureau of
Immigration and Naturalization is followed.
Persons of foreign birth are classified according to race (or people).
The classification of the United States Bureau of Immigration and
Naturalization is followed.
In the study of households information is presented—
1. By general nativity and race of the "individual" in all tables
which show facts which are personal in their nature, such as English
speaking, occupation, or conjugal condition.
2. By general nativity and race of "head of family" in tables
concerned with family matters — for example, family income.
3. By general nativity and race of "head of household" in all tables
dealing with living conditions, among which are tables showing the
composition of the household and the number of persons per room
and per sleeping room. The distinction which has been made
throughout this study between "family" and "household" is depend-
ent upon the use of the term "apartment.".
An "apartment" is a room or rooms within which all the usual
daily processes of living, namely, cooking, eating, and sleeping, are
carried on by the occupants. According to this definition an apart-
ment may be, for example, a whole house, or it may be a single room
of what wns originally intended as an apartment; or it may be a
corner of a wareroom or the back of a storeroom partitioned off and
set aside for household uses. Two or more groups of occupants with
distinctly separate money interests frequently rent a number of
rooms jointly, occupying certain rooms separately but sharing one of
more, usually the kitchen, or kitchen and living room. Under these
conditions neither the rooms used by the one group of occupants nor
those used by the other can be considered an apartment, since the
room used in common must in such case be considered a room in each
apartment and thus be counted twice. Where these conditions have
been encountered the entire number of rooms has been considered
one apartment.
The "household" includes all persons living within an apartment
without regard to the relationships which exist among them. The
48296°— VOL 12— 11- -54 839
840 The Immigration Commission.
household may consist of one or more families with or without
boarders or lodgers; or it may consist of a group of persons living
together, no family included; or it may consist of various combina-
tions of families, "groups," and boarders or lodgers.
The term "family" as used throughout these tables refers in gen-
eral to the immediate family composed of husband, wife, and children.
Groups of persons among whom none of these relations exist are not
considered families. Households hi which complicated relationships
exist have been resolved into the component immediate families.
Remnants of families maintaining a home are considered families
when either husband or wife is present.
The general tables show results of two practically independent
studies, as follows :
STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.
All tables headed "Study of households" are based on information
from the schedule which was filled out for certain sslected households
in each of the several communities. Names and addresses were
secured of employees in a given industry who were heads of house-
holds; and for each such household a schedule was filled out by an
agent of this Commission who visited the apartment and secured
detailed information, so far as possible, for every occupant, as well as
data in regard to family and household organization and status at the
tune of the visit.
STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.
The general tables headed "Study of employees" present data
from the schedule relating only to the individual employee. This
schedule was filled out by the employee himself or by some one
detailed by the employer to the task, to whom the emplo3Tee furnished
data. The general tables of this series, therefore, concern only the
history and present status of the employee, while the other series, as
has been stated, presents data not only for certain of the employees
but also for members of their households. All data included under
the "Study of employees" are tabulated by sex and by the general
nativity and race of the individual. For the native-born of for-
eign father the classification is by country of birth of father and not
by race of father.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES.
Total number oj households and persons studied, by general nativity
and race oj head of household: Study oj households. Table 1. — This
table enumerates the households studied of each race, the aggregate
of the members of the households of each race, and the persons, male
and female, for whom detailed information was secured. All mem-
bers of households appear hi this table under the general nativity
and race of head of household.
Number oj persons jor whom detailed information was secured, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Table 2. — This table is a second enumeration of the persons, male and
female, who are included in the detailed study of members of house-
holds. In this enumeration each individual appears under his own
general nativity and race.
Glove Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 841
Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex
and general nativity and race: Study of employees. Table 3. — This
table enumerates the employees for whom data were secured for the
"Study of employees." The enumeration is by general nativity and
race of employee, and hi industries where both male and female
employees report, by sex.
Number oj joreign-born employees in the United States each specified
number oj years, by sex and race: Study of employees. Table 4- — All
foreign-born employees who report the number of years since their
first arrival in the United States are here classified as in the United
States under one year, one year, two years, three years, four years,
five to nine years, ten to fourteen years, fifteen to nineteen years, or
twenty years or over. In all industries where employees of both
sexes report, the tabulation is by sex.
Number oj joreign-born persons in the United States each specified
number oj years, by sex arid race oj individual: Study oj households.
Table 5. — This table, which is concerned with members of households,
is similar to Table 4, relating to employees.
Occupation ~bejore coming to the United States of joreign-born males
who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race oj individual:
Study oj households. Table 6. — Males who were 16 years of age or
over at the time of their first arrival in the United States are here
classified according to whether before coining to the United States
they worked for profit, for wages, or without wages, and are further
classified according to the kind of employment pursued. Payments
in kind as well as in money are here considered wages. Persons who
worked without wages were usually at work with fathers or other
near relatives.
Occupation bejore coming to the United States of foreign-born females
who were 1 6 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual:
Study of households. Table 7. — This table is similar to Table 6,
relating to males.
Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United
States, by race: Study of employees. Table 8. — In this table is shown
the number of foreign-born male employees who, just prior to coming
to the United States, were in the same industry in which they were
employed at the time of the investigation, in farming or farm labor,
in general labor, etc. Persons who report their occupation as ' 'none,"
"at home," or "at school" are excluded from the table.
Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the
United States, by race: Study of employees. Table 9. — This table is
similar to Table 8, relating to males.
Number of males 16 years oj ' age or over in each specified industry, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
10. — This table shows the number of male members of households 16
years of age or over who are at home and at school, and classify those
who have had employment within the year ending with the taking of
the schedule, according to the industry in which they have been em-
ployed. The main headings used in this table follow the classification
of the United States Census with the following modifications: Gen-
eral labor is here separated from domestic and personal service;
fishing, mining, and quarrying are separated from manufacturing and
842 The Immigration Commission.
mechanical pursuits ; trade and transportation are distinpt from each
other. The headings as here used are:
1. Agricultural pursuits.
2. Domestic and personal service.
3. Manufacturing and mechanical pursuits.
4. Mining (including quarrying).
5. General labor.
6. Professional service.
7. Trade.
8. Transportation.
9. Fishing.
The term "domestic and personal service" includes, besides domes-
tic servants, certain classes of persons, not professional, who serve
the general public, such as policemen, city firemen, and employees
at places of amusement.
Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry,
by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
11. — This table is similar to Table 10, relating to males.
Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of employees.
Table 12. — Employees are here classified according to the amount of
their earnings. In some industries earnings are reported by the week,
and in others by the day. Where employment is on the time basis,
the data are for "rate of pay;" where employment is on the piece
basis, the data are for "earnings."
Number of female employees 18 years^ of age or over earning each speci-
fied amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of employees.
Table 13. — This table is similar to Table 12, relating to earnings of
males 18 years of age or over.
Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each
specified amount per week, by general, nativity and race: Study of
employees. Table 14- — This table is similar to Table 12, relating to
earnings of males 18 years of age or over. In practically all indus-
tries the number of employees under 14 was too small for tabulation.
Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Table 15. — This table is similar to Table 14, relating to
earnings of males 14 and under 18 years of age.
Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per
year, by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Table 16. — This table forms a part of the study of family incomes.
The information relative to income was secured for the year ending
at the time of the agent's visit.
In the "selection of families " for the compilation of data concerning
family income the following classes were omitted:
1. Families established less than one year.
2. Families living two or more per household under complicated financial
arrangements, so that exact income from boarders or other sources within
the household are uncertain.
3. Families \\ith earnings or contributions representing entire earnings of mem-
bers who are profit earners or whose net earnings are for any other reason
uncertain. That part of the income in this study represented by earnings
is net.
Practically ah1 of the heads of families included in this table are
also heads of households. They are here classified according to the
amount of their earnings for the year.
Glove Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 843
Yearly earnings (approximate] of males 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
17. — Male wage-earners are here classified according to the amount of
their earnings for the year ending at the time of the agent's visit.
Persons who receive board and lodging in addition to a money wage
and persons who receive tips or other perquisites over and above a
stipulated wage are not included in this table.
Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of
head of family: Study of households. Table 18. — The families included
in this table are the same as in Table 16. These families are here
classified according to the amount of total income for the year from
all sources. Table 20 shows the sources of this income. Income
from "boarders or lodgers" and in some cases from "other sources,"
is gross.
Yearly earnings (approximate} of females 18 years of age or over, by
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
19. — This table is similar to Table 17, which relates to earnings of
males.
Number of families having an income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family: Study of households. Table 20. — The
families included in this table are the same as in Table 16. The
number of families with income from earnings of husband, the num-
ber with income from earnings of wife, etc., are shown here. The
terms "husband" and "wife" include the widowed, divorced,
and deserted. The principal items under "other sources" are (1)
receipts from investments, which in the great majority of cases
are in the form of rentals, and (2) contributions of friends or
relatives, who pay either more or less than the rates of boarders or
lodgers. Attention is called to the fact that the family may have had
income from some source, for example, from boarders or lodgers,
within the year, but not at the time the schedule was taken.
Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race of head
of family: Study of households . Table 21. — The families included in
tins table are the same as in Table 16. They are classified here
according to the source or combination of sources upon which the
family has been wholly dependent for income within the year ending
with the taking of the schedule. The four items which make up all
incomes except those entered in the last column of the table are
earnings of husband, earnings of wife, contributions of children, and
payments of boarders or lodgers. It will be noted that all families
deriving their entire income from husband, wife, and children have
a net income, and that all incomes, including the payments of boarders
or lodgers, are gross; also that all families having any part of their
income from money invested appear hi the last column of this table.
Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over
employed away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of
individual: Study of households. Table 22. — Members of households
of working age who have been employed outside of the home within
the year ending with the taking of the schedule are here classified
according to whether they have worked under three months, three
and under four months, four and under five months, etc. For the
purposes of the table, ah1 cases of part-time employment have been
844 The Immigration Commission.
reduced to a full-time basis ; for example, an employee who has worked
seven months on half time is counted as having worked three and one-
half months. The data are shown for males and females separately.
Number and class of households , by general nativity and race of head
of household: Study of households. 'Table 23. — All households are
here divided into "family households/' or households where a family
is present, and "group households," or households composed of a
group of persons, no family included. Family households are further
classified as being with or without boarders or lodgers. Family house-
holds with neither boarders nor lodgers are subdivided into those
consisting of a single family and those consisting of two or more
families living in the same apartment and sharing one or more rooms-
Family households with boarders or lodgers are subdivided into those
who keep boarders and those who keep only lodgers. Households
keeping both boarders and lodgers are here entered as households
with boarders. "Boarders" are persons to whom both food and
lodging are furnished.
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apart-
ment, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of house-
holds, fable 24. — In this table appear only the renting households
which report the rent paid for the unfurnished rooms which they use
for living purposes. The following classes are thus excluded from
the table:
1. Households which rent apartment furnished.
2. Households which pay an undivided sum for apartment and place of business.
3. Resident landlords who pay an undivided sum for the apartment they occupy
and other apartments which they sublet.
4. Households which pay "ground rent."
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room,
by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households.
Table 25. — The households included in this table are the same as in
Table 24.
Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person,
by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households .
fable 26. — The households included hi this table are the same as in
Table 24.
Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of
boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of households:
Study of households. Table 27 . — This table shows the number of
households keeping boarders and the number keeping only lodgers; it
also shows the total number of boarders and of lodgers. "Boarders"
both sleep and eat with the household. Households which keep
lodgers in addition to boarders are classified with the households
keeping boarders. Among certain races it is customary to include
one of the following accommodations with the nominal price of
lodging: (1) Coffee or soup is served once a day; (2) the lodger is
allowed the privilege of cooking his food on the kitchen stove; (3)
the housewife buys the lodger's food, having the price charged in his
account book, and prepares the food for him. Persons with such
financial arrangements consider themselves lodgers and have been
classified as such in this table.
Number of persons per household in apartments of each specified size,
by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of households.
Glove Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 845
Table 28. — Households are here classified according to the number
of rooms which they occupy and are further classified according to
the number of persons of which they are composed. Rooms used
exclusively for business purposes, although connected with the apart-
ment, are not counted in the number of rooms per apartment. As
before stated, only such persons as sleep in the apartment are con-
sidered members of the household.
Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household: Study of
households. Table 29. — -This table summarizes a part cf the data of
Table 28. Households are classified here according to the number
of rooms they occupy.
Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general
nativity and race of head of household: Study of households. Table 30.—
This table summarizes a part of the data in Ti.blc 28. _ Households are
here classified according to the number of persons in the household.
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold: Study of households. ' Table 31 . — This table summarizes a part of
the data in Table 28. It gives the total number of households and
the total number of persons in apartments of each specified size.
Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household:
Study of households. Table 32. — This table shows the number of
households which average less than one person per room, one and
less than two persons per room, two and less than three persons per
room, etc. The table also shows the average number of persons per
household and per room for ah1 households studied.
Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of
household: Study of households. Table 33. — This table presents tne
data relative to persons per sleeping room. Only rooms which are
regularly used for sleeping purposes are here considered sleeping
rooms. The table is similar to Table 32.
Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specifi,ed
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household:
Study of households. Table 84. — This table classifies households
according to the number of rooms left for living purposes after the
number of sleeping rooms has been deducted.
Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race: Study of
employees. Table 35. — This table shows the number of employees
who read some language and the number who both read and write
some language. In all industries where employees of both sexes
report, the tabulation is by sex.
Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general noMvity
and race of individual^ Study of households. Table 36.— This table,
which is concerned with members of households, is similar to Table
35, relating to employees.
Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years
in the United States and race of individual: Study of households. Table
37. — This table classifies foreign-born persons, male and female,
according to the number of years since their first arrival in the United
States. The classes are: Under five years, five to nine years, and
ten }^ears or over. The table shows under each of the three groups
the number of persons who can read some language and the number
who can both read and write some language.
846 The Immigration Commission.
Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at
time of coming to the United States and race of individual: Study of
households. Table 38. — This table classifies foreign-born persons,
male and female, according to whether they were under 14 years of
age or 14 years of age or over at the time of their first arrival in the
United States, and shows the number in each group who can read
some language and the number who can both read and write some
language.
Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and general
nativity and race: Study of employees. Table 39. — For the purpose
of this table employees of each sex are divided into four age groups —
16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45 years or over—
and are further classified according to whether they are single,
married, or widowed. With the widowed are included the relatively
few persons who are divorced or deserted.
Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general nativity and
race of individual: Study of households. Table 40. — This table, which
is concerned with members of households 16 years of age or over, is
similar to Table 39, relating to employees.
Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband:
Study of employees. Table 41- — This table shows the number of
foreign-born married employees who report wife in the United States
and the number who report wife abroad. The tabulation is by the
race of the employee.
Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in the
United States, and' race: Study of employees. Table 4-f • — Employees
are here classified according to the number of years since their first
arrival in the United States. The classes are: Under five years, five
to nine years, and ten years or over. Under each group employees
are classified according to whether they have made no visit or one,
two, or three or more visits abroad. In all industries where employees
of both sexes report, the data are shown separately for each sex.
Number of persons within each age group, by sex and by general nativ-
ity and race of head of household: Study of households. Table 4^-~
This table gives for all households studied the number of persons of
each sex who report their ages as under 6 years, 6 to 13 years, 14 and
15 years, 16 to 19 years, 20 to 29 years, 30 to 44 years, and 45
years or over. The tabulation is by race of head of household.
Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and
general nativity and race: Study of employees. Table 44- — Employees
are here classified according to age, by years if between 14 and 19
years of age, and by year groups if 20 years of age or over. In all
industries with both male and female employees reporting, the tabu-
lation is by sex.
Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general
nativity and race of head of family: Study of households. Table 4$.—
This table shows for all families studied the number owning their
homes, the number renting homes, the number boarding, and the
number lodging. The few dependent families are included in the
miscellaneous class "In other conditions."
General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race of individual: Study of households.
Table 46. — This table shows for males, females, and totals, the number
Glove Manufacturing: General Explanation of Tables. 847
of children under 6 years of age, 6 to 13 years of age, and 13 and
14 years of age, and further show for each age group the number
of children at home, at school, and at work. The few children with
employment outside of school hours are tabulated here as at school,
and the few children found working through the day and attending
night school are here entered as at work.
Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of
age or over at time of coming, by race and length of residence: Study
of employees. Table 47. — This table includes only foreign-born em-
ployees who were 21 years of age or over at the time of their first
arrival in the United States and who have been in the United States
long enough to acquire citizenship. These persons are classified as
in the United States five to nine years and ten years or over and are
further classified under each year group as aliens, citizens, and per-
sons with only their first papers.
Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence: Study
of households. Table 4$.*— This table, which is concerned with mem-
bers of households, is similar to Table 47 relating to employees.
Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual: Study of households. Table
49. — This table shows for all non-English-speaking races the number
of members of households, male and female, who can carry on a con-
versation in the English language.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of indi-
vidual: Study of households. Table 50. — This table classifies for-
eign-born persons, male and female, of non-English-speaking races
according to whether they were under 14 years of age or 14 years of
age or over at the time of their first arrival in the United States, and
show the number in each of the two groups, who are able to speak
English.
Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or
over, by sex, years in the United States and race of individual: Study
of households. Table 51. — This table classifies foreign-born persons,
male and female, of non-English-speaking races according to the
number of years since their first arrival in the United States. The
classes are : Under five years, five to nine years, and ten years or over.
Under each group the number able to speak English is shown.
GENERAL TABLES.
TABLE 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general nativity and race
of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Tn(., Total
»tal , ' number of
number of
in house-
holds.
Number of persons for whom de-
tailed information was secured.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born:
English
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South.
Slovak...
Total.
Grand total.
30
103
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
106
147
118
188
141
202
102
232
1,004
262
1,107
54
53
68
54
99
76
102
45
497
551
49
53
79
63
88
65
100
57
505
554
103
106
147
117
187
141
202
102
1,002
1,105
TABLE 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of individual.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White 55
Native-born of foreign father, by race of father:
English 19
French 16
German 25
Hebrew 31
Irish 45
Italian, South 29
Scotch
Slovak 16
Total 181
Total native-born 236
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other 1
E nglish 33
French 48
German 31
Hebrew . . 68
Irish 31
Italian, South 74
Slovak 29
Welsh
Total foreign-born 315
Grand total. . . 551
62
16
19
27
28
43
38
1
30
202
264
1
3
4
27
46
39
60
21
61
27
1
290
554
117
35
35
52
59
67
1
46
383
500
1
3
5
60
94
70
128
52
135
56
1
605
1,105
849
850
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 3. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Native-born of native father:
White
178
279
457
Negro
4
4
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
1
1
Denmark
1
2
3
England
25
19
44
France
1
1
Germany
16
28
44
Ireland
16
20
36
Italy
2
1
3
Roumania
1
1
Russia
2
2
Scotland
5
Spain.
1
i
Sweden
2
2
Total
63
80
143
Total native-born
241
363
604
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
2
5
Canadian, French
2
2
Canadian, Other ....
5
1
6
Croatian
1
1
2
Danish
2
2
English
S3
29
112
French
12
4
16
German
17
10
27
Hebrew, Russian
35
2
37
Hebrew, Other
4
4
Irish
4
5
9
Italian, North
5
6
11
Italian, South
32
12
44
Magyar
1
1
Norwegian
1
1
Polish
1
1
2
Roumanian. . ....
2
2
Russian
1
5
6
Scotch
2
2
Slovak
4
4
Slovenian
2
2
Swedish
3
1
4
Syrian
1
1
Total foreign-born
213
91
304
Grand total
454
454
908
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
851
TABLE 4. — Number offoreign-born employees in the United States each specified number of
years, by sex and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. No deduction is
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10
to 14.
15
to 19.
20 or
over.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
2
2
4
1
2
79
11
17
35
4
3
4
30
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
1
1
. 1
1
1
2
41
3
6
1
1
3
1
2
English
6
6
2
2
3
7
2
2
13
13
2
2
3
11
French
1
German
7
4
1
Hebrew Russian
1
3
7
1
3
1
Hebrew Other
Irish
I taliun North
1
5
1
5
1
5
Italian South
2
4
3
1
1
4
Matrvar
Polish
2
1
1
Swedish
2
Syrian
1
Total
203
10
4
15
IS
14
32
27
31
52
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
5
1
1
9
1
Canadian (other than
French)
1
1
Croatian
1
1
English
23
1
3
1
9
6
3
7
French
2
1
1
German
8
1
1
6
Hebrew Russian
2
1
1
Irish
5
1
2
2
Italian North
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
Italian South
11
1
3
2
1
4
Norwegian
1
1
Polish
1
1
Russian
1
1
Scotch
2
1
1
Slovak
4
1
3
Slovenian
2
2
Swedish
1
1
Total
76
2
6
9
3
10
20
8
18
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
7
!
2
3
1
Canadian, French
2
2
Canadian Other
5
1
1
2
1
Croatian
2
1
1
Danish
2
2
English
102
6
1
9
3
3
9
19
14
38
French
13
1
2
2
3
5
German
25
1
3
2
7
12
Hebrew, Russian
37
1
3
8
3
14
3
4
1
Hebrew, Other
4
1
1
1
1
Irish
8
1
2
5
Italian, North
10
1
2
2
1
2
2
Italian South
41
2
6
8
6
4
8
5
2
1
1
Norwegian..
1
1
852
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 4. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each specified number
of years, by sex and race — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10
to 14.
15
to 19.
20 or
over.
Polish
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
1
1
1
Roumanian
2
Russian
2
Scotch
1
1
Slovak
1
3
2
Slovenian
Swedish
1
3
Syrian
1
J <•
Total
279
10
6
21
27
17
42
47
39
70
TABLE 5. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each specified number of
years, by sex and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.
made for time spent abroad.]
MALE.
No deduction is
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number in United States each specified number of years.
Un-
der 1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 to 9.
10 to
14.
15 to
19.
20 or
over.
Canadian (other than
French)...
1
33
48
30
68
31
73
29
1
10
4
2
7
1
9
5
English
2
6
1
1
3
7
6
9
9
11
19
5
7
17
13
2
17
2
1
French
1
3
8
16
3
24
2
25
10
German
Hebrew
2
5
5
6
Irish .
Italian, South..
2
4
7
1
3
3
2
4
Slovak
Total..
313
6
9
20
18
16
80
39
66
59
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian, French
1
3
4
27
46
39
60
21
61
27
1
1
2
1
4
10
2
5
5
2
12
6
1
Canadian, Other
English .
4
1
3
3
1
9
1
15
5
20
5
4
12
6
4
11
3
f
IS
12
1
Ic
1
French . . .
2
1
13
German
Hebrew
5
5
2
Irish
Italian, South .
4
5
1
2
3
8
4
18
10
Slovak
Welsh
Total
290
5
9
18
21
24
71
48
45
4S
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
3
2
1
5
5
English
60
2
10
2
1
20
12
13
French
94
2
3
12
31
6
10
30
G ennan
69
3
4
8
7
21
26
H ebre w
128
7
10
8
21
8
44
12
15
3
Irish
52
2
3
15
32
Italian South
134
2
8
12
5
10
43
21
30
3
Slovak
56
2
6
8
20
11
8
1
Welsh
1
1
Total. .
603
11
18
38
39
40
151
87
111
108
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
853
TABLE 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born males who were
16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Race of individual.
Number reporting complete
data.
Number without occupa-
tion.
Number working for wages.
Number work-
ing without
wages.
Number work-
ing for profit.
Farm laborers.
General laborers.
In clove industry.
W
1
1
c
cb
ft
il
o
a
i— i
"3
o
EH
Fann laborers.
A
ft
3
||
O
"3
'o
EH
|
ft
3
ii
"5
a
3
0
EH
English
24
39
26
49
29
42
26
1
21
30
20
35
1
36
1
6
3
22
38
24
37
10
40
5
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
French
1
l
i
German
Hebrew
11
2
1
2
6
1
4
Irish
T-H rH
!
16
16
1
9
1
Italian, South
1
Slovak
9
11
1
12
Total
235
15
13
1
143
4 15
176
25
1
26
12
6
18
TABLE 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born females who were
16 years of age or over at time of coining, by race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
£
8
1
Number working for wages.
Number working
without wages.
Id
+3
£
.
i
&
A
(-. C3
3
FH
tnO
ft
ft
Race of individual.
j=a
•£ o
w
M
»
^
a>
3
2
3
2-2
JS
.ft
E53
1
£}
.0
is
1
t£M
c.9
°1
£
,§
°s
1
te
,0
S
0'"
o
a
Z3
j=;3
_rt
^~
a
g
•a
"S
rn2
0
s
9
o
05
*
3
fc
fe
KH
HH
rt-°
»— *
i— *
0
EH
8
&H
M
O
EH
Bohemian
1
1
1
Canadian, French
1
1
English
18
12
3
2
1
6
French . . .
37
29
7
1
8
German
27
14
3
7
1
1
12
1
1
Hebrew .
36
30
2
3
1
6
Irish
15
14
1
1
Italian , South
42
29
10
1
9
13
Slovak
23
14
9
9
Welsh... .
1
1
Total.
201
144
10
4
29
8
5
56
1
1
854
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 8. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Glove
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing
or
farm
labor.
Gen-
eral
labor.
Hand
trades.
Do-
mes-
tic
serv-
ice.
Trade.
Other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Bohemian and Moravian ....
Canadian (other than
French)
2
5
1
2
44
8
8
32
4
2
3
24
1
1
2
o
4
1
Croatian
1
Danish
2
42
5
6
31
3
1
2
21
1
1
2
English
1
1
i
French
2
German
1
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other.
1
Irish
1
Italian, North. .
1
Italian, South
1
1
1
Magyar
Russian . .
Swedish .
Total
139
123
4
2
1
4
3
2
TABLE 9. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to the United States,
by race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
Race.
Num-
ber
report-
ing
com-
plete
data.
Number who were engaged in —
Glove
manu-
factur-
ing.
Other
manu-
factur-
ing.
Farm-
ing
or
farm
labor.
Sew-
ing,
Do- em-
mes- broid-
tic ering,
serv- and
ice. lace
mak-
ing.
Teach-
ing.
Trade.
Other
occu-
pa-
tions.
Bohemian and Moravian ....
Croatian
2
1
5
1
1
3
7
3
1
3
2
1
1
1
English
4
1
French
German
1
Italian North
5
3
1
Italian, South
1
1
R ussian ...
Scotch
1
Slovak
'.)
Slovenian
Total..
29
15 1
7
3 .
2 1
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
855
TABLE 10. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified industry , by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining,
and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor-
tation are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total
num-
ber.
Agri-
cultural
pur-
suits.
Domes-
tic and
per-
sonal
service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
Trade.
Trans-
porta-
tion.
At
home.
At
school.
Gloves.
Other.
N ative-born of native father,
White
39
1
35
1
2
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
English
7
6
17
4
15
2
1
6
5
11
2
6
1
1
French
1
1
1
2
German
4
1
1
3
1
Hebrew
Irish.
3
1
Italian South
Slovak
1
Total
52
31
9
5
1
6
Total native-born
91
1
66
10
5
1
2
6
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than
French)
1
32
45
30
55
31
57
27
1
English
2
30
43
30
53
31
56
26
French
1
1
German
Hebrew
1
]
Irish
Italian South
1
Slovak
1
Total foreign-born
278
2
269
2
1
2
2
Grand total. . .
369
1
2
335
12
6
1
4
8
48296°— VOL 12—11-
-55
856
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 11. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified industry, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[The main headings used in this table follow the classification of the United States Census with these
modifications: General Labor is here separate from Domestic and Personal Service; Fishing, Mining,
and Quarrying are each separate from Manufacturing and Mechanical Pursuits; Trade and Transpor-
tation are distinct from each other.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Total
num-
ber.
Domes-
tic and
per-
sonal
service.
Manufacturing
and mechanical
pursuits.
Profes-
sional
service.
Trade.
Trans-
porta-
tion.
At
home.
At
school.
Gloves.
Other.
Native-born of native father,
White . . .
55
24
1
29
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
English
0
9
9
2
16
3
1
3
5
7
1
5
3
1
to to to
1
French
1
1
German
Hebrew
1
1
Irish
1
1
8
Italian, South
Scotch
Total
46
25
1
1
2
14
3
Total native-born
101
49
1 1 j 1
2
43
4
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian.
Canadian, French
1
1
3
25
39
35
1
1
3
17
16
22
11
I
Canadian Other
English
8
22
12
32
20
9
1
1
French
1
German
1
Hebrew
43
21
50
26
1
Irish .
1
Italian South
41
25
Slovak
Welsh.
Total foreign-b6rn
245
2
137
1
105
Grand total, .- •. >
. 346.
2
186
o
1
1
2
-148-
,. 4
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
857
TABLE 12. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
£
fe
•d
3
•a
a
o
«
c-i
e©
o
U3
r^
99
kl
<o
•3
a
a
•o
a
03
£
$7.50 and under $10.
$10 and under $12.50.
$12.50 and under $15.
$15 and under $17.50.
$17.50 and under $20.
$20 and under $22.50.
$22.50 and under $25.
i
o
t4
O
1O
&
Native-born of native father,
White
116
$11.49
1
10
16
60
11
13
4
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
England
14
8
10
1
13.00
(a)
11.52
(a)
i
7
6
Germany
i
1
2
3
4
1
1
9
Ireland
1
1
Italy
Total
33
12.31
—
1
2
3
15
1
9
2
Total native-born
149
11.67
2
12
19
75
12
22
6
1
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
2
2
3
2
56
8
13
26
2
3
3
19
1
1
2
1
2
1
(a)
(a)
(«)
(a)
14.31
(a)
10.35
12.13
(a)
(a)
(a)
11.79
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
1
Canadian French
1
1
1
Canadian Other
1
1
1
Danish
1
English
....
1
2
3
17
3
7
17
1
4
1
18
4
1
4
•
5
1
1
French
German
1
2
4
Hebrew, Russian
1
5
1
Hebrew Other
1
Irish
2
1
Italian North
3
Italian South
2
3
9
1
1
1
3
Magyar
Polish
1
Roumanian
?
Russian
1
Swedish . .
1
1
1
Syrian. .
Total foreign-born
147
12.80
1
9
13
66
8
33
10
5
1
1
Grand total
296
12.23
3
21
32
141
20
55
16
6
1
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
858
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 13. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
$2.50 and under $5.
o
IO
u
b
•a
3
3
•o
§
£
o
SJ
fc
T3
a
3
•o
§
O
iq
u
$10 and under $12.50.
$12.50 and under $15.
$15 and under $17.50.
$17.50 and under $20.
$20 and under $22.50.
$22.50 and under $25.
u
a>
K*
o
s
£
Native-born of native father:
White
180
4
$0.39
(a)
7
53
2
54
2
42
24
Native-horn of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
1
8
14
14
1
4
2
(a)
(a)
6.93
6.93
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
"5"
6
1
3
5
4
2
2
2
Ttnlv
1
2
1
1
1
Total.....
44
6.88
3
5
15
14
7
228
0. 44 10
60
71
56
31
Foreign-born, by race:
3
1
18
1
5
1
3
2
10
1
1
3
2
1
(a)
(«)
6.93
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
6.14
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
....
1
1
English
5
5
5
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
Irish
1
2
1
1
1
2
5
1
1
1
1
SlntraTr
....
1
2
1
1
1
Swedish
Total foreign-born
52
6.55
3
12
18
11
5
3
280
6.46
13
72
89
67
36
3
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time!tost"during the year. . ..• . :: ... . '.. v : .•'
computed, owing'to small number involved. •...•..:'•_.:. •..:."... .:.".
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
859
TABLE 14. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race.*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning. each specified amount per week.
Under $2.50.
3
t_<
CD
•a
•o
o
IO
%
o
"0
t-I
9»
t*
O>
•a
d
3
T3
&
'.50 and under $10.
10 and under $12.50.
12.50 and under $15.
[5 and under $17.50.
L7.50 and under $20.
$20 and under 822.50.
$22.50 and under $25.
t_:
o>
>
o
8
a
69
ft
&>
93
SB
9e
Native-born of native father,
White 10
$5. 25
8
6
1
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
1
3
3
1
(a)
(a)
(a)
(°)
o
3
1
1
1
1
TV>ta1
8
(a)
6
1
1
24
4.90
14
7
2
1
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost time from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year. .
a. Not computed, owing to small number involved.
TABLE 15 . — Number of female employees 14 andunder 18 years of age earning each specified
amount per week, by general nativity and race*
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Average
earnings
per week.
Number earning each specified amount per week.
tj
o
^s
a SI
3
T3 .
§£
o|
Sc
C-l 3
«5 -^
Co
3o
d^
« 53
SI10
S2
csee
sl
s§
$10 and un-
der $12.50.
"S3
o3 ae
s|
2a
ee 3
§g
TJt^
gs
2o
^•a
"Ss
C3»9
S|
EJn
99 3
Od
3 10
•§§j
§^
II
fi C<1
§1
N e
Ȥ
$25 or over.
Native-born of native father, White.
Native-born of foreign father, by
country of birth of father:
12
84. 03
i
4
7
1
2
1
(«)
(«)
(Q)
1
1
1
1
Total
4
(«)
1
3
16
4.66
i
5
10
* This table shows wages or earnings for the period indicated, but no account is taken of voluntary lost
time or lost tune from shutdowns or other causes. In the various tables in this report showing annual
earnings allowance is made for time lost during the year.
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
860
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 16. — Number of male heads of families earning each specified amount per year , by
general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only male heads of selected families. For selection of families, see p. 842.]
General nativity and race.
Number
working
for wages.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
w
i*
o>
•0
a
ta
$100 and un-
der $200.
$200 and un-
der $300.
$300 and un-
der $400.
= ~
•§§
=3 t.
80)
T3
•*
ee
i
a
3d
cS
C3 ,_
SO)
•o
£
c
= 0
•og
e«n
C3 n
§•§
i
3d
~ O
^ 00
— i
SK
So
•O
ei
a
^
1S
03 t<
o ^
09
i .
38
T30.,
is
~. "O
l_
0
o£
1°
e©
Native-born of native father, White.
Foreign-born:
English
25
$647
1
1
7
6
9
1
15
35
26
34
29
36
19
734
592
685
729
724
579
532
1
5
4
3
1
10
2
2
7
1
4
3
7
4
4
15
4
5
18
4
7
5
2
8
11
3
2
2
1
1
2
10
1
2
4
1
i
i
3
3
French
1
1
2
German
....
1
Hebrew
Irish
1
5
3
Italian, South .
—
1
1
1
1
2
Slovak
Total
194
651
2
4
11
26
28
57
33
15
9
9
Grand total
219
650
—
2
4
12
27
35
63
42
15
10
9
TABLE 17. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning—
w
h
U
•3
a
P
3d
V2
sr
§03
•0
«^
c
3d
«S
= /
03 K
OT3
<G
a
3d
•38
Ga%
cS ,_
8-S
c^
99
$250 and un-
der $300.
$300 and un-
der $400.
a
3d
•eS
Cwi>
=3 t.
o,£
c
3d
•aS
e<*
ts t.
SO)
—
!2
a
i!
o "^
69
$700 and un-
der $800.
§8
TJR
C i— i
c3^
§t-<
1
i*
0
o£
0 O
w»
Native-born of native father,
White
32
$030
1
2
2
7
8
11
i
....
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
English
3
5
10
1
11
1
(«)
«
519
00
504
(a)
1
9
2
?
1
2
1
1
2
1
3
Hebrew
Irish
1
1
1
1
1
3
o
1
i
Italian South
Total
31
515
1
1
1
7
3
5
6
6
i
Total native-born
Foreign-born:
English
03
573
—
1
1
1
1
9
5
12
14
17
2
22
42
30
49
31
51
27
698
597
666
716
721
555
546
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
7
3
2
5
4
4
1
15
3
2
7
1
7
3
13
6
4
22
5
6
19
6
12
8
2
9
19
4
2
2
2
3
6
10
"3"
2
i
2
3
3
French .
German
1
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
1
1
1
Slovak
Total foreign-born
252
638
?
5
17
34
39
74
46
24
11
Grand total
315
625
3
1
1
6
26
39
51
88
63
26
11
a Not computed, owing to small number involved.
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
861
TABLE 18. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of family.
Number
of selected
families."
Average
family
income.
Number of families having a total income—-
Under
$300.
$300 and
under
$oOO.
$500 and
under
$750.
$750 and
under
$1,000.
$1,000 and
under
$1,500.
$1,500 or
over.
Native-born of native
father, White
27
$828
2
11
7
6
1
Foreign-born:
English..
17
36
29
34
29
39
19
987
831
983
991
890
909
S12
4
17
8
10
16
13
3
8
13
11
14
7
6
9
4
4
7
7
4
9
4
1
1
3
2
2
4
French
1
German.
Hebrew
1
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
1
6
3
Total
203
914
1
11
71
68
39
13
Grand total
230
904
1
13
82
75
45
14
TABLE 19.—
» For selection of families, see p. 842.
Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of individual.
Number
working
for wages
and re-
porting
amount.
Average
earnings.
Number earning —
Un-
der
$100.
$100
and
under
S150.
S150
and
under
$200.
$200
and
under
S250.
$250
and
under
8300.
?300
and
under
$400.
$400
and
under
$.000.
$500
and
under
$600.
$600
or
over.
Native-born of native
father, White
24
S334
1
2
2
4
2
5
3
2
3
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of father:
English
2
6
6
5
1
1
(«)
(a)
TO
(a)
(a)
(a)
1
1
French
1
4
3
3
1
German
2
1
Irish
1
j_
1
Italian, South
Scotch
1
Total
!
21
268
2
2
2
2
10
2
1
Total native-born..
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
45
303
3
4
4
6
2
15
5
3
3
1
1
14
18
20
9
1
40
24
(a)
(a)
304
292
320
00
00
219
207
1
Canadian, French.
English
1
2
2
3
1
2
3
1
1
3
2
3
2
1
4
6
4
10
4
3
1
2
French
1
2
German
2
4
2
1
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
8
3
5
4
11
4
4
5
3
3
1
2
Slovak
1
Total foreign-born . .
Grand total
128
253
13
17
24
15
21
24
2
7
5
173
266
16
21
28
21
23
39
7
10
8
« Not computed, owing to small number involved.
862
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 20. — Number of families having an income within the year from husband, wife,
children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity and race of head of
family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of family.
Number
ofselected
families.^
Number of families having an income from —
Earnings of—
Contri-
butions
of
children.
Pay-
ments of
boarders
or lodgers.
Other
sources.
Husband.
Wife.
Native-born of native father, White
27
25
9
4
5
6
Foreign-born:
English
17
36
29
34
29
39
19
15
35
26
34
29
36
19
7
16
17
4
2
31
18
8
8
12
5
9
11
3
3
1
G
8
1
4
3
8
7
3
7
3
2
French
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
203
194
95
56
23
33
Grand total
j:;r.
219
10^
60
28
39
o For selection of families, see p. 842.
TABLE 21. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity andrace of head of family
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head
of family.
Number
ofselected
families."
Number of families having entire income from—
*o
a
3
%
3
M
Husband and wife.
Husband and chil-
dren.
Husband, wife, and
children.
Husband and board-
ers or lodgers.
.8
£
Wife and children.
Wife and boarders
or lodgers.
§
2
)d
O
Children and board-
ers or lodgers.
Boarders or lodgers.
Sources or combina-
tion of sources not
before specified.
Native-born of native father,
White
27
9
5
3
1
1
8
Foreign born:
English
17
36
29
34
29
39
19
1
9
4
17
13
2
1
4
14
4
3
1
20
13
4
4
2
4
7
4
2
4
"3"
^
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
4
8
12
4
7
6
2
French
German
1
1
Hebrew
Irish
Italian South
1
1
1
Slovak
Total
203
47
59
25
12
11
2
2
1
1
43
Grand total
230
56
64
25
12
14
2
3
2
1
51
For selection of families, see p. 842.
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
863
TABLE 22. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age or over employed
away from home, by sex and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race oi
individual.
Number
reporting
com-
plete
data.
12.
Hand
under
12.
10 and
under
11.
9 and
under
10.
Sand
under
9.
7 and
under
8.
6 and
under
7.
Sand
under
6.
Under
3.
Native-born of native father,
White .
36
35
1
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
English
5
5
12
2
10
1
1
5
4
9
2
9
French
1
German
1
1
1
Hebrew .
Irish
1
Italian, South
1
Slovak..
1
Total
36
30
1
1
1
1
2
Total native-born
72
65
1
1
1
1
1
2
Foreign-born:
Canadian (otherthan French)
English
1
29
42
29
51
31
54
27
1
27
35
18
48
29
28
20
1
1
2
1
1
French
2
2
2
4
1
German
2
1
2
1
Hebrew
Irish
1
1
3
1
1
1
Italian, South
1
1
7
15
1
1
Slovak
1
Total foreign-born
264
205
4
12
22
11
3
5
2
Grand total . .
336
270
5
13
23
12
3
6
4
K KM ALE.
Nativa-liorn of native father.
White
18
15
1
2
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
English
2
1
1
French
4
4
German. .
5
3
1
1
Hebrew
1
1
Irish
7
5
1
1
Italian, South.
1
1
Total
20
15
1
1
2
1
Total native-born
38
30
2
3
2
1
Foreign-born:
Canadian (other than French)
2
1
1
English
10
8
1
1
French
9
9
German
6
3
1
2
Hebrew
1
1
Italian, South
7
5
2
Slovak
1
1
Total foreign-born
36
28
2
2
2
2
Grand total
74
58
4
5
2
2
2
1
864
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 23. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race of head of
household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
["With boarders or lodgers" includes only households keeping boarders or lodgers at the time schedule
was taken. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
num-
ber
of
house-
holds.
"Family" households.
With neither boarders
nor lodgers.
With boarders or
lodgers.
Total
family
house-
hold.
"Group"
house-
holds.
Con-
sisting
of a
single
family.
Consist-
ing of
two or
more
families
living
together.
Total.
With
board-
ers.
With
lodg-
ers
only.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
30
25
1
26
4
4
30
Foreign-born:
English
-
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
20
40
23
30
29
36
24
20
41
23
31
29
37
24
4
2
4
3
1
3
1
1
5
2
6
8
1
3
1
25
43
29
39
30
40
25
French
1
German
2
5
1
Hebrew
1
Irish
Italian South
1
Slovak
Total
232
202
3
205
18
8
26
231
1
Grand Total
262
227
4
231
22
8
30
261
1
TABLE 24. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per apartment,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Number
of
house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent per
apart-
ment.
Number of households paying each specified rent per
month per apartment.
Under
85.
$5
and
under
S7.50.
$7.50
and
under
$10.
$10
and
under
812.50.
$12.50
and
under
815.
$15
and
under
$20.
$20 or
over.
Native-born of native
father, White
19
$10. 84
2
4
10
3
Foreign-born:
English
14
28
12
34
17
28
22
12.20
8.11
10.25
11.28
8.65
9.95
7.09
3
16
7
5
13
10
8
6
5
3
18
3
12
5
French
1
6
G erman
2
3
Hebrew
1
1
3
14
7
Irish
Italian South
3
Slovak
Total foreign-born .
Grand total
155
9.59
1
25
62
47
10
10
174
9.72
1
27
66
57
10
13
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
865
TABLE 25. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per room, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of households paying each specified rent
Number
per month per room.
of house-
General nativity and race of
head of household.
holds pay-
ing rent
and
Average
rent per
room.
Un-
$1
and
$1.50
and
$2
and
S2.50
and
S3
and
S3. 50
and
reporting
der
un-
un-
un-
un-
un-
un-
$4 or
amount.
$1.
der
der
der
der
der
der
over.
$1.50.
82.
$2.50.
$3.
83.50.
$4.
Native-born of native father,
White
19
81.78
2
11
6
Foreign-born:
English
14
1.92
1
6
7
French
28
1.02
6
17
5
German
12
1.73
2
6
3
1
Hebrew
34
2.03
4
7
15
1
Irish
17
1.47
g
9
Italian, South
28
1.92
2
15
7
1
3
Slovak
22
1.54
9
7
6
Total
155
1.78
32
67
43
9
3
1
Grand total . .
174
1.78
34
78
49
9
3
1
TABLE 26. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per person, by
general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Number
of house-
holds
paying
rent and
reporting
amount.
Average
rent
per
person.
Number of households paying each specified
rent per month per person.
i— i
v»
b
8
13
E>
63
73
§0
Jo
•a_;
~-t
as
fl
3
C^
§fe
g£
,-H
«@
1
§§
1«
&
g
•ga
*s
S-«
S
t*
0>
•a
§8
£SJ
03
CO
«9
fjj
3 .
•OS
c^
*fe
S-o
si
§5
•a
§0
»o
•OTT
c«@
<a
•&
99
i
•a 12
£<*
II
^*
0»
i
o
M
0
g
5
Native-born of native father, White
Foreign-born:
English
19
83.12
1
3
2
—
1
1
14
28
12
34
17
28
22
3.10
2.41
2.41
2.38
1.93
2.09
1.84
2
6
2
7
3
11
4
2
7
2
3
8
4
6
1
3
3
4
2
1
4
1
4
2
3
i
3
....
3
2
1
3
2
1
1
"2"
3
1
1
5
French
....
1
1
6
2
3
5
German
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
5
3
1
1
....
2
Slovak
Total
155
2.27
18
35
32
18
18
6
12
4
12
Grand total
174
2.35
18
35
39
21
20
6
13
5
17
866
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 27. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and number of boarders
and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[Information relating to boarders or lodgers covers only immediate time of taking schedule and not the
entire year. Boarders are persons who receive both board and lodging.]
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of
house-
holds.
Number of households
keeping-
Number of—
Boarders.
Lodgers
only.
Total.
Boarders.
Lodgers.
Total.
Native-born of native father,
White
30
4
4
6
6
Foreign-born:
English
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
4
2
4
3
1
3
1
1
5
2
0
8
1
3
1
7
3
4
3
1
3
1
1
8
3
6
10
1
3
1
French
German
2
5
2
7
Hebrew
Irish
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
232
18
8
26
22
10
32
Grand total
262
22
8
30
28
10
38
Glove Manufacturing : General Tables.
867
1
>
>
i
»
s
•
?
s
!
?
>
1
I
i
ss
»
&
>
k
i
i
a
S
>
1
Ji
»a
i
)
3
? o
•» S
j j
J °
5, n
s W
9 m
? §
3 a
5* §
2 (H
S g
! s
i
3
a
a
3
>
S
!
i
S
^
0
A
3
^
5
i
a
i
•
•
0
1
a
a
:
s
H
3-room apartments.
Number occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
S2i
o o
i . . i • . ,
;
rt a
oi
1
:::::::
1
:
00
: II :::::::!
II :
^1
II : : : : :-< :
-H ||-
ai
:|| ::::::-!
- ||-
"5
II ::::::«
CO II CO
•*
|| :- : : :« :
CO || CO
CO
II : :rt : : :N
CO || CO
c^
II :-::::;
1— 1 II I— 1
rH
|| ;:::;!;
: II :
•siuauijjBd'B
jo jaqmrm jinox
• (M I-H • -COO
(M
i— i
N
2-room apartments .
Number occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
132
o 2
~B
. ......
;;;;;;;
oi
II ::::::: II
00
II :::::::
1
r-I
: II ::::::: | : |
CO
II ::::::: II
>d
: II ::::::: | : || :
•^
: II ::::::: | : || :
CO
II ::::::: II
c-i
II :- :::::-
i-H
rH
: II ::::::: | : |
1
•sjuanTjjBdc
jo jaqnmu vejox
^^
t-H
1-room apartments.
Numbe occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
S£
si
OS
II :::::::
II
II
^ 1 : || :::::::
II
o || :::::::
» 1 : II :::::::
II
II
^
CO
I : || :::::::
|| :::::::
II
II
(N
II :::::::
II
rH
: II : 1 : : : : :
II
•sjrouTjiedE
jo jaqninu IBJO j,
•siuamijedB
jo jaqumn JBJO; PUBJQ
8
10 w o cs o o 10
c^ -^ co cc co ^ w
(M
S
S
w
General nativity and race of head of household.
Native-born of native father, White
I i I ! ! ,'
... ...
:••.'.- : : :
Total
Grand total
i
.
...
. , i . ,
...
;; II!
' ' ' ' .
', '. '.':'.
• a-
':'. !3 •
liiltjiN
Ipllllll
•gfeSoBflHS
1
868
The Immigration Commission.
Apartments of 7 rooms or more.
Number occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
SS
21
i ', '.
N
CV
os II ^ : :N : : :
CO || CO
00 || i-t ;rH<N^H ; —
<0 || 0
f-: 1~I || i"1"1 : : : :
« II*
<o ^ || N : : ; : :rt
CO || "5
^ '-M| "3< *— 1 CO *— 1 CS ^H T-H
co n •*
rH || iH
^i TO II O(N"O<Ni-H 'i-H
t~ || 0
i-H II N
pj •* || NrHCO ;-<,H .
i- 1 II ic
,,$ N || <N(M<N.-H . . .
^ II01
— : II :::::::
; || ;
•s^uauruEd'B
;o jaqranu JEJOJ,
CO
00 00 00 00 tO CO *
>— 1 r-i
s
00
b-
6-room apartments.
Number occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
*g
s|
i-H
! ! i '. !
OJ
:|| :::::-:
-H ,r
cc
II ::::::
; || ;
t>^
• . . 1— 1 .— 1 *
CO || to
CO
• rH T-l ^ IO C^ 1-H
21 II 2!
>0
II i-H CO i-H i-H CO •
II
d> || d»
*
"^ \\ • C^ CC ' 00 i— 1
S IIS
CO
CO || Cl CO i— I CO • •*
3 IIS
(N
C^ II i— 1 •* C^ i— < • i-H
m IIS
rH
: II :::::::
:|| :
•siuampedB
jo jaqumu IBJOX
d || -^ o oo o r- -i* i— i
^-t i— < t— l ^H
O
t^-
O5
b-
5-room apartments.
Number occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
S2i
o o
^e
i— <
T— 1
* 1 : II :::::::
: 1 :
06 || ::-::::
rt ir
r; 1 : || :::::::
: II :
to || rt : **-«a —
C'l || C^
10 ^ || « CO ;rH-
00 || Oi
*
II rH COl—TTtN
S IIS
CO
CO || Tj< i— I CO W CO O
2 US
w
Tf || <N ^ i-< CO CO i-l CO
55 IIS
PH
II :::::::
Ml :
•sjuauii.redB
jo jaquinu JBIOX
00
CO CM COt~t~*<M
t— 1 ^H r-l i— 1
g
g
4-room apartments.
Number occupied by
households of each speci-
fied number of persons —
fe «
o _
21
OS
i : || :::::::
II
06
II ::::::
II
t-^
II :::::-
-ir
0
II :::::-
- 1|-
10
|| : : i0" N
* ii*
*
|| :•* :^ ^
W || CO
CO
|| :rt : : rtlN
* II*
N
|| :N :rt :
n |i co
rH
|| : : : : : :
: II :
•SJU9UIJJBd8
jo jaqumu JBJOX
.TJ- ••* IOC<1
CO
r~4
O
rH
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Native-born of native father, White
"3
•*3
2
i 1
$ a:
.... si .
• . . i *» •
: : : : s :
.. o
p ; •: • • ao .
-siflLjfi!
i^isflii
-'wfeOWftSco
1
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
869
TABLE 29. — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified number of rooms,
by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of
household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of rooms
per apart-
ment.
Number of households occupying apart-
ments of each specified number of rooms.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7 or
more.
Native-born of native father, White
Foreign-born:
Knglish
30
6.30
8
9
13
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
6.88
5.67
6.93
5.69
6.10
5.35
4.88
3
12
3
17
7
14
12
4
16
8
10
17
14
1
18
8
18
8
6
3
4
French
1
2
1
4
German
Hebrew
4
Irish
Italian South
3
6
6
2
Slovak . ^
Total foreiaD-born
232
5.88
1
12
16
68
70
65
Grand total
262
5.93
1
12
16
76
79
78
TABLE 30. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by general nativity
and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race
of head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Average
number
of persons
per house-
hold.
Number of households of each specified number of
persons.
1
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 or
more.
Native-born of native
father White
30
3.43
8
10
7
2
2
1
Foreign-born:
Knglish
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
4.24
3.42
3.93
4.82
4.70
5.05
4.08
"
5
14
5
6
3
2
3
4
12
9
6
3
9
9
6
7
8
6
10
8
3
5
7
4
7
5
4
-5
3
1
1
8
6
8
4
1
1
French
2
1
1
1
6
German
2
2
1
Hebrew ;.•;„•
2
1
1
2
Irish
Italian South
1
Slovak
1
Total foreign-born
Grand total
232
4.33
38
52
48
37
31
11
7
4
4
262
4.23
46
62
55
39
33
12
7
4
4
870
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 31. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of households and number of persons in apartments of each
specified number of rooms.
General nativity and race of
head of household.
1
room.
2
rooms.
3
rooms.
4
rooms.
5
rooms.
6
rooms.
7
or more
rooms.
Total.
Number of
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number o
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number o
households.
Number ol
persons.
Number ol
households.
Number o:
persons.
Number ol
households.
Native-born of native father.
White
8
22
9
29
13
52
30
103
Foreign-born:
English
3
12
3
17
7
14
12
10
39
13
76
22
62
40
4
16
8
10
17
14
1
13
55
30
47
84
77
6
18
8
18
8
6
3
4
83
34
72
49
35
18
23
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
106
147
118
188
141
202
102
French
1
2
2
1
6
3
4
11
German
Hebrew
4
16
Irish
Italian, South..
3
6
15
27
6
2
30
6
Slovak
Total foreign-born
1
2
12
51
16
63
68 262 70
312
65 314
232
1,004
Grand total
1
2
12
51
16
63
76
284
79
341
78
366
262
1,107
TABLE 32. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of
head of household.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Average
per
room.
Persons per room.
Total
number.
Average
per house-
hold.
Less
than
1.
1 and
under
2.
2 and
under
3.
Sand
under
4.
4 or
more.
Native-born of native father,
White
30
103
3.43
0.54
29
1
Foreign-born:
English
25
43
30
39
30-
40
25
106
147
118
188
i«-
202
102
4.24
3.42
3.93
4.82
- -4:70-
5.05
4.08
.62
.60
.57
.85
' ".77
.94
.84
22
34
26
20
• 21
17
15
3
9
4
18
9
22
9
French
German
' Hebrew
1
. Irigh i.*.- • - -*• - —
Italian, South
1
1
Slovak'.
Total
232
1,004
4.33
.74
155
74
3
Ont-Tcl t"tjj.]
262 1, 107
4.23
.71
184
75
3
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
871
TABLE 33. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and
race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Persons.
Average
per
sleeping
room.
Persons per sleeping room.
Total
number.
Average
per house-
hold.
Less
than
2.
2 and
under
3.
3 and
under
4.
4 and
under
5.
5 and /> „,
U'frmore.
::;;iive-born of native
father White
30
103
3.43
1.41
23
7
I oreign-born:
English
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
106
147
118
188
141
202
102
4.24
3.42
3.93
4.82
4.70
5.05
4.08
1.56
1.47
1.49
a 1.95
1.68
2.35
2.00
17
32
23
a 15
17
11
12
7
10
4
o!6
12
14
6
1
1
1
<«)
2
o7
1
9
5
Hebrew.
(«) (»)
Italian South
3
1 2
2
Slovak
Total
232
1,004
4.33
a 1.78
o!27
o69
a 25
o5
a3 a 2
Grand total
262
1,107
4.23
ol.73
olSO
"76
o25
o5
«3 o2
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
TABLE 34. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each specif led number
of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
General nativity and race of head of house-
hold.
Total
number
of house-
holds.
Number
of house-
holds
sleeping
in all
rooms.
Number of households sleeping in all
rooms except—
1.
2
3.
4 or more.
NiUive-borii of native father White
30
9
21
Foreign-born:
English
25
43
30
39
30
40
25
2
20
5
o22
22
15
14
23
16
24
ad
8
14
4
French
2
5
1
al
German
Hebrew
(a)
("»")
Irish
Italian, South
2
2
9
5
Slovak
Total ...
232
(a)
06
o27
a 100
o98
Grand total
262
(o)
06
o27
"109
ol!9
a Not including 1 household not reporting number of sleeping rooms.
4X290°— VOL 12—11 56
872
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 35.- — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number who —
Read.
Read and
write.
Native-born of native father, White
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
Denmark
England
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Roumania
Total
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Danish
English
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magyar
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
Swedish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
Grand total
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Denmark
England
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Russia
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
Total
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian (other than French)
Croatian
English
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Irish...
173
1
1
24
1
16
15
2
1
61
234
2
2
5
1
2
82
11
17
34
4
4
5
32
1
1
2
1
3
1
210
444
173
1
1
24
1
16
15
2
1
f.L
234
2
2
5
1
2
81
11
17
34
4
4
5
32
1
1
2
1
3
1
209
443
201
3
19
28
20
1
2
5
1
o
80
344
5
1
1
25
3
9
2
5
2G1
3
2
19
27
20
1
2
5
1
2
79
343
5
1
1
25
3
9
2
4
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
873
TABLE 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race — Continued.
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Foreign-born, by race— Continued.
Italian, North
Italian, South
Norwegian
Polish
Russian
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Total foreign-born
Grand total
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
Negro
Native-born of foreign father, by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
Denmark •
England
France
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Roumania
Russia
Scotland
Spain
Sweden
Total
Total native-born
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Danish
English
French
German
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian, North
Italian, South
Magyar
Norwegian
Polish
Roumanian
Russian
Scotch
Slovak
Slovenian
Swedish
Syrian
Total foreign-born
Grand total...
Number
reporting
complete
data.
6
12
1
1
1
2
4
2
1
81
425
Number who —
Read.
4
11
1
1
1
2
4
2
1
77
420
Read and
write.
434
3
1
3
43
1
44
35
3
1
2
5
1
2
141
578
7
2
6
2
2
107
14
26
36
4
9
11
44
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
1
291
869
434
3
1
3
43
1
43
35
3
1
2
5
1
2
140
577
7
2
6
2
2
106
14
26
36
4
8
9
43
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
1
286
863
874
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 36. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Num-
Male.
Female
Total.
General nativity and
race of individual.
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Native-born of native
father, White
102
45
45
45
57
56
56
102
101
101
Native-born of foreign
father, by race of
father:
English
22
11
11
11
11
11
11
22
22
22
French
24
9
9
9
15
15
15
24
24
24
German. .
37
20
20
20
17
17
17
37
37
37
Hebrew
14
8
8
8
6
6
G
14
14
14
Irish..
52
25
25
25
27
26
20
52
51
51
Italian, South
16
5
5
5
11
11
11
16
16
16
Scotch
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Slovak .
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
Total
174
82
82
82
92
91
91
174
173
173
Total native-born
27C
127
127
127
149
147
147
276
274
274
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Mo-
ravian
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Canadian, Other...
English
5
60
1
33
1
33
1
33
4
27
4
27
4
27
5
60
5
60
5
60
French
87
47
47
47
40
40
40
87
87
87
German .
67
29
29
29
38
38
37
67
67
66
Hebrew
113
61
61
61
52
51
51
113
112
112
Irish
52
31
30
30
21
19
19
52
49
49
Italian, South
119
63
61
61
56
43
42
119
104
103
Slovak
55
28
28
28
27
27
27
55
55
55
Welsh
, 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Total foreign-
born
562
293
290
290
269
253
251
562
543
541
Grand total . .
838
420
417
417
418
400
398
838
817
815
Glove Manufacturing : General Tables.
875
TABLE 37. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, years in the
United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Num-
ber re-
porting
com-
plete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
•
Num-
ber.
Num-
ber who
read.
Num-
ber who
read
and
write.
Canadian (other than
French).
1
33
47
29
61
31
63
28
1
24
27
24
18
29
30
11
1
24
27
24
18
28
28
11
1
24
27
24
18
28
28
11
English
9
5
3
20
9
5
3
20
9
5
3
20
French
15
2
23
2
21
10
15
2
23
2
21
10
is
2
23
2
21
10
German
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian, South
12
7
12
7
12
7
Slovak
Total
293
56
56
56
73
73
73
164
161
1(U
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
4
4
4
4
English
27
5
5
5
1
1
1
21
21
21
French. .
40
9
9
9
12
12
12
19
19
19
German.
38
3
3
3
5
5
5
30
30
29
Hebrew
52
22
22
22
18
18
18
12
11
11
Irish .
21
21
19
19
Italian, South
56
16
13
13
16
12
12
24
18
17
Slovak.
27
8
8
8
10
10
10
9
9
9
Welsh
1
1
1
1
Total....
269
64
61
61
63
59
59
142
133
131
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Mora-
vian
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
5
5
English . .
60
14
14
14
1
1
1
45
45
45
French
87
14
14
14
27
27
27
46
46
46
German
67
6
6
6
7
7
54
54
53
Hebrew
113
42
42
42
41
41
41
30
29
23
Irish
52
2
2
2
50
47
47
Italian, South.
119
28
25
25
37
33
33
54
46
45
Slovak
55
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
20
20
Welsh...
1
1
1
1
Total
562
120
117
117
136
132
132
306
294
292
876
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 38. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex, age at time of
coming to the United States, and race of individual .
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and write.
Number.
Number
who read.
Number
who read
and write.
Canadian (other than French)..
English
1
33
47
29
61
31
63
28
1
8
9
3
11
1
17
2
1
8
9
3
11
1
17
2
1
8
9
3
11
1
17
2
25
38
26
50
30
46
26
25
38
26
50
29
44
26
25
38
26
50
29
44
26
French . .'....
German
Hebrew
Irish .
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
293
52
52
52
241
238
238
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
1
Canadian, French
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
4
3
3
3
1
1
1
English
27
9
Q
9
18
18
18
French
40
4
4
4
36
36
36
German ...
38
10
10
10
28
28
27
Hebrew
52
12
12
12
40
39
39
Irish
21
3
3
3
18
16
16
Italian, South
56
14
11
14
42
29
28
Slovak
27
n
3
3
24
24
24
Welsh
1
1
1
1
Total
269
59
59
59
210
194
192
TOTAL.
1
1
1
1
Canadian French
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Canadian, Other
5
4
4
4
1
1
1
English
60
17
17
17
43
43
43
French . .
87
13
13
13
74
74
74
German
07
13
13
13
54
54
53
Hebrew ....
113
23
23
23
90
89
89
Irish
52
4
4
4
48
45
45
Italian South
119
31
31
31
88
73
72
Slovak
55
5
5
0
50
50
50
Welsh
1
1
1
1
Total
562
111
111
111
451
432
430
Glove Manufacturing : General Tables.
877
O
s OT
Number within each specified age group.
3
o
EH
TO
s
CV »-t i-H *
3
r-t
CO
33S8-
•paMopiAY
<N
'.'.'. _, : : :
-1
CO
: : "• ^
... ...
•patxinjj^
g
i— 1
• • 00 1— I OS lO I-H •
CO
CO
„ « S-o,^^
•aiSnig
O
~"HO j ^2^^
<M
"5
00
C^OllN'H OOfOt-OOiN
V
0
(M
O
"5
•JB^OX
•«i<
• C<l ^H CO rH •
'~
?
i-l C^l — 41" OOC«C^
•paMoptAY
N
<N
C^l !-<
'paiiiBj^
0
CO
;!N-. C0~ ;
*-
CO
M O5 "T tO C* OJ
'8l8mg
*
2
S
•m.x
3
• CO W 00 •
CO
s
•H CO O -t> CO O
•p3AVOpI.ll
: : : : : N : : : :
•pamejv
s
CO i* 1
O:
•J5
co >n '•* IM o
CO rt
•ai*nS
CO
•* :
**
0
— I CO rt
8
2
o
TO
<M
"5
^ -oco-^
0
.— 1
*_
;0)0>- ^COrrcO^
°p8AVOpt \\
. . .
'pauj^jw
C<1
CO •* rf
00
U3
CO
•8[8tng
"5
" n
-
g
|NN-H OC^COOOi-l
oi
O
0
1— 1
'TOO!,
•pa.itt.opi AY
^H ^H M Tt< CO T-t T-l
mj nni
CO
1
•8l8mg
i-H
i— i i— I C^ ^ CO i-l i—l
CO
t— I
O)
CO
llfiti
^H
^^^^ 32^^
s
1— I
CO
00^-1 ^HCO
General nativity and race.
Native-born of native father, White
t- .... ....
a : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
3
O
o
Total
Total native-born
a '.'.'.'. : : : : :
03
Native-born of foreign fath
of birth of father:
Austria-Hunearv . .
S i I ; i j j.j ; j
sl-sJ i i ly :
) • 1 ; •
^ 'C QJ ^3 » • y] ^
^§£5 : i|g
g"|fga: ^ L'fc-te"
^1'5'3'B'a •""«§££
l-sllia ^lfc^«
"SffloooP wctOWW
I
2 *ti ** ^ **"
GJ C* ^ CJ & C3 C
Q y fn OHH^H^
878
The Immigration Commission.
WOX
.
s
1
r
C-1 OJ 00 O — 10
— 11MCJ
•paMopTAY
: ^
t»
0
O5
c^
^H t^ 71 M
C3
0
EH
•pau^H
f T— i Ci >— i M i— * i— <
»— 1
IO
§5
M CO
CO
r- 1
-H x; — 1 1- ?>
j
•a.3aTS
:c cc ^ • i-i ^H
s
C5
l-H
f-—l
^-
-
— o o — — — i
""
3
3
•4
-|
A
•mox
i— t r— f -T • • I— 1 I— 1
00
01
s-
*f '^ r^ ^
H
^
t-
. . . • . . — H
Tt<
to
o
ro— M
}
o
*p9AiOpt YV
;-
J
5
3
ft
3
o
'P'dTXTBJf
^-t
•^
00
^H ^-t
•**
•* CO 71
3
2
a
o
•3l3n!S
o
A
i
a
i
If
•o
Ǥ
-Wox
M Ml'-' M • ^H
S
05
gJM
O ^H t^
i
M
CO
C-l
-H tt —
3
p-
J3J
'p3AVOpt \Y
a
j
5a
3
a
2
"p9IJJGJ^
M O • M ; —<
O
00
•oc-i
«3
I
S3
00
00
o
•g
•aiSmg
•— 1
W
0
h
1
•max
|«o_ |
f:
r-H
»O ^^
I
^
S
*p9M.OpI \\
^-t
H
T-H
— I
i s
H
? '3
O
-*J
s
*p9UJ'6pr
T-H
o
CO
I— (
a
0=
CO
— n c-i — -<
o" -^
5
ft
I>
•ei^s
^2^
-
CO
a-
ro o -^ ' rt >M
S
k
>
•mox
-H ^-t — ( ^
CO
s
•-c
ro
-. 10 ro re -•
•fc.
' '
: : : : :
5^
A
o
.vopiM
: : : : ;
5
A
a
CO
•paua,K
-•
t-^
<N
<N
: : : :
»
5
•aSnt
2
s
"a
i-< io co ro
3
.
55
b£
,
s
J»
III
ill
CO
C-l
"
^HM 71
>.
)
»rt ....
s : : ; : : r
o
q
•a
1 ; ; ; : ; ; ; ; i
o
>,
3
•g
a
ja
5
..
<J
c
1
s
OJ . . .
H
el
i
2
5
£ :
>
•*-
•»
1 : : : : : : : : :
a
s
5
fi - ' • ' • •
a • '. , . '.
|
3
K-
0
p
.0
•
•
S ! ! !
£, •=•« :
>y 53!p .
d^ Z co *?
o ccS^- |l|c
0
c
"o
"3
a
s
o
>
03
G
•Ml
O
i«
^a
ea
K
Native-born of foreig
of birth of father:
Denmark
England
Germany
Ireland
Italy . .
Scotland,
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables. ^79
'O5
00
8
CO
~S-* Z01
g
0!
T
r*\
. . ,
,
— '
1
& !
CM
S
iO ~H O C-) *O '"H C*1 Ol ^i >~^ f~* i*"t ^^ ^ W •
«
f- 1
C^
t C?
•-I
_]
*
3
1— 1 • '
S
1
i-
_
CO
=0
8
-r
N
OS
^
CM
S
oo
,— t
S
2
^H ac c-i ^o FH c*i c*4 10 ' ' re ^H •
CO
•o
"
«5
t-
-
|;oo
I1"1
*— ,
S
- «- «^CS«^ ; ; «^ ;
00
C^
^
M
CM
o
<M
C, ^COCS -H COO -, «C^ ,rt
00
CO
00
IO
""'
...
*"
*
„ rto^ « ^ ^ rtrt
S
CO
CO
<M
j t- -rt -COVH N-H
2
00
H I—I
iO
"5
• i— 1 CO Ol fH i-H i- * i— 1 i— ' C*$
2
-
1— 1
CO
-
*
1
H i-H
2
ss
• i— 1 CO M i— i i— i — •— C^
71
i g
HO
00
g
CO
,Q _H ^H t- -f C CS ^ ^ T* r- i— ( 1C C» -^ M T— 1
^
=p
3 %&<
•9 S**
cv l~~.
o
"2"O."r^ "ft *l 53 OS "t*^ ri E^-r-^
s$ £ (2 a-SoSfS c^-sj^
ft > ^ ^ te o a g C t. <u ^ •- ?3
CQ 02 ~Z S - •
o
it,
.£f "3
I S
— •»
cs a
ce o^ 3 g .2.2 £
^ Z^-tfS 020301
C
S5-
C3
z.
H ^ ^^ ^ r i
CM CM —
§
o
A :
^ i
a *
£ fc CJS
£x a
.
i-.'O
880
The Immigration Commission.
D
_a
a
6
J
EH
O
EH
Number within each specified age group.
"a
'o
*
o
Ui
O
"5
-r
•mox
t-
i-H
r* c^ co cs o co t>- 1— ^f 01 •— i ^f I-H r-i w <N
C^ i-H^H MCO —» -*
i-H
•pa*op,AV
CN
CO
3
| ; • •
•pai-H
— i CN
s
1
lO CO f-H Cl i-H rH ^ QO M O CO OQ i-t C^ M
t-l-Hi-t<N W
•1*"IS
CN •-< i— t rH CN
3
o
CN
C^ C^ CO ^H C*l M* ^H ^ C1^ C^ t^~ CO ^H
CO I-H ^H
; ™
CN
a
§
CS CM ^^OIC^M Mi-HTf»
'pdMOplj^y
<^
CO
a
^ <N • i-t •
*p8TJJBpJ
CD
.-H
s
^H C^ O-^COC^W «-H -^
N
2
o
-
t-
OO
(NCO 00 CO OS ^H W3 ^ N CS
'p9.AYOpij\Y
-0
-
... co • • • • _ . . .
"pSTJJBpf
r
CO
00
I-H CO 00 iO t^- ^H ^f M O5 CN
CO i-H
•aiSmg
rt
r-H
s
i-H t— i-H O* r-l ^H CO
o;
CN
o
o
CN
T^ox
CN CN
O
s
COC^'MM OiOiOCOi— I »OCOi-Hi-H r- 1
•paAvopiM
CN
05
°pau.reji{
i-H .— t
«0
<— i
i— i
00
CO TH COCMi-HiO T— i to i— I i—(
1— 1 1— 1 1— (
'8[8ing
i— t «-H
05
=_
c^ c^ i— i r- <N -rf oo I-H -** ^H I-H
^H ^H
O!
•mox
OO
OS
i— 1 OO i-H -^ i-H ^-t CM i-H OJ i-H
•pa-wopiM
J13M
: -1 : :
-H : : . . ^
rt rt -"H
CN
OO
i-H OOi-H-**i-Hi— < rH i— 1 M
i • M ,
I-H
t^-C^CDMCNl O O t— r- ^ Os^H-t<^H*-( C^lN
i— i •— i (N CC I-H -t
y and
General na
II
sl
6
l
is
c«
§"§ : a d 75 fe'3-2.2§
a^_cu a a gB-a-n-S!
o o
PH«
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
881
tO <M •* N *C rH
1
S
00
CM
2
a
MrH ^
MrH
O5
00
1
-f —I
rH rH
g
i
r-1
rH
•*
•*
00
rH
"H
00
a
"-1
™
s
CO
>o
•
. . .
! . .
CO rHrH
o
rH
1
•*
i— i
(M
! > •
'. • •
COrH rH
00
i— i
CO
rH
W
ii , i .
CO C*3 rH rH rH
2
I
> rH
N
10
I—" rH rH rH
f>
^H
(MrH
>o
s
1— I
M
1— 1 rH
R
1— »
i-H
N
CO
N
rHrH
cS
rH
N
CO
i
|
«2« C
c3 1
^ T:
s §
o £
H C
. . . .
• •
. . . .
. . . .
• '
. . . .
• •
; : a :
a '.2.13
a xs M a .2 c
"wS 5 S'a «
w-S > > a> 'C
^8 ^S&fc
WCQ cot/joacQ
882
The Immigration Commission.
o
M
m
O
C
W
£3
8S
t- to t~- ^ >-o CQ — t
I— 1 1— <
S?
^H
O
i— i c-i O o o 1—t r^- r-
•o TJI cc o ro us w
00
S
en
co
CO
21
oq
c->
1 '
M
"c3
^§
O
r^
1^
• ?1 "* !•*. O O O O
GO
>o
03^
a-S
(N
r>)
• 7) f T) -T ro *# ^
S
S
•
.3 —
DO'S
O
t— 1
b- O b- TJ* iO C-l i-l
^-t rH
S
-i
-^
— — —* w >•: -H t- c^
O
u-3
71
r—\
i-H
A —
S3
tn
£2
23
i*H
>
O
M
O
ll
&1J
O5
—
O5
^ O 'X CO C1 — < — i
C-l ' 1 1— 1 T— (
I>
S
PH
O
rf
a-g
i
S a>
.
fee
0)
ap
•d
M SO
23
OS
.—1
rt ::::::
-H
S5
O 71 00 M OS 71 CO
i— i 71 71 ~H 71 i— t
CM
C^
(N
•rt*
e>
<c
£
OH
21
1— 1
r1
K
-r
^|
... ....
1
o
c
O
cc
P
i* ki
"5
>o
"
iO 71 00 75 X) OS CO
_ ^J ^1 ^H i-( ^H
h-
S?
I— 1
13
-^
f-
_O_aj
GQ M
CC
1— 1
-1*
i— i -— i ro
»O
o>
Nwnbe
A -a
e-2
00
CO ^ t>- rH t>- i-H •
r-t
Csi
:o
i— i ^ 71 7 1 ro h- CO
7-1 1— 1 7-H
•^
O
U5
05
•CJT3
.~ CU
a
££
p
F«5 hi
CO
:::::::
CO
.— i 71 ~^ »O O <-H
—1 ^H i— t
§
«
•*
S 2
M Si
UJ
CO •<!< t» .— I t>- ^H •
CO
!N
r',
— i O — • X f- fM
•*
(M
S
A -a
eS
OJ
CO (M O C«3 00 — I — I
S
S
,- ^ ^ O t-
O
OJ
O
t^
ea
2-2
> S
O
4J
to
»-t
**• S
1.1
id
S'Sj
M
CO C^) O CO 00 ^H ^^
S
S
! o -H — < --O • i^
S
S
• • • • ' • ' '
"3
3
jiMiiN
^
0>
4J
0
<v '.
§:::::::
, • • • ....
O
0
|
•s
uT
OJ
>>'.'.'.
£1
S :::::::
^ '
y
a
^ : : : : : : ;
•^
5
>,
*_>
3
o>
>•
.2 :::::;:
a ;
_ao ;;;:;.
trf
0
^
c3
^3
a
1
General nativ
Native-born of nat
o ......
S : : 3
? M I
s-3-sp i-a
ifSg^.-§^>
^WfHOMAHoQ
t^
C3
I?
"3
.4-2
ro
O
"5
"5
+J
0
^H
6 : : 3
0 • • 3
', O
H C . . M
t =3 jg _ C 'f.
g = 3 -g § S c^
111 &§!!
•fSlfeO WAGw
S
^
a
b£
£
•2
3
o
H
"3
4->
2
T3
a
2
o
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
883
w
(J
<
a
H
ft
8
o 01 o> c-i --o cr i— i
^
*H ' ^H^HCOOOSIO CO^HO^^H
M CO CO TT CN »O CM
I
1
CO
55
10
.-.
CO »O CO CN
CO
00
OS
CO
CO i-H "O 00 i— t I-H
2
§
— fc T 1 T CM CO CM
fc-
Ol
8
CN
l-H
CO 00 ^ N 00 CN
CM
X)
CO
CO X -1 l~ CO -H ^H •
l-H '
CO
§
CO
r-
00
rH
"•
•" -1
CO
8
cc r~ o r-i COCN ^H
«O
•
10
COT ^H C^l
0
^H
>o
l-H
'•
'
•
OB
i-H
f — 1
CO
S
CO CO f rtOO •-
X
s
• •
•
•
OS
CM
««"»
-
CO
l-H
'
i-H OJCCCN ^H»OOCO
§
i-H
i-H
<N
N
1 . . . > . 1
CO
CN
CN -HCO
"*
O
l-H
CO
CO
•-I OS-*1 OS — < 1O OS CO
s
l-H
CO
1-4 CN
CO
OS
?0 -H M i-H
*"
0
I-H
T-llOCO
IQrH
>o
,-H
8
1-1
C"l 'C "-^ t-- 00 *O 00
K
rH
i-H
3
•
• •
...
"
CM
i"1
CO
o
l-H
-1
CN "C CN 00 00 00
^H l-H
*
rtUJrt
>O '•
2
cs
CNCO^ t^
^H
S?
i-H
CN CN i-H CN
CO CN
3
CO
— 1 CM ' -H CO CO <N
i-H
8
! ! !
! !
i-H
i-H
, . .
i-H
CN CN -H C-l CO CN
l-H
CO
l-H
-H CN • — t CO CO T-H
s
-
Native-born of native father, White
0
jp
c
^ "c3
'^ ^
1 s
ca a
•^J o3
EH O
fc •;:::::: :::::: : : : :
^ ::::::: : : :::::: : : : :
c
2 ::::::: : : ::::;: : : : : :
•° :::::::
c
a
te :::::::
c i i : : : ;
Total
Total native-born .
iforeign-born:
Bohemian and Monv
Canadian. French
is : : : : : : :
b ,a
~ rt .
— .,... 3
« : : i : i£
o ja • a fe • .
fewf- cs 5 • aa
,§••=•,§ 6 "43.25
cuc3t-cui'"-ic3Q
'eS
2:
0 ... . . 3 .
- - : • ; : : o ;
c . • . . .01 .
.Sj= -' c ^ • . •
'O^oS ^ I^^c
g^gE £-5^ 1-s
53 ," r1-1 t A 'C 2 — >
OHMAO WflSoai?'
TOTAL
s
co >o •-£ %;
'~
CO
o
CO ^H U7
. CM
2^?1-
^
-1
CO'
00
•-1
9
CO W *O
i-H
§8
CM rH CO
OS
•— «CM
OS
T— t
-f OSO-.
0
i-H
CN
OS
•H^ 'OS 00 -H
CO
IOT-.0
CO
•0 f -H -0
^2
o
<b
& %
I \
H
^2 &
aj C
.Sf
'S
> a
'•§ S
a
o o
O C j- „ C te
c3 . S-a-g 2 £
i iHfs!!
d) GJ *H C* 0^ ^
^ .>wii,oa
— —
C3 fl
K *
884
The Immigration Commission.
§
Number within each specified age group.
"o
EH
&
fl ^j
^H IO t-H i—t
S
o>
rH
rH rH •* t^ •* IO OO C<l 1^ CO rH
IO 00 tD O5 IO O IO
CO
s
*Q "^
i*i
*~
comco CM
CO
°
S'C
GOr-l — 1
CB
rH
s
rHrH COCOC^ OrHr-OrH
co r- *o OD 10 t^. 10
§
0
1
a- -
S
§
^f OD CO O CO •— 1 GO CO
s
1— 1
i
o
tH
O
IO
^
•*
••H
0
s
^H CO CO f— i C^
1
s
2|
so
CO^r-H N
0
I— 1
^-t
c3|
*
^H
0
-f
OSCOC1 Tf 00 — ( »-H r-t
CO CO i— < C^
2
CO
9.3
S'Sb
"
rt
o
o
CO
£3
*
2
s
d CO C) ^ CO ^ rH
iO
So
CM
||
<N
CO
II
^ »-•
•*
o
oo
rH •* ^ r~- co co oo 01
C"t CO rH *^ CO CO rH
S
i
1 .
•*
M
rH
CO i— I C^ — i i— « -^
IM
m
(N
§
p
&
?>M
oo
io
i
CO .-H OO OS ^H • C<1 r-H
^H ^t< , fi« ffj
CO
CO
OJ
|1
1
rH
rH
... ....
•
... ....
S'H
;-i
CO
CO
I— I
CO 1^- CO CO • OO Ol
CO • r-t (M
»
1
35 "Sb
rH '"'
•o
CO
5
CO GC I-H »O 00 • ^ C^
• 1— 1
^Tj
£
OJ
$
to
£3
r-"
—
-
CO
^H r^ ^H (M os • o o*
§3
S
23
....
£3
a-S
.
::;;:: : : :,-,
^H
rH
i .
—1 CO
-H
o
CO
i— t t-- T— « W OS • O i-H
• t— (
CO
1 -
General nativity and race of individual.
1 1 : : : : :
Q) ....
C
t-.
O
a
LH
"S
•+-»
O
"o
+
c
4.
•c
r
s
r.
C
>y race of 1
Native-born of foreign father,
Continued.
Irish
fi
Italian, South
Spntnh
a
13
a
'o
Total native-born . .
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Morav
1,1.1
!| : : : : : : i :
it i M i 1 i
re" ; • i : CQ i
i c3 .H _• C fe - •
irrtS-gl S C^j;
lllll
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
885
TABLE 41. — Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES. )
Race of husband.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number reporting wife —
In United
States.
Abroad.
Canadian (other than French)
2
2
50
8
9
27
2
3
1
17
1
1
1
1
2
49
8
9
26
2
3
1
16
1
1
1
1
Danish
English .
1
French
German
Hebrew Russian
1
Hebrew, Other
Irish
Italian North
Italian, South .
1
Polish
Russian .
Swedish
Total
124
120
4
886
The Immigration Commission.
g
5
ec~
1
1
o
S
"S,
w
a
H
K
"S
•d
5
ta
'i*
O
g
§
8
E W
S ^
^ S
c
•3
0,
V
.S
PQ
fci-S'S
i
EH
«
"5
•—
1
fc-
o
,0
5
2;
ll
^.] . — i ^ ^ o *O O C1! c-j c^ rc O i— i ?•) »— t cc i— i
1— I
1
P
C"] <— ^ T ^H ^1 CC O r7 — C1! C1! CC — r— I Ol >-H CO i— 1
1C ^H I— 1 C*l Cl
S
»— 1
O
o o-"^
o
o3
W)
fl
0>
+3
i-,
^2
: : : : ^^^ : : : : : : ; : ; :
0
0
OH
? ^
S
u,
OJ
— i
'-^ *X
! i = i 3 -« - !
oc
1— t
t/1 ^
•g
QJ
'S
.£
ll
• • • 7^1 CO CO GC ^O i— 1 Ol ^H OS C'l ?•!
§
M
it
• • M ?-1 O *i I-H 30 t-H C^ i-* O C^ ?-1
. . T ^H •-<
00
r;
*-* ^ -5
en
o
.S
'-^
fc_
a
US
OJ
*r™
DQ
b
+a
CO
-*-S
o
^2
^2
02
1
'5
c
3
Z;
ll
•* «- «- --
S
M
P
.— 1 Or-^C<IXI CO--H ^H-H
S
1
0)
>>
M
«i:l
*O
u.
o
T3
+a
a
^:1
: : : ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
3
M
|
£
1
"1
-^ t— t — i — i
«
M
•d
OJ
43
3
£
1:1
rt rt-H MCT 3---H NM
?
C
£
a
i— i
|l
__^O)-H CCMOrt O>M -H
00
.
J,
<u •
01 -H -r rt 01 oc o « -i 01 o cc o I-H c-i -H ~s "<
S
1
SJM1
ill
r- <
oj
M
5 : ; : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
g : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
5-= I : :::«': : : : :
sgfc : : : : :3j : • '; : ; : :
"U OjJ3 - w i> • (- r~
rt M -^ ' K -• ' C3 ^ .
S^o : |g :|| c
IS
•4^
Ilill till! j|j| |iii
"^ScsS^ ^^'t!^^ 'C-^-MtS 55^^
W 'H
c
OJ
'
2
o
•a
P30
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
887
. • <M • • C-l T-H
if
(M
*-
- « --"H- —
O
t-H t— H T— t C^C-ICO^ T-HT-HCO T^T-H . (MC-1"
CM • •
«
OO-— <** i— . CO M O • i— i
(N
^ -HCS,^ ?00^«<N 00^-. ^rt 1--
S
1— ! r-H
8
t^.^i T^Ol " CO
C-l
' ' '
: :N : : CO-H : : : : : : : : : : : : : :
>o
1H | j .... ...
rt
: : : : : "^ : : : : : : : : : : : : :
0
1C • tN T— 1 i-H C<J i-H T— 1 C*l "
S3
i— t
T-H ' • ' O CO C~l ' T-H T-H CO *-H ' ' >"H Ol '
-f
-
Oi-tCO COr-(C<l '! ! i-H
00
T— I
T-HCM OlTf»-HO»-H 1C n T-H "M- -CO
K
T-H
K
TH 1^,-ic^ <N r— o oOi- 1 coco-^ .—. «^ • t-HC^co
lO T— I 1—1
N
i-H
ill ; i ; ; ; ! i j j
« ! : i i ': !-
<n
0
: ; : : : -< : :
«
^
«' j 1 j 1 * «"• j j ^ i i irt i -
a
C<J • ' . . T-H • i— 1
1C
H
0
H
<N • ' • ' f^ T- 1 W 00 ' **t* 1- 1 ' r-H T-H T-H
8
i : : : ;
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
* * * * * * * *
t-H
lm \\l\\ liil iiij \\\
T-H
... r-H . .
iH
10
S^l • T-H T-H " T-H '-O
(N
JSJ T-H T-H *O t-N T-H O T-H ' CO C5 ' T-
i
O
'. '. '. '.
CO ' T-H T-H - T-H -^ T-H >
•*
C^ T— 1 C^ tM CC CO T-H T-H1 i-H • CO O5 • .-H • • • • • i—
i
OJ
; ; ;
TH1"1 -^
s
TfiNN ^;^rt£j f^1"1
1
T-H
C3 . , . . . . . . ....
• • • a
1 cJ ' ' '
• 1 33 : '•
2 : ; :
! P3 5 § g :
4S9Q«° vnr 19
£
rc
-1
1
K'
Illli i|| ii iJi |^|i -slis
^C3cs2^ CuQ^^^ .-^c3c3c3 Oo^-^ O O t^ ^
i
i
•»
1
EH
888
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 43. — Number of persons vjithin each age group, by sex and general nativity and race
of head of household.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and
race of head of
Number within each specified age group.
household.
Under 6.
6 to 13.
14 and 15.
16 to 19.
20 to 29.
30 to 44.
45 or over.
Total.
Native-born of native
father, White
5
9
2
1
8
19
10
54
Foreign-born:
English
5
G
•2
8
11
15
6
53
French
5
2
5
6
23
20
68
German
2
5
1
10
9
8
19
54
Hebrew
19
19
2
9
24
23
3
99
Irish. . ..
10
19
1
8
7
19
12
76
Italian, South
Slovak
26
11
15
5
3
1
8
1
17
13
22
13
11
1
102
45
Total
78
76
12
49
87
123
72
497
Grand total
S3
85
14
50
95
142
82
551
FEMALE.
Native-born of native
father, White
5
1
1
1
9
20
12
49
Foreign-born:
English
2
7
4
5
6
21
8
53
French
5
13
1
2
15
22
21
79
German
10
11
1
1
11
14
15
03
Hebrew
17
22
4
5
18
21
1
88
Irish
12
12
3
3
5
21
9
65
Italian, South
Slovak
23
''I
18
8
5
2
6
2
16
18
20
6
12
100
57
Total
90
91
20
24
89
125
66
505
Grand total
95
92
21
25
98
145
78
55-1
TOTAL.
Native-born of native
father White
10
10
3
2
17
39
22
103
Foreign-born:
English
7
13
6
13
17
36
14
106
French
10
20
3
7
21
45
41
147
German.
12
16
2
11
20
22
34
117
Hebrew
36
41
6
14
42
44
4
187
Irish
22
31
4
11
12
40
21
141
Italian, South
Slovak. . . .
49
32
33
13
8
3
14
3
33
31
42
19
23
1
202
102
Total
168
167
32
73
176
248
138
1,002
Grand total
178
177
35
75
193
287
160
1, 105
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
889
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race.
CSTUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
MALE.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
13.
16. 17.
IS.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30 35
to to
34. 44.
45 55
to to
54. 64.
65
or
over.
Native-born of native father,
White
178
2
4
8
5
8
6
26
26
17 34
L't;
10
6
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
1
1
25
16
16
2
1
\
1
England
1
1
1
4
3
6 7
2
1
France
Germany
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1 1
3 5
•2
1
1
Ireland
Italv
Roumania
1
Total
63
4
5
4
4
8
8
10
13
6
1
Total native-born
241
2
8
13 9
12
6
34
34
27
47
32
11
6
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemianand Moravian..
Canadian French
2
2
5
1
2
83
12
17
35
4
4
5
32
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
2
Canadian Other
?
2
1
Croatian
1
Danish
9
English
3
2
8
2
3
8
1
9
1
1
15
14
"4"
26
4
3
6
9
2
5
2
?
9
1
3
3
1
French
1
German
1
1
Hebrew Russian
Hebrew, Other
1
Irish
1
9
1
Italian, North
1
7
1
13
1
1
3
1
4
1
3
Italian, South
1
1
Magvar. .
Polish
1
Roumanian.
2
Russian
1
Swedish
1
1
1
Syrian
1
Total foreign-born
213
1
6
6
34
43
26
49
27
16
5
Grand total...
454
2
8
13
10
18
12
68
77
53
96
59
27
11
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father:
White
279
1
o
15
7
12
•57
38
W
53
40
IP
6
Negro
4
1
?
1
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Denmark
2
1
1
England
19
1
1
1
?
4
1
1
4
3
1
Germany
28
1
1
1
5
1
4
7
4
?
Ireland
20
1
1
1
?
•>
?
>>
3
Italv
1
1
Russia
2
1
1
Scotland
5
1
1
1
1
1
Spain
1
1
Sweden
2
1
1
Total
80
1
1
T
4
1
7
13
11
g
16
11
3
1
Total native-born
363
1
2
<i
19
8
11
71
49
37
71
SI
23
7
890
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued .
FEMALE— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
1.3.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over.
Foreign-born, by race:
Bohemian and Moravian .
Canadian (other than
French)
5
1
1
29
4
10
2
5
0
12
1
1
5
2
4
2
1
S
1
1
1
Croatian
1
English
2
1
8
1
0
1
1
4
1
2
1
5
1
4
1
2
French
German
9
1
Hebrew, Russian
Irish . . .
1
2
1
1
1
1
4
1
Italian, North
1 ..
2
2
• 1
1
4
Italian South
1
Norwegian . ...
Polish
1
Russian
2
3
1
1
Scotch
1
Slovak
2
1
1
Slovenian
1
1
Swedish .
Total foreign-born
91
1
5
7
19
20
15
18
3 2
1
Grand total
454
1
2
0
19
13
26
90
69
52
89
54
25
8
TOTAL.
Native-born of native father:
White
Negro
Native-born of foreign father,
by country of birth of father:
Austria-Hungary
Denmark
England
France
Germany..
Ireland
Italy
Roumania.
Russia...
Scotland.
Spam
Sweden . .
Total
Total native-born.
Foreign-born by race:
Bohemian and Moravian
Canadian, French
Canadian, Other
Croatian
Danish
English
French
German
Hebrew, Russian.
Hebrew., Other...
457
4
2
5
1(1
20
15
18
83
1
64
46
87
?
66
29
1
12
1
1
3
1
1
1
44
1
9
2
1
9
8
4
7
11
<S
1
1
1
44
?,
9
?
?
1
6
7
5
8
f.
3
36
1
9
2
1
1
4
6
5
10
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
....
143
j
5
8
8
5
7
21
19
18
29
17
4
1
604
3
10
18
"-.
?0
?5
105
83
64
118
83
34
13
3
1
1
1
1
2
?
6
1
9
9
1
2
9
2
9
112
5
3
16
15
18
31
10
11
3
16
1
3
2
1
5
2
1
1
27
1
3
3
2
?,
7
5
3
1
37
1
8
15
5
R
?,
4
1
1
?,
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
891
TABLE 44. — Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by sex and general
nativity and race — Continued.
TOTAL— Continued.
General nativity and race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Number of each age or within each specified age group.
Un-
der
14.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
to
24.
25
to
29.
30
to
34.
35
to
44.
45
to
54.
55
to
64.
65
or
over
Foreign-born by race — Cont'd.
Irish
9
11
44
1
1
2
2
6
2
4
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
2
4
3
2
8
1
1
3
....
1
Italian, North
3
9
2
17
1
Italian South
1
1
Magyar
Norwegian
1
Polish
1
1
Roumanian
?
Russian
2
3
1
1
1
Scotch
1
Slovak
2
1
1
1
Slovenian . .
1
1
Swedish
1
1
Syrian
1
Total foreign-born ....
304
1
1
11
13
53
63
41
67
30
18
6
Grand total
908
3
10
19
29
31
38
158
146
105
185
113
52
19
TABLE 45. — Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by general nativity
and race of head of family.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
Number of families —
General nativity and race of head of family.
Owning
home.
Renting
home.
Boarding.
Lodging.
In other
condi-
tions.
Total.
Native-born of native father, White.
11
19
2
32
Foreign-born:
English
11
14
25
French .
15
28
1
1
45
German
17
12
1
30
Hebrew
4
36
40
Irish
13
17
30
Italian, South
11
29
1
1
42
Slovak. .
3
22
25
Total
74
158
2
3
237
Grand total
85
177
2
5
269
892
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 46. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
MALE.
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number within each specified age group.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
At home.
At school.
M
1
-*j
<<
TO
O
C-
O
0
+3
<j
At school.
.y
tri
O
-4J
«Jj
"3
«
EH
oj
|
43
•<
At school.
4<i
1
-«^>
<5
"3
+j
o
EH
At home.
"o
0
*o
w
-M
•a*
44
t4
0
f
±3
•4
"ca
+5
O
EH
Native-born of native father,
White
5
5
q
q
?,
2
5
3
5
2
15
9
21
10
11
....
10
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
English
3
5
2
5
5
5
1
1
2
8
5
6
12
21
6
4
1
....
12
10
8
27
30
27
15
<i
5
5
2
2
4
4
2
2
- Hebrew
15
15
1?
12
Irish
8 2
21
10
?1
1
18
fi
19 ....
1
1
Italian South
6 ....
mnvalc
10
1
5
11
•}
3 '....
1
1
Total
64
69
1
53
54 ....
4
2
6
65
62
2
129
Total native-born
69 j 5
74
1
62
63 :-...
6
2
8 70
73
2
145
Foreign-born:
1
1
1
1
3
1
13
17
2
•>,
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
Hebrew
2
5
1
3
5
1
7
q
8
q
....
1
2
1
1
2
3
3
5
1
9
11
1
1
1
Italian South
Slovak
1
1
i
i
Total foreign-born
2
6
8
1
9
1
21«|....
22
4
9
26
2
37
Grand total
77
6
83
2
83
....
85
....
10
4
14
79
99
4
182
FEMALE.
Native-born of native father,
White
5
5
1
1
1
1
5
2
7
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
2
2
7
7
1
1
2
8
10
1
1
4
1
5
1
1
3
7
10
German
q
q
8
8
1
1
9
8
1
18
Hebrew
13
2
15
9
9
2
2
13
13
26
10
2
12
12
12
3
3
10
17
27
Italian South
''O
?0
1
11
12
3
3
21
14
35
Slovak
•>o
1
2]
8
8
1
1
20
10
30
.
Total
77
6
. . . .
83
1
60
61
11
1
12
78
77
1
156
Total native-born
82
6
ss
1
61
62
12
1
13
83
79
1
163
Foreign-born:
2
2
?,
o
Canadian Other
1
1
1
1
English
\
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
5
6
2
5
7
German
1
1
3
3
1
3
4
1 f ebrew
1
1
2
2
11
13
1
1
2
3
13
i
17
•^
^
fi
6
2
?,
3
8
11
Slovak
1
1
1
1
Total foreign-born .
fi
1
7
3
27
30
6
2
8
9
34
2
45
Grand total
88
7
95
4
88
92
18
3
21
92
113
3
208
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
893
TABLE 46. — General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex and age groups,
and by general nativity and race of individual — Continued.
TOTAL.
Number within each spacified age group.
Genaral nativity and race of
individual.
Under 6 years.
6 to 13 years.
14 and 15 years.
Total.
oJ
a
o
-t^>
«!
1
ft
0
w
•(J
<j
M
O
£
+A
<j
"3
.*d
o
H
o5
6
o
rf
4-2
<!
1
+3
<;
^
t4
O
+a
<1
•3
1
10
o°
a
0
,G
^>
"o
o
•§
W
+a
<!
£t
0
"f-
+3
<!
£
0
H.
0)
0
O
+3
<^
1
1
4-3
<
14
1
•tJ
<^
2
H
Native-born of native father,
White
in
10
10
3
3
10
13
23
Native-born of foreign father, by
race of father:
English
5
8
11
2
1
12
12
2
1
1
3
1
3
2
4
3
2
5
8
11
28
19
42
30
1C,
12
14
25
:;s
20
14
1
"i"
....
22
20
26
53
57
62
45
285
French
q
10 i
10
German
11
12 .
1?
2
2
1
Hebrew
28
18
41
2
4
30
?1
2]
Irish . .
22
41
X?:
1
1
30
17
11
31
4
Italian, South
18
3
Slovak.
30
2
11
1
1
Total
141
11
152
2
113
115
15
3
18
143
139
3
Total native-born
151
11
162
2
123
125
18
3
21
153
152
3
308
Foreign-born:
Canadian, French
2
2
2
2
1
3
10
5
30
28
3
Canadian, Other
1
1
1
1
1
English
1
1
1
2
1
"2"
1
6
8
1
2
8
4
22
19
2
1
"2
1
French . .
1
1
1
1
7
4
8
German
1
4
Hebrew. .
3
8
2
....
5
8
3
18
1i
21
15
....
2
4
1
2
1
4
5
1
Italian, South
Slovak..
1
1
1
1
Total foreign-born .
14
2
16
4
48
52
10
4
14
18
60
4
,S2
Grand total
165
13
178
6
171
....
177
....
28
7
35
171
212
7
390
TABLE 47. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees who have beenin
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming,
by race and length of residence.
(STUDY OF EMPLOYEES.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
a
GJ
<j
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
3
o
H
a
OJ
3
«!
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
13
o
EH
a
.X
<j
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
~5
o
e
Bohemian and Moravian. . . .
Danish
1
1
32
6
9
13
2
1
9
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
32
6
9
13
o
1
9
1
1
2
1
2
1
15
4
6
4
2
1
7
1
26
5
7
4
2
1
7
1
16
4
7
5
2
1
7
English
3
1
1
2
1
6
1
2
9
3
8
1
1
6
1
1
10
1
2
7
French
German. .
1
7
1
1
Hebrew, Russian
Hebrew, Other
Irish
•
Italian. South
Magyar
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
Polish
Romanian!
2
2
2
Russian
1
1
1
1
1
1
"i
Swedish
1
1
Total
81
7
15
3
25
5
10
41
56
12
25
44
81
894
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 48. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been in the United
States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual and length of residence.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States.]
Race.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
In United States 5
to 9 years.
In United States 10
years or over.
Total.
VI
1
<j
Having first
papers only.
0 OT
O ~
VI O»
n.
M a
B £•
S"2
Ko
"is
+3
0
Aliens.
Having first
papers only.
Having sec-
ond papers.
3
o
Aliens.
Having first
papers only.
£2
W Oi
2t
ll
•a
43
0
English
14
27
19
20
20
30
11
3
1
13
10
17
9
18
17
O
li
14
18
9
18
18
G
1
11
1
3
13
12
17
12
20
19
2
14
27
19
20
20
30
11
French ...
8
3
1
5
2
13
1
11
o
12
5
1
4
1
5
German
Hebrew
3
3
2
2
Irish
Italian, South
8
2
2
3
1
3
9
5
2
4
Slovak
1
Total
141
21
14
9
44
9
2
86
97
30
16
95
141
TABLE 49. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
General nativity and race of
individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Male.
Female.
Total.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Native-born of foreign father,
by race of father:
French . . .
26
41
29
26
14
11
23
16
8
5
11
23
16
8
5
15
18
13
18
9
15
18
13
18
9
26
41
29
26
14
26
41
29
26
14
German
Hebrew
Italian, South
Slovak
Total native-born
136
63
63
73
73
136
136
Foreign-born:
Bohemian and Moravian. . .
Canadian French
1
3
93
68
123
126
55
1
3
45
38
58
58
27
1
3
45
37
52
29
26
1
3
93
68
123
126
55
1
3
93
67
115
88
54
French
48
30
65
68
28
48
30
63
59
28
German
Hpbrpw
Italian South
Slovak
Total foreign-born
469
239
228
230
193
469
421
Grand total
605
:;iu
291
303
266
605
557
Glove Manufacturing: General Tables.
895
TABLE 50. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sext
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[This table includes only non-English-speaking races.]
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Age at time of coming to United States.
Under 14.
14 or over.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
Number.
Number
who speak
English.
French
48
30
65
68
28
10
4
15
22
2
10
4
14
22
2
38
26
50
46
26
38
26
49
37
26
German
Hebrew
Italian, South . . .
Slovak
Total
239
53
52
186
176
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
Canadian, French
3
2
2
1
1
French
45
9
9
36
36
German . .
38
10
10
28
27
Hebrew
58
18
16
40
36
Italian South
58
16
16
42
13
Slovak
27
3
3
24
°3
Total
230
58
56
172
137
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
Canadian, French
3
2
2
1
1
French
93
19
19
74
7-1
German
68
14
14
54
53
Hebrew
123
33
30
90
85
Italian, South . .
126
38
38
88
50
Slovak
55
5
5
50
49
Total
469
111
108
358
313,
896
The Immigration Commission.
TABLE 51. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over, by sex,
years in the United States, and race of individual.
(STUDY OF HOUSEHOLDS.)
[By years in the United States is meant years since first arrival in the United States. This table includes
only non-English-speaking races.)
MALE.
Race of individual.
Number
reporting
complete
data.
Years in United States.
Under 5.
5 to 9.
10 or over.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
Number.
Number
who
speak
English.
French .
48
30
65
68
28
5
3
23
13
7
5
3
21
7
7
16
3
24
25
10
16
3
24
24
10
27
24
18
30
11
27
24
18
28
11
German ...
Hebrew
Italian, South
Slovak
Total
229
51
43
78
77
110
108
FEMALE.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
Canadian, French
3
2
2
1
1
French
45
11
11
15
15
19
19
German ...
38
3
3
5
4
30
30
Hebrew
58
26
•20
20
20
12
12
Italian, South
58
16
5
18
10
24
14
Slovak .
27
8
7
10
10
9
g
Total
230
65
47
70
61
95
85
TOTAL.
Bohemian and Moravian
1
1
1
Canadian, French
3
2
2
1
I
French . .
93
16
16
31
31
46
46
German
68
6
6
8
7
54
54
Hebrew. .
123
49
41
44
44
30
30
Italian, South
126
29
12
43
34
54
42
Slovak
55
15
14
20
20
20
20
Total
469
116
90
148
138
205
193
LIST OF TEXT TABLES.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Pago.
Table 1. — Growth of the glove-manufacturing industry in New York State
and in the United States, 1880-1905 777
Table 2. — Increase in the number of employees of the glove-manufacturing
industry in New York State and in the United States 778
Table 3. — Households studied, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 778
Table 4. — Persons in households studied and persons for whom detailed in-
formation was secured, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 779
Table 5. — Sex of persons for whom detailed information was secured, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 779
Table 6. — Persons for whom detailed information was secured, by sex and
general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 780
Table 7. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 781
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 8. — Number of glove workers in the United States, by country of
birth, 1880 783
Table 9. — Number of glove workers in the United States, by general nativity
and country of birth, 1890 '. 783
Table 10. — Number of glove workers in the United States and New York
State, by general nativity and country of birth of parents, 1900 784
Table 11. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States under
1 year, 1 year, 2 years, etc., by sex and race. (Study of employees) 785
Table 12. — Per cent of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 786
Table 13. — Per cent of foreign-born persons in the United States each
specified number of years, by race of individual. (Study of households) . 787
Table 14. — Employees for whom information was secured, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 788
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 15. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for-
eign-born males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study ot households) 789
Table 16. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 790
Table 17. — Industrial condition before coming to the United States of for-
eign-born females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by
race of individual. (Study of households) 791
Table 18. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 791
Table 19. — General occupation of males 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 792
Table 20. — General occupation of females 16 years of age or over, by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 793
Table 21. — Per cent of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) ." '. . . . 794
Table 22. — Per cent of female employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 794
897
898 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER III. — Economic status — Continued. page.
Table 23. — Husbands at work, by general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 795
Table 24. — Earnings per year of male heads of families, by general nativity
and race of individual. (Study of households) 796
Table 25. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 797
Table 26. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 798
Table 27. — Per cent of females 18 years of age or over earning each specified
amount (approximate) per year, by general nativitv. (Study of house-
holds) " " * 798
Table 28. — Per cent of families having a total yearly income of each specified
amount, by general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of house-
holds) ! 799
Table 29. — Wives at work, by general nativity and race of head of family.
(Study of households) ". ' ". . 800
Table 30. — Number of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 801
Table 31. — Per cent of families in which wife has employment or keeps
boarders or lodgers, by yearly earnings of husband and by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 801
Table 32. — Per cent of families having an income within the year from hus-
band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of familv. (Study of households) 802
Table 33. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 803
Table 34. — Per cent of total family income within the year from husband,
wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general nativity
and race of head of family. (Study of households) 804
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions:
Table 35. — Months worked during the past year by males 16 years of age or
over employed away from home, by general nativity and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 805
Table 36. — Affiliation with trade unions of males 21 years of age or over work-
ing for wages, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of
households) 806
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 37. — Average rent per month, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 807
Table 38. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month
per apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 808
Table 39. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 809
Table 40. — Per cent of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 809
Table 41. — Number and per cent of households keeping boarders or lodgers,
by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of house-
holds) 810
Table 42. — Average number of boarders or lodgers per household, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 811
Table 43. — Per cent of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 811
Table 44. — Per cent of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household . (Study of households) . . 812
Table 45. — Average number of persons in apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 813
Table 46. — Average number of persons per apartment, per room, and per
sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 814
Glove Manufacturing: List of Text Tables. 899
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions — Continued. Page.
Table 47. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 814
Table 48. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 815
Table 49. — Number and per cent of households regularly sleeping in all
except each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of
head of household. (Study of households) 816
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 50. — Per cent of employees who read and per cent who read and
write, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees). . .. 817
Table 51. — Per cent of persons 10 years of age or over who read and per cent
who read and write, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 818
Table 52. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and per cent who read and write, by years in the United States and
race of individual. (Study of households) 819
Table 53. — Per cent of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over who
read and per cent who read and write, by age at time of coming to the
United States and race of individual. (Study of households) MO
Table 54. — Per cent of employees 20 years of age or over in each conjugal
condition, by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employee* . S20
Table 55. — Per cent of employees in each conjugal condition, by sex, age
groups, and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) >_l
Table 56.— Per cent of persons in each conjugal condition, by sex and age
groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) " 822. 823
Table 57. — Per cent of foreign-born husbands who report wife in the United
States and per cent who report wife abroad, by race of husband. (Study
of employees) 824
Table 58. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex and
race. (Study of employees) 824, 825
Table 59. — Per cent of persons within each age group, by sex and by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 826
Table 60. — Per cent of employees within each age group, by sex and gen-
eral nativity and race.) (Study of employees') 827, 828
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 61. — Number and per cent of families owning home, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) ,s2f>
Table 62. — Per cent of children 6 and under 16 years of age at home, at
school, and at work, by sex and general nativity and race of individual.
(Study of households) 830
Table 63. — Number and per cent' of children 6 and under 16 years of age
at home, at school, and at work, by general nativity and race of father
and by birthplace of child. (Study of households) 830
Table 64. — Present political condition of foreign-born male employees
who have been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21
years of age or over at time of coming, by race. (Study of employees) . . s:;l
Table 65. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have
been in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming, by race of individual. (Study of households). . 831
Table 66. — Per cent of persons 6 years of age or over who speak English,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 832
Table 67 . — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by age at time of coming to the United States and race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 833
Table 68 . — Per cent of foreign-born persons 6 years of age or over who speak
English, by years in the United States and race of individual. (Study
of households) . 833
Table 69. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race. (Study of house-
holds) 834. 835
Table 70. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born employees, by sex,
years in the United States, and race. (Study of households) 835, 836
LIST OF GENERAL TABLES.
CHAPTER I. — Introduction: Page-
Table 1. — Total number of households and persons studied, by general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households) 849
Table 2. — Number of persons for whom detailed information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 849
Table 3. — Total number of employees for whom information was secured,
by sex and general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 850
CHAPTER II. — Racial displacements:
Table 4. — Number of foreign-born employees in the United States each
specified number of years, by sex and race. (Study of employees) 851, 852
Table 5. — Number of foreign-born persons in the United States each speci-
fied number of years, by sex and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) , 852
CHAPTER III. — Economic status:
Table 6. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
males who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of indi-
vidual. (Study of households) 853
Table 7. — Occupation before coming to the United States of foreign-born
females who were 16 years of age or over at time of coming, by race of
individual. (Study of households) 853
Table 8. — Occupation of foreign-born male employees before coming to the
United States, by race. (Study of employees) 854
Table 9. — Occupation of foreign-born female employees before coming to
the United States, by race. (Study of employees) 854
Table 10. — Number of males 16 years of age or over in each specified in-
dustry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 855
Table 11. — Number of females 16 years of age or over in each specified
industry, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 856
Table 12. — Number of male employees 18 years of age or over earning each
specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study of
employees) 857
Table 13. — Number of female employees 18 years of age or over earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 858
Table 14. — Number of male employees 14 and under 18 years of age earning
each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race. (Study
of employees) 859
Table 15. — Number of female employees 14 and under 18 years of age earn-
ing each specified amount per week, by general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 859
Table 16. — Number of male head of families earning each specified amount
per year, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 860
Table 17. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of males 18 years of age or over,
by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 860
Table 18. — Amount of family income per year, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 861
Table 19. — Yearly earnings (approximate) of females 18 years of age or
over, by general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 861
Table 20. — Number of families having an income within the year from hus-
band, wife, children, boarders or lodgers, and other sources, by general
nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households) 862
Table 21. — Source of family income in detail, by general nativity and race
of head of family. (Study of households) 862
901
902 The Immigration Commission.
CHAPTER IV. — Working conditions: Page.
Table 22. — Months worked during the past year by persons 16 years of age
or over employed away from home, by sex and general nativity and race
of individual. (Study of households) 863
CHAPTER V. — Housing and living conditions:
Table 23. — Number and class of households, by general nativity and race
of .head of household. (Study of households) 864
Table 24. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per
apartment, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study
of households) 864
Table 25.— Number of households paying each specified rent per month
per room, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 865
Table 26. — Number of households paying each specified rent per month per
person, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 865
Table 27. — Number of households keeping boarders and lodgers and num-
ber of boarders and lodgers, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold . (Study of households) 866
Table 28. — Number of persons per household in apartments of each speci-
fied size, by general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of
households) 867, 868
Table 29.- — Number of households occupying apartments of each specified
number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of household.
(Study of households) 869
Table 30. — Number of households of each specified number of persons, by
general nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). 869
Table 31. — Number of households and number of persons in apartments of
each specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of
household. (Study of households) 870
Table 32. — Persons per room, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) 870
Table 33. — Persons per sleeping room, by general nativity and race of head
of household. (Study of households) 871
Table 34. — Number of households regularly sleeping in all except each
specified number of rooms, by general nativity and race of head of house-
hold. (Study of households) .' 871
CHAPTER VI. — Salient characteristics:
Table 35. — Literacy of employees, by sex and general nativity and race.
(Study of employees) 872, 873
Table 36. — Literacy of persons 10 years of age or over, by sex and general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) 874
Table 37. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
years in the United States, and race of individual. (Study of house-
holds) 875
Table 38. — Literacy of foreign-born persons 10 years of age or over, by sex,
age at time of coming to the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) - - 876
Table 39.— Conjugal condition of employees, by sex, age groups, and gen-
eral nativity and race. (Study of employees) 877-881
Table 40. — Conjugal condition, by sex and age groups, and by general
nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . .
Table 41.— Location of wives of foreign-born employees, by race of husband.
(Study of employees) - 885
Table 42. — Visits abroad made by foreign-born employees, by sex, years in
the United States, and race. (Study of employees) 886, 887
Table 43. — Number of persons within each age group, by sex, and general
nativity and race of head of household. (Study of households). .
Table 44.— Number of employees of each age or within each age group, by
sex and by general nativity and race. (Study of employees) 889-891
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation:
Table 45.— Number of families owning home, renting, boarding, etc., by
general nativity and race of head of family. (Study of households)
Table 46.— General occupation of persons under 16 years of age, by sex
and age groups, and by general nativity and race of individual. (Study (
of households ) 892, 893
Glove Manufacturing : List of General Tables. 903
CHAPTER VII. — General progress and assimilation — Continued. Page.
Table 47. — Present political condition of male employees who have been in
the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or over
at time of coming, by race and length of residence. (Study of employees) . 893
Table 48. — Present political condition of foreign-born males who have been
in the United States 5 years or over and who were 21 years of age or
over at time of coming, by race of individual and length of residence.
(Study of households) 894
Table 49. — Ability to speak English of persons 6 years of age or over, by
sex and general nativity and race of individual. (Study of households) . 894
Table 50. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
or over, by sex, age at time of coming to the United States, and race of
individual. (Study of households) 895
Table 51. — Ability to speak English of foreign-born persons 6 years of age
of over, by sex, years in the United States, and race of individual.
(Study of households) 896
o
48296°— VOL 12—11 58
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11